Aportes de Edward Thorndike

 

^OASNZYA@F@ @NL FPLFOPAIH PNHZAFY UN@FDHDAIFY IHOPNKUHZFONFY IHOPNKUHZFONFY

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FUHZPNY @N N@TFZ@ PBHZO@AGN Q MHBO @NTNQ F LF N@^IFIAHO

FODNLQ KHZFLNY FD^@NLH AA YNKNYPZN DZ^UH :4

JFZZFOV^ALLF FPLFOPAIH

 

FUHZPNY @N N@TFZ@ PBHZO@AGN ^o Usaiùlhdh y pn`fdhdh, quano ns ihosa`nrf`h uo fotninshr `n lf psaihlhdëf iho`uitastf, sus praoiapflns fphrtfiahons cunrho nl fprno`azfmn phr Nosfyh/Nrrhr y lf lny `nl ncnith. Yus nstu`ahs `n lf iho`uitf foakfl ln pnrkatanrho `nsfrrhllfr lf tnhrëf `nl ihonxahoaskh. Yndýo nl ihonxahoaskh `n Pbhro`agn nl fprno`azfmn oh ns kæs qun uof ihonxaùo `n nstëkulhs - rnspunstfs7 uof fshiafiaùo notrn lfs snosfiahons qun lhs hrdfoaskhs rniajno y lhs akpulshs f lf fiiaùo qun nstfs `nsnoif`nofo (fprno`azfmn aostruknotfl), prhpush uo nxpnraknoth  pfrf  pfrf dfths no lfs qun sn ihocaofjf f ásths y sùlh ph`ëfo nsifpfr iufo`h tarfjfo `n uof iunr`f, nkpumfjfo uof ifrrntf h, no flduohs ifshs, bfiano`h sakultæonfknotn bfstf trns ihsfs `acnrnotns. Lhs foakflns fprno`ëfo phr nosfyh y nrrhr y  phr áxaths fiia`notflns. Nstn taph `n fprno`azfmn sn llfkù `ns`n nothoins Fprno`azfmn phr Nosfyh y Nrrhr. Ufrf ál, "nl fprno`azfmn ns uo prhinsh drf`ufl `n nosfyh y nrrhr"(lny `nl ncnith). Pfkjaáo bfin rncnrnoiaf f lf phsnsaùo, phr pfrtn `nl hrdfoaskh, `n lfs ifpfia`f`ns y iho`aiahons oninsfrafs (ftnoiaùo, khtavfiaùo y `nsfrrhllh) pfrf rnflazfr nl fprno`azfmn (lny `n lf `asphsaiaùo). No tfl snota`h, flu`aù f lf akphrtfoiaf `n lf præitaif. @amh qun lfs ihonxahons sn chrtflnino iho lf præitaif y sn `njalatfo sao nllf (lny `nl nmnriaiah). Nstf bf sa`h uof `n lfs lnyns qun kæs akpfith bf tnoa`h no lf n`uifiaùo. @n th`hs kh`hs, Pbhro`agn irnëf qun iufo`h lf præitaif oh nrf rnihkpnosf`f oh tnoëf aoclunoiaf no nl fprno`azfmn. Yn pun`n rnsukar su trfjfmh no trns fspniths jæsaihs= * Nkpnzfo`h iho foakflns y phstnrahrknotn iho bukfohs, vflhrù nl sadoacaif`h `n lfs iurvfs `n fprno`azfmn, lfs iho`aiahons qun pun`no fcnitfrlfs y lfs lnyns jæsaifs qun ihostatuyno `aibh fprno`azfmn ihkh sho= lf lny `nl nmnriaiah. lf lny `nl ncnith y `n lf `asphoajala`f`. * Nstfjlniaù uo kfrih tnùraih nxplaiftavh `n lf ofturflnzf `nl fprno`azfmn ihosa`nrf`f ihkh uo ihomuoth `n fshiafiahons nxastnotns notrn nstëkulhs y rnspunstfs prhphriahof`fs phr uo kftnrafl nxpnraknotfl. * Caoflknotn akpulsù `acnrnotns trfjfmhs rnlfiahof`hs iho lf kn`a`f `n lf ifpfia`f` aotnlnitufl y nl rno`akanoth `n lhs oaöhs no n`f` nsihlfr kn`afotn lf nstfo`frazfiaùo `n uo ianrth oýknrh `n tnst.

