Aplicaciones de Segundo Orden

 

 

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Fpidofodckms nm ifs Moufodckms Ndamrmkodfims nm _mhuknc Crnmk  Cefr _. Budtrÿk, _mbfstdæk F. Qfimkodf csbudtrckzLutk.mnu.mo

sfvfimkodfsLutk.mnu.mo

]kdvmrsdnfn ^äokdof nmi Kcrtm Ofrrmrf nm Dkhmkdmråf mk Emoftrÿkdof Dbfrrf ‟  Moufncr

R msue msuemk mk „ Ifs Ifs moufodckms ndamrmkodfims nm smhuknc crnmk pumnmk smr fpidofnfs mk if rmsciuodÿk nm prcbimefs nm vdbrfodckms emoækdofs y odroudtcs miäotrdocs. Mk vdbrfodckms emoækdofs, mxdstmk trms tdpcs qum pumnmk smr rmsumitfs pcr moufodckms ndamrmkodfims nm smhuknc crnmk: ecvdedmktc freÿkdoc sdepim, ecvdedmktc fecrtdhufnc idbrm y vdbrfodckms acrzfnfs. Mk odroudtcs miäotrdocs, sm mepimfk mk Odroudtcs IO y mk Odroudtcs RIO mk smrdm y RIO mk pfrfimic. G mywcrns--ywcrns--- Moufodckms Ndamrmkodfims, Qdbrfodckms Emoækdofs, Odroudtcs Miäotrdocs  .

D.  D K^RCN]OODßK  Ifs moufodckms ndamrmkodfims nm smhuknc crnmk pumnmk msordbdrsm mk if acref eæs hmkmrfi ocec:

mxodtfodÿk qum dkormemktfk c rmnuomk if mkmrhåf nmi sdstmef. Mk fihukcs ofscs, mstf aumktm nm mkmrhåf pumnm iimhfr f smr if rmspcksfbim nm if nmstruoodÿk nmi sdstmef W=U. DD.  QDBRFODCKM_ EMOÆKDOF_  ]kf vdbrfodÿk emoækdof ms mi ecvdedmktc nm ukf pfrtåouif c oumrpc qum sm csodif firmnmncr nm ukf pcsdodÿk nm mqudidbrdc W=U. ]kf vdbrfodÿk emoækdof sm prcnuom pcr ic hmkmrfi oufknc uk sdstmef sm nmspifzf nm ukf pcsdodÿk nm mqudidbrdc mstfbim W>U. Mi sdstmef tdmknm f rmtcrkfr f su pcsdodÿk bfjc if foodÿk nm aumrzfs rmstfurfncrfs (yf smf aumrzfs miæstdofs, ocec mk mi ofsc nm ukf efsf ukdnf f uk rmscrtm, c aumrzfs hrfvdtfodckfims, hrfvdtfodckfims, ocec mk mi ofsc nm uk päknuic) W>U. \mrc mi sdstmef pcr ic hmkmrfi fiofkzf su pcsdodÿk crdhdkfi ock odmrtf vmicodnfn fnqudrdnf qum ic iimvf eæs fiiæ nm msf pcsdodÿk.

′′ +  ′ +    5   Ncknm \, V y R sck aukodckms nfnfs, ifs oufims sck ockstfktms c nmpmknmk scic nm if vfrdfbim dknmpmkndmktm  W6U. ^febdäk mxdstmk moufodckms ndamrmkodfims ock ocmadodmktms ockstfktms. Mstc sm rmprmsmktf ocec:

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′′ +  ′ +  5    

Ncknm  y  sck ockstfktms rmfims W6U. Mstfs moufodckms ndamrmkodfims nm smhuknc crnmk pumnmk smr fpidofnfs pfrf rmscivmr prcbimefs aåsdocs W2U. Ifs moufodckms ndamrmkodfims crndkfrdfs crndkfrdfs nm smhuknc crnmk nmsmepmöfk uk  pfpmi vdtfi pfrf if ecnmifodÿk nm vdbrfodckms emoækdofs emoækdofs y odroudtcs miäotrdocs W6U. ]k prdkodpdc auknfemktfi nm if aåsdof mstfbimom qum ics sdstmefs aåsdocs tdmknmk f mstfr mk ukf  pcsdodÿk nm eåkdef eåkdef mkmrhåf pctmkodfi pctmkodfi nmkcedkfnf pcsdodÿk pcsdodÿk nm mqudidbrdc y sd pcr fihúk ectdvc mi sdstmef ms acrzfnc f sfidr nm msm mqudidbrdc, mktckoms tmknmræ f rmhrmsfr f äi W2U. If tmcråf nm csodifodckms pmqumöfs pmredtm nmsordbdr oufktdtftdvf y oufidtftdvfemktmm mi ecvdedmktc qum courrm mk ics sdstmefs oufidtftdvfemkt aåsdocs oufknc mstæk omrof nm su pcsdodÿk nm mqudidbrdc mstfbim W=U. ]k ecnmic qum pmredtm fkfidzfr ifs vdbrfodckms ms mi nm efsf-rmscrtm-fecrtdhufncr, efsf-rmscrtmfecrtdhufncr, ncknm fnmeæs kc sm ocksdnmrfk aumrzfs ndsdpftdvfs7 mk mstm ofsc if mkmrhåf sm ocksmrvf y ifs csodifodckms tdmknmk f nmsfpfrmomr mk mi tdmepc W=U. Ctrc ecnmic ms mi csodifncr acrzfnc qum ocksdnmrf aumrzfs nm

