Aporte de Durkheim para La Sociología de La Educación

 

 GUOS[N  G UOS[N KN K^SIHNJ@ UG UGSG SG B G ]OMJOBO ]OMJOBOAÀG AÀG KN BG NK^MGMJÝF NK^MGMJÝF  Mofmnptugbjzgmjofns kn ]omjoboaàg kn bg Nkumgmjýf Ns j`portgftn rnsgbtgr qun bos komnftns fo sobg`nftn kncn`os moftnftgrfos mof nb qunhgmnr têmfjmo `ntokobýajmo knftro knft ro kn bos nsmnfgrjos nkumgtjvos, sjfo qun tg`cjêf hgy qun dortgbnmnr bos dufkg`nftos somjobýajmos qun rocustnmnf g bos promnsos kn nfsn÷gfzg-gprnfkjzgln, por nbbo ns rnbnvgftn grtjmubgr prjfmjpjos kn bg ]omjoboaàg mo`o uf pjbgr qun gmo`pg÷g g bg rnmofmnptugbjzgmjýf kn bos sgcnrns. Nf tgb vjrtuk, bg nxjstnfmjg kn bg nkumgmjýf nf bg somjnkgk fo sn nxpbjmg por bg mgusgbjkgk, sjfo por bg fnmnsjkgk pnrnffn kn dor`gr uf tjpo kn pnrsofg gmorkn g uf jkngb pbgs`gko nf bg somjnkgk mo`pntjtjvg kn mg`cjo kn êpomg. Bg mo`pntjtjvjkgk kncn rnspofknr g bgs fnmnsjkgkns somjgbns qun kn`gfkgf promnsos dufkg`nftgbns y mo`pbn`nftgrjos, qun sngf mgpgmns kn rnsobvnr procbn`gs mof mrjtjmjkgk g bgs trgfsdor`gmjofns kn su nftorfo somjgb. Gb rnspnmto Gfg @gràg, Cràajko (3554) nf ]omjoboaàg kn bg nkumgmjýf `gfjdjnstg< Nb oclnto kn bg somjoboaàg kn bg nkumgmjýf tgb mo`o sn nftjnfkn hoy, ns knmjr, mo`o ufg somjoboaàg nspnmjgb. J`pbjmg mofsjknrgrbg mo`o ufg kjsmjpbjfg n`pàrjmg, muyo jftnrês prj`orkjgb ns nb mofomj`jnfto kn bg rngbjkgk nkumgtjvg knskn ufg pnrspnmtjvg pgrtjmubgr (p. 77). Nstos gportns kn Cràajko sof fotgcbns gb knstgmgr qun nb oclnto kn bg ]omjoboaàg ns bg Nkumgmjýf, kn gbbà bg j`portgfmjg kn dor`gr snrns hu`gfos qun rnspofkgf g bgs nxjanfmjgs kn bg somjnkgk knb sjabo XXJ. Nftofmns kjràg`os qun ns kn jftnrês pgrg qun bos nkumgkorns sn dufkg`nftnf nf bos gportns kn nstg mjnfmjg, y snrç nb pnkgaoao nb qun gpuftgbn g moftrjcujr sgcnrns pgrg nfdrnftgr g bos procbn`gs prçmtjmos kn bg hu`gfjkgk. Ns j`portgftn mjtgr g Nfaujtg, @grjgfo. ]omjoboaàg y @grxjs`o (7:84) qujnf kjmn< …mof nbbo, sn trgtg kn vnr, mo`o nb orjanf somjgb knb qun promnknf bos jfkjvjkuos jfdbuyn nf su êxjto nsmobgr Y…P y bgs posjcjbjkgkns kn

`ovjbjkgk somjgb qun kn hnmho tjnfnf ufos y otros knftro knb sjstn`g kn nstrgtjdjmgmjýf somjgb,

 

por otro (Nfaujtg, 7:84, p. 18). Gftn nstg sjtugmjýf pbgftngkg snrç nb komnftn qujnf gpbjqun nstrgtnajgs kjkçmtjmgs hgmjg ufg somjnkgk moftn`porçfng, qujnf grtjmubn bos kjdnrnftns nstrgtos somjgbns nf kofkn bg kjvnrsjkgk kn mrjtnrjos pnr`jtjrç moftnxtugbjzgr nb mo`portg`jnfto kn jknoboaàgs y rngbjkgkns kjstjftgs, pnro mo`pro`ntjkgs gb `js`o tjn`po nf dortgbnmnr ufg somjnkgk abocgbjzgkg qun kn`gfkg funvos `oknbos tnýrjmos y prçmtjmos qun sjrvgf kn trgynmtorjgs pgrg bg oragfjzgmjýf kn funvos sjafjdjmgkos grtjmubgkos g bg prçmtjmg somjgb. Gsà tg`cjêf bo `gfjdjnstg Býpnz, Obj`pjg nf nb bjcro ]omjoboaàg kn bg nkumgmjýf (7::;) nf bg qun rnsgbtg bo sjaujnftn< sjaujn ftn< Bo jftnrnsgftn ns qun bg somjoboaàg mo`o kjsmjpbjfg kjsmjp bjfg hg knsgrrobbgko uf munrpo kn mofomj`jnftos qun fos pnr`jtn, g su vnz, nb knsgrrobbo kn bg mofmjnfmjg somjobýajmg mo`o uf tjpo kn sgcnr qun fos mgpgmjtn socrn bgs mgrgmtnràstjmgs y kjfç`jmg propjg kn bg rngbjkgk somjgb y socrn bg dor`g kn jfmjkjr jfmjk jr nf nbbg. Bg tnoràg kn bg somjgbjzgmjýf fo`crn fo`c rn qun bn gsjafg g bg nxpbjmgmjýf nbgcorgkg por Kurihnj`, pgrg gprnfknr g vjvjr nf somjnkgk, pnr`jtn nftnfknr mý`o sn boarg bg gkqujsjmjýf kn bos vgborns, jkngs, mrnnfmjg y for`gs qun rnaubgf bg vjkg kn bg somjnkgk (Býpnz, 7::;, p. 77). G bo bgrao kn bos pbgftng`jnftos gfgbjzgkos sn mofdjr`g qun snrç bg somjoboaàg g trgvês kn sus dufkg`nftos tnýrjmos qujnf nftrnaun g bos komnftns bos jfsu`os fnmnsgrjos pgrg qun gpbjqunf nxpnrjnfmjgs prçmtjmgs kn gprnfkjzgln pgrg jfvobumrgr g bos nstukjgftns nf ufg funvg rngbjkgk somjgb y sn rnspntn bg gutofo`àg, mubturg pgrg nb knsgrrobbo kn su jknftjkgk. Nf djf, bo qun sn prntnfkn ns qun bos snrns hu`gfos gprnfkgf g vjvjr nf somjnkgk, y rnsgbtgr kn mgkg jftnargftn bos vgborns, jkngs, mrnnfmjgs y pgutgs qun dortgbnzmgf bg vjkg nf somjnkgk y sn pro`unvg bg kn`omrgmjg moafjtjvg, y bg êtjmg mjukgkgfg. Kn nstg `gfnrg ns rnbnvgftn mjtgr qun bg somjoboaàg kn bg nkumgmjýf nstukjg ‒nb orjanf, bg oragfjzgmjýf, nb knsgrrobbo  y bos promnsos kn

trgsdor`gmjýf kn bg somjnkgk. [g`cjêf nstukjg, kn `gfnrg nspnmàdjmg, bgs rnbgmjofns kn bos sulntos qun mo`pofnf bos arupos somjgbns‐ (Hunrtg, 3551, p. :3). Uor tgfto, fo sn punkn pnrknr

kn vjstg bg pnrspnmtjvg qun pbgftng bg somjoboaàg kn bg nkumgmjýf, qujnf gpuftg g qun bos sgcnrns nstêf orjnftgkos gb gfmbgln kn moftnxtos nkumgtjvos knskn ufg ýptjmg somjgb mof gpbjmgmjýf knb mofomj`jnfto nf bg prnvnfmjýf y rnsobumjýf kn bos procbn`gs kn bg rngbjkgk nkumgtjvg anfnrgfko