FUHZPNY @N MHBO @NTNQ Ns llfkf`h phr kuibhs nl “pf`rn `n lf n`uifiaùo rnohvf`f‛. Ihotrfstù sus praoiapahs n`uiftavhs no lf cfkhsf nsiunlf lfjhrfthrah `n ifræitnr nxpnraknotfl, `nohkaof`f Nsiunlf @nwny, aostatua`f no lf ^oavnrsa`f` ^oavn rsa`f` `n Ibaifdh no 6213. Ihoiajaù lf nsiunlf ihkh uo nspfiah `n prh`uiiaùo y rnclnxaùo `n nxpnranoiafs rnlnvfotns `n va`f shiafl qun pnrkatn nl `nsfrrhllh `n uof iau`f`foëf plnof. Yhstnoëf qun lh hcrnia`h phr nl sastnkf n`uiftavh `n su áphif oh prhphriahofjf f lhs iau`f`fohs uof  prnpfrfiaùo f`niuf`f pfrf lf va`f no uof shian`f` `nkhirætaif. Nl «káth`h nxpnraknotfl· `n su pn`fdhdëf sn jfsf no lf n`uifiaùo `n lf `nstrnzf ao`ava`ufl, `n lf aoaiaftavf y `nl nspëratu `n nkprnsf no `ntraknoth `n lf f`quasaiaùo `n ihohiakanoths ianotëcaihs. Yus nsiraths aocluynrho no lhs prhcuo`hs ifkjahs nxpnraknotf`hs no lf pn`fdhdëf `n Nstf`hs

 

^oa`hs no lhs aoaiahs `nl sadlh RR. Ihkh calùshch, sujrfyù th`h lh præitaih, nschrzæo`hsn no `nkhstrfr iùkh lfs a`nfs calhsùcaifs pun`no fitufr no lhs fsuoths `n lf va`f `afraf. Yu  plfotnfkanoth lùdaih y calhsùcaih nrf `n ifkjah pnrkfonotn, f`fptæo`hsn f lfs oninsa`f`ns y f lfs iariuostfoiafs. Nl prhinsh `n pnosfkanoth p nosfkanoth no su calhshcëf ns uo kn`ah ` `nn plfoacaifr lf fiiaùo y `n supnrfr lhs hjstæiulhs notrn lh qun bfy y lh qun sn prhynitf. Ufrf @nwny lf n`uifiaùo ns uof ihostfotn rnhrdfoazfiaùo h rnihostruiiaùo `n lf nxpnranoiaf f pfrtar `n nsth su praoiapfl prnhiupfiaùo prnhiupfi aùo cun ph`nr `nsfrrhllfr uof n`uifiaùo qun pu`anrf uoar lf trf`aiahofl snpfrfiaùo notrn lf knotn y nl iunrph, notrn lf tnhrëf y lf  prfitaif h notrn nl pnosfkanoth y lf fiiaùo, yf qun nl pnosfjf qun fl bfinr nstf snpfrfiaùo, llfkf`f “ofturfl‛ lf n`uifiaùo, pfrf ál tno`ëf f snr fif`ákaif y fjurra`f, flnmf`f `n lhs aotnrnsns rnflns `n lf va`f= “If`f vnz tnodh kæs prnsnotn no ka knotn lf akfdno `n uof nsiunlf7 uof nsiunlf iuyh inotrh y hradno snf fldýo taph `n fitava`f` vnr`f`nrfknotn ihostruitavf, no lf qun lf lfjhr sn `nsfrrhlln sankprn no `hs `arniiahons= phr uof pfrtn, lf `aknosaùo shiafl `n nstf fitava`f` ihostruitavf, y phr ph r htrf, nl ihotfith iho lf ofturflnzf qun ln prhphriahof prhphriahof su kftnraf prakf‛.  prakf‛.   Ufrf nstn knmhrfkanoth `n lf n`uifiaùo pnosfjf nl futhr qun nstf oh sn ph`ëf lhdrfr iho uof knmhr n`uifiaùo `n lhs kfnstrhs, saoh iho uof knmhr n`uifiaùo `n lhs pf`rns y lhs cuoiahofrahs nsihlfrns yf qun pfrf ál, nllhs sho lf ýltakf pflfjrf y nl iifræitnr fræitnr `n nsf pflfjrf `npno`ëf shlfknotn `n lf n`uifiaùo qun nllhs bujanrfo rniaja`h= “^of pnrshof qun rniajanrf n`uifiaùo snræ uof qun lf notrndun‛.  notrndun‛.   Fcarkfjf tfkjaáo qun lhs oaöhs oh llndfjfo f lf nsiunlf ihkh lakpafs pazfrrfs pfsavfs no lfs qun lhs kfnstrhs pu`anrfo nsirajar lfs lniiahons. “Iufo`h nl oaöh llndf fl fulf yf ns aotnosfknotn fitavh y nl ihknta`h `n lf n`uifiaùo ihosastn no thkfr f su ifrdh nstf fitava`f` y hranotfrlf‛  hranotfrlf‛  F pfrtar `n nsth, nl futhr pnosfjf qun qu n lf lfjhr `n lf nsiunlf nrf nstfjlninr rndlfs, phr kn`ah `n lfs iuflns, lhs flukohs hjrfrfo `n tfl kh`h qun, fuo `nspuás `n bfjnr hjrf`h, f nshs flukohs oh sn lns llnvn f vnr lf rnlfiaùo notrn nl rnsultf`h y nl káth`h sndua`h, yf qun shlh  phr kn`ah `n sus prhpafs hjsnrvfiahons, rnclnxahons, chrkfiaùo y ihkprhjfiaùo `n sudnstahons pun`n uo flukoh fkplafr y rnitacaifr lh qun sfjn. Irnëf carknknotn qun sn  ph`ëf fprno`nr bfiano`h fldh qun oh sn ihkprno`anrf. Ihkh ihosniunoiaf `n nsth lf tfrnf `nl kfnstrh ns rnflknotn nsth snr uo kfnstrh, oh uo fkh h “futhra`f`‛, nstn `njn tnonr sucaianotns ihohiakanoths `n sus flukohs, `n lfs oninsa`f`ns, nxpnranoiafs, nx pnranoiafs, drf`hs `n bfjala`f` y ihohiakanoths `n nsths nti. pfrf ph`nr, oh `aitfr caons y plfons, saoh pfrtaiapfr no uof `asiusaùo rncnrnotn f lh qun bf `n bfinrsn no ihomuoth iho sus flukohs. No nstn ækjath `n ihohinr prhcuo`fknotn f lhs flukohs nrf cuo`fknotfl pfrf @nwny nl rnspnth `n lf ao`ava`ufla`f` y lajnrtf` `n lhs flukohs y f pfrtar `n nstfs bfjalatfr f lhs flukohs qun  prnstfrfo ihhpnrfiaùo nspniafl no druphs `n sus aotnrás y f pfrtaiapfr `n sus fitava`f`ns `n tfl chrkf qun lf iho`uitf shiafl snf iunstaùo `n su prhpaf fitatu` knotfl, y oh purh `aitf`h futhratfrah `n sus fiths yf qun irnëf qun rnpntar kftnraf no chrkf nxfitf f ihkh lf ihoiajn lf pnrshof kfyhr qun`f sao `aradar lf hradaofla`f` `n lf ao`ava`ufla`f`.

 

¸V^N AOCL^NOIAF U^N@NO PNONZ NYPHY F^PHZNY UFZF P^ @NYNKUNÖH UZHCNYAHOFL8 Yndýo lf prhpunstf `n @nwny, lf n`uifiaùo prhdrnsavf, pfrf ka `nsnkpnöh prhcnsahofl kn ns kuy pnrtaonotn yf qun no nl qunbfinr pn`fdùdaih ns akphrtfotn ihkjftar nl trf`aiahoflaskh y f`anstrfkanoth. Ihkh kfnstrf ihosa`nrh qun shian`f` ns ka `njnr chrkfr fl phr iau`f`foh, ihonstu`afotn uof prnpfrfiaùo f`niuf`f pfrf lf va`f no uof `nkhirætaif nsh f if`f ns oninsfrah  jrao`frln nxpnranoiafs noraqunin`hrfs y clnxajlns `urfotn su `nsfrrhllh pfrf qun pun`fo vnrsn cuturhs ifkjahs, f`nkæs, `njh trfjfmfr no ka chrkfiaùo y fituflazfrkn no nl ækjath  pn`fdùdaih iho rnspnith f lf psaihlhdëf `nl oaöh. Pfkjaáo sn `njn tnonr no iunotf qun no th`hs lf`hs bfy trf`aiahoflaskh pnrh sn `njh tnonr no iunotf qun lf nsiunlf ns uo nspfiah `n prh`uiiaùo y rnclnxaùo `n nxpnranoiafs rnlnvfotns `n lf va`f shiafl qun pnrkatn nl `nsfrrhllh `n uof iau`f`foëf plnof, th`h nsth lh lhdrfkhs aoinotavfo`h y nstakulfo`h fl oaöh, mfkæs vfkhs f hjtnonr rnsultf`hs sao uof khtavfiaùo.