Apostila Colorimetria

 

@ELEWJBMQWJD

@DWD@QMWÂPQJ@DP ADP @EWMP Ds `erms dprmsmntdb trés jbpertdntms `drd`tmrâstj`ds9 

  Bdtjz9 ê e qum amfjnm ds tendljadams ads `erms, per mxmbple, e dbdrmle, e vmram m e rexe

sàe bdtjzms. Amssd ferbd, `en`luj-sm qum teads ds `erms sàe bdtjzms, smidb prjbärjds,

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sm`unaärjds eu tmr`järjds.   Qeb9 `errmspenamb ï qudntjadam am luz prmsmntm nd `er, `ldssjfj`dads mb tendljadams `ldrds m ms`urds. Amssd ferbd, qudnae sm d`rms`mntd prmte d ub bdtjz, mld fj`d `eb ubd tendljadam bdjs ms`urd m ae `enträrje, sm d`rms`mntdrbes grdn`e d ubd `er, mld fj`d `eb ubd tendljadam bdjs `ldrd, per mxmbple, qudnae bjsturdbes e vmrbmlce m e grdn`e, dtjnhjbes ubd tendljadam bdjs `ldrd, eu d bdtjz resd.

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  Jntmnsjadam9 D jntmnsjadam amtmrbjnd d prmsmnèd am grjlce nd `er m peamb smr

`ensjamrdads frd`ds (gdjxd) eu fertms (dltd), per mxmbple, d `er dbdrmld pessuj ubd tendljadam fertm eu dltd mb `ebpdrdèàe `eb d `er bdrreb, bdjs epd`d, m, pertdnte, am frd`d jntmnsjadam.

 

@LDPPJFJ@DÈÀE ADP @EWMP

DP @EWMP PÀE @LDPPJFJ@DADP MB9 

  @erms _rjbärjds9 Ds `erms prjbärjds sàe `cdbdads am “`erms purds‒, pejs nàe peamb smr

egtjads pmld bjsturd am eutrds `erms. Pàe trés ds `erms prjbärjds, vmrbmlce, dbdrmle m dzul, ads qudjs surhmb ds eutrds tendljadams. 

  @erms Pm`unaärjds9 D unjàe am auds `erms prjbärjds rmprmsmntdb ds trés `erms

sm`unaärjds9 vmram (dzul m dbdrmle), ldrdnid (dbdrmle m vmrbmlce) m rexe eu vjelmtd (vmrbmlce m dzul).

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  @erms Qmr`järjds9 Ds `erms tmr`järjds surhmb ad bjsturd am ubd `er prjbärjd m eutrd

sm`unaärjd. D pdrtjr ajsse, ds `erms tmr`järjds sàe9 vmrbmlce-drrexmdae (vmrbmlce m rexe) m vmrbmlce-dldrdnidae (vmrbmlce m ldrdnid); dbdrmle-msvmramdae (dbdrmle m vmram) m dbdrmle-dldrdnidae (dbdrmle m ldrdnid); dzul-drrexmdae (dzul m rexe) m dzulmsvmramdae (dzul m vmram).

MP@DLD AM @EWMP Egsmrvm qum mxjstmb auds ms`dlds prjn`jpdjs am `erms9 @er _jhbmnte9 gdsmdad nd ms`dld @BZK (@jdne, Bdhmntd, Dbdrmle m _rmte). @er Luz9 gdsmdae nd ms`dld WHG (Vmrbmlce, Vmram m Dzul). @er-pjhbmnte ê d sugstçn`jd bdtmrjdl qum, `enferbm d sud ndturmzd, dgservm, rmfrdtd m rmflmtm es rdjes lubjneses qum `enstjtumb d luz. E qum fdz `eb qum `cdbm bes ub `erpe am “vmram‒ ê d sud `dpd`jadam am dgservmr qudsm teaes es rdjes ad luz grdn`d jn`jamntm, rmflmtjnae pdrd nðs dpmnds ds tendljadams aes vmrams. Eu smid, sm nd `er-luz, e grdn`e ê d rmunjàe am teads ds `erms, nd `er-pjhbmnte, e prmte ê d bjsturd am teads ds `erms.

 

Dssjb, sm iuntdrbes teads ds `erms egtmbes grdn`e m prmte9 sm bjsturdrbes teads ds `erms pjhbmnte, egtêb prmte, mnqudnte qum egtmbes grdn`e sm segrmpusmrbes teads ds `erms lubjnesds.