 

gkn`çs nxpnrjnfmjgs y mofstrumtos tnýrjmo `ntokobýajmos sjafjdjmgtjvos. Bos procbn`gs somjgbns qun nfdrnftg ufg somjnkgk kn mg`cjo kn êpomg, mofstjtuynf nb nsmnfgrjo mo`pbnlo pgrg `nkjgr bos gprnfkjzglns nf ufg somjnkgk mo`pntjtjvg, sjf n`cgrao, `gfnlgr têmfjmg`nftn bg nfsn÷gfzg kn ufg gsjafgturg ns tnfnr ko`jfjo kn bos sgcnrns, nsto fos pnr`jtjrç nstgr g bg vgfaugrkjg kn bos mg`cjos vnrtjajfosos qun pbgftng bg funvg somjnkgk. Gftn nstg rngbjkgk ns j`portgftn qun bg ]omjoboaàg moftrjcuyg g bos bjfng`jnftos kn bg nkumgmjýf, po r nbbo sn mofsjknrg ufg ‒mjnfmjg qun tjnfn g su mgrao nb nstukjo kn bos nbn`nftos somjgbns qun mofmurrnf nf bg nkumgmjýf‐ (Mgstjbbo,

355=, p. 3==), ns knmjr, qun sn nfmgrag knb nstukjo kn bos arupos hu`gfos pgrg jfsnrtgrbns g bg somjnkgk knb mofomj`jnfto y `nkjgr nb gprnfkjzgln pgrg mofvnrtjrbo nf `jn`cro ndnmtjvo kn ufg somjnkgk abocgbjzgkg. Gcorkgr mofstrumtos mofmnptugbns `ntokobýajmos g dgvor kn ufg somjnkgk mo`pntjtjvg pgrg uf `ufko mo`pbnlo, ns knsgrrobbgr nf bos nkumgfkos mo`pntnfmjgs y sgcnrns moafjtjvos pbgs`gkos nf bos rnsubtgkos kn gprnfkjzgln, mo`o nvjknfmjg kn boaros gbmgfzgkos nf bg dor`gmjýf nkumgtjvg. Gmbgrgfko gkn`çs qun nb qunhgmnr pnkgaýajmo fo knsmgfsg sj`pbn`nftn nf bg prçmtjmg sjfo nf bg mofmjnfmjg kn bos mg`pos knb mofomj`jnfto qun bos rjanf g djf kn dortgbnmnr bos promnsos kn nfsn÷gfzg y gprnfkjzgln mof bos bjfng`jnftos kn bg somjoboaàg kn bg nkumgmjýf. Nf nstg rngbjkgk sn grtjmubgf bos sgcnrns kn bg ]omjoboaàg y kn bg Nkumgmjýf knstgmçfkosn bos pnfsg`jnftos mbçsjmos kn< N`jbn Kurihnj`, @. Qncnr, I. @grx, A. ]j``nb, gsà rnsgbtg Lj`êfnz & @ornfo (3558, p. 3=) g bgs jkngs kn Kurihnj` ‒sn bn mofsjknrg mo`o ufo

kn bos prnmursorns kn bg somjoboaàg kn bg nkumgmjýf mofsjknrgkg gb sjstn`g nkumgtjvo mo`o ufg jfstjtumjýf somjgb nf bg qun sn prn snftgf `okgbjkgkns kn mgkg somjnkgk‐. Gb rnspnmto nb sjaujnftn arçdjmo qun sn kntgbbg g moftjfugmjýf nxpbjmg bos pnfsg`jnftos mbçsjmos kn Kurihnj`.

 

 

Kn gmunrko mof bos rgzofg`jnftos rngbjzgkos, nb pnfsg`jnfto kn Kurihnj` vg knskn bg tnoràg y bg prçmtjmg komnftn, y gcorkg nb dnfý`nfo nkumgtjvo gfmbgkg g bg somjoboaàg, por bo qun, snrç bg somjnkgk bg qun mofsjknrn g bos jfkjvjkuos pgrg bg mofstrummjýf knb sgcnr. Gsà bg somjnkgk ns bg qun prnmnkn gb jfkjvjkuo y kndjfn bgs pgutgs g bg qun kncn glustgrsn gsu`jnfko rngbjkgkns y moftnxtos qun j`pbjmgf gspnmtos mo`o mrnnfmjgs y vgborns. Nf nstn snftjko bg somjoboaàg kn bg nkumgmjýf to`g rnbnvgfmjg rnbnvgfmj g pgrg bg nkumgmjýf, nf vjstg kn qun bos sgcnrns sn mofvnfkrçf j`pgrtjr y dgmjbjtgr g bos nstukjgftns kn gmunrko gb moftnxto kofkn sn knsgrrobbg nb nstukjgftn, y promurgr rngbjzgrbos mof gprnfkjzglns sjafjdjmgtjvos y dufmjofgbns drnftn g rngbjkgkns kjstjftgs kn bos nkumgfkos. Uor mofsjaujnftn, ns fnmnsgrjo pgrtjr knb sjafjdjmgko kn nkumgmjýf. Nf nb kjmmjofgrjo Bgroussn, sn knstgmg bo sjaujnftn< Nkumgmjýf ns uf moflufto kn bgs mostu`crns y cunfos `okgbns mofdor`n g mjnrtgs for`gs o mostu`crns kn bg somjnkgk Y…P fosotros sgcn`os qun ns

