Aplicaciones Del Dibujo Tecnico

 

Jfrfjfs, 6:-53-1516 Qhp÷abijf Akbivfrifdf ch ^hdhzuhbf Idstitutk Xdivhrsitfrik Ukbitéjdijk Zfdtiflk @friök Nfjubtfc ch Idlhdihràf Hsjuhbf ch @fdthdi`ihdtk @hjædijk Uhràkck 1516-I  Ciaugk Séjdijk Urknhskr7 D/F Hstucifdth7 Cf`ifdk Fdtkdik Ufdtfbhk Justkch J.I.7 656=:

Fpbijfjikdhs chb Ciaugk Séjdijk

 

Ciaugk Séjdijk  Fpbijfjikdhs chb Ciaugk

Jæthcrf7 Ciaugk Séjdijk

Sfabf ch Jkdthdick

Sfabf ch Jkdthdick...............................................................................................................1 Jkdsichrfjikdhs Idijifbhs.....................................................................................................: Hb Ciaugk Séjdijk `æs Fdtiluk ...........................................................................................3 Vué hs Ciaugk........................................................................................................................3 Xdf Arhvh Mistkrif chb Ciaugk .............................................................................................3 Jbfsinijfjiúd Lhdhrfb y pkr Qf`fs .....................................................................................8 I`pkrtfdjif chb Ciaugk Séjdijk..........................................................................................> Jkdsichrfjikdhs Nidfbhs.......................................................................................................< Hb Ciaugk Séjdijk jk`k Urknhsiúd ......................................................................................< Qhnhrhdjifs Aiabiklrænijfs....................................................................................................=

 

Ciaugk Séjdijk  Fpbijfjikdhs chb Ciaugk

Jæthcrf7 Ciaugk Séjdijk

Jkdsichrfjikdhs Idijifbhs

Bf hvkbujiúd chb ciaugk téjdijk hd bf mistkrif hs jk`k bf `fykràf ch bks jf`aiks quh hxph hxphri ri`h `hdt dtf` f`ks ks hd du duhs hstr trkk ti tih` h`pk pk,, qu quiz izæs æs pk pkrr bf ic ichf hf ch bk qu quhh jk jkds dsti titu tuyh yh bf jk`udijfjiúd, quh hs `æs ch bk quh sh puhch chjir. Hd hb jf`pk ch bf frquit frquithjturf hjturf y bk quh sh bbf` bbf`ff idlhdihràf, bf civhrsicfc ichkb ichkbúlijf úlijf dk hs ilufb pfrf tkcks, pkr hsk sih`prh dks cijh fblk, `ujmfs nkr`fs cistidtfs ch krlfdizfr bfs jksfs hd hb cishök, mfy ud f`aihdth rhfb ckdch bf lhdth hstæ fchdtrk pfrf jkdkjhr su dhjhsicfc chb hspfjik quh tihdhs pfrf hb chsfrrkbbk chb càf f càf. Bf mistkrif chb ciaugk ch idlhdihràf jk`ihdzf jkd bf dhjhsicfc ch jk`udijfjiúd f trfvés chb ciaugk. Bf pri`hrf nkr`f ch rhprhshdtfjiúd quh jkdkjh`ks skd bfs pidturfs ruphstrhs, ch hstf nkr`f, dk skbk idthdtfd rhprhshdtfr bf rhfbicfc quh bk rkchf, bks fdi`fbhs, bfs hstrhbbfs, bfs phrskdfs `is`fs, htj. phrk tf`aiéd mfy h`kjikdhs, jk`k bf fbhlràf ch afibfr k bf thdsiúd ch bf jfzf. Bf pi pidt dturf urf fr frtà tàst stij ijff id idth thdt dtff tr trfd fds` s`it itir ir ph phdsf dsf`i `ihd hdtk tkss y shdti shdti`i `ihdt hdtks ks af afsfc sfcks ks hd sulhrhdjifs y hsti`ubfr bf i`flidfjiúd ch bf fucihdjif, `ihdtrfs quh bfs téjdijfs ch pidturf tihdhd jk`k kaghtivk rhprhshdtfr bf nkr`f y hb tf`fök ch bks kaghtks jkd bf `fykr prhjisiúd  pksiabh. F bk bfrlk ch bf mistkrif, pkr ud bfck, pfrf hb ciaugk frtàstijk, pkr ktrk bfck, pfrf hb ciaugk téjdijk, bf ch`fdcf ch jk`udijfjiúd f trfvés ch hsth ciaugk mf ick hd fu`hdtk, mky hd càf, hxisth udf nusiúd hdtrh hb kaghtivk chb frth y bf thjdkbklàf ch bf pidturf, bk quh sh chah pfrf hb usk hd ciaugks ch idlhdihràf hd jk`putfckrfs y jrhfr rhjkdstrujjikdhs virtufbhs hd :C, fudquh rhprhshdtfd kaghtks hd tf`fök y nkr`f rhfbhs, tf`aiéd prkpkrjikdf `ujmfs sulhrhdjifs pkchrksfs pfrf hb hsphjtfckr. F jkdtidufjiúd jkdtidufjiúd `kstrf`ks ud pudtk ch vistf `uy phrskdfb, y chaick f bf idvhstilfji idvhstilfjiúd úd hd jursk, dks hdjkdtrf`ks jkd quh su hvkbujiúd puhch phrk dk h`phzfr f mfabfr ch su mistkrif fdths.

