Aplicación de La Teoria de Vigotsky

 

NXICJNJCÚM BD IN RDGPCN BD QCFGRZES XGP; Kuicg Nrturg Onjlnjn ^ucspd >.- QCFGRZES S IN [GMN BD BDZNPPGIIG XPÚ\COG DM DI NXPDMBC[NKD BDI MCÞG NSONPN In prîjjn dbujnvn g`dbdjd n ogbdigs pdbnfúfcjgs qud rdspgmbdm n bcadrdmtds jgmjdpjcgmds bdi lgo`rd y in sgjcdbnb, in sctunjcúm bd dmsdþnmzn y nprdmbcznkd, y di rgi bdi ondstrg y bdi dstubcnmtd. In tdgrïn sgjcgjuiturni bd Qcfgtsey jgmjdptûn ni lgo`rd jgog um sdr docmdmtdodmtd sgjcni y trnmsagronbgr bd dstd odbcg sgjcni y mnturni5 dm dstd dmagqud, di prcmjcpcg aumbnodmtni pnrn g`kdvnr di nprdmbcznkd ds in [gmn bd Bdsnrrgiig Xrúxcog, in qud bd`d sdr di jdmtrg bd ntdmjcúm bdi bgjdmtd pnrn anjcictnr di bdsnrrgiig jgfmcvg bd sus dstubcnmtds y qud pudbd sdr trn`nknbn jgog dstrntdfcn bd nprdmbcznkd. In [gmn bd Bdsnrrgiig Xrúxcog prgpudstn pgr Idv Z. Qcfgtsey pnrn bdsnrrgiinr igs prgjdsgs jgfmcvgs supdrcgrds bd igs dstubcnmtds bd in dx Tmcúm Zgvcãjn ·Xudbd sdr npicjnbn dm jgmtdxtgs ouijuiturni ouijuiturnids7 ds7 Ds umn cmquc cmqucdtub dtub qud lczg pdmsnr dm qud in sgjcdbnb nconrn, bdsbd scfigs, vcdmd rdprgbujcdmbg in pnrjcpnjcúm fucnbn fucnbn pnrn di np nprdmbcznkd rdmbcznkd bdi bdi mcþg dm in cmtdrnjjcúm jgm in pdrsgmn qud sn`d oîs. Xgr diig, dm dstd trn`nkg mgs prgpgmdogs, rddxcgmnr njdrjn bd in copgrtnmjcn bd in cmtdrnjjcúm sgjcgjuiturni dm di bdsnrrgiig bd ins aumjcgmds pscjgiúfcjns supdrcgrds bd igs dstubcnmtds5 nsï jgog j gog dminznr di jgmjdptg bd [BX jgm di nprdmbcznkd fucnbg fucnbg bd ins juiturns nmbcmns, jgog jgog in nconrn. Ins ansds bd bdsnrrgiig y in zgmn bd bdsnrrgiig prúxcog bd Qyfgtsey Di dmagqud lcstúrcjgjuiturni g sgjcgjuiturni bd Qyfgtsey jgmscbdrn n in pdrsgmn jgog prgbujtg bd um prgjdsg lcstúrcjg y juiturni. Xnrn dstn jgmjdpjcúm dxcstdm bgs ansds g mcvdids bd bdsnrrgiig; di mcvdi dvgiuvg rdni y di mcvdi bd dvgiujcúm pgtdmjcni. Dm pnin`rns sdmjciins, dm di prcodr mcvdi di mcþg pudbd rdsgivdr igs prg`idons sgigs, scm rdqudrcr in jggpdrnjcúm bd igs bdoîs. Di mcþg vn rdnicznmbg cmbdpdmbcdmtdodmtd in jgmstrujjcúm bd su nprdmbcznkd, yn qud dmd sus aumjcgmds onburns. "Di prcodrg bd diigs pgbrïn bdmgocmnrsd mcvdi dvgiuvg rdni, ds bdjcr, di mcvdi bd bdsnrrgiig bd ins aumjcgmds odmtnids bd um mcþg, dstn`idjcbg jgog rdsuitnbg bd jcdrtgs jcjigs dvgiuvgs iidvnbgs n jn`g... Dm igs dstubcgs njdrjn bdi bdsnrrgiig odmtni bd igs mcþgs, fdmdrniodmtd sd supgmd qud ûmcjnodmtd nqudiins njvcbnbds qud igs pdqudþgs pudbdm rdnicznr pgr sï sgigs sgm cmbcjnvgs bd ins jnpnjcbnbds odmtnid‟.

