Apostila Curso de Operador 2006(derivativos) -parte Mercados [1]

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Uma parte do curso da BM&F...

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

BOLSA DE MERCADORIAS & FUTUROS

CURSO DE OPERADOR BM&F

Rio de Janeiro – RJ Janeiro/2006

Instituto Educacional BM&F Divisão de Cursos e Eventos Educacionais 1

Jan/2006

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

SUMÁRIO

II -

MERCADOS FUTUROS E DE OPÇÕES

2-

Introdução aos Mercados Futuros e de

67

Opções.................................................................. 2.1 - Introdução.................. Introdução............................ .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .............. ....

67

2.2 -

2.3 -

2.4 -

................ Mercado a

70

 Termo................................................................................................. 2.2.1 - Problemas dos Mercados a

72

 Termo........................................................ Mercados

73

Futuros................................................................................................. 2.3.1 - Características funcionais e

74

2.3.2 -

operacionais.............................................. Liquidação Física x Liquidação

75

2.3.3 -

Financeira.............................................. O Conceito de Posições no Mercado

77

2.3.4 -

Futuro......................................... Diferenças entre os Mercados Futuro e a

79

2.3.5 -

 Termo................................... Participantes do Mercado

80

Futuro.......................................................... Mercado de

82

Opções............................................................................................. 2.4.1 - Características

82

2.4.2 -

Operacionais................................................................. As diferenças entre os Mercados Futuros e de

83

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

2.6 -

2.5.1 -

Taxas de

89

2.5.2 -

Câmbio.................................................................................. Participantes do Mercado de

89

2.5.3 -

Câmbio................................................... Exemplo de Operações no Mercado Futuro de Dólar

92

Comercial............ Mercados de Taxas de

94

 Juros................................................................................. 2.6.1 - Mercados futuros de DI de 1

94

2.6.2 -

dia........................................................... Apresentação do

97

2.6.3 -

contrato.................................................................... Ajuste

10

diário...................................................................................... 2.7 -

... Mercado futuro de Cupom

10

Cambial..................................................................... 2.7.1 - Cupom Cambial: definições e

3 10

conceitos............................................... Contrato futuro de

3 10

DDI........................................................................ Forward Rate Agreement de Cupom

4 10

Cambial…………………………………….… 2.8.1 - Características do FRA de

9 11

Cupom......................................................... Mercado futuro de Índice

0 11

Bovespa........................................................................ 2.9.1 - Apresentação do

2 11

2.7.2 2.8 -

2.9 -

1

2.9.2 -

Contrato................................................................... Exemplos de Operações no Mercado futuro de IBovespa......................

2 11 4

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

II – MERCADOS FUTUROS E DE OPÇÕES

2 – Introduções aos Mercados Futuros e de Opções

Neste segundo capítulo será feito um estudo dos principais mercados desenvolvidos na BM&F. - Aspectos Institucionais BM&F - Fundamentos básicos dos Mercados Futuros - Fundamentos básicos dos Mercados de Opções - Os Mercados Cambiais - Os Mercados de Taxas de Juro - Os Contratos DDI/FRA - Os Mercados de Ibovespa Futuro 2.1 - Introdução Aspectos Institucionais: Atualm Atualment ente, e, com a mo moder derniz nizaç ação ão de divers diversas as ativid atividade adess mundia mundiais, is, tornou-se altamente instável ao comportamento comportamento dos diversos preços (agrícolas, das taxas de juros e do câmbio) em qualquer economia. No Brasil isso não é diferente, tornando também instáveis os riscos para os agentes econômicos. O uso do hegde pode transferir esses riscos nos mercados derivativos da BM&F, BM&F, garant garantind indo o anteci antecipad padam ament ente e um nível nível adequa adequado do de renta rentabil bilida idade de espe espera rada da.. Os me merc rcad ados os da BM&F BM&F são são os resp respon onsá sáve veis is pela pela segu segura ranç nça a e