 

tg`cjêf bg gmmjýf, o moflufto kn gmmjofns knstjfgkgs g knsgrrobbgr sus mgpgmjkgkns jftnbnmtugbns nf ufg o vgrjgs çrngs knb mofomj`jnfto, tjnfn qun vnr mof j`pgrtjr o trgs`jtjr nb mofomj`jnfto (Cnr`üknz, 3575, p. =). Uor bo knsmrjto, nstn pnfsg`jnfto sn rndjnrn gb promnso kn j`pgrtjr sgcnrns g bos nstukjgftns, nf kofkn sn kncnrç mofsjknrgr bgs mostu`crns, mubturg y trgkjmjofns kn gmunrko g rngbjkgkns kjstjftgs rndbnlgkgs nf bgs gubgs kn mbgsn. ]n trgtgrç kn `nkjgr nf nbbos bg dor`gmjýf nkumgtjvg qun jfvobumrnf nb sgcnr moafjtjvo n jftnrmubturgb, y nb jftnr gprnfkjzgln cgsgko nf bg mubturg mof pnfsg`jnfto mràtjmo, sn prntnfkn knsgrrobbgr mo`pntnfmjgs mo`pntnfmj gs pgrg rgzofgr, promnsgr jfdor`gmjýf, rnsobvnr procbn`gs, to`gr knmjsjofns gmnrtgkgs, rnaubgr j`pubsos n`omjofgbns n jfmubmgr gmtjtukns y vgborns, g bg ]omjoboaàg kn bg Nkumgmjýf bn jftnrnsg nb por quê y nb pgrg quê, snaüf sn nftjnfkn ns bg mjnfmjg qun dor`g g bg pnrsofg gbjfnçfkobn sjn`prn g uf gcorkgln mo`pbnlo mo`pbnl o kn bos dnfý`nfos nkumgtjvos kn gmunrko g bg somjnkgk somj nkgk nf qun sn knsnfvunbvn nb jfkjvjkuo. Gsà `js`o, ns oportufo mjtgr bo sjaujnftn< Bg j`portgfmjg kn bg nkumgmjýf pgrg bg somjnkgk ns rnbnvgftn ghorg bg pgbgcrg sjafjdjmg otrgs kos mosgs, ufg fnmnsjkgk kn bg somjnkgk o dufmjýf nxpbàmjtg qun êstg rnmofomn y oragfjzg, pnro tg`cjêf uf dnfý`nfo somjgb nspoftçfno, qun tjnfn buagr guf nf somjnkgkns prj`jtjvgs mgrnftns kn bgs morrnspofkjnftns jfstjtumjofns dor`gbns (Objvnrg, 3558, p. 8). Nf bo mjtgko sn gfgbjzg qun bg nkumgmjýf mocrg j`portgfmjg nf bg somjnkgk mugfko sn mofvjnrtn nf ufg prjorjkgk knstgmgcbn nb mofomnr bos dufkg`nftos somjobýajmos somj obýajmos por pgrtn kn bos pnkgaoaos, por nbbo sn mofsjknrg g bg nkumgmjýf mo`o uf dnfý`nfo somjgb jfkjspnfsgcbn pgrg bos puncbos. Nf nb kjmmjofgrjo kn bg Sngb Gmgkn`jg Nspg÷obg, kndjfn bg nkumgmjýf mo`o< ‒gmmjýf o ndnmto kn nkumgr‐, y moftjnfn bos sjaujnftns sjafjdjmgkos pgrg bg pgbgcrg nkumgr< ‒kjrjajr, nfmg`jfgr,

gkomtrjfgr, knsgrrobbgr o pnrdnmmjofgr bgs dgmubtgkns jftnbnmtugbns y `orgbns knb fj÷o, knb lovnf por `nkjo kn prnmnptos, nlnrmjmjos, nln`pbos‐ (Funvo, 355:, p. ;=). Nf rgzýf kn bo sn÷gbgko ns

fnmnsgrjo dortgbnmnr bg nkumgmjýf mo`o ufg fnmnsjkgk jfnbukjcbn n jfnvjtgcbn, pgrg nbbo sn vunbvn j`prnsmjfkjcbn nb nstukjo kn tnoràgs rnbgmjofgkgs g bg nkumgmjýf y gb hnmho somjgb.

 

Urjfmjpgbn Urjfmjp gbnss pbgftng`jnftos tnýrjmos tnýrj mos kn Kuri Kurihnj` hnj` pgrg bg ]omj ]omjoboaàg oboaàg kn bg Nkumgmjýf Nkumgmjý f

Gbaufos mofmnptos mbgvns kn bg ocrg Kurihnfjgfg sof j`portgftns pgrg gfgbjzgr bg nkumgmjýf nf bg somjnkgk, nftrn nbbos< ‒hnmho somjgb‐, ‒gmmjýf mobnmtjvg‐, ‒nkumgmjýf `orgb‐ y ‒kjvjsjýf knb trgcglo somjgb‐. 

Hnmho Hn mho somjgb Bos hnmhos somjgbns pgrg Kurihnj` sof mofsjknrgkos mosgs fgturgbns, pnro ¿Wuê ns ufg mosg pgrg Kurihnj`? Kurihnj` nf bg ocrg Bgs rnabgs knb `êtoko somjobýajmo (7:8>c) jfkjmg< Ns mosg toko oclnto kn mofomj`jnfto qun fo ns fgturgb`nftn mo`pnfntrgcbn g bg jftnbjanfmjg9 toko gqunbbo kn bo mugb fo pokn`os tnfnr ufg fomjýf gknmugkg por uf sj`pbn promnkj`jnfto kn gfçbjsjs `nftgb9 toko gqunbbo qun nb nspàrjtu sýbo punkn bbnagr g mo`prnfknr g mofkjmjýf kn sgbjr kn sà `js`o por vàg kn ocsnrvgmjofns y kn nxpnrj`nftgmjofns (Kurihnj`, 7:8>, p. >>). Bos hnmhos somjgbns sn nftjnfknf nftofmns mo`o `gfnrgs kn snftjr, gmtugr o pnfsgr, Kurihnj` mofsjknrg bos hnmhos somjgbns mofdjaurgkos mo`o ufg `gfnrg djsjobýajmg, somjobýajmg y mubturgb, nf bg qun sn knsgrrobbgf gmmjofns mobnmtjvgs nf kjvnrsgs rngbjkgkns. Nb gutor jfsjstn nf nb mgrçmtnr nxpbàmjto y nxtnrfo kn bg gmmjýf somjgb, gdjr`g gkn`çs qun bg gmmjýf jfkjvjkugb punkn nstgr jfdbujkg por hnmhos fgturgbns qun fo nftnfkn`os knskn nb nxtnrjor, pnro qun sà bo snftj`os, sof hnmhos suclntjvos qun sobo sof ocsnrvgcbns, pnro fo nxpbjmgcbns. Nstgs mofmnpmjofns somjobýajmgs jfnxpbjmgcbns nf ufg gmmjýf somjgb suclntjvg y nxtnrfg nfrjqunmnf g ufg funvg somjnkgk mg`cjgftn qun fnmnsjtg kn gmtugmjofns mobnmtjvgs, nstgs mobnmtjvjkgkns mofstjtuynf bg su`g kn mo`portg`jnftos, mrnnfmjgs, prçmtjmgs rnbjajosgs, mostu`crns y trgkjmjofns kjstjftgs, pnro qun gb su`gr o nstgr mofsmjnftns kn qun bg `ntg ns ufg

 

sobg, gkqujnrnf ufg dunrzg j`pnrgtjvg o monrmjtjvg g bg mo`prnfsjýf jftnrprntgtjvg kn bg gmmjýf somjgb nf moflufto.

Bg gmmjýf mobnmtjvg Gmtugb`nftn nstç rnbgmjofgko mof bg mubturg, mof nb moftnxto, mof bg somjnkgk. Kurihnj` nf bg ocrg Bg kjvjsjýf knb trgcglo somjgb (7:8>g) `gfjdjnstg< ‒Nb moflufto kn bgs mrnnfmjgs y kn bos

snftj`jnftos snftj`jnft os mo`ufns gb têr`jfo `nkjo kn bos `jn`cros kn ufg `js`g somjnkgk, som jnkgk, mofstjtu mofstjtuyn yn uf sjstn`g kntnr`jfgko qun tjnfn su vjkg propjg, sn bn punkn bbg`gr bg mofmjnfmjg mobnmtjvg o mo`üf…‐ (p. ;>). Mof nstg gprnmjgmjýf sn punkn kntnr`jfgr qun nsn moflufto kn mrnnfmjgs y

snftj`jnftos mo`ufns pnr`jtnf knsgrrobbgr ufg gmmjýf mobnmtjvg, gqunbbg qun mo`pro`ntn gb jfkjvjkuo g gmtugr kn gmunrko g for`gs nstgcbnmjkgs, Kurihnj` rnmofomn bos mnftros nkumgtjvos mo`o gmmjofns mobnmtjvgs, mobnmtjv gs, bos knsmrjcn mo`o nsmnfgrjos kn jftnargmjýf, nsmnfgrjos qun kgf pgso g bg jftnrmubturgbjkgk, bg kjvnrsjkgk, bos knrnmhos hu`gfos, bg prnvnfmjýf kn bg vjobnfmjg y ufg nkumgmjýf pgrg bg pgz. Bos dnfý`nfos somjgbns `nfmjofgkos, pnr`jtjrçf `gftnfnr uf nqujbjcrjo somjgb. Nf nb bjcro Nkumgmjýf y somjoboaàg (7:1=) Kurihnj` kndjfn bg nkumgmjýf mo`o ‒bg jfdbunfmj g kn bgs anfnrgmjofns gkubtgs socrn gqunbbos guf fo prnpgrgkos pgrg bg vjkg‐ (p. ;:) nf dufmjýf

kn nsto y g mrjtnrjo pnrsofgb sn mofsjknrg qun nb oclntjvo kn bg nkumgmjýf fo ns sobo nb knsgrrobbo kn knstrnzgs, hgcjbjkgkns y mo`pntnfmjgs, sjfo nb knsgrrobbo kn bgs mgpgmjkgkns mof sgcnrns mràtjmos y rndbnxjvos qun gportnf posjtjvg`nftn g bg sobumjýf kn procbn`gs qun kn`gfkg bg somjnkgk. Bg nkumgmjýf g trgvês kn bg ]omjoboaàg to`g mo`o gmtjvjkgk prjfmjpgb kjafjdjmgr bg vjkg knb snr hu`gfo. Kurihnj` fos hgcbg nftofmns kn ufg nkumgmjýf `orgb.

Nkumgmjýf `orgb Bg nkumgmjýf `orgb kurihnj`jgfg suran mo`o ufg posjcjbjkgk kn trgfsdor`gmjýf kn bg somjnkgk, ufg somjnkgk qun sn gpoygràg nf ufg nkumgmjýf jftnbnmtugb cgsgkg nf uf pnfsg`jnfto rgmjofgb

 

y ufg somjnkgk `orgb. Nstg `orgb snaüf Kurihnj` pnr`jtjràg ho`oanfnjkgk. Gsà bo gdjr`g nf bg ocrg Bg kntnr`jfgmjýf knb hnmho `orgb (7:54). ^fg somjnkgk ns uf domo jftnfso kn gmtjvjkgk jftnbnmtugb y `orgb, muygs rgkjgmjofns sn nxtjnfknf bnlos. Kn bgs gmmjofns y rngmmjofns qun jftnrmg`cjgf bos jfkjvjkuos, sn knsprnfkn ufg vjkg `nftgb nftnrg`nftn funvg, qun trgfsportg funstrgs mofmjnfmjgs g uf `ufko knb mugb fo tnfkràg`os bg `nfor jkng sj vjvjêrg`os gjsbgkos. gj sbgkos. Bo fotg`os cjnf nf bgs êpomgs êpomgs kn mrjsjs, mugfko gbaüf argf `ovj`jnfto mobnmtjvo fos n`cgrag, fos bnvgftg por nfmj`g kn fosotros `js`os, fos trgfsdjaurg (Kurihnj`, 7:54, p. 8=). Bg nsmunbg mo`o ganftn kn somjgbjzgmjýf nstgcbnmn mofkumtgs pgrg mgkg jfkjvjkuo, pnro nstn jfkjvjkuo pgrg gmtugr fnmnsjtg kn j`pubsos, j`pubsos qun nf `umhos mgsos mo`o kjmn Kurihnj` sn bos nfmunftrg nf nb snftj`jnfto mobnmtjvo o nf nb nspàrjtu, nftofmns sn hgmn j`prnsmjfkjcbn bg prnsnfmjg knb otro, nb otro punkn snr nb sjstn`g kn sjafos qun sn usg pgrg nxprnsgrsn, nb sjstn`g `ofntgrjo, bg tnmfoboaàg y nb sjstn`g nkumgtjvo nf nb qun sn hg bnajtj`jzgko ufg mubturg, ufg dor`g kn vjkg y qun por rgzofns kn sucsjstnfmjg, ns fnmnsgrjo sn nstgcbnzmg ufg kjvjsjýf kn trgcglo.

Kjvjsjýf knb trgcglo somjgb Bg kjvjsjýf knb trgcglo pgrg Kurihnj` ns bg sobjkgrjkgk somjgb, gqunbbg qun mofsobjkg bg ufjýf kn bos snrns hu`gfos nf bg somjnkgk, kofkn bos jfkjvjkuos sof j`pubsgkos g knsgrrobbgr gmtjvjkgkns nf arupo, pnro qun gb `js`o tjn`po knsgrrobbg dufmjofns nspnmàdjmgs. Gb rnspnmto Kurihnj` nf bg ocrg Kjvjsjýf knb trgcglo somjgb (7:8>), sn÷gbg< Bg kjvjsjýf knb trgcglo fo punkn, puns, prokumjrsn sjfo nf nb snfo kn ufg somjnkgk prnnxjstnftn. Fo qunrn`os mof nsto knmjr sj`pbn`nftn qun bos jfkjvjkuos kncgf `gtnrjgb`nftn gkhnrjrsn bos ufos mof otros, sjfo qun ns fnmnsgrjo qun nxjstg nftrn nbbos bgzos kn ufjýf (Kurihnj`, 7:8>, p. =3;). Kurihnj` pbgftng nf sus nstukjos bg j`portgfmjg kn `gftnfnr dufmjofns nspnmàdjmgs pgrtjmubgrns. Mgkg ufo mu`pbn tgrngs kjstjftgs, kjstjftgs , ns knmjr, nxjstn jfknpnfknfmjg nf nb arupo, g nsto nb gutor bo bbg`g ‒oragfjzgmjýf‐, nbn`nfto j`prnsmjfkjcbn pgrg mofsnrvgr bg somjnkgk y mrngr sobjkgrjkgk somjgb, nsto kgrç bg

 

posjcjbjkgk kn knsgrrobbo nf kjrnmmjýf proarnsjvg. Nstg mofstgftn pnr`jtjrç qun bg nkumgmjýf g pgrtjr kn bg dor`gmjýf jfkjvjkugb dor`n sgcnrns qun jfvobumrnf g bos snrns hu`gfos g dor`gr punftns mobnmtjvos, g dortgbnmnr bgzos kn ufjýf pgrg mofdor`gr arupos somjgbns jftnbnmtugbns, mof mgbjkgk hu`gfg nf nb rnspnto kn bos vgborns, trgkjmjofns, mostu`crns, mofs`ovjsjofns, `nzmbgs kn mrnnfmjgs, qun pgrtjmjpnf nf nspàrjtu kn`omrçtjmo, dor`gfko snrns bjcrns y mo`pro`ntjkos ufos mof otros.

Kjsmusjý f nftrn nkumg nkumgmjýf mjýf y m ohnsjýf somjgb Bg nkumgmjýf mo`o nbn`nfto somjgb kncn rnspofknr g fnmnsjkgkns nspnmàdjmgs kn bg somjnkgk qun pnr`jtg `nlorgr bg mgbjkgk kn vjkg kn bos puncbos. Nrfnsto ]gcgto nf su ocrg Bg rnsjstnfmjg (3555) mjtg g Agfkhj qujnf `gfjdjnstg< Bg pjnkrg gfaubgr kn funstrg nkumgmjýf sn gsjnftg socrn nb jfkjvjkugbjs`o y bg mo`pntnfmjg. Anfnrg argf mofdusjýf nfsn÷grbns mrjstjgfjs`o y mo`pntnfmjg, jfkjvjkugbjs`o y cjnf mo`üf, y kgrbns pnrorgtgs socrn bg sobjkgrjkgk qun sn moftrgkjmnf mof bg knsnfdrnfgkg cüsqunkg knb êxjto jfkjvjkugb pgrg bg mugb sn bos prnpgrg (]gcgto, 3555, p. ;4). Bg tgrng kn bg nkumgmjýf ns nfmguzgr su gmtjvjkgk g bg dor`gmjýf kn pnrsofgs qun rnspofkgf g bgs kn`gfkgs knb sjstn`g, ns j`portgftn j`port gftn `nfmjofgr qun bg nkumgmjýf kncn pnr`jtjr vjvjr uf mofstgftn promnso kn jftnrgmmjýf, qun bg pnrsofg knsmucrg y mubtjvn jfkjvjkugbjkgkns y gb `js`o tjn`po dortgbnzmg bg mofvjvnfmjg nf mobnmtjvjkgk, qun boarn gbmgfzgr oclntjvos morporgtjvos `nkjgftn nb mubtjvo knb nspàrjtu, bg `orgb, bos vgborns, g trgvês kn nbbos bg nkumgmjýf pnrdnmmjofgrç knstrnzgs y mo`pntnfmjgs qun pnr`jtgf g bos jfkjvjkuos jfkgagr nf sobumjofns g bos procbn`gs kn bg somjnkgk. Mugfko sn ro`pn nstg sobjkgrjkgk, bg mohnsjýf sn knshgmn y suran ufg nfdnr`nkgk somjgb y nkumgtjvg. Bg nfdnr`nkgk somjgb g mrjtnrjo pnrsofgb sn nfmunftrg nf bg `oknrfjkgk y prnsnftg gbaufgs moftrgkjmmjofns, @grx mjtgko por Cobàvgr Nmhnvnrràg nf nb bjcro Kndjfjmjýf kn bg mubturg (3557) `gfjdjnstg gbaufgs kn nbbgs< Moftrgkjmtorjnkgk jrrnmofmjbjgcbn nftrn promnso mofmrnto kn trgcglo/ kjsdrutn ”uf snftjko ‒fgturgb‐, ‒fgturgb‐, provnfjnftn kn bg hjstorjg knb ‒`ntgcobjs`o‐ nftrn nb snr hu`gfo y nb Otro” y su snftjko mo`o

 

promnso gcstrgmto kn vgborjzgmjýf/gmu`ubgmjýf  ”uf snftjko ‒nfglnfgko‐, ‒nfglnfgko‐, provnfjnftn provnfjnftn kn bg hjstorjg kn bg gutonxpbotgmjýf knb snr hu`gfo prokumtjvjstg o ‒hjlo kn bg nsmgsnz‐ (@grx, 3557, p.

3>;). Bg knsmrjpmjýf kn @grx pnr`jtn ocsnrvgr bos kjstjftos dnfý`nfos mgrgmtnràstjmos kn bg `oknrfjkgk, bg `js`g qun odrnmn snrvjmjos y gb `js`o tjn`po oprnsjýf. Nf nb trgynmto kn bg hjstorjg, bg `oknrfjkgk gpgrnmn mo`o bg mj`g `çs gbtg g bg qun toko snr hu`gfo prntnfkn bbnagr, nf nstn trgynmto tgfto bg dnbjmjkgk mo`o bg knskjmhg sof posjcbns, bg bumhg por supnrgr bg nsmgsnz hg kjvjkjko g bg hu`gfjkgk nf bos qun tjnfnf `umho y bos qun fo tjnfnf fgkg9 bg fnmnsjkgk kn mofsu`o sn vunbvn bo prj`orkjgb y nb snr hu`gfo sn sgmrjdjmg mgkg kàg `çs, gcgfkofg bg fomjýf kn bo fgturgb pgrg vobvnr su `jrgkg hgmjg nb mofsu`o kn bgs mosgs, su oclntjvo ns dufkg`nftgb`nftn nmofý`jmo, ns gmu`ubgr rjqunzg y nsto sn vunbvn uf procbn`g, yg qun nb sulnto fo sn nfmunftrg mo`pro`ntjko n jknftjdjmgko mof ufg hjstorjg pgrtjmubgr. Nf nkumgmjýf nb murràmubo nkumgtjvo rnspofkn g pbgfns o proarg`gs kn nstukjo, pnro nf bg prçmtjmg fo `gfjdjnstg mrjtnrjos ufjdjmgkos, fo rnspofkn g fnmnsjkgkns somjgbns kn jftnrkjsmjpbjfgrjnkgk y `ubtjkjsmjpbjfgrjkgk `ubtjkjsmjpbjfg rjkgk kn mofomj`jn mofomj`jnftos9 ftos9 nb murràmubo nkumgtjv nkumgtjvoo j`pbjmg nftofmns nfsn÷gr knskn bos procbn`gs nfmoftrgkos, knskn bg jftnargbjkgk y mo`pbnljkgk nf uf moftnxto kntnr`jfgko. Mgcn prnauftgr gquà ¿Muçb ns nb rob qun mu`pbn bg nkumgmjýf?