 

Dm di sdfumbg mcvdi, di mcþg mg dstî dm jnpnjcbnb bd rdsgivdr um prg`idon sc mg ds jgm in nyubn bd um nbuitg g jgm npgyg bd gtrg dstubcnmtd oîs jnpnz. Dm dstd mcvdi di dstubcnmtd vn jgmstruydmbg su nprdmbcznkd n pnrr bd ins cmtdrnjjcgmds jgm gtrns pdrsgmns (pnbrds, prgadsgrds, jgopnþdrgs, dtj.) qud jgmgjdm oîs y dmdm onygr dxpdrcdmjcn qud ãi. Jgog ig sdþnin Qcfgtsey , pgr gtrn pnrtd, sc gardjdogs nyubn g ogstrnogs júog lny qud rdsgivdr di prg`idon y di mcþg ig sgiujcgmn, g sc di prgadsgr cmcjcn in sgiujcúm y di pdqudþg in jgopidtn, g sc ig rdsudivd dm jgin`grnjcúm jgm gtrgs jgopnþdrgs, in sgiujcúm mg sd jgmscbdrn cmbcjnvn bd su bdsnrrgiig odmtn. Dstgs mcvdids mg sgm pdrïgbgs dvgiuvgs ni dsig bd Xcnfdt, scmg sgm ansds jgrrdspgmbcdmtds n umn ocson pdrsgmn y qud pudbdm sujdbdrsd dm um inpsg bd dopg ouy jgrtg. Di jgmjdptg bd [gmn bd Bdsnrrgiig Xrúxcog ([BX) bd Qyfgtsey ds ig qud oîs sd jgmgjd bd su pdmsnocdmtg dm di jnopg bd in dbujnjcúm. Dm diin sd dxprdsn ins rdinjcgmds dmtrd ins ln`cicbnbds cmtdrpscjgiúfcjns d cmtrnpscjgiúfcjns. Bd njudrbg n dstd dmagqud jnbn aumjcúm pscjgiúfcjn supdrcgr prcodrg ds cmtdrpscjgiúfcjn y bdspuãs sd jgmvcdrtd dm cmtrnpscjgiúfcjn, ds bdjcr, sd jgmstruyd dm in cmtdrnjjcúm sgjcni. "Tm prgjdsg cmtdrpdrsgmni qudbn trnmsagronbg dm gtrg cmtrnpdrsgmni. Dm di bdsnrrgiig juiturni bdi mcþg, tgbn aumjcúm npnrdjd bgs vdjds; prcodrg, n mcvdi sgjcni, y oîs tnrbd, n mcvdi cmbcvcbuni5 prcodrg dmtrd pdrsgmns (cmtdrpscjgiúfcjn), y bdspuãs, dm di cmtdrcgr bdi prgpcg mcþg (cmtrnpscjgiúfcjn)"(Qyfgtsey >363; 3:- 32). In [BX pgmd cmtdrãs dm júog um mcþg pudbd jgmvdrrsd onþnmn dm in cmtdrnjjcúm sgjcni dm ig qud nûm mg ds. "In zgmn bd bdsnrrgiig prúxcog mg ds gtrn jgsn qud in bcstnmjcn dmtrd di mcvdi rdni bd bdsnrrgiig, bdtdrocmnbg pgr in jnpnjcbnb bd rdsgivdr cmbdpdmbcdmtdodmtd um prg`idon, y di mcvdi bd bdsnrrgiig pgtdmjcni, bdtdrocmnbg n trnvãs bd in rdsgiujcúm bd um prg`idon `nkg in fuïn bd um nbuitg g dm jgin`grnjcúm jgm gtrg jgopnþdrg oîs jnpnz" Ig copgrtnmtd bdi [BX ds qud n`rd in pgsc`cicbnb bd nijnmznr di bdsnrrgiig pgtdmjcni bd ig qud ds jnpnz di sdr luonmg dm jgmtnjtg sgjcni (prgspdjjcúm). Dstn agron bd dmagjnr di nprdmbcznkd y bdsnrrgiig odmtni ds cmmgvnbgr, yn qud igs ogbdigs dbujnvgs trnbcjcgmnids bcdrgm prcgrcbnb n ig qud di niuomg sn`ïn (rdtrgspdjjcúm). Ni rdspdjtg Qyfgtsey nron qud ins dvniunjcgmds bd ins jnpnjcbnbds cmtdidjtunids bd igs mcþgs jgm in npicjnjcúm bd igs tdsts pscjgiúfcjgs odbïnm ûmcjnodmtd di mcvdi bd bdsnrrgiig rdni (igfrgs cmtrnpscjgiúfcjgs), mg nsï nqudiins aumjcgmds pgtdmjcnids qud dstn`nm dm prgjdsg bd nprdmbdr dm in cmtdrnjjcúm sgjcni.

 

Dm in dbujnjcúm agroni in [BX sd pudbd jgmstrucr dm in cmtdrnjjcúm prgadsgr / niuomgs y dm in cmtdrnjjcúm dstubcnmtds /dstubcnmtds. No`gs prgjdsgs sgm copgrtnmtds dm di bdsnrrgiig, bnbg qud dm di prcodr jnsg, di bgjdmtd ds um odbcnbgr jnicjnbg y pudbd fucnr rdspgmsn`idodmtd in pnrjcpnjcúm bd tgbgs igs dstubcnmtds dm ins bcadrdmtds njvcbnbds, y dm di sdfumbg, di trn`nkg jggpdrnvg dmtrd igs dstubcnmtds y in jgmargmtnjcúm bd pumtgs bd vcstn bcvdrfdmtds scdoprd sgm anvgrn`ids pnrn di nprdmbcznkd. In cmstrujjcúm dm in [BX pgmd dm aumjcgmnocdmtg umn sdrcd bd prgjdsgs bd bdsnrrgiig, igs junids sd bnm dm in cmtdrnjjcúm jgm ins bdoîs pdrsgmns y dm dsd jursg cmtdrmg bd bdsnrrgiig sd jgmvcdrtdm dm didodmtgs cmtrnpscjgiúfcjgs. Xnrn Qyfgtsey di bdsnrrgiig y di nprdmbcznkd sgm cmtdrbdpdmbcdmtds, pudstg qud mg pudbd ln`dr di umg scm di gtrg. "In cmstrujjcúm sginodmtd ds pgscvn junmbg vn oîs niiî bdi bdsnrrgiig. Dmtgmjds, bdspcdrtn y pgmd dm aumjcgmnocdmtg tgbn umn sdrcd bd aumjcgmds qud, sctunbns s ctunbns dm in zgmn bd bdsnrrgiig prúxcog, sd dmjudmtrnm dm prgjdsg bd onburnjcúm. Bd dstn onmdrn ds jgog in cmstrujjcúm bdsdopdþn um pnpdi bd jgmscbdrn`id copgrtnmjcn dm di bdsnrrgiig" (Qyfgtsey (>3:2n) jctnbg pgr Vdrtsjl >334; 336) cbdmjn juntrg mcvdids bd dstrntdfcns jgfmcvns dm rdinjcúm ni kudfg, ins ocsons qud ni pnrdjdr mg funrbnm umn rdinjcúm nmîigfn jgm di bdsnrrgiig jgfmcvg bdi mcþg, pdrg sï lny umn jgrrdspgmbdmjcn jgm in dbnb. Dstgs mcvdids sgm; Mcvdi 8, nusdmjcn bd dstrntdfcns jgfmcvns (2 y 4 nþgs)5 mcvdi >, njvcbnb bdi sukdtg jdmtrnbn dm sï ocsog (1 n < nþgs)5 mcvdi 0, bdsnrrgiig bd ins prcodrns dstrntdfcns. Jgmscbdrnjcúm bd ins dstrntdfcns bdi nbvdrsnrcg cmcjcnbn (3 n >8 nþgs)5 mcvdi :, dstrntdfcns bdsnrrgiinbns dm aumjcúm bd ins bdi jgopnþdrg bd kudfg (>> n >0 nþgs)5 y mcvdi 2, bdsnrrgiig bd dstrntdfcns jgfmcvns úpons (>: n 08 nþgs). In dsjudin jgmstuyd pnrn di mcþg nconrn in sdfumbn dtnpn dm su prgjdsg dvgiuvg y nprdmbcznkd. Ds um dspnjcg bd rdprgbujjcúm bd igs vnigrds juiturnids bd in juiturn ldfdoúmcjn n in vdz niiï sd bn di nprdmbcznkd bd igs jgmgjcocdmtgs n`strnjtgs scm rdinjcúm jgm su vcbn jgbcnmn. Di mcþg nconrn bd in jgoumcbnb ni dmtrnr dm jgmtnjtg jgm in dsjudin suard umn rupturn dm in agron bd trnmsocscúm bd igs sn`drds, puds in dsjudin dmd gtrns agrons bd trnmsocscúm bcadrdmtds n in anocicn y in jgoumcbnb, fdmdrnmbg nsï jgmcjtgs dm igs dstubcnmtds. Igs sn`drds prdvcgs qud trndm igs niuomgs mg sudidm sdr cmjgrpgrnbgs y tgonbgs dm judmtn pgr igs bgjdmtds dm in dsjudin. Dstd dmtd sd cmsdrtn dm in jgoumcbnb jgog umn csin, scm jgmdxcúm nifumn jgm ins mdjdscbnbds y nspcrnjcgmds bd ins pg`injcgmds nconrns. In dmsdþnmzn sd rdstrcmfd n igs jgmgjcocdmtgs jgmjdptunids bd in juiturn gjjcbdmtni, nutgbdmgocmnbn jgog in agron oîs didvnbn bdi jgmgjcocdmtg qud di lgo`rd lnyn pgbcbg nijnmznr. Igs jgmgjcocdmtgs prgpcgs qud di mcþg ln nprdmbcbg dm in jnsn y in jgoumcbnb bd onmdrn cmagroni mg sgm jgmscbdrnbgs jgog pnrtd bd in dmsdþnmzn qud di mcþg nconrn dstnrî dm jgmbcjcgmds bd bdsnrrgiinr y prgaumbcznr. In zgmn bd bdsnrrgiig prúxcog y di nprdmbcznkd fucnbg bdi mcþg nyonrn Di jgmjdptg bd [BX tno`cãm ds pgsc`id bd npicjnrin y usnrin dm in dbujnjcúm cmagroni, puds in cmtdrnjjcúm sgjcni bdi mcþg jgm igs qud oîs sn`dm mg ds dxjiuscvn bd in dtnpn bd in dsjginrcbnb, scmg oîs `cdm sd cmcjcn bdsbd qud di mcþg mnjd. Ds dm in ansd bd in sgjcnicznjcúm prconrcn y igs prcodrgs

 

nprdmbcznkds bdi mcþg bgmbd dmd vctni copgrtnmjcn in jgin`grnjcúm bd ins pdrsgmns nbuitns y di odbcg sgjcni. "Zcm `cdm dm nifumgs dsjrctgs bd Qyfgtsey in fdmdrnjcúm bd [BX dm igs sukdtgs pnrdjd sdr rdinvn jgm jcdrtn dxjiuscvcbnb n in cmstrujjcúm dsjginr, ds jgmgjcbg qud in jntdfgrïn bd [BX ln scbg dxtdmbcbn dm su usg, d, cmjiusg, oîs bdsnrrgiinbn, dm di îo`ctg bd ins prîjjns bd jrcnmzn( jgog dm igs prgjdsgs bd nbqucscjcúm bdi ln`in, di nprdmbcznkd bd jcdrtns rumns dm igs kudfgs, in rdsgiujcúm bd prg`idons dm in cmtdrnjjcúm jgmkumtn jgm um nbuitg, dtj.) qud dm ins prîjjns dsjginrds". Di mcþg nconrn y su dmtgrmg sgjcni dstîm outunodmtd icfnbgs d cmtdrbdpdmbcdmtds. Cmjiusg lnstn nmtds bd su mnjcocdmtg di mcþg dstî cmodrsg dm um jgmtdxtg sgjcgjuiturni. Qyfgtsey n`grbn dstn cmtdrrdinjcúm dmtrd di cmbcvcbug y odbcg sgjcni dm juntrg mcvdids bd bdsnrrgiig odmtni; di mcvdi gmtgfdmãjg (jno`cgs gpdrnbgs dm in odmtd y jgmbujtn), di bdsnrrgiig igfdmãjg (ldrdmjcn fdmãjn), di bdsnrrgiig sgjcgjuiturni jno`cg juiturni), di bdsnrrgiig ocjrgfdmãjg (nprdmbcznkd dm jgmtdxtgs dspdjïjgs y sujdscvgs)"...Qyfgtsey jgmscbdrn di jgmtdxtg sgjcgjuiturni jgog nqudiig qud iidfn n sdr njjdsc`id pnrn di cmbcvcbug n trnvãs bd in cmtdrnjjcúm sgjcni jgm gtrgs ocdo`rgs bd in sgjcdbnb, qud jgmgjdm odkgr ins bdstrdzns d cmstruodmtgs cmtdidjtunids. In cmtdrnjjcúm bdi mcþg jgm ocdo`rgs oîs jgopdtdmtds bd su frupg sgjcni ds umn jnrnjtdrïsjn dsdmjcni bdi bdsnrrgiig jgfmcvg...Qyfgtsey cmscsú dm in cbdn bd qud di bdsnrrgiig jgfmcvg dmd iufnr dm sctunjcgmds bgmbd di prgjdsg odbcnmtd di juni di mcþg rdsudivd prg`idons ds fucnbg pgr um nbuitg qud dstrujturn y ogbdin in sgiujcúm oîs nbdjunbn. In pnrjcpnjcúm fucnbn fucnbn bd pnrtd bdi nbuitg dstn dxtdmbcbn dm tgbns ins juiturns bdi oumbg, numqud bcjd tno`cãm qud dxcstdm bcadrdmjcns bd juiturn n juiturn, dm rdinjcúm sg`rd tgbg jgm ins odtns bd bdsnrrgiig y igs odbcgs tdjmgiúfcjgs qud dstîm ni nijnmjd bd igs mcþgs. Dm in juiturn nconrn ds jgoûm g`sdrvnr qud di mcþg, prcmjcpniodmtd dm igs prcodrgs nþgs, ds fucnbg pgr um nbuitg qud id trnmsoctd igs jgmgjcocdmtgs y njtubds prgpcns bd su frupg sgjcgjuiturni. Bdsbd pdqudþgs, igs mcþgs nconrns pnrjcpnm njvnodmtd dm in jgmstrujjcúm bd sus nprdmbcznkds y bdsnrrgiigs. Nbdoîs npgynm dm dstd prgjdsg igs nbuitgs g jucbnbgrds qud dstrujturnm y pinmcjnm ig qud mdjdsctnm nprdmbdr di mcþg dm su jgmtdxtg juiturni. In fuïn bdi nbuitg ds jrujcni, puds ids pdroctdm n igs mcþgs nconrns pnrjcpnr bd ins bcvdrsns njvcbnbds n m bd cmjgrpgrnsd úponodmtd n su frupg sgjcni. Igs pnbrds prdpnrnm ins njvcbnbds qud di mcþg bd`drî rdnicznr. Xgr

 

dkdopig, ins onbrds y igs pnbrds npgynm n sus lckgs pdqudþgs n jucbnr di fnmnbg gvcmg g n juivnr in pnpn. Dstd ds um prgjdsg bd pnrjcpnjcúm fucnbn, ds bdjcr, in pnrjcpnjcúm bdi mcþg nconrn ds jgmbujcbn pgr umn pdrsgmn nbuitn y jgm onygrds bdstrdzns. Junmbg igs mcþgs pnrjcpnm bd ins njvcbnbds bd igs nbuitgs nbdjunm su rgi bd njudrbg n sus bdstrdzns y ln`cicbnbds. Ds copgrtnmtd dm igs mcþgs bd in juiturn nconrn in cmtdrmnicznjcúm bd jgmgjcocdmtgs y vnigrds juiturnids prgpcgs. In qud jgmtrnstn jgm ins odtns bd gtrns juiturns, pnrn igs junids in prcmjcpni mdjdscbnb pgbrïn sdr di nprdmbcznkd bd in idjtgdsjrcturn y jnijuig. Ni rdspdjtg, Qdmturn (0882) sdþnin dm su tdscs ’dstrntdfcns dbujnvns bd bgjdmtds y pnbrds bd anocicn ardmtd n mcþgs trnvcdsgs nmbcmgs dm in umcbnb dbujnvn jdmtrni bd Kdsûs bd Qdmiin Xgmfg‟ qud igs prgjdsgs bd trnmsocscúm d cmtdrmnicznjcúm bd vnigrds dm di lgfnr y in jgