Aportes de La Cultura Griega en La Construcción de La Filosofía Del Derecho Contemporánea

 

DQC[WHP GH FD @XFWX[D J[IHJD HM FD @CMPW[X@@IÐM GH FD NIFCPCNÌD GHF GH[H@EC @CMWHLQC[ÄMHD  

 

Dfulmc?

Ocrjh Pdmgcvdf

Dsijmdturd? @ufturd y vdfcrhs

 

Ckohtivc  Imvhstijdr sckrh um dpcrth gh fd `ufturd ghf lumgc Lhgihvdf d fd `ivifizd`iðm C``ighmtdf y rhdfizdr um imncrlh.

Imtrcgu``iðm. Hf prhshm prhshmth th im imncr ncrlh lh kus`d kus`d hvigh hvighm` m`idr idr fd vis visið iðm m qu quh h hs pc pcsik sikfh fh gh ghsp spfhj fhjdr dr gh ghsg sgh h fd `clprhmsiðm nifcsðni`d gh fd ehrhm`id jrihjd hm fds imstitu`icmhs ourìgi`ds y hm fd ncrld`iðm gh fds ighds pcfìti`ds. Hm tdf shmtigc, pcmh gh rhfihvh fd vijhm`id `cm`hptudf y hstru`turdf ghf fhjdgc `ufturdf jrihjc hm `cmtrdsth `cm fcs sijmini`dgcs sijmini`dgcs quh hm fd nifcscnìd ghf ghrh`ec tihmhm fujdr. Fd épc`d lhgihvdf lhgihvdf hs hf phrìcgc gh gh fd eistcrid quh su`hgh su`hgh d fd Hgdg dmtijud, dmtijud, quh nimdfizð `cm fd `dìgd ghf Ilphric rcldmc (sijfc rcldmc (sijfc ^ ghspués gh @ristc). Qcr ctrd pdrth hf lhgichvc dmth`hgh d fd Hgdg lcghrmd, lcghrmd, fd `udf `clihmzd `cm hf ghs`ukrilihmtc gh Dléri`d hm 479;, dumquh pdrd dfjumcs eistcridgcrhs gi`ed Lcghrmigdg `clihmzd Lcghrmigdg  `clihmzd fuhjc gh fd `dìgd gh @cmstdmtimcpfd hm hf dôc 4780

 Hf rcf gh fd Nifcscnìd ghf Ghrh`ec hm fd `clprhmsiðm gh fd trdgi`iðm nifcsðni`d jrihjd Ph ghs`rikh Fd nifcscnìd jrihjd puhs hs, djhmth shgilhmtdric hm muhstrd `ufturd y hm fd imthrprhtd`iðm nifcsðni`d quh ed`hlcs gh muhstrds rdì`hs. Hm hsth shmtigc, fd nifcscnìd, y pdrti`ufdrlhmth, dquhffd pdrth hsph`idf quh ghgi`d sus hsnuhrzcs df hstugic gh fd ousti`id, `ulpfh, hm prilhr fujdr, umd hstc hs, fd Nifcscnìd ghf Ghrh`ec>, lisiðm d`tudfizdgcrd, d`tudfizdgcrd, puhs  puhs hmtrh sus ckohtivcs prildrics hstä fd gh rhdfizdr umd fdkcr quh pcgrìd ffdldrsh, dmdlméti`£, dmdlméti`£, hm  hm hf shmtigc gh quh, df ifustrdr y `clprhmghr fds gistimtds `dthjcrìds y hstdtutcs quh sirvhm gh kdsh pdrd hf hmthmgilihmtc c gifu`igd`iðm sckrh fd prhjumtd hshm`idf sckrh ³Tué hs hf Ghrh`ec3 c quh sh prcpcmh hm rhdfigdg hs hxtrdhr, pcr lhgic gh fd rhnfhxiðm lhtðgi`d, `ihrtcs hfhlhmtcs quh hstäm prhshmths hm hf shmtigc `clÿm gh quihmhs sh dprcxildm d su hstugic y dmäfisis.

4.- Fcs dpcrths gh fd Nifcscnìd jrihjd d fd Eistcrid gh fd @ufturd Ourìgi`d Gh crgimdric, hf fh`tcr fhjc puhgh hm`cmtrdrsh `cm rhnfhxicmhs quh, hm tcrmc d fd ighd gh Ghrh`ec, fd ighd gh fc oustc, c fc hquitdtivc, sh rh`urrd prildridlhmth d nuhmths fdtimds. Hffc hs `clÿm hm fd ldycrìd gh fcs thxtcs quh sh utifizdm pdrd imtrcgu`ir d fcs hstugidmths df lumgc ourìgi`c. Wdlkiém c`urrh dsì hm `dsi tcgds fds rhnfhxicmhs gcjläti`ds quh sh hnh`tÿdm sckrh imstitu`icmhs c sisthlds. @cm tcgc, hf imthmtc sihlprh `cmstdmth gh fd Nifcscnìd y `clc ehlcs gi`ec gh fd Nifcscnìd ghf Ghrh`ec, dpumtd umd rhnfhxiðm läs ecmhstd y mc shjlhmtdrid c fimhdf, si sh quihrh. Quhs kihm, sdkhlcs quh hs `dsi um eäkitc

 

-hm Ghrh` Ghrh`ec ec hstri hstri`tc `tc-- y fujdr fujdr `c `clÿm lÿm hm fd hmsh hmshôd ôdmzd mzd gh ghff lislc, lislc, shôdfdr shôdfdr qu quh h md mdgd gd thmgrìdlcs fcs eclkrhs gh ecy, si fcs rcldmcs mc eukihshm imvhmtdgc hf Ghrh`ec hm tdmtc tdm tc imstit imstitu`i u`iðm ðm.. @cm tcgc tcgc,, hstd hstd rhnfh rhnfhxið xiðm m imi`id imi`id gh um pu pumtc mtc gh pd pdrti rtigd gd hrrðm hrrðmhc hc,, yd eistðri`dlhmth, yd nifcsðni`d, yd lhtcgcfðji`dlhmth. Hf hrrcr hs eistðri`c, `clc shôdfdm Bumbhf, Gdilcm y Lcllshm, tcgd vhz quh hf eh`ec quh gic fujdr df prilhr thxtc pcsitivc ghf quh edy rhjistrc hm [cld, d sdkhr fds UII Wdkfds, tuvc su crijhm hm umd rhvuhftd d`dh`igd hm fd [cld dr`di`d dfrhghgcr ghf dôc :4> d.`. Qrcgu`tc gh fd `udf sh hmvidrcm hlisdrics (gh``hmvircs) (gh``hmvircs) d  d fds pcfis jrihjds `cm hf ckohtc gh hstugidr su `cmstitu`iðm y hm hsph`idf fds fhyhs gh Pcfðm, pdrd quh `cm hsth hohlpfc d fd vistd, sh pugihrh gdr `ursc d umd [cld quh scfc ;11 dôcs läs tdrgh vhrìd sus prilhrds fu`hs `cm hf dgvhmilihmtc gh fd [hpÿkfi`d. Qcr ctrc fdgc, hf hrrcr hs nifcsðni`c, pu puhs hs fd ldyc ldycrì rìd d gh fcs fcs jrdm jrdmgh ghs s pcfì pcfìti ti`c `cs s rc rcld ldmc mcs s y qu quh h gihr gihrcm cm `u `uhr hrpc pc d fd imstitu`icmdfigdg rhpukfi`dmd h ilphridf, y hm jrdm pdrth df fhjdgc ourìgi`c rcldmc, tuvihrcm umd ecmgd y prcnumgd vim`ufd`iðm `cm hf lumgc jrihjc, hsph`idflhmth `cm su nifcscnìd. Hohlpfcs mctcrics scm Ldr`c Durhfic (4;4-451), @i`hrðm (41>-70 d.@) y Ehrðgctc (7577;1 d. @). Nimdflhmth, mc vdfcrdr c rhstdr sijmini`dm`id sijmini`dm`id df d`hrvc `ufturdf jrihjc hm hf crkh gh fds rhnfhxicmhs ourìgi`ds `cmstituyh um hrrcr lhtcgcfðji`c, puhs mdgd thmgrìdlcs gh [cld [cl d si dmths dmths fcs rcldm rcldmcs cs mc euki eukihsh hshm m ehrhg ehrhgdg dgc, c, y hm lu`ec lu`ecs s `d `dscs scs rhpfi` rhpfi`dg dgc, c, hfhlhmtcs trds`hmghmtdfhs gh fd nifcscnìd, hf ghrh`ec y fd `ufturd jrihjd. Fc dmths hmum`idgc, hs ÿtif pdrd ghthmhrmcs ghsgh yd, hm `ihrtcs hfhlhmtcs sustdmtivcs, quh hs gdkfh dprh`idr h ighmtini`dr tcgd vhz quh phmsdlcs -nifcsðni`dlhmth- "fc ourìgi`c", sim prhthmghr umivhrsdfigdg c ghtrilhmtc. Hm tdf crghm hs lhmhsthr dpumtdr dfjumds mctds quh phrnifdm gh lhocr ldmhrd fd `clprhmsiðm gh fcs dpcrths, si gdkfh gh`ir, pdrti`ufdrhs ghf crkh crkh jrihjc. jrihjc. Pckrh hsth pumtc `cim`igi `cim`igilcs lcs pfhmdlh pfhmdlhmth mth `cm Ndssû Ndssû quihm quihm dpumtd dpumtd  oui`icsdlhmth  oui`icsdlh mth quh "fd rhnfhxiðm nifcsðni`d, nifcsðni`d, hstc hs, fd lhgitd`i lhgitd`iðm ðm rd`icmdf d`hr`d gh fcs ldjmcs prckfhlds euldmcs, `clc scm fd hshm`id ghf eclkrh, su ghstimc, fcs prim`ipics rh`tcrhs gh su `cmgu`td y hf sijmini`dgc y nim gh fd vigd, tuvc su crijhm hm Jrh`id. Qhrc mc scfdl scf dlhm hmth th hsc, hsc, simc simc quh quh muhs muhstrd trd ncrld ncrld gh `cm`hk `cm`hkir ir fd rh rhdfi dfigd gdg, g, fd `udf `udf ed imnfui imnfuigc gc prcnu prc numg mgdlh dlhmth mth,, dsilis dsilislc, lc, sc sckrh krh tcgc tcgc hf ctrc ctrc jrdm jrdm `c `clpc lpcmh mhmth mth gh mu muhs hstrc trc d` d`hrv hrvc c hspiritudf? hf `ristidmislc". `ristidmislc".

Qrilhr Dpcrth Xm prilhr dpcrth hm hsth shmtigc hstä `cmstituigc pcr fd kÿsquhgd ghf Droé, ghf Droé, hf  hf prim`ipic c hshm`id ghf lumgc, `cim`ighmth `cm fd ighd gh fc vhrgdghrc (dfhtehid), (dfhtehid), fc  fc rhdf, phrldmhmth h imlutdkfh, `uyd prcnumgigdg `cm`hptudf vd lu`ec läs dffä gh fd lugdkfh dpdrihm`id. Hs prh`isdlhmth, sckrh hsth prilhr `hmtrc ilpufscr quh sh ghsdrrcffd tcgd nifcscnìd y quh `cmtrdstd `cm mc`icmhs mc`icmhs ghsdrrcffdgcs ghsdrrcffdgcs hm y pcr  hf  hf lumgc jrihjc hm prcnumgigdg? fd gcxd gcxd y  y fd hspìthlh. hspìthlh. Fd  Fd prilhrd, ighmtitdrid gh fd lhrd cpimiðm y `cm hf rdsjc `drd`thrìsti`c gh lutd lu tdki kifi figd gdg g c dp dpdr drih ihm` m`id id,, fd ctrd ctrd `cms `cmsti titu tuig igd d pc pcrr um `cmc `cmc`i `ili lihm hmtc tc qu quh h hstä hstä läs läs imtrìmsh`dlhmth vim`ufdgc d fd rhdfigdg lisld, df vhrgdghrc trdkdoc gh fd Nifcscnìd `clc kÿsquhgd gh sdkigurìd. Hxtrdpcfdgcs hstcs térlimcs, df älkitc gh rhnfhxiðm iusnifcsðni`d, pcgrìd gh`irsh quh fd prhjumtd hshm`idf sckrh ³Tué hs hf Ghrh`ec3 C kihm ³Tué hs fd Ousti` Ous ti`id3 id3,, hs umd umd prhju prhjumtd mtd quh quh dpum dpumtd td d visful visfulkrd krdrr hf hf Droé  Droé  ghf nhmðlhm nhmðlhmc c ourìgi`c, ourìgi`c,

 

rhspuhstd quh, hm fd Eistcrid gh fd @ufturd, ed rhvhstigc y rhvisth dÿm ecy, tdmtc hf `drä`thr `drä `thr gh umd lhrd cpimiðm cpimiðm (gcxd), (gcxd),  kihm kihm hf lcgc lcgc gh umd imvhstijd`i imvhstijd`iðm ðm quh imthmtd imthmtd dprcxildrsh df ckohtc gh hstugic läs dffä gh fc ncrldf. Qhrc läs dffä gh hsth prilhr  mclimdf mcli mdfislc islc,, fc quh sustdm`i sustdm`idflh dflhmth mth (sukstrdtul, (sukstrdtul,  hs hstc tc hs, "h "hstd stdrr gh ghkd kdoc oc gh gh", ", hs um umd d `dthjcrìd quh hlpfhdrd Dristðthfhs dmths quh `udfquihr ouristd rcldmc) sukyd`h hs umd `clprhmsiðm nifcsðni`d hm crghm d fd rdzðm quh puhghm gdrsh hm tcrmc d fd prhjumtd hshm`idf hm shgh iusnifcsðni`d.

Qumtc gh vistd nifcsðni`c y pcfìti`c  Qcghlc Qcghlcs s `hmtrdr muhstrc dmäfisis hm fcs nifðscncs prhsc`räti`cs, prhsc`räti`cs, quihmhs gh crgimdric scm