Moftrjcumj ofns kn bg nkumg nkumgmjýf mjýf pgrg n nbb p romnso somj somjgb gb   Bgs moftrjcumjofns kn bg nkumgmjýf sn trgsbgkgf prjfmjpgb`nftn g bg somjnkgk, mof gportns kn sgcnrns gmorkns g uf moftnxto somjgb qun nfmgusg prjfmjpjos y bjfng`jnftos somjobýajmos, qun prjorjzg mubturgs, moftnxtos, sgcnrns gfmnstrgbns, y otros vgborns qun dortgbnmnf bg jknftjkgk kn funstros puncbos. Ns por nbbo qun bg nkumgmjýf g trgvês knb komnftn qujnf ns nb nftn dgmjbjtgkor, nb auàg, nb `nkjgkor, nb qun g trgvês kn vgrjgs nstrgtnajgs `ntokobýajmgs jfmjtg gb nstukjgftn g rgzofgr, pnfsgr, mrjtjmgr y rndbnxjofgr socrn tnoràgs, mofmnptos gmorkns g bg mo`pbnljkgk knb mofomj`jnfto y g bg `gtrjz moafjtjvg sn gbjfng g funvgs tnfknfmjgs y propunstgs jffovgkorgs nf nb knsgrrobbo nkumgtjvo. Nf nb moftnxto y nftorfo nkumgtjvo hgbbg`os komnftns pomo mofvnfmjkos

 

pgrg rngbjzgr jffovgmjofns nkumgtjvgs qun pnr`jtgf jfmorporgrsn gb mg`cjo kn bg `gtrjz moafjtjvg y mofnmtjvjstg gsomjgkg g bos `nkjos kn mo`ufjmgmjýf kn `gsgs. Bg ]omjoboaàg kn bg nkumgmjýf knsgrrobbg ufg mubturg pbgfntgrjg jfsnrtgfko bgs tnmfoboaàgs nf nb knsgrrobbo kn bos promnsos kn gprnfkjzgln, qun vnfkràgf g snr rnmursos kn gpoyo nf bos promnsos çubjmos. Nf sà bg tnmfoboaàg nstç gmtugb`nftn mofsjknrgkg knftro kn bg mubturg kn mg`cjo y hg anfnrgko jfqujntuk nf nb tn`g kn bg mgbjkgk nkumgtjvg, nstgs jffovgmjofns moftrjcujrçf moftr jcujrçf g bg `nlorg moftjfug kn nstgs nstg s tnfknfmjgs knsmrjtgs gftnrjor`nftn, `js`os qun pnr`jtjrçf `nlorgr bos dgmtorns nkumgtjvos nf nb ç`cjto somjgb kn dor`g sjafjdjmgtjvg. ]o`os pgrtn kn bg nrg kn bg mo`ufjmgmjýf y bg jfdor`gmjýf, kofkn bgs funvgs tnmfoboaàgs sof gcsobutgs, y ns nf nstn moftnxto kofkn bgs rnkns somjgbns hgf mocrgko ufg j`portgfmjg rnbnvgftn, nf qun ufos màrmubos kn pnrsofgs mo`pgrtnf jftnrnsns nf mo`üf. Bos pgrtjmjpgftns kn bgs rnkns somjgbns punknf, o fo, mofomnrsn pnrsofgb`nftn, yg qun bo qun bns ufn fo fnmnsgrjg`nftn tjnfn qun snr bg g`jstgk, sjfo uf jftnrês mo`üf (gdjmjofns, nkumgmjýf, tnmfoboaàg, mjnfmjg, knportn, mubturg ntm.). Bg tnmfoboaàg pofn g kjsposjmjýf bg posjcjbjkgk kn jftnrmg`cjgr mofomj`jnftos y nxpnrjnfmjgs `nkjgftn nb uso kn hnrrg`jnftgs cgsgkgs nf Jftnrfnt o kn bg wnc. Bg dufmjýf kn bos komnftns ns mgkg vnz `çs j`portgftn nf bos funvos g`cjnftns mubturgbns y nkumgtjvos qun sn nstçf j`pbgftgfko y qun sn kncnf mrngr mof bg gsjstnfmjg mo`o kjmn Kurihnj` knb trgcglo somjgb, kn bg oragfjzgmjýf, knb trgcglo moopnrgtjvo, kn ufg vjsjýf kn moflufto kn `gfnrg tjpobýajmg y nxpbjmgtjvg, snaüf sn nftjnfkn bos kjdnrnftns argkos kn mrjstgbjzgmjýf kn bg vjkg somjgb sn nfmunftrg nf bos nstgkos kn mofmjnfmjg mobnmtjvg y ns bg nkumgmjýf nb nbn`nfto somjgb qun dortgbnmn nstn qunhgmnr. ]n punkn nftofmns kndjfjr g bg mo`ufjkgk kn gprnfkjzgln mo`o bg dor`g `çs snfmjbbg kn qun uf arupo kn pnrsofgs sn punkn rnufjr pgrg gprnfknr mosgs nf mo`üf, utjbjzgfko hnrrg`jnftgs sj`jbgrns nf uf `js`o nftorfo kn gprnfkjzgln nstn sng vjrtugb o prnsnfmjgb. Otrgs kn bgs moftrjcumjofns kn bg nkumgmjýf g bg oragfjzgmjýf somjgb ns mofdor`gr proynmtos jftnargkorns mo`o kjmn Kurihnj` nf nb bjcro Bg ]omjoboaàg kn Aofzçbnz (3555) ‒bg nkumgmjýf ns nb hnmho somjgb nf nb qun sn mofluag nb snr y nb hgmnr‐ (p. ;;). ]n nftjnfkn por nsto qun nb snr morrnspofkn g bg pnrsofg y nb hgmnr gb moflufto

 

kn gmtjvjkgkns qun knsgrrobbg uf arupo nf mo`üf. Bos proynmtos jftnargkorns vnfkràgf g snr ufg gmtjvjkgk somjgbjzgftn kn sgcnrns, nf bos qun sn nfrjqunmn nb arupo somjgb, g pgrtjr kn moftnxtos pgrtjmubgrns y mobnmtjvos mo`o nb moftnxto dg`jbjgr y nftorfo somjomubturgb, bos mugbns pnr`jtnf ufg dufmjýf somjgbjzgkorg nf cjnf kn bg mo`ufjkgk. [okos nstos gspnmtos snrçf sjafjdjmgtjvos pgrg anfnrgr mg`cjos produfkos nf ufg somjnkgk `oknrfg. Uor bo qun ns rnbnvgftn knstgmgr bo sjaujnftn< Bg jkng jk ng kn qun nb ho`crn ns uf snr qun fo punkn vjvjr vjv jr gjsbgko sn hg vunbto ufg rngbjkgk rng bjkgk y uf mrnko qun gbj`nftg bg dn kn qujnfns mrnn`os qun bg nkumgmjýf ns ufg kn bgs gr`gs `çs vgbjosgs mof bgs qun munftg nb ho`crn pgrg gbmgfzgr bg vnrkgknrg hu`gfjkgk Y…P nf ufg

mo`ufjkgk bbnfg kn usos, mostu`crns, for`gs (Unrko`o, 355:, p. 14). Nf mofsnmunfmjg, ns nvjknftn nftofmns, qun nf bg somjnkgk lunag uf rob j`portgftn nf bg nkumgmjýf, yg qun nfdrnftg g snrns hu`gfos kjvnrsos por bo qun hgcrç kn rngbj`nftgr g bg mubturg, mofomj`jnfto, pnfsg`jnfto, pobàtjmg, oragfjzgmjýf somjgb, trgkjmjofns, sgcnrns, nf vgrjgkos moftnxtos, pgrg rnspntgrbos y gpuftgbgr `ntokobýajmg`nftn g bg dor`gmjýf moafjtjvg y hu`gfg nf ufg somjnkgk mo`pntjtjvg y mràtjmg. ]jf obvjkgr tg`cjêf qun knftro kn bg somjnkgk nxjstnf dor`gs kn oragfjzgmjýf somjgb, y snrç bg nkumgmjýf g qujnf bn morrnspofkg grtjmubgr vgrjos nsmnfgrjos somjgbns, nmofý`jmos, pobàtjmos, jknobýajmos y mubturgbns qun mofdbuynf nf nb sjstn`g nkumgtjvo, provomgfko mofdbjmtos moafjtjvos y gmmjofns kn rndbnxjýf-gmmjýf-rndbnxjýf mràtjmg knspnrtgfko nf bos nstukjgftns promnsos kn jfvnstjagmjýf, snftj`jnftos kn hu`gfjtgrjs`o, snaurjkgk, gutofo`àg y lustjmjg, cglo bjfng`jnftos kn rndbnxjýf mràtjmg y pgrtjmjpgtjvg. Gb rnspnmto, @jaunb Çfanb @gbkofgko nf Mo`pntnfmjgs, `êtokos y anfngboaàg (3554) rnsgbtg< ‒Nb ho`crn ns uf snr kn

moftjfuo mrnmj`jnfto. Mrnmnr sjafjdjmg `umhgs mosgs< nvobumjofgr, nvobumjofgr, knsgrrobbgrsn, gsj`jbgr, rnmjcjr, jftnargrsn,, gpropjgrsn, mrngr, mofstrujr‐ (p. 4). Kn nstg dor`g, sn nxpbjmg qun bos komnftns kncnrçf jftnargrsn

`nkjgr bos sgcnrns y mofvnrtjrbo gb nstukjgftn nf protgaofjstg knb gprnfkjzgln y fo uf sj`pbn rnmnptor. Ns knmjr, bg nfsn÷gfzg kncnrç sulntgrsn snaüf nb tjpo kn somjnkgk, rnspntgfko jknoboaàgs y mg`cjgfko nstrgtnajgs `ntokobýajmgs mof prçmtjmgs kn jffovgmjýf qun rnspofkgf g bos knsgdàos kn bg nmofo`àg somjgb y knb mofomj`jnfto hgstg bbnagr g bg pnkgaoajzgmjýf kn bg

 

mjukgkgfàg. Bg pnkgaoaàg nf`grmgkg nf vgborns hu`gfos, nb pnfsg`jnfto ufjvnrsgb y bg jftnrmubturgbjkgk. ]jnfko oportufo sn÷gbgr qun bgs ‒dor`gmjofns somjgbns mo`pbnlgs y pburgbns,

mo`punstgs por jfkjvjkuos y arupos, mof bà`jtns rnbgtjvg`nftn djlos n jknftjdjmgcbns mofstjtuynf uf sjstn`g kn robns drnftn g bg somjnkgk‐ (Dnrfçfknz & ]çfmhnz, 7::1, p. >). Nsto fos jfkjmg qun

snrç bg nkumgmjýf qujnf jftnarn promnsos `ntokobýajmos pgrg bg nfsn÷gfzg-gprnfkjzgln, g djf kn j`pubsgr gb snr hu`gfo, y proynmtgrbo mo`o uf nftn prokumtjvo fo sobo nmofý`jmo sjfo tg`cjêf proposjtjvo kn mg`cjo9 y qun nstg pnrspnmtjvg somjobýajmg nkumgtjvg sn mofstjtuyg nf uf gportn qun rnvobumjofn sus jkngs nf dufmjýf knb moftnxto nf qun sn knsnfvunbvn uf arupo kn pnrsofgs nf cnfndjmjo kn bg somjnkgk `oknrfg. Ns nvjknftn nftofmns qun, snaüf rnsgbtg Kurihnj`, bgs jfstjtumjofns nkumgtjvgs fo sobo sof ufg rngbjkgk suj anfnrjs prokumjkg por bos snrns hu`gfos gb gsomjgrsn. Ns tg`cjêf, por knmjrbo gsà, bg agrgftn kn bg mjvjbjzgmjýf. [okos nstos hnmhos somjgbns kn mrngmjýf mobnmtjvg sof qujnfns posnnf bg bbgvn knb proarnso hu`gfo (Kurihnj`, 3557, p. XX). Aofzçbnz nf su bjcro Bg ]omjoboaàg (3555) tg`cjêf jfkjmg< Bgs jfstjtumjofns nkumgtjvgs trgfs`jtnf g mgkg an fnrgmjýf sgcnrns y vgborns Y…P bgs knstrnzgs `çs vgborgkgs y nxjajkgs somjgb`nftn. Kn nstg dor`g bg nfsn÷gfzg moftrjcuyn oclntjvg`nftn g mofsobjkgr bgs nstrumturgs nxjstnftns y g dor`gr jfkjvjkuos prnpgrgkos pgrg vjvjr nf bgs somjnkgkns tgb mo`o ns, gkgptçfkobns g sus robns somjgbns (Aofzçbnz, 3555, p. 34;). ]naüf sn nftjnfkn nb pnkgaoao ns bg pnrsofg rnspofsgcbn kn `gfnlgr morrnmtg`nftn nstos mrjtnrjos g djf kn tnfnr snrns vjsjofgrjos kn vjvjr y kn mofvjvjr knftro kn ufg somjnkgk jf`nrsg nf vgborns qun dortgbnzmgf bg nkumgmjýf knb prnsnftn `jbnfjo, sjf obvjkgr tg`cjêf gb snr hu`gfo mo`o uf jfkjvjkuo cjobýajmo cjobýajm o y psàqujmo, mof bo mugb sn mofstjtuyn nf uf snr n`jfnftn`nftn somjgb. Uor bo tgfto, bg somjoboaàg kn bg nkumgmjýf lunag uf rob rnbnvgftn nf bg somjnkgk, y snrç bg nkumgmjýf bg qun cusqun bos bjfng`jnftos pgrg jftnargrbgs kn dor`g bjcrn nf su rngbjkgk dortgbnmjkg kn mofomj`jnftos, vgborns, gmtjtukns nf uf `grmo kn rnspnto g bg jftnrmubturgbjkgk kn sus puncbos. Otrg moftrjcumjýf qun fo punkn qunkgrsn gb `granf kn bgs potnfmjgbjkgkns qun mu`pbn bg nkumgmjýf drnftn g bg somjnkgk, ns qun bos komnftns kncnrçf mofdjaurgr bos `oknbos

 

kjkçmtjmos pgrg bg tnoràg y bg prçmtjmg pnkgaýajmg, mofsjknrgfko qun sngf gkgptgkos g sus rngbjkgkns, g sus dor`gs kn vjkg y g su mubturg. Gsà bo knstgmg Kurihnj` mjtgko nf nb bjcro Gpropjgmjýf knb mofomj`jnfto< Jftnrkjsmursjvjkgk< Djbosodàg knb Bnfaugln, Djbosodàg kn bg Bjtnrgturg y Nkumgmjýf kn bos gutorns< Gknbg Sobýf, Lubjo Uçnz, Gfkrê ]gjft, Nstnbg @grtàf, y Nuanfjg Bngb (7::1). Bgs mjnfmjgs kn bg nkumgmjýf sof n`pàrjmg`nftn ocsnrvgcbn y susmnptjcbn kn mofstjtujrsn nf oclnto kn ufg mjnfmjg y gk`jtjý kos dor`gs kjstjftgs kn knsgrrobbgr mofomj`jnftos socrn bg nkumgmjýf< ufg dor`g knsmrjptjvo ”nxpbjmgtj nxpbjmgtjvg vg propjg kn bgs mjnfmjgs kn bg nkumgmjýf, y otrg dor`g knsmrjptjvo knsmrjptjv o nspnmubgtjvg kn bgs prgmtjmgs nsmobgrns gsjafgkg g bg pnkgaoaàg (p. 3:1). Nsto j`pbjmg bg mofsobjkgmjýf kn bgs prçmtjmgs nsmobgrns nf moftnxtos mo`ufjtgrjos kn gprnfkjzgln, muyo punftn moafjtjvo mofsjstjrç ufjr moftnxtos kn somjgbjzgmjýf nf cjnf knb rnsmgtn kn bg vjkg somjgb kn bgs mo`ufjkgkns kofkn sn knsgrrobbg jknftjkgkns, mubturgs y trgkjmjofns. Nftofmns bgs prçmtjmgs nsmobgrns snrçf gmtjvjkgkns proarg`gkgs, nlnmutgkgs y moftrobgkgs, nf bos propjos g`cjnftns kn gprnfkjzgln. Nf mofsnmunfmjg, bgs prçmtjmgs tnýrjmo-`ntokobýajmgs nf nb nsmnfgrjo nkumgtjvo, mofstjtuynf nb bgcorgtorjo pnkgaýajmo pgrg potnfmjgbjzgr uf nfrjqunmj`jnfto kn sgcnrns qun gkn`çs kn dortgbnmnr mofomj`jnftos somjgbjzgftns hgmjg bg mo`ufjkgk, snrçf bg hunbbg prçmtjmg nf kofkn sn potnfmjn mgpgmjkgkns moftnxtugbns y mjukgkgfgs dufkg`nftgkgs nf mofomj`jnftos, gmtjtukns, vgborns, hgcjbjkgkns y n`omjofns qun propnfkgf g bg lustjmjg somjgb y gb jfvobumrg`jnfto kn ufg nkumgmjýf orjnftgkg nf nb rnspnto kn moftnxtos kjdnrnftns kjdnrnftns.. Uor bo tgfto bg prçmtjmg komnftn sn dortgbnmn knskn bg prgxjs, mofdor`n jfkjmg Kurihnj` nf bg mjtg gftnrjor nf bg qun rnbgmjofg g ‒prçmtjmgs nsmobgrns gsjafgkg g bg pnkgaoaàg‐ mofstjtuynf nb nln prj`orkjgb

pgrg bg dor`gmjýf jftnargb knb nstukjgftn, muyo djf ns jftnrjorjzgr g trgvês kn bg prçmtjmg kjgrjg kn sgcnrns somjgbns y dortgbnmjkos mof jfstru`nftos kn gprnfkjzgln, y sof bos bjfng`jnftos nf bg mofstrummjýf kn sgcnrns y qun bns aujgrç g bos gbu`fos, pgkrns kn dg`jbjg, y komnftns nb knsgrrobbo kn knstrnzgs y potnfmjgbjkgkns qun rnqujnrnf pgrg knsnfvobvnrsn nf ufg somjnkgk mo`pbnlg9 nf djf, snrç j`portgftn gpbjmgr nb mofomj`jnfto y bos sgcnrns kn dor`g jffovgkorg kn pgrtn kn bos pnkgaoaos, gtrjcutos qun sn orjnftgf g bg trgsdor`gmjýf kn bg somjnkgk mof bos

 

funvos promnsos kn mofnxjýf somjgb pgrg nftrnbgzgr bg lustjmjg, bg pgz y bg jftnrmubturgbjkgk. [okgs nstgs moftrjcumjofns Kurihnjfjgfgs rnajrçf y nfrjqunmnrçf g bg nkumgmjýf nmugtorjgfg, mof gportns dufkg`nftgkos nf bg rngbjkgk kn funstrg êpomg kn mg`cjos vnrtjajfosos, jfvobumrgfko bg mo`ufjkgk nkumgtjvg nf nb gmmjofgr somjgb, tnmfobýajmo y pnkgaýajmo, tnfknfmjgs sjafjdjmgtjvgs nf funstrg somjnkgk gmtugb.

Mofmbusjofns Ê`jbn Kurihnj` cgsg bg mo`prnfsjýf kn ]omjoboaàg kn bg Nkumgmjýf nfmgusgkgs nf tnoràgs y dufkg`nftos sjafjdjmgtjvos pnmubjgrns qun gportgf funvos nstjbos kn gprnfkjzgln. ]naüf nb nstukjo rngbjzgko sn pbgftng funvos `okos y ufjkgkns kn gfçbjsjs nf bos mofstrumtos tnýrjmos`ntokobýajmos, gbjfngkos g bg mofsnrvgmjýf kn bg mubturg, bg kjvnrsjkgk, trgcglo somjgb, nf nsmnfgrjos kn bg êtjmg `orgb, jftnrmubturgb, mofmjnfmjg mobnmtjvg, kj`nfsjofns qun mofdjaurgf uf buagr somjgb y npjstê`jmo knb `ufko, moftrjcumjofns j`portgftns qun ho`oanfnjzgf g bos jfkjvjkuos y mofsobjkgf promnsos kn nfsn÷gfzg-gprnfkjzgln nf dufmjýf kn bgs rngbjkgkns y fnmnsjkgkns somjgbns. Fos mo`pbgmn rndbnxjofgr lufto mof Kurihnj` qun bg nkumgmjýf mo`o uf nbn`nfto somjgb rnto`g pbgftng`jnftos mbgvns nf rnbgmjýf g promnsos kn nfsn÷gfzg nfsn÷gfzg-gprnfkjzgln, -gprnfkjzgln, sjtugmjýf sjafjdjmgtjvg nf bg qun bos komnftns fnmnsgrjg`nftn kncnrçf gpuftgbgr bos sgcnrns moafjtjvos, sjmo`otorns y somjo-gdnmtjvos nfmgusgkos gb rnspnto kn bg mubturg, jkjosjfmrgsjg y trgkjmjofns, gtrjcutos qun sn gbjfngf gb pnfsg`jnfto kn Kurihnj`, `js`os qun pbgftngf bg mofdjaurgmjýf kn uf snr hu`gfo mof sus propjgs pgrtjmubgrjkgkns, nsto hgmn qun sn mofvjnrtg nf `gtnrjg prj`g pgrg bg trgfsdor`gmjýf kn bg nkumgmjýf y somjnkgk nf nb `grmo kn bgs rnbgmjofns somjgbns kn mofvjvnfmjg, kn trgcglo, kn kjsdrutn, kn gr`ofàg, nf moftnxtos pburjmubturgbns pgrg jftnargb kn bos nstukjgftns.