QMB_MWDQ]WD ADP @EWMP

Ds `erms qumntms sàe dqumlds qum nes trdnsbjtmb d smnsdèàe am `dler m, pertdnte, mstàe dsse`jdads de fehe m ï luz9 vmrbmlce, ldrdnid m dbdrmle. Iä ds `erms frjds trdnsbjtmb d smnsdèàe am frje, dsse`jdads ï ähud, sàe mlds9 dzul, vmram m vjelmtd. D `dtmherjd ads `cdbdads `erms nmutrds, sàe `ebpestds pmlds tendljadams am `jnzd m bdrreb.

@EWMP @EB_LMBMNQDWMP

Ds `erms `ebplmbmntdrms sàe dqumlds qum dprmsmntdb bdjer `entrdstm mntrm sj, m mstàe le`dljzdads nds mxtrmbjadams epestds ïs `erms prjbärjds ae `âr`ule `rebätj`e, ds qudjs, iuntds, rmsultdb nubd tendljadam `jnzd. D pdrtjr ajsse, netm qum ds `erms prjbärjds pessumb ubd `er sm`unaärjd `ebplmbmntdr, m vj`mvmrsd; mnqudnte ds `erms tmr`järjds pessumb eutrd `er tmr`järjd `ebe `ebplmbmntdr.

 

Amstdrtm, sàe `ebplmbmntdrms e dzul (prjbärjd) m e ldrdnid (sm`unaärjd); e vmrbmlce (prjbärjd) m e vmram (sm`unaärjd); dbdrmle (prjbärjd) m rexe (sm`unaärjd).

@EWMP DNÄLEHDP Ds `erms dnälehds sàe dqumlds qum mstàe prðxjbds ubds ads eutrds amntre ae `âr`ule `rebätj`e. @dad ubd ads `erms dnälehds `ebpdrtjlcd ubd bmsbd `er gäsj`d, d sdgmr9 Dzul (prjbärjd), dzul-msvmramdae (tmr`järjd) m dzul-drrexmdae (tmr`järjd). Vmrbmlce (prjbärjd), vmrbmlce-drrexmdae (tmr`järjd) m vmrbmlce-dldrdnidae (tmr`järjd). Dbdrmle (prjbärjd), dbdrmle-msvmramdae (tmr`järjd) m dbdrmle-dldrdnidae (tmr`järjd). Vmram (sm`unaärjd), dzul-msvmramdae (tmr`järjd) m dbdrmle-msvmramdad (tmr`järjd). Ldrdnid (sm`unaärjd), dbdrmle-dldrdnidae (tmr`järjd) m vmrbmlce-dldrdnidae (tmr`järjd). Vjelmtd (sm`unaärjd), vmrbmlce-drrexmdae (tmr`järjd) m dzul-drrexmdae (tmr`järjd).

Wmfm`te@jl _essuj : Qendljadams, ubd `er pdrd `dad mstjle.

 

4.? _rmte _refunae

0.4 @dstdnce @ldre

4.4 Hrdfjtm

1.? D`diu (@dstdnce dvmrbmlcdae)

7.? _rmte Dzuldae

1.4 Vmrbmlce

7.4 Dzul _refunae

=.? _ùrpurd

0.? @dstdnce Ndturdl

GlenaGrew ê ub amspjhbmntdntm `dpdz am `ldrmdr dtê 0 tens.

@EBGJNDÈÀE AM @EWMP @EB BJPQ]WDP JNAJVJA]DJP

 

 NEÈÝMP GÄPJ@DP GÄPJ@DP ‐  T]M  T]M @EW PM MN@DJSD5

BJPQ]WD AM QENDLJADAMP Ê pessâvml egtmr `erms pmrsendljzdads d pdrtjr am ubd bjsturd. Wmfm`te@jl ternd pessâvml d `ebgjndèàe am bdtjzms pdrd dtjnhjr amtmrbjndaes tens, am d`erae `eb ds `drd`tmrâstj`ds jnajvjaudjs am `dad pmssed. _drd egtmr ubd tendljadam _rmte  ‐   dvmrbmlcdad, gdstd bjsturdr mb preperèýms jhudjs ds `elerdèýms _rmte _refunae (4.?) m Vmrbmlce (1.4) am W Wmfm`te@jl mfm`te@jl m dhudradr e tmbpe aamm dèàe  ‐   4? bjnutes.

_drd ubd tendljadam _rmte - D`jnzmntdad, gdstd bjsturdr mb preperèýms jhudjs, ds tendljadam _rmte _refunae (4.?) m Hrdfjtm (4.4).

_drd tens rujves m ndturdjs, mxpmrjbmntm ubd bjsturd bdjs eusdad `eb @dstdnce 0.?, @dstdnce @ldre 0.4 m D`diu 1.?, mb preperèýms 4949?,=.

 

  _drd ub @dstdnce D`jnzmntdae, bjsturd-sm mb preperèýms jhudjs ds tendljadams @dstdnce  Ndturdl (0.?) m Hrdfjtm (4.4).

_drd Egtmr ubd tendljadam @dstdnce  ‐  D`egrmdad,  D`egrmdad, gdstd utjljzdr ds tendljadams 0.?, 0.4 m 1.4 mb  preperèýms am 4949?,=.

_drd ub @dstdnce @ldre  ‐  D`jnzmntdae,   D`jnzmntdae, bjsturm ds tendljadam @dstdnce @ldre 04. `eb Hrdfjtm 4.4 mb preperèýms jhudjs.

 

_drd dbmnjzdr es tens am Vmrbmlce (1.4) m amjxd-les bdjs ndturdjs, gdstd daj`jendr ub peu`e am @dstdnce ndturdl 0.? mb preperèàe 49?,=, `eb tmbpe am pdusd am dprexjbdadbmntm 7?bjn.

Daj`jenm bdjs prefunajadam ï `er D`diu, bjsturdnae ds tendljadams @dstdnce Ndturdl eu @dstdnce @ldre nds preperèýms 49?,= m dhudram e tmbpe am dèàe  ‐  4?  4? bjnutes.

_drd ub vjsudl eusdae m `entmbperçnme, bjsturm ds tendljadams Hrdfjtm 4.4 m Dzul _refunae 7.4 mb preperèýms am 49?,= m dhudram e tmbpe am dèàe, am dtê 3 bjnutes.

_drd tens resdaes, utjljzm ds `elerdèýms 1.4, 4.4 m 7.4 nds preperèýms jnaj`dads `ebe nd fjhurd.

 

 

VJPDHJPBE ‐  QJ_EP  QJ_EP AM _MLM. ]b aes bdjs jbpertdntms prjn`âpjes ad cdrbenjd m ad mstêtj`d vjsudl ê sdgmr utjljzdr d `er `mrtd  pdrd `dad tjpe am pmssed, jamntjfj`dnae d prmaebjnçn`jd am `erms ad pmlm, `dgmle m elces. Ê nm`mssärje bujte `ujadae pdrd sm utjljzdr es `entrdstms, perqum peamb fd`jlbmntm amsmstdgjljzdr d cdrbenjd ad jbdhmb, mspm`jdlbmntm qudnae mnvelvmb `erms `entrdstdntms mb hrdnam qudntjadam.  Nàe ê nevjadam vmrbes pmsseds `eb d `er ae `dgmle eu ad bdqujdhmb jndamqudad ppdrd drd e teb ad pmlm. E rmsultdae ê ubd jbdhmb jbdhmb amsdrbñnj`d. _drd jsse ê nm`mssärje mntmnamr mntmnamr d dndlehjd ads `erms (vmr `elerjbmtrjd), egmam`mnae ï rmhrd am qumntms `eb qumntms m frjds `eb frjds. Qead pmlm ê `ldssjfj`dad, prjbmjre, `ebe frjd eu qumntm m, ampejs, mb qudtre `dtmherjds, pdrd  pmlms grdn`ds, m smjs, pdrd pmlms nmhrds. _mlms frjds `ebgjndb bmlcer `eb e grdn`e dzuldae, e  prdtmdae, e prmte m e bdrreb `ce`eldtm. _mlms qumntms sàe vdlerjzdads pmle grdn`e `rmbm, e aeurdae m e bdrreb dvmrbmlcdae.

 

 Nes dnes 0?, Wegmrt Aerr, `rjeu e @eler Kmy Pystmb, qum `ldssjfj`dvd ds `erms frjds m qumntms. Mstm sjstmbd am `erms ê bujte utjljzdae per jnaùstrjds am tjntds m `esbêtj`es. Mb 4:17, Puzdnnm @dyhjll amsmnvelvmu d bdjs `ebplmtd pmsqujsd segrm pmlms grdn`ds m `dtdleheu 07 tens am pmlm mb qudtre `dtmherjds, `ldssjfj`dads am d`erae `eb ds mstdèýms ae dne9 

  _rjbdvmrd9 Ê ubd pmlm qumntm, aeurdad, rmld`jendad de frms`er amssd mstdèàe m suds

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  Eutene9 Qdbgêb qumntm, ê dvmrbmlcdad, `eb teads ds `drd`tmrâstj`ds amssd êpe`d m ads

`erms.

`erms ads felcds `dâads. 

  Vmràe9 Ê ubd pmlm bujte frjd m `ldrd, resdad, lmvmbmntm dzuldad, rmld`jendad de `êu

`ldre m ljbpe amssd mstdèàe. 

  Jnvmrne9 ê ubd pmlm frjd, päljad m dbdrmldad, rmld`jendad ïs `erms frjds jntmnsds m epd`ds

m de `jnzd amssd êpe`d. E bmlcer sjstmbd am `ldssjfj`dèàe am pmlms nmhrds fej amsmnvelvjae per Imdn _dtten. Mld jamntjfj`eu 03 tens am pmlm, qum `ldssjfj`eu mb smjs `dtmherjds. 

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@dljpse9 ê ubd pmlm qumntm m aeurdad, am teb bêaje, vjvdz m dlmhrm, `ebe mssm rjtbe busj`dl `drjgmnce.

  Pddrd9 Qdbgêb dbdrmldad, ê bdjs nmutrd m `ldrd m lmbgrd es dbdrmles nmutres ads

aunds amssm amsmrte. 

  Ppjkm9 Ê qumntm m dvmrbmlcdad, am teb bêaje m tmbpmre qumntm, `ebe d pdldvrd mb

jnhlés suhmrm. 

   Njle9 Ê nmutrd, bujte `ldrd, qudsm frjd, `ebe d ähud ae rje mhâp`je amssm amssm nebm.

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  Idzz9 Ê frjd m ms`urd, jntmnsd m jbprmvjsâvml, `ebe e rjtbe qum lcm aä e nebm.

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  Glums9 Qdbgêb ê frjd, ms`urd, bds lmvmbmntm dzuldad, prefunad, lmntd m bmldn`ðlj`d,

`ebe mssm rjtbe busj`dl.

 

_MLMP FWJDP _MLM GWDN@D JNVMWNE9 FWJD _mlm9 Ds pmsseds am jnvmrne pessumb ub teb am pmlm lmvmbmntm dzuldae, ae tjpe gmhm d`jnzmntdae eu `jnzd dbdrmldae, gdstdntm sutjl, qum peam pdssdr amspmr`mgjae ï prjbmjrd vjstd. Mb tens `ldres eu ms`ures nàe pessumb, hmrdlbmntm, `er dlhubd nds bdèàs ae reste (nàe sàe resdads). D bdjerjd ads pmsseds am ams`mnaén`jd dfrj`dnd ê tjpe am jnvmrne, mbgerd dlhubds  pessdb smr `ldssjfj`dads `ebe `ebe tjpe eutene. @dgmles9 Es tjpes am jnvmrne pessumb, am beae hmrdl, `dgmles qum vàe ae `dstdnce bêaje de  prmte. Elces9 Es elces am jnvmrne, mb hmrdl, dprmsmntdb ub `entrdstm mntrm d ârjs m d `eniuntjvd  grdn`d, ubd mspê`jm am dle d`jnzmntdae `mr`dnae d ârjs. Hmrdlbmntm sàe pmsseds am elces  prefunaes m `ldres, nmhres `eb luzms `dstdncds, `dstdnce dvmrbmlcdaes, `dstdnces d`jnzmntdaes, `er am dvmlà, dzujs eu vmrams.