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Este capítulo traz esclarecimentos básicos sobre o funcionamento do mercado de derivativos, a fim de divulgar uma compreensão mais abrangente da mecânica desse mercado, dos direitos e deveres dos participantes e dos riscos envolvidos nas operações. A Bolsa de Mercadorias & Futuros A Bolsa de Mercadorias e Futuros (BM&F) é uma associação civil sem finalidade lucrativa, cujo principal principal objetivo é desenvolver um centro de liquidez de contratos derivativos, voltados essencialmente para as necessidades de cobert cobertura ura de risco risco.. A BM&F BM&F é gerida gerida por um Consel Conselho ho de Admin Administ istraç ração ão composto por membros eleitos por seus associados. A execução das diretrizes do Conselho e a administração administração diária da Bolsa são realizadas pela sua diretoria, liderada pelo Diretor Geral, que também integra o Conselho de Administração. Administração. A BM&F tem a função central de prover um lugar adequado para a negociação diária de contratos derivativos. As transações são realizadas na sala de negociação (pregão) em locais especificamente designados ( pits de nego negoci ciaç ação ão)) atra atravé véss de apre aprego goaç ação ão de “viv “viva a voz” voz”.. No preg pregão ão atua atuam m os representantes das corretoras de mercadorias que executam as ordens de seus clientes. Os operadores acolhem as ordens diretamente das mesas de operações de suas respectivas corretoras. A BM&F prevê ainda a participação dos dos oper operad ador ores es espe especi ciai aiss que que agem agem por por co cont nta a próp própri ria a e são são elem elemen ento toss essenciais na geração de atividades. Para Pa ra part partic icip ipar ar do me merc rcad ado o de deri deriva vati tivo voss da BM&F BM&F,, a prim primei eira ra providência é selecionar uma corretora membro da Bolsa. A Bolsa acompanha de pert perto o as ativ ativid idad ades es de seus seus asso associ ciad ados os,, exig exigin indo do que que os oper operad ador ores es submetam-se a um exame de qualificação e solicitem seu credenciamento  junto à Bolsa, antes de serem autorizados a receber e executar ordens de clientes. A abertura de uma conta em uma corretora implica em firmar um

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

recursos para o depósito de margem inicial e para atendimento dos ajustes diários. A BM&F estabelece exigências mínimas de margem, entretanto as corretoras estão autorizadas a requerer depósitos mais elevados de acordo com cada caso. Pela execução de uma operação em pregão, as corretoras cobram uma taxa de corretagem. Derivativos, definições e conceitos. Os derivativos são ativos cuja formação de preços está sujeita a variação de  preços de outros ativos. São instrumentos que foram criados com o objetivo de se transferir riscos entre os participantes do mercado. Os derivativos são formas de se negociar apenas a oscilação de preços dos ativos sem haver necessariamente necessariamente a negociação física da commodity 

Na BM&F negociam-se derivativos de duas naturezas distintas: Derivativos agropecuários: têm como ativo-objeto as commodities agrícolas, tais como café, boi, milho, soja. Derivativos financeiros: têm o seu valor de mercado referenciado em alguma taxa ou índice financeiro: taxa de juros, taxas de inflação, taxas de câmbio, índices de ações.

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

Modalidade

Definição

Mercado a

Negociações de compra e venda de ativos para liquidação

ter

futura que podem ocorrer tanto em Bolsa como também em

mo Balcão. Mercado Negociações de compra e venda de contratos padronizados futuro Opções

para liquidação futura, que ocorrem apenas em Bolsa. Negociação do direito de comprar ou de vender um ativo.

Swaps

Acordos de troca futura de fluxos de caixa

Nas próximas seções estudaremos cada uma dessas modalidades em detalhes.

2.2 - Mercado a Termo Definição de Mercado a Termo: Mercad Mercado o a Termo: Termo: mercado em que são realizados acordos privados de

compra e venda de um ativo para liquidação em uma data futura por um preço determinado. O mercado a termo tem uma origem muito remota e seu surgimento

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Safra Recorde: As condições climáticas favoreceram muito o cultivo de café e ocorreu superprodução no período. O excesso de oferta levará a uma qued queda a ac acen entu tuad ada a de preç preços os de vend venda, a, redu reduzi zind ndo o a ma marg rgem em de lucr lucro o do produtor. Algumas vezes, o valor de venda é insuficiente até para cobrir os custos de produção e nesses casos, o produtor poderá preferir destruir o café a colocá-lo no mercado, pois dessa forma ele irá minimizar seus custos com armazenagem e transporte e ao mesmo tempo conter a pressão da oferta. Situação B: Escassez de café: café: Ocorrência de pragas, geadas ou outras intempéries que dificultem o cultivo de café provocando escassez. Nesse caso haverá alta nos preços do café e o produtor conseguirá vender sua produção por um preço mais elevado do que ele imaginava anteriormente. Imagine agora a situação do torrefador de café. O torrefador compra o café do produtor, torra e vende para o consumidor final. Ele também não sabe a que preço poderá negociar o café no final da safra, pois no caso da situação B, os preços podem se elevar drasticamente atingir um nível superior ao que a sua atividade permite. No exemplo anterior o vendedor estará correndo o risco de uma queda acentuada nos preços e o comprador de uma alta nos preços do café no mercado a vista no final da safra.

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

Suponha que ao preço de R$100,00 para cada saca de 60 quilos, o produt produtor or consi consiga ga pagar pagar todos todos os seus seus custos custos de produ produçã ção o e ainda ainda obter obter lucr lucrat ativ ivid idad ade e razo razoáv ável el dent dentro ro de sua sua ativ ativid idad ade. e. Supo Suponh nha a tamb também ém que que R$100,00 seja o preço máximo que o torrefador possa pagar para auferir lucro e não realizar prejuízo em sua atividade. Para Para am ambos bos,, R$100 R$100,00 ,00 é um preço preço de negoci negociaç ação ão razoá razoável vel.. Logo, Logo, o torrefador e o cafeicultor, através de um contrato a termo, poderão fazer um compromisso de compra e venda, em que o produtor se compromete a vender o café a esse preço no final da safra e o torrefador se compromete a comprar esse café por essa quantia na data pré-determinada. pré-determinada. Dessa forma, independentemente do resultado da safra e dos preços estabelecidos no mercado à vista no período da entrega, ambos terão seus preços de compra e de venda travados em R$100,00 por saca. Resultados da Operação: Situação A: Safra Recorde e conseqüente queda nos preços.

Suponha que o preço estabelecido no final da safra seja de R$90,00: O produtor obterá êxito nessa operação, pois conseguirá vender sua produç produção ão por R$100, R$100,00; 00; um preço preço super superior ior ao estabe estabelec lecido ido pelo pelo merca mercado do (R$90,00). Os custos de produção serão cobertos e a lucratividade lucratividade garantida. O torrefador pagará um preço mais alto do que o preço estabelecido

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

R$120,00. O produtor venderá a mercadoria para o torrefador a um preço inferior ao estabelecido pelo mercado, mas que ainda assim cobre todos os seus seus custos custos de produ produçã ção o e garan garante te uma uma lucra lucrativ tivida idade de razoá razoável vel para para sua atividade. Conclusão

 Tanto para o comprador como para o vendedor no mercado a termo e em ambas as situações (alta ou queda de preços), o prejuízo realizado não será encarado propriamente como um prejuízo e sim como algo que se deixou de ganhar, como um prêmio de seguro. No exemplo “Cafeicultor- Torrefador”, ao preço de R$100.00 a saca, ambos tinham tinham seus seus custos custos cober cobertos tos e a lucrat lucrativi ividad dade e dentro dentro de suas suas ativid atividade adess garantida. Quando o participante entra no mercado com a finalidade de obter proteção, ele estará abrindo mão de um possível ganho para não incorrer num prejuízo efetivo. 2.2.1 - Problemas dos Mercados a Termo: T ermo: Falta de transparência na formação de preços: Como Co mo os me merc rcad ados os a term termo o são são nego negoci ciaç açõe õess priv privad adas as,, os dema demais is participantes do mercado não têm informações em relação a esse negócio. Não

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

Os contratos a termo não oferecem a possibilidade de intercambialidade de posições, ou seja, nenhuma das partes consegue encerrar sua posição antes da data data da liquid liquidaçã ação. o. Os contra contratos tos a termo termo são são contr contrato atoss partic particula ulares res e pessoais, ou seja, suas especificações só atendem as necessidades dos seus detentores, logo o detentor dificilmente encontrará um outro participante que aceite assumir sua posição, o que o obriga a permanecer no mercado até o vencimento do contrato. Risco de inadimplência e de não cumprimento do contrato O risc risco o de créd crédit ito o e risc risco o de não não cump cumpri rime ment nto o do co cont ntra rato to estã estão o relacionados relacionados com a ausência de um sistema de garantias adequado. Os negóc negócios ios para para liquid liquidaçã ação o futura futura envolv envolvem em ele elevad vados os risco riscoss dessa dessa natureza. A incerteza com relação ao crédito e o cumprimento do contrato tamb também ém repr repres esen enta tam m um gran grande de fato fatorr de dese desest stím ímul ulo o a esse esse tipo tipo de negociação. No sentido de aprimorar os negócios para liquidação futura e sanar os

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

Os contratos futuros são modalidades operacionais muito semelhantes aos mercados a termo com a diferença de serem negociados somente em bolsa. Assim como nos mercados a termo, nos mercados futuros também são realizadas operações de compra e venda de um ativo para uma data futura, por um preço determinado previamente, porém as operações são realizadas somente através de um pregão de Bolsa. O pregão pregão de Bolsa Bolsa nada mais é do que um sistema sistema de leilões múltiplos múltiplos onde onde oferta ofertass de compr compra a e de venda venda são são rea realiz lizada adass simul simultan taneam eament ente. e. As informações informações dos negócios realizados no pregão são divulgadas publicamente publicamente a todos os participantes do mercado, o que lhes confere total transparência na formação de preços. Essa é uma das principais vantagens do mercado futuro em relação ao mercado termo. Nas próxim próximas as seções seções serão serão aprese apresenta ntado doss maiore maioress detalh detalhes es destes destes mercados.

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

2. Cotação: É a unidade de valor atribuída a cada unidade física da commodity  em negociação. Exemplo: reais por saca, reais por dólares. 3. Unidade de negociação: É o tamanho do contrato. Por exemplo: O tamanho do contrato de café é de 60 sacas de 100 kg, o de dólar é de cinqüenta mil dólares. 4. Datas de vencimento Meses Meses em que serão serão liquid liquidado adoss os contr contrato atos. s. São determ determina inados dos de acordo com a conveniência dos participantes mercados. mercados. 2.3.2 - Liquidação Física X Liquidação Financeira: A liquid liquidaç ação ão das opera operaçõe ções, s, tanto tanto nos me merca rcados dos a termo termo como como nos mercados futuros podem ocorrer de duas formas:

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

ativo: ativo: Se o preço preço à vista vista se mo movim viment entou ou favora favoravel velmen mente, te, o partic participa ipante nte receberá um valor correspondente ao saldo positivo obtido do diferencial entre compra e venda. Caso contrário o participante pagará o saldo negativo à sua contraparte. Alguns contratos, como os futuros de café e milho admitem ambas as formas de liquidação, mas a maior parte dos contratos futuros admite apenas a liquidação financeira.

Os exemplos a seguir ilustram a liquidação de um contrato por diferença:

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

Resultado da operação para o comprador: 10 x (100 x R$110) – 10 x (100 x R$100) = +R$10.000,00 Resultado da operação para o comprador: 10 x (100 x R$100) – 10 x (100 x R$110) = -R$10.000,00 O VENDEDOR PAGARÁ R$10.000,00 PARA O COMPRADOR Nos mercados futuros a liquidação física é muito rara e só está presente em alguns alguns contra contratos tos agríco agrícolas las.. Em contra contrato to futuro futuro apenas apenas duas duas variáv variáveis eis (preço e nº de contratos) estão em negociação. As demais variáveis estão definidas pelo contrato em questão. Poucos são os participantes que estão preocupados em receber ou entregar a mercadoria no futuro, mas sim garantir o preço da mercadoria para uma data futura. Uma vez que os mercados futuros não têm como objetivo proteger os agentes econômicos de problemas

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

Abertura de posições: A abertura de uma posição no mercado futuro se dá através da compra ou vend venda a de co cont ntra rato toss futu futuro ros. s. Assi Assim m send sendo o pode podemo moss afir afirma marr que que um partic participa ipante nte está está abrind abrindo o uma uma posiçã posição o quando quando toma toma para para si uma posiçã posição o comprada ou vendida em um determinado vencimento no mercado futuro que anteriormente ele não possuía No jargão do mercado, diz-se que o comprador do contrato está long e o vendedor short . Classifica-se Classifica-se um participante como short (vendido) ou long (comprado)

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

O encerramento de uma posição no mercado futuro se dá através de uma opera operação ção de nature natureza za invers inversa a à origi original nal.. Dessa Dessa forma forma o partic participa ipante nte estará transferindo seus direitos e haveres para outro participante. O quadro abaixo sintetiza os procedimentos procedimentos de abertura e encerramento das posições: Abertura da Posição Comprada

Encerramento da Posição Venda de contratos

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

Assim sendo, os participantes recebem os seus lucros e pagam os seus prej prejuí uízo zoss de mo modo do que que o risc risco o assu assumi mido do pela pela Clea Cleari ring ng se deco decomp mpõe õe diariamente. Além disso, o ajuste diário é uma forma de obrigar os participantes a reavaliarem suas posições diariamente, de modo à “expulsar” do mercado participantes que estão acumulando grandes perdas. O ajuste diário é uma das grandes diferenças entre os mercados Futuros e a Termo. Nesses últimos há um único ajuste na data do vencimento de modo que se acumula toda a perda (ou ganho) para o último dia, logo o risco de não

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

A tabela a seguir sintetiza a participação de cada um dos integrantes do mercado Futuro: Participante Hedger Clientes Arbitrador Especulador Agentes Corretora Operacion

Objetivo Obter proteção Obter lucro (Livre de riscos) Obter lucro (assumindo riscos) Estabelece o re r elacionamento entre o cliente e a corretora.

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

Arbitradores: O arbitrador é um participante que tem como o objetivo o lucro, mas o arbitrador não assume nenhum risco. Sua atividade consiste em buscar distorções de preços entre mercados, e tirar proveito dessa diferença ou da expectativa futura dessa diferença. A estratégia do arbitrador consiste em comprar no mercado onde o preço está mais barato e vender no mercado onde está mais caro, lucrando um diferencial de compra e venda completamente imune a riscos porque ele sabe

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

eliminando o risco de variações adversas de preços e sim transferindo esse risco risco para para outro outro parti particip cipant ante. e. Como Como já foi demons demonstra trado do anter anterior iormen mente, te, os arbitradores também não assumem riscos.

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

Ë importante frisar que o titular é detentor de um direito que ele pode exercer ou não, de acordo com a sua conveniência.

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

Opção de Venda: denomina denominada da também também como Put , é a opção que

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Os me merc rcad ados os de opçõ opções es poss possue uem m algu alguma mass ca cara ract cter erís ísti tica cass que que

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Operador de Pregão BM&F

oscilações favoráveis do Mercado. Comprador e vendedor devem O titular da opção faz apenas um depositar margem de garantia

pagamento inicial (prêmio da opção) e

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