 

Ciaugk Séjdijk  Fpbijfjikdhs chb Ciaugk

Jæthcrf7 Ciaugk Séjdijk

Vué hs Ciaugk

Hs hb tipk ch bhdlufgh quh prkyhjtf hb ciaugfdth, y éb usf hsth bhdlufgh pfrf mfjhrsh hdthdchr udivhrsfb`hdth, yf shfd nilurfs purf`hdth lhk`étrijfs cishöfcfs pfrf phrskdfs jfpfjhs k phrsphjtivfs pfrf bks bijhdjiksks, hd ktrfs pfbfarfs, tf`aiéd sh puhch chjir quh hs udf rhprhshdtfjiúd lrænijf ch ud kaghtk rhfb prkpuhstk pfrf bf pksthrikr jkdstrujjiúd ch ichfs k cishöks, pfrf hb frquithjtk dk hs `æs quh ud `hcik fuxibifr pfrf bf rhprhshdtfjiúd ch bfs karfs. Xdf Arhvh Mistkrif chb Ciaugk

Sfbhs, ud nibúsknk lrihlk dfjick hd @ibhtk idtrkcugk bf lhk`htràf hd Lrhjif, udf jihdjif quh fprhdciú hd Hliptk? Uitælkrfs dfjick hd bf isbf ch Zf`ks, nuh hcujfck hd bfs hdshöfdzfs ch bks pri`hrks nibúsknks gúdijks, Sfbhs ch @ibhtk, Fdfxi`fdcrk y Fdfxà`hdhs,  phrk quizæs su jkdtriaujiúd `æs jkdkjicf fb jf`pk ch bf lhk`htràf hs hb Shkrh`f ch bf Mipkthdusf, Mipkt hdusf, jkdkjick jk`k Shkrh`f ch Uitælkrfs, quh hstfabhj hstfabhjhh quh ‒Hd ud triædlubk rhjtædlubk hb jufcrfck ch bf mipkthdusf hs ilufb f bf su`f ch bks jufcrfcks ch bks jfthtks‐.

Hujbichs, ud `fth`ætijk lrihlk juyf karf pridjipfb hbh`hdtks ch ciaugk y lhk`htràf hs ud hxthdsk trftfck `fth`ætijk ch trhjh vkb÷`hdhs skarh bf lhk`htràf chb hspfjik, hdshöú lhk`htràf hd Fbhgfdcràf y nudcú udf hsjuhbf ch `fth`ætijfs fbbà. Frquà`hchs, nf`ksk `fth`ætijk h idvhdtkr lrihlk, quh hsjriaiú i`pkrtfdths karfs skarh lhk`htràf pbfdf y hspfjifb, frit`étijf y `hjædijf idvhdtú nkr`fs ch `hcir hb ærhf ch nilurfs jurvfs, fsà jk`k hb ærhf y vkbu`hd ch súbicks chbi`itfcks pkr suphrnijihs jurvfs. Hb Ciaugk Séjdijk `æs Fdtiluk

Hb ciaugk téjdijk `æs fdtiluk quh sh jkdkjh, y quh tkcfvàf hxisth, hs bf vistf hd pbfdtf chb cishök ch udf nkrtfbhzf quh mizk hb idlhdihrk jfbchk Juchf, y quh fpfrhjh lrfafck hd udf bkshtf ch pihcrf, hs dktfabh bf sh`hgfdzf quh lufrcf hsth ciaugk jkd bks prhpfrfcks pkr  bks frquithjtks ch duhstrks càfs, f phsfr ch mfahr sick «ciaugfck¿ `ibhs ch föks fdths ch quh sh idvhdtfrf hb pfphb.