_MLM GWDN@D VMWÀE9 FWJD _mlm9 D s pmsseds ae tjpe vmràe tmb d pmlm d`mtjndad, `er am resd, `eb dpdrén`jd grjlcdntm m trdnslù`jad. Hmrdlbmntm pessuj ubd pmlm am per`mldnd, gmhm `ldrd eu gmhm resdad `eb tendljadams qum vdrjdb am bêajd d ms`urd. Bujtes nertm murepmus, `ebe es ms`dnajndves m  grjtçnj`es sàe ae tjpe vmràe. @dgmles9 Hmrdlbmntm vdrjdb ae grdn`e dlejrdae de aeurdae eu d`jnzmntdae. Es qum pessumb `dgmles ms`ures vdrjdb mntrm es tens bdrreb bdrr eb `ldre de ms`ure, tdbgêb `eb tens d`jnzmntdaes. d `jnzmntdaes. Elces9 Es elces am vmràe nàe sàe tàe ambdr`daes qudnte es am jnvmrne m sàe sudvms m `rmbeses. Hmrdlbmntm dzujs nmguleses, `jnzd dzuldaes, eu `er am dvmlà `eb tendljadams vmram dzuldads. Mbgerd nàe smid tàe `ebub, peamb tmr t mr elces `dstdnce `ldres eu `dstdnce d`jnzmntdaes. d` jnzmntdaes.

_MLMP T]MNQMP _MLM GWDN@D E]QENE9 T]MNQM _mlm9 Ds pmsseds ae tjpe eutene nàe dprmsmntdb ubd tmz `erdad, tmnamnae d pdrm`mr ub tdnte qudnte ams`erdaes m päljaes. _essumb, am bdnmjrd hmrdl, ubd pmlm aeurdad puxdnae pdrd e

 

dbdrmldae. Mxjstmb trés tjpes ajstjntes9 `ldres `eb pmlm péssmhe, `rmbm eu bdrfjb; gmhm aeurdae d`egrmdae qum vdrjd ae bêaje de ms`ure; m rujves `eb sdrads grenzm aeurdads. @dgmles9 Vdrjdb ae `egrm de `dstdnce dvmrbmlcdae; leure berdnhe eu vmrbmlce; leure aeurdae de `dstdnce vjve, `eb luzms prmtds, bdrreb eu hrdfjtm ms`ure. Elces9 Es elces sàe hmrdlbmntm `dstdnces ms`ures eu dvmlà. Dlhuns téb elces vmrams, `ldres,  grjlcdntms m bdr`dntms mnqudnte eutres sàe vmram  ‐   eljvd ms`ures m d`dstdncdaes. Mb rdres `dses peamb smr vmrams dzuldaes (dzul turqumsd) eu dzujs `ldres. Bds am beae hmrdl, ds pmsseds am eutene nàe pessumb elces vmradamjrdbmntm `jnzd eu dzujs.

_MLM GWDN@D _WJBDVMWD9 T]MNQM _mlm9 Ds pmsseds ae tjpe prjbdvmrd pessumb ubd pmlm resdad, bdjs pdrd e dvmrbmlcdae, `eb ub dspm`te sduaävml m vjgrdntm. Hmrdlbmntm mb tens gmhm aeurdae, péssmhe eu bdrfjb. Ds sdrads sàe tâpj`ds ads pmsseds am prjbdvmrd, hmrdlbmntm dprmsmntdnae ub teb aeurdae. _erêb nmb smbprm mstàe prmsmntms, dlhubds pmsseds am prjbdvmrd pessumb ubd pmlm `er am `rmbm. Bujtes grjtçnj`es m dbmrj`dnes sàe ae tjpe tj pe prjbdvmrd. @dgmles9 Hmrdlbmntm `ldres; `er am ljnce m aeurdaes, `ebe tdbgêb `dstdnces ms`ures `eb tendljadams aeurdads. Mbgerd nàe tàe `ebuns, ê pessâvml mn`entrdr tjpes prjbdvmrd `eb `dgmles prmtes eu `dstdnces ms`ures. Dlhuns puxdb pdrd e `jnzd pdrad`mnte. Elces9 D bdjerjd pessuj elces dzujs eu vmrams eu ubd `ebgjndèàe amstds auds `erms. Dzul turqumsd, ähud-bdrjncd eu `jnzd dzuldae. Pud tendljadam peam smr `ldrd eu ms`urd. Am bdnmjrd bmnes `ebub, es elces peamb smr `dstdnces aeurdaes, puxdnae pdrd dvmlà, `ebgjndnae e vmram m aeurdae.

@ENQWDPQMP BEAMWNEP @entrdstms ne bmje drtâstj`e sàe bujte `ebuns. Ve`é peam dadptdr mstd rmdljadam pdrd d vjad `etjajdnd. Bds `ujadae! Ê nm`mssärje qum e prefjssjendl pessud ub trmjndbmnte mspm`jdljzdae mb `elerdèàe.