Adhurf 6. Qdbrfodÿk Emoækdof

\umstc qum mi prcomsc pumnm rmpmtdrsm nm efkmrf dknmadkdnf, mi sdstmef sm efktdmkm ecvdäkncsm ecvdäkncsm nm uk ifnc f ctrc nm su  pcsdodÿk nm mqudidbrdc mqudidbrdc W?U. Mi dktmrvfic dktmrvfic nm tdmepc tdmepc rmqumrdnc  pfrf qum mi sdstmef sdstmef rmfidom rmfidom uk odoic nm ecvdedmktc ecvdedmktc ocepimtc ocepimtc rmodbm mi kcebrm nm pmrdcnc nm if vdbrfodÿk W>U. Mi kúemrc nm odoics pcr ukdnfn nm tdmepc nmadkm if armoumkodf y mi nmspifzfedmktc eæxdec eæxdec nmi sdstmef f pfrtdr nm su pcsdodÿk nm mqudidbrdc sm ockcom ocec fepidtun nm if vdbrfodÿk W>U.  F.   Ecvdedmktc freÿkdoc sdepim

\frf dkdodfr mi mstundc nm ifs vdbrfodckms emoækdofs, fkfidomecs ukf sdtufodÿk octdndfkf y sdepim. Ocksdnmrmecs uk oumrpc nm efsf e qum mstæ ukdnc f ukf pfrmn pcr emndc nm uk rmscrtm nm ockstfktm g (sdstmef efsf-rmscrtm) mi oufi sm mkoumktrf scbrm ukf emsf `crdzcktfi W=U.

 

 

2

 5 ̈ 5 smk smk  + ocs     5 ̀ 5   occss   smkmk     Ock fepidtun  5   +   , pmrdcnc   y armoumkodf   Adhurf 2. _dstmef efsf rmscrtm

\cr sdepidodnfn supckhfecs tfebdäk qum kc mxdstm ardoodÿk mktrm mi oumrpc y if emsf y qum mi sdstmef sm mkoumktrf dkdodfiemktm mk mqudidbrdc W=U. Nm rmpmktm, mi rmscrtm sm oceprdem ukf ndstfkodf pmqumöf  , emndnf nmsnm if pcsdodÿk nm mqudidbrdc y sm im fpidof ukf vmicodnfn   W=U. Nmsnm msm ecemktc, mi rmscrtm mjmrom ukf aumrzf scbrm if efsf qum tdmknm f rmhrmsfrif f su pcsdodÿk nm mqudidbrdc dkdodfi W>U. Mk hmkmrfi, mstf aumrzf nmpmknm nm if ndstfkodf oceprdednf nmi rmscrtm. _d if oceprmsdÿk ms pmqumöf, sm pumnm supckmr qum if aumrzf ms ndrmotfemktm prcpcrodckfi f ndo`f nmacrefodÿk y qum sdmeprm fpuktf `fodf if pcsdodÿk nm mqudidbrdc c mk smktdnc ocktrfrdc f if nmacrefodÿk W>U. Ndo`f supcsdodÿk sm ockcom ocec oc ec imy nm @ccgm pfrf rmscrtms idkmfims W=U. Ms nmodr, if aumrzf   qum mk tcnc ecemktc mjmrom mi rmscrtm scbrm if efsf mstæ nfnf pcr    ncknm x ms if nmacrefodÿk y g ; < ms if ockstfktm nmi rmscrtm W=U. \cr ctrf pfrtm, y nm foumrnc ock if smhuknf imy nm  Kmwtck, if suef suef nm tcnfs ifs aumrzfs aumrzfs qum sm fpidofk f uk oumrpc prcnuom uk ofebdc f su ecvdedmktc qum sm rdhm pcr if moufodÿk W=U.

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 B.   Ecvdedmktc fecrtdhufnc idbrm

_upckhfecs qumfism fhrmhfefsf-rmscrtm f`crf uk ndspcsdtdvc (fecrtdhufncr) sdstmef qum tdmkmemoækdoc mi mamotc nm rmnuodr if vmicodnfn nm if efsf oufknc mi sdstmef sm mkoumktrf vdbrfknc (väfsm if adhurf f ocktdkufodÿk) W=U. Mi fecrtdhufncr mjmrom ukf aumrzf nmpmkndmktm nm if vmicodnfn nm if efsf7 mktrm efycr smf if vmicodnfn, efycr ms if aumrzf qum mjmrom.

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  5 

   5  5      _d dhufifecs mk if moufodÿk fktmrdcr tmkmecs qum:

     +  5