 

Ciaugk Séjdijk  Fpbijfjikdhs chb Ciaugk

Jæthcrf7 Ciaugk Séjdijk

Bf pri`hrf pruhaf hsjritf ch bf fpbijfjiúd chb ciaugk téjdijk tuvk bulfr hd hb fök :5 f.J., jufdck hb frquithjtk rk`fdk ^itruaik hsjriaiú ud trftfck skarh frquithjturf hd hb quh cijh cijh77 ‒Hb frquithjtk chah shr cihstrk jkd hb bæpiz y thdhr jkdkji`ihdtk chb ciaugk, ch `fdhrf quh puhcf prhpfrfr jkd nfjibicfc y rfpichz bks ciaugks quh sh rhquihrfd pfrf `kstrfr bf fpfrihdjif ch bf karf quh sh prkpkdlf jkdstruir‐, buhlk jkdtid÷f cisjutihdck hb

usk ch bf rhlbf y ch bks jk`pfshs pfrf bfs jkdstrujjikdhs lhk`étrijfs, pfrf hb trfzfck ch bf  pbfdtf y bf hbhvfjiúd ch ud hcinijik y pfrf ciaugfr phrsphjtivfs. phrs phjtivfs. Jbfsinijfjiúd Lhdhrfb y pkr Qf`fs

Hd bf jbfsinijfjiúd lhdhrfb hxisth hb Frtàstijk y hb Séjdijk. 6.  Hb Frtàstijk7 utibizf ciaugks pfrf hxprhsfr ichfs hstétijfs, nibksúnijfs k fastrfjtfs. 1. Hb Séjdijk7 hs

hb prkjhci`ihdtk utibizfck pfrf rhprhshdtfr tkpklrfnàf, trfafgk ch

idlhdihràf, hcinijiks y pihzfs ch `fquidfrif, quh jkdsisth hd ud ciaugk dkr`fbizfck. Hb usk chb ciaugk téjdijk hd idlhdihràf hs i`pkrtfdth hd tkcfs bfs cisjipbidfs idcustrifbhs y ch idlhdihràf, y tf`aiéd hd frquithjturf y lhkbklàf. Xd ciaugk hd phrsphjt phrsphjtivf ivf dkr`fb dk prkpkrjikdf prkpkrjikdf idnkr`fji idnkr`fjiúd úd skarh bks chtfbbhs chtfbbhs kjubtks ch ud kaghtk y, pkr bk lhdhrfb, dk sh fgustf f sus vhrcfchrfs prkpkrjikdhs, bks ciaugks ch idlh idlhdi dihr hràf àf jkdvh jkdvhdj djik ikdf dfbh bhss ut utib ibiz izfd fd cks k `æs `æs vi vist stfs fs pf pfrf rf rh rhprh prhshd shdtf tfrr ud ka kagh ghtk tk,, bf  prkyhjjiúd pridjipfb k prkyhjjiúd ch ud ciaugk téjdijk hs udf prkyhjjiúd chb nrhdth k hd  pbfdtf, lhdhrfb`hdth lhdhr fb`hdth `kstrfdck hb bfck ch ud kaghtk `æs lrfdch, y chafgk ch bf fbturf mfy udf prkyhjjiúd chsch frriaf k hb pbfdk ciaugfck. Hb ciaugk téjdijk sh jbfsinijf hd7  

 Ciaugk Frquithjtúdijk  Hs

fquhb ckdch sh rhprhshdtfd bks pbfdks dhjhsfriks pfrf

bf jkdst jkdstruj rujji jiúd úd ch jf jfsfs sfs,, futkp futkpis istf tfs, s, hc hcin inij ijik iks, s, nf nfari arijf jfs, s, puhdt puhdths hs y kt ktrf rfss jkdstrujjikdhs.  

 Ciaugk @hjædijk Hs

fquhb quh phr`ith rhprhshdtfr pihzfs, `fquidfrifs, pfrths

ch `æquidfs, vhmàjubks y `fquidfrif idcustrifb.

 

Ciaugk Séjdijk  Fpbijfjikdhs chb Ciaugk

Jæthcrf7 Ciaugk Séjdijk

 

 Ciaugk Hbéjtrijk  Qhprhshdtf

lrænijf`hdth bfs idstfbfjikdhs hbéjtrijfs ch udf

knijidf, idcustrif, vivihdcf k jufbquihr hstrujturf quh rhquihrf ch jkdhxikdhs hbéjtrijfs.  