rhprhshmtdgcs `clc juidgcs `dsi hx`fusivdlhmth pcr um hmncquh mdturdfisti`c (peysis), (peysis), dumquh  dumquh hm rhdfigdg sus c`upd`icmhs hm fd vigd sc`idf y pcfìti`d gh Jrh`id mc scm ghsgh fuhjc, suphrni`idfhs mi ÿmi`dlhmth mdturdfìsti`ds. Wdm hs dsì, quh Wdfhs Wdf hs gh Lifhtc Lifhtc,, dghl dghläs äs gh su prhc` prhc`up upd`i d`iðm ðm pc pcrr fd md mdtur turdfh dfhzd zd,, yd dm dmths ths gh ed edkìd kìd c`updgc gh fd pcfìti`d2 fc prcpic eizc Qdrlémighs sckrh fds fhyhs, _hmðm gh Hféd `cm rhsph`tc df réjilhm tirämi`c c Hlpégc`fhs `cm rhsph`tc d fd Ghlc`rd`id hm Djrijhmtc. Qcr su pdrth hm fd Hs`uhfd Oðmi`d, Dmdxildmgrc, mcs girä quh "gh dquhffc gh gcmgh prcvihmhm mh`hsdridlhmth fcs shrhs prc`hgh tdlkiém su giscfu`iðm, pcrquh dsì sh dkcmdm rh`ìprc`dlhmth fd rhpdrd`iðm (gibå) rh`ìprc`dlhmth (gibå) y  y fd sdtisnd``iðm gh fd imousti`id (dgibìd)". (dgibìd)" . Qcr su pdrth Qdrl Qd rlém émig ighs hs dp dpum umtd tdrä rä quh quh "f "fds ds ff ffdv dvhs hs gh fcs fcs shmg shmghr hrcs cs gh fd mc mc`e `eh h y gh ghff gì gìd d fcs fcs judrgd Gibå"  ,   , y hs hffd quihm gclimd hf Phr. Hm pdfdkrds gh Ndssû, y `clc hohlpfc ghf sijmi sij mini` ni`dti dtivc vc dpcrt dpcrth h gh fd nif nifcs cscnì cnìd d prh prhsc` sc`rät räti`d i`d,, fd nifcsc nifcscnìd nìd gh Qdrlé Qdrlémi migh ghs s rhsuf rhsuftd td imgi`dtivd, puhs nuh éf quihm prilhrc dpfi`d "df umivhrsc nìsi`c, hf `cm`hptc éti`c-ourìgi`c ghf ghkhr shr, phrscmini`dgc hm Gibå, Gibå, fd  fd Ousti`id" Hstd ighd ghf Ghrh`ec `clc Gibå, Gibå, hm`uhmtrd  hm`uhmtrd su hxprhsiðm hm fd ckrd gh Ehsìcgc, "Fds ckrds y fcs gìds", hm gìds", hm quh prhgclimd fd ighd gh quh fd drkitrdrihgdg gh quihmhs quihrhm ilpcmhr su vcfumtdg (eykris) (eykris) ghkh  ghkh shr ckohtc gh um `dstijc pcr fd ousti`id (Gibå). Hm hnh`tc hf nrd nrdjlh jlhmtc mtc ghf pchl pchld d gh Ehsìc Ehsìcgc gc quh quh sh imi`id imi`id `cm fd näkuf näkufd d gh ghff jd jdvif vifäm äm qu quh h ed `dpturdgc d um ruishôcr, fh prhvihmh df fh`tcr gh mc cpcmhrsh d quihm hs läs nuhrth quh éf, dumquh hf pchtd, pcr hf `cmtrdric, `clc dmctd Ndssû, "hxecrtd d fd mh`hsigdg gh mc dthmghr läs quh d fd prhpcthm`id d fd ousti`id, quh hs fd quh nimdflhmth triumnd sihlprh". Qcsthricrlhmth, Eclhrc hm fd Ifìdgd, shôdfdrä "krctd hf `cmvhm`ilihmtc gh quh fd ird gh _hus sh ghshm`dghmd `udmgc fcs eclkrhs gh`rhtdm fhyhs imoustds c mc ckshrvdm fd  ousti`id". Qcr ctrc fdgc, rh`crghlcs rh`crghlcs quh, hm fd Cgishd, Whféld`c ldmgd imthrrcjdr imthrrcjdr d Méstcr pcr shr hf lhocr `cmc`hgcr gh fd ousti`id ‖vhlcs hfhlhmtcs gh fd nifcscnìd jrihjd quh quh rhsuft rhsuftdm dm phr`h phr`hpt ptikf ikfhs hs dum dum ecy ecy hm gìd. gìd. Hstd Hstd gh ghug ugd d eistðr eistðri`c i`c-`u -`uftu fturdf rdf tih tihmh mh hm Qdrl Qd rlém émig ighs hs,, Ehrä Ehrä`f `fit itc, c, Pð`r Pð`rdt dths hs,, Eclh Eclhrc rc,, Qfdt Qfdtðm ðm,, Dr Dris istð tðth thfh fhs s y Eh Ehsì sìcg cgc c sus sus rhprhshmtdmths läs dftivcs. [ukri`d fc hxpuhstc, fd ighd scsthmigd pcr Odhjhr pdrd quihm hf drjulhmtc Ecléri`c hxpuhstc hm fd prcpid Cgishd hstä prhshmth fd ighd gh quh fd  ousti`id hs um sijmc gh `ivifizd`iðm y hs `cmsighrdgd `cmsighrdgd `clc hfhlhmtc gh fd crjdmizd`iðm crjdmizd`iðm  ourìgi`d gh fd sc`ihgdg, sc`ihgdg, yd quh fcs "sdfvdohs `ì`fcphs mc tihmhm fhyhs. Hxisthm ijudflhmth ijudflhmth ctrcs hohlpfc quh ed`hm rhnhrhm`id df `cmthmigc mcrldtivc y d fd mc`iðm gh ilphric dpfi`dgd df crkh jrihjc, dsì hm fd Dmtìjcmd gh Pðnc`fhs, pcghlcs vhr hf `cm`hptc quh

 

tuvihrcm fcs jrihjcs gh fds fhyhs, `clc Wehlis , hstc hs, hf gh`rhtc sdjrdgc rhvhfdgc d fcs rhyhs pcr fcs gicshs pcr lhgic gh fcs crä`ufcs c gh ncrld cmìri`d, `uyd pdrti`ufdrigdg `cmsisth hm fd pcsikifigdg quh tihmhm gh trdmslitirsh gh pdgrhs d eiocs, hm tdmtc quh mcrld gclim gclimdm dmth th ghf ghf jrupc jrupc jhmti jhmtifi` fi`ic ic y quh quh im` im`fu fusc sc `cm `cmsti stituy tuyh h hf pd pdtri trilcm lcmic ic gh fd `fdsh `fdsh gclimdmth, hs umd mctd hshm`idf. Quhs kihm, gh umd sc`ihgdg hm quh edy prhgclimdm`id gh fcs tehlis tehlis (gcmgh  (gcmgh fds prildrids rhnfhxicmhs gh fd nifcscnìd scm tdlkiém `cmgu`tcrds gh fd pcfis y ghf lumgc) sh pdsdrä fuhjc, d umd sc`ihgdg ilphrdgd pcr fd ighd gh gibå gibå c  c  ousti`id, hm fd quh hxisth um prhgclimic prhgclimic gh fd ighd rd`icmdf (fcjcs) (fcjcs) gh  gh ijudfgdg (iscmclìd), (iscmclìd),  gh lc lcgc gc tdm tdm prcn prcnum umgc gc quh quh si fd Wehlis Wehlis  rh rhsp spcm cmgh gh d um tipc tipc gh sc`ihgd sc`i hgdg g dristc`rä dristc`räti`d ti`d,, fd ousti`id ousti`id (Gibå) (Gibå)  fd prughm` prughm`id id (scpercsymh) (scpercsymh)  sc scm m hf im imi` i`ic ic gh fd sc`ihgdg ghlc`räti`d jrihjd.

Drhth Ctrc `cm`hptc gh imthrés y `cmoumtivc `cm fcs dmths lhm`icmdgcs, hs hf gh Drhté gh  Drhté .  . Fcs jrihjcs, `clc shôdfd Odhjhr, pcr hsth `cm`hptc `clprhmgìdm, sckrh tcgc, umd nuhrzd, umd `dpd`igdg. D vh`hs fd ghnimhm girh`tdlhmth, dumquh hffc mc hs nrh`uhmth. Fds läs gh fds vh`hs, vh`hs, fd ghsij ghsijmd mdm m `c `clc lc "hf vijcr vijcr y fd sd sdfug fug"" qu quh h sc scm m drhth drhth  gh ghff `uh `uhrpc rpc". ". Qcr Qcr hf `cmtrdric, dumquh `cm fd lisld ighd sh ghsijmd fd "sdjd`igdg y phmhtrd`iðm", hstc hs, um drhth drhth ghf  ghf hspìritu. @clc hs `fdrc, hs ginì`if `clpdjimdr `clpdjimdr hstcs eh`ecs `cm fd hxpfi`d`iðm sukohtivd, decrd usudf, quh ed`h ghrivdr fd pdfdkrd gh "`clpfd`hr" (δτάποω).  Hm hsth hsth sh shmti mtigc gc,, Od Odhj hjhr hr `fdrin `fdrini`d i`d gh lcgc lcgc prh`is prh`isc c qu quh h "hs vh vhrgd rgdg g qu quh h drhth drhth ffhvd  ffhvd d lhmugc lhmu gc hf shmtigc shmtigc gh rh`cmc`i rh`cmc`ilihm lihmtc tc sc`idf, sc`idf, y vihmh vihmh d sijmini`d sijmini`drr hmtcm`h hmtcm`hs s "rhsphtc" "rhsphtc",, "prhstij "prh stijic". ic". Qhrc hstc hs sh`umgd sh`umgdric ric y sh ghkh ghkh df nuhrth nuhrth `cmtd`t `cmtd`tc c sc`idf sc`idf gh tcgds fds vdfcrd vdf crd`ic `icmh mhs s ghf ghf eclkr eclkrh h hm fcs fcs prilh prilhrcs rcs tih tihlpc lpcs. s. Crijim Crijimdri dridlh dlhmth mth fd pd pdfd fdkrd krd ed ghsijmdgc um vdfcr ckohtivc ghf `dfini`dgc hm hffd. Pijmini`d umd nuhrzd quh fh hs prcpid, quh `cmstituyh su phrnh``iðm", hs fc quh hf lislc dutcr dprh`id vdfcrd shôdfdmgc? "Hf puhk puhkfc fc jrihj jrihjc c trdsli trdslitið tið,, sim gugd gugd,, d fd pcsth pcsthrig rigdg dg um umd d riq riquh uhzd zd gh `cmc` `cmc`ili ilihm hmtcs tcs ilphrh`hghrcs hm ncrld ilphrh`hghrd".  Decrd kihm, `cmvihmh prhjumtdrmcs, prhjumtdrmcs, si hs pcsikfh hxtrdhr dprhmgizdoh c lhocr gi`ec si hs pcsikfh dprhmghr dfjc gh hstcs dpcrths quh fd Nifcscnìd jrihjd ed hnh`tudgc d muhstrc d`hrvc `ufturdf y d muhstrds ighds sckrh fd ousti`id. Fd prhjumtd, hm su shmtigc nifcsðni`c, puhgh ffhvdrmcs d ctrd läs imthmsd? "³Qcghlcs `clc shrhs euldmcs lhocrdr muhstrd mdturdfhzd3". Fd rhspuhstd eh`ed ghsgh umd fh`turd gh ghf Lhmðm mcs imgi`drä quh hs pcsikfh pcsi kfh dprhmgh dprhmghrr ghthrlim ghthrlimdgd dgds s ncrlds ncrlds gh hx`hfhm`id hx`hfhm`id  eu euld ldmd mds, s, `u `uyd yd nim nimdfi dfigd gdg g hs hf `cmc`ilihmtc gh sì lislc. Fd drhté, drhté, drjulhmtd  drjulhmtd Ffhgð, "rdgi`d puhs, hm hf `cmc`ilihmtc, pcrquh, df prhjumtdr si pcghlcs dprhmghr umd ncrld gh ed`hr lhocr  muhstrd  muhstrd `cmgi`iðm `cmgi`iðm mdturdf, thmhlcs quh sdkhr, hm prilhr fujdr fc quh kus`dlcs y fc quh quhrhlcs shr . Nimdflhmth `rhhlcs quh, rdsjcs `clumhs d `udfquihr hxpfi`d`iðm c rhspuhstd df prhjumtd hshm`idf sckrh fd mdturdfhzd hf Ghrh`ec c fd ousti`id, puhghm imthrprhtdrsh `clc vijhm`id vijhm`ids s trds`hmghmtdfhs trds`hmgh mtdfhs gh fd nifcscnìd jrihjd, dsì mcs dtrhvhlcs d shôdfdr quh mc edy Ghrh`ec si prilhrc mc sh Iscmclìd, hstc Iscmclìd, hs, läs fd ijudfgdg dmthphrc fd fhy2 fd Ishjcrìd, Ishjcrìd, hstc  hstc hs, fd ijudfgdg gh rh`cmc`h vcz hm hf fd ncrc y hm um hstc älkitc rhstrimjigc ijudflhmth rhfhvdmth,

 

fd Iscfhtìd, Iscfhtìd, c  c fd ijudfgdg hm fcs trikutcs c `drjds pÿkfi`ds. Dumquh `fdrdlhmth hf dpcrth läs numgdlhmtdf hstä gdgc pcr hf `cm`hptc gh Ghlc`rd`id Ghlc`rd`id,, `clc hf jckihrmc gh fcs ijudfhs.

D`tudfigd D`tudf igdg g gh fcs `cm`hp `cm`hptcs tcs nifcsð nifcsðni` ni`cs cs ghf d`hrvc d`hrvc `ufturd `ufturdff jrihjc jrihjc hm Id `clprhmsiðm iusnifcsðni`d `cmthlpcrämhd  Dmths quh ed`hr umd gish``iðm thrlimcfðji`d thrlimcfðji`d quh ilpfiquh umd suhrth gh shfh``iðm gh dpcrths, phmsdlcs phmsdlcs quh fc prcpic hm ldthrid nifcsðni`d hs prh`isdlhmth mc `dtdstrdr -`csd quh im`ulkh d ctrds `ihm`ids u cni`ics- simc rhnfhxicmdr fd `cmsisthm`id gh fcs dpcrths quh scm ckohtc gh muhstrc hstugic, gh lcgc quh, drrdm`dmgc gh `ihrtcs hfhlhmtcs käsi`cs pcgdlcs visfulkrdr fd d`tudfigdg ghf d`hrvc jrihjc. Quhs kihm, si lirdlcs fds `csds `cm `uigdgc y sim prhoui`ics, pcgrhlcs vhr quh hm fds luy vdridgds rhnfhxicmhs rhnfhxicmhs sckrh fd mdturdfhzd mdturdfhzd ghf Ghrh`ec c fc quh hs fc lislc, ghmtrc gh fds lÿftipfhs prhjumtds quh sh ed`hm d`hr`d gh fc quh yd ehlcs gi`ec dmths ³Tué hs hf Ghrh`ec3 hxisthm givhrsds rhspuhstds quh scm gdgds ghsgh fd ðpti`d iusnifðsni`d. Hm umcs `dscs, sh `hmtrdm hm hf dphjc d fd scfd fhjdfigdg, `clc hm hf `dsc ghf pcsitivislc ourìgi`c dmdfìti`c, y hm ctrds hm fd fhy mdturdf quh ghkh dmth`hghr d tcgd fhy hs`ritd. Hm hffc, ghsgh hf hstugic gh fc jrihjc, puhgh vhrsh um h`c sijmini`dtivc y pfhmdlhmth d`tudf. Qiémshsh, pcr pcr hohlpf hohlpfc, c, hm hf gudfi gudfislc slc gh hfh hfh``i ``iðm ðm quh quh sh prhsh prhshmtd mtd hm Dmtìj Dmtìjcm cmd, d, ck ckrd rd hm qu quh h prhshmtd hf drjulhmtc gh umd hfh``iðm mc fikrh hmtrh gcs cpuhstcs? fds fhyhs gh fcs eclkrhs (girhlcs, fhyhs pcsitivds) y fds fhyhs gh fcs gicshs (girhlcs, fhyhs mdturdfhs) umds ghkhm prhnhrirsh `cm dmthfd`iðm d fds ctrds shjÿm puhgh vhrsh hm hf thxtc yd `fäsi`c. Ctrd fh`turd quh puhgh puhgh ed`hrsh ed`hrsh ghvihmh ghvihmh gh hsth lislc `cmtrdpu `cmtrdpumtc mtc fhy pcsitivd pcsitivd-fhy -fhy mdturdf, y tihmh um dsihmtc hm rhnfhxicmhs quh scm fd ehrhm`id läs `fdrd gh fd ilprcmtd jrihj jrihjd d hm fd d`tud d`tudfig figdg. dg. Dsì Dsì hm Qfdtð Qfdtðm, m, sc sckrh krh tc tcgc gc hm Fd [hpÿ [hpÿkfi kfi`d, `d, ed edy y um umd d `fdrd `fdrd vim`ufd`iðm rhnfhxivd sckrh fd ousti`id, `clc um ighdf hxtrd-pcfis, `clc um kihm quh sh hm`uhmtrd "nuhrd gh fd `dvhrmd" y gh fd `är`hf ghf dfld, quh hstä nimdflhmth läs prðxild d fd ighd suprhld gh kihm hm hf tcpcsurdmus tcpcsurdmus quh  quh hm fd rhdfigdg prcpcr`icmdf `clc fd hmthmgigd pcr Dristðthfhs. Wdm `fdrd hs fd ighd ghf fhjdgc y dpcrth jrihjc d fd `cmstru``iðm gh muhstrd ighds nifcsðni`ds y pcfìti`ds , quh pcghlcs fhhr hm Qfdtðm, pcr hohlpfc, quh "hf Hstdgc hxprhsd hm jrdmgh fc quh hf imgiviguc hm phquhôc", gh deì quh su visiðm ghf eclkrh y ghf dfld euldmd shdm prcyh`tdkfhs prcyh`tdkfhs d fd pcfis, pugihmgc gistimjuirsh `fdrdlhmth gh d`uhrgc d hffc, trhs mivhfhs? Xmc suphricr, `crrhspcmgihmth df fcjcs, d fd rd`icmdfigdg y d fd rhnfhxiðm, df `udff phrth `ud phrthmh mh`hr `hrìdm ìdm fcs jckh jckhrmd rmdmth mths s (dr`ecmths) (dr`ecmths)  quh edm sigc hfhjigcs pcr fcs judrgidmhs (peyfdbhs) (peyfdbhs) y  y quh numgdm su suphricrigdg hm hf sdkhr (scpeìd). (scpeìd). Pdkhr  Pdkhr quh hs ighmtini`dgc `cm hf dftruislc, fd jhmhrcsigdg y hf ighdfislc. Fd lisiðm gh fcs jckhrmdmths «nifðscncs² hs fhjisfdr thmihmgc sihlprh prhshmth fd läs rijurcsd ousti`id, rijurcsd  ousti`id, quh  quh hs fd virtug quh ed`h pcsikfhs tcgds fds ctrds. Hf shjumgc mivhf, hs hf quh im`ulkh d fcs judrgidmhs, quh `cm`urrhm hm ghnhmsd ghf Hstdgc dmth dtdquhs hxthricrhs. Pckrh hf pdrti`ufdr, hs imthrhsdmth imthrhsdm th y mctcric quh Qfdtðm irrcjuh d fds luohrhs gh hstd `fdsh fcs lislcs ghrh`ecs quh fcs eclkrhs. Fd iscmclìd hmtcm`hs sh vuhfvh nifcsðni`d y pcfìti`dlhmth um hfhlhmtc hshm` hsh m`idf idf.. Fd ginhrh ginhrhm` m`id id hstdr hstdrä ä hm fcs mivhf mivhfhs hs gh sdkhr sdkhr y mc hm fds pd pdrti rti`u `ufdr fdrigd igdgh ghs s

 

euldmds c hm hf jémhrc. Hm `cmsh`uhm`id, Qfdtðm `cm su visiðm ghf eclkrh y fd pcfis, hxpcmh, `clc dpumtd luy dtimdgdlhmth Ffhgð quh, "fd pdrth ghf dfld quh `crrhspcmgh d fcs judrgidmhs hs hf teylcs, teylcs, hf  hf ämilc, fd hmhrjìd, fd nuhrzd" `clc `drd`thrìsti`ds ghf dfld imgivigu imgi vigudf, df, "imthrlh "imthrlhgid gid hmtrh hmtrh fc rd`icmd rd`icmdff (fcjistibðm) (fcjistibðm)  y fcs lcvili lcvilihm hmtc tcs s imstim imstimtiv tivcs cs gh ghff dfld (hpeitylhtibðm). (hpeitylhtibðm). Pu  Pu virtug hs hf vdfcr (dmgrhìd)". Qcr ÿftilc, hf sustrdtc kdsdf hstä ighmtini`dgc hm Qfdtðm, pcr hf puhkfc, fcs `dlphsimcs y `clhr`idmths y drthsdmcs. Tuh fhocs gh mc thmhr vc`d`icmhs, susthmtdm d fds ctrds gcs, puhs scm su numgdlhmtc h`cmðli`c y ldthridf. Hm hsth shmtigc hs ghf tcgc hnh`tivd fd dp dprh rh`i `id` d`ið iðm m qu quh h shôd shôdfd fd qu quh h fd num` num`ið iðm m ghf ghf dfld dfld qu quh h fh `drd `drd`t `thr hriz izd d df pu puhk hkfc fc hs fd hpeitylhtibðm hpeitylhtibðm quh  quh hquifikrd sus ilpufscs pcr fd vigd y hf `uhrpc. Hf gékitc `ufturdf y sus ilpfi`dm`ids Fd nifcscnìd jrihjd y hf numgdlhmtc gh fd hgu`d`iðm Fd hgu`d`iðm hm nifcscnìd hs puhs umc gh fcs dsph`tcs hshm`idfhs gh fd ighd gh um gékitc `ufturdf ed`id Jrh`id. Pu ehrhm`id h ilprcmtd, `cm ldycr c phcr ncrtumd, hstäm sihlprh prhshmths hm fd `cmstru``iðm nifcsðni`d gh fd `ufturd y hm fd hgu`d`iðm. Muhstrd ghugd, fhocs gh shr lhrdlhmth gh`fdrdtivd, hm`uhmtrd hm fd hxphrihm`id pcfìti`d y nifcsðni`d jrihjd, um h`c prcnumgc `uyc hstugic mcs gd fu`hs im`fusc gh fcs prckfhlds d`tudfhs gh fd hgu`d`iðm hm fd d`tudfigdg. Kdsth rh`crgdr fc hxprhsdgc pcr Dristðthfhs pdrd pdrd jr jrdni dni`d `drr fc hxprh hxprhsdg sdgc, c, `udmg `udmgc c df rhnhri rhnhrirsh rsh df létcg létcgc c gh Jcrji Jcrjids ds shôdfd shôdfd?? "Fd hgu`d`iðm gh fcs quh `ckrdkdm pcr fcs gis`urscs hrìsti`cs hrd shlhodmth df létcgc gh Jcrjids. Jcrj ids. Quhs umcs umcs gdkdm gdkdm pdrd dprhmghr dprhmghr gh lhlcrid lhlcrid pihzds pihzds crdtcrid crdtcrids, s, ctrc ctrcs s gdkdm gdkdm `u `uhs hsti ticm cmdr dric ics, s, thld thlds s dlkc dlkcs s hm fc fcs s quh quh umcs umcs y ct ctrc rcs s `r `rhì hìdm dm qu quh h rh rh`d `dìd ìdm m fd fds s drjulh drj ulhmtd mtd`ic `icmh mhs s rh`ìp rh`ìprc` rc`ds. ds. Qcr Qcr hsd hsd rdzðm rdzðm fd hm hmsh shôd ôdmzd mzd hrd räpigd räpigd ph phrc rc ndftd ndftd gh numgd num gdlhm lhmtc tc.. Yd quh quh `rhìdm `rhìdm hgu`dr hgu`dr cnrh` cnrh`ihm ihmgc gc mc fd té`mi` té`mi`d d y hf létcg létcgc, c, simc simc fcs fcs rhsuftdg rhsu ftdgcs cs gh hsd té`mi`d, té`mi`d, gh lcgc shlhodmth shlhodmth d `clc si umc prclhtihrd prclhtihrd trdmslitir  trdmslitir  `cmc`ilihmtcs sckrh `ðlc hvitdr hf gcfcr gh pihs y mc hmshôdrd mi fd té`mi`d gh ed`hr  zdpdtcs, mi gðmgh ckthmhr tdfhs `cmc`ilihmtcs, simc quh sh filitdrd d prhshmtdr gistimtcs tipcs gh `dfzdgc"

Fd Nifcscnìd jrihjd y hf ghrh`ec ^cfvihmgc d muhstrc drjulhmtc imi`idf (uki eclc uki sc`ihtds, hrjc uki ius), rhnhrigc ius),  rhnhrigc pcr @hfsc, puhgh rhsuftdr läs `clprhmsikfh fd `cmhxiðm hmtrh fd `ufturd jrihjd y su rhfd`iðm `cm fc ourìgi`c. Quhs kihm, gcmgh quihrd quh hxistd hf eclkrh y sh prhjumth sckrh fcs fìliths gh su hxisthm`id y fds rdzcmhs gh fd lisld, gcmgh quihrd quh hxistd fd sc`ihgdg, mcs gi`h hf ouristd rcldmc, hxistirä hf Ghrh`ec, phrc dmths quh fd prhjumtd sckrh ³Tué hs fc oustc3 Qrilhrc hs fd prhjumtd sckrh ³Tué hs hf eclkrh3 Fd rhfd`iðm ilpfì`itd hmtcm`hs y decrd lislc, rdgi`d hm fd `cmsustdm`idfigdg ghf phmsdlihmtc nifcsðni`c y fd rhnfhxiðm sisthläti`d pcr fd ousti`id. Pus ckohtcs scm givhrscs phrc hf mÿ`fhc gh sus dthm`icmhs hf lislc? Hf prcscpcm Hf prcscpcm jrihjc  jrihjc y fd phrscmd euldmd d`tudf, hm su `clpfhoc gh rhfd`icmhs vitdfhs.

 

 

@cm`fusiðm  D lcgc gh `cm`fusiðm, `cm`fusiðm, ghkhlcs ghkhlcs gh`ir quh nuhrzd fd rdzðm ghf nifðscnc quh sh ghgi`d df hstugic gh fd ousti`id, vhr lu`ec läs dffä ghf prcpic tihlpc y gh fds prcpids imstitu`icmhs. imstitu`icmhs. @fdrc hstä quh hm fds rdì`hs gh fd Eistcrid gh c``ighmth `dgd mÿ`fhc c pdrdgijld ed trdms`hmgigc imthmsdlhmth hm sus pdrti`ufdrigdghs, ( fd ighd gh ousti`id gistrikutivd, gh trds`hmghm`id, gh virtug c ghlc`rd`id scm dfjumcs hohlpfcs quh rukri`dm fc gi`ec) läs hf prilhr prilhr dsihm dsihmtc tc rhnfh rhnfhxiv xivc c y quh quh pcsik pcsikifi ifitð tð hf surjil surjilihm ihmtc tc gh c` c``ig `ighm hmth th `clc `clc tdf y hm `cmsh`uh `cms h`uhm`id m`id,, lu`eds lu`eds gh muhstrd muhstrds s d`tudfh d`tudfhs s virtughs virtughs h imstitu` imstitu`icm icmhs, hs, edm vhmigc vhmigc ghf lumgc gh fd rhnfhxiðm nifcsðni`d jrihjd, d hstd ehrhm`id ghkhlcs ‗sihlprh- fd rhnfhxiðm shrid y scsthmigd, um hstugic `clprhmsivc y mc sclkrìc, simc sijmini`dtivc gh um fhjdgc trds`hmghmtdf.