 Ciaugk Hbhjtrúdijk 

Hs hb qu quhh rhpr rhprhs hshd hdtf tf bk bkss ji jirj rjui uitk tkss qu quhh ph phr` r`it ithd hd hb

nudjikdf`ihdtk ch fpfrftks thjdkbúlijks jk`k f`pbinijfckrhs, jk`putfckrfs, thbhviskrhs, rfciks y `æs.  

 Ciaugk Lhkbúlijk 

Hs hb ut utib ibiz izfc fckk hd lh lhkb kbkl klàf àf y lh lhkl klrf rfnà nàff jk jkdd hb ni nidd ch

rhprhshdtfr bfs cinhrhdths jfpfs ch bf tihrrf.  

 Ciaugk Skpklrænijk Hs

fquhb quh rhprhshdtf bfs jfrfjthràstijfs ch ud thrrhdk

`hcifdth sà`akbks hstfabhjicks pkr jkdvhdiks.  

 Ciaugk Xrafdàstijk Hs

hb ciaugk quh phr`ith krlfdizfr bfs jiucfchs, rhprhshdtf

bfs zkdfs idcust idcustrifbh rifbhs, s, bks jhdtrks urafdks, jfbbhs, fvhdicfs, pfrquhs, futkpistfs, zkdfs rhjrhftivfs y `æs. I`pkrtfdjif chb Ciaugk Séjdijk

Hb ciaugk téjdijk hs i`pkrtfdth pkrquh dks phr`ith pbfs`fr bk quh phrjiai`ks jkd bks shdticks ch nkr`f lrænijf y jk`prhdsiabh pfrf tkcks siluihdck udf shrih ch pfutfs quh rilhd bks sildks lrænijks utibizfcks, hs i`pkrtfdth pkrquh utibizf sildks quh phr`ithd bf jk`udijfjiúd sid i`pkrtfr bks bà`iths bidlòàstijks y phr`ithd quh ud cishök sh jkdvihrtf hd rhfbicfc f trfvés ch su jkdstrujjiúd. Hd hb ciau ciaugk gk té téjd jdij ijk, k, sh hx hxpr prhs hsfd fd cftk cftkss pr prhj hjis isks ks y jb jbfr frks ks fb rh rhjh jhpt ptkr kr,, hb ju jufb fb,, `fdipubfdck `fdipu bfdck bks jrithr jrithriks iks udivhr udivhrsfbhs sfbhs ch jk`prhd jk`prhdsiúd, siúd, bfs dkr`fs IZK, puhch jk`prhdchr  bf hxprhsiúd lrænijf rhfbizfcf. Hs f trfvés chb ciaugk téjdijk quh bf rhfbicfc puhch jkarfr  shdtick, ud pbfdk ch udf `fquidfrif phr`ith su jkdstrujjiúd, `fdthdi`ihdtk, rhpfrfjiúd y `æs. Hb Ciaugk Séjdijk jk`k Urknhsiúd

Hs ud Urknhsikdfb quh prkpkrjikdf idnkr`fjiúd hxfjtf ch ud juhrpk trici`hdsikdfb f trfv trfvés és ch su rhp rhprh rhshd shdtf tfji jiúd úd hd ud udff sup suphrn hrnij ijih ih pb pbfd fdf, f, jk jkdd su suss nkr`f nkr`fs, s, ci ci`h `hdsi dsikdh kdhs, s,

 

Ciaugk Séjdijk  Fpbijfjikdhs chb Ciaugk

Jæthcrf7 Ciaugk Séjdijk

jfrfjthràstijfs y prkpkrjikdhs pfrf pkchr trfafgfr jkd bf idnkr`fjiúd prhjisf y jk`pbhtf ch éb, sh chsh`phöf hd ærhfs ch frquithjturf, karfs jivibhs, `hjædijf, hbhjtrijicfc, hbhjtrúdijf y urafdàstijk? Zu jf`pk Kjupfjikdfb skd7 H`prhsfs jkdstrujtkrfs, H`prhsfs ch prkyhjtks ch idlhdihràf, Idcustrifs y fshskrfdck idchphdcihdth`hdth.

 

Ciaugk Séjdijk  Fpbijfjikdhs chb Ciaugk

Jæthcrf7 Ciaugk Séjdijk

Jkdsichrfjikdhs Nidfbhs

Chspués ch jk`pbhtfr hb trfafgk ch idvhstilfjiúd fjtufb, mh`ks pfsfck ch bks fbakrhs chb ciaugk f su hvkbujiúd hd hb tih`pk y, fb `is`k tih`pk, jkdsichrf`ks hb chsfrrkbbk ch ciaugks téjdijks jk`k udf mhrrf`ihdtf, frquithjturf y cishök? hnhjtivks pfrf hb chsfrrkbbk ch jfrrhrfs jk`k bf idlhdihràf. Ukr tfdtk, pkch`ks sfjfr bfs siluihdths jkdjbusikdhs7 

F trfvés ch bf jk`udijfjiúd, pkch`ks trfds`itir bks hbh`hdtks quh phrjiai`ks f trfvés ch duhstrks shdticks. Hstks hbh`hdtks skd sildks.



Hd hb bhdlufgh, bks sà`akbks skd pfbfarfs y sh jkdsichrfd udf hxjhbhdth nkr`f ch jk`udijfjiúd.



Hsth hs ud icik`f udivhrsfb, dk i`pkrtf qué icik`f ush`ks, pkch`ks jk`udijfrdks jkd ktrfs phrskdfs. Xtibijh jfrthbhs lrænijks y silf bks hstædcfrhs idthrdfjikdfbhs



næjibhs ch hdthdchr. Ufrf quh hb ciaugk téjdijk rhprhshdth ud hbh`hdtk ch jk`udijfjiúd jk`pbhtk y hnhjtivk, chah shr jbfrk, vhrfz y jkdthdhr tkcks sus cftks? tkck hstk chphdch ch bf hxphrihdjif chb rhcfjtkr hd bf rhprhshdtfjiúd lrænijf quh rhfbizf, yf shf ud akjhtk,  phrsphjtivf k pbfd.



Bks ciaugks téjdijks skd ud sisth`f ch rhprhshdtfjikdhs lrænijfs ch civhrsks tipks ch kaghtks, juyk prkpúsitk hs aridcfr idnkr`fjiúd sunijihdth pfrf nfjibitfr su fdæbisis, fyuc fyucfr fr f chsf chsfrr rrkb kbbf bfrr su suss ci cish shök ökss y mfjh mfjhrr pk pksi siab abhh su nu nutu turf rf jk jkds dstr truj ujji jiúd úd y `fdthdi`ihdtk. Ukr bk lhdhrfb, sh rhfbizf pkr `hciks idnkr`ætijks k cirhjtf`hdth hd  pfphb u ktrk skpkrth pbfdk.



Skck prknhsikdfb prknhsikdfb fquhb quh quihrf bklrfr ud auhd chsh`phök chsh`phök hd ciaugk ciaugk téjdijk chah thdhr hd juhdtf bks pfræ`htrks quh hstfabhjh hb cishök.



Jk`k mh`ks vistk hd hb chsfrrkbbk ch hsth trfafgk, pfrf kathdhr ud auhd trfzfck ch bfs bàd bàdhfs hfs y sus jbfshs, jbfshs, hs nudc nudcf`h f`hdtf dtfbb utibiz utibizfr fr jkd nrhj nrhjuhdj uhdjif if bfs mhrrf` mhrrf`ihd ihdtfs tfs dhjhsfrifs, fchjufcfs y dhjhsfrifs.

 

Ciaugk Séjdijk  Fpbijfjikdhs chb Ciaugk

Jæthcrf7 Ciaugk Séjdijk

Qhnhrhdjifs Aiabiklrænijfs

F @fdk Fbzfcf. Ciaugk Séjdijk. 3· fök. Hcitkrifb Qk`kr. Uæls. 16-:< Fhdkr, ‒Ciaugk Séjdijk‐. Dkr`fs Aæsijfs", FHDKQ, 6999. Nhbhz, G. y @frtàdhz, @.B., ‒Ciaugk Idcustrifb‐, :ª hcijiúd, Zàdthsis, 1555. @krhr, U., ‒Biark Cilitfb ch Ciaugk Séjdijk‐ , Xdivhrsicfc ch Bf Jkruöf, 155:. Qkcr Qk crààluhz luhz ch Fa Fafg fgk, k, N.G .G.. y Æb Æbvf vfrh rhz, z, ^. ^.,, ‒Ciaug ‒Ciaugk k Séjdijk‐, Séjdijk‐,  Ckdk Ckdkst stif ifrr rrf, f, 69 69=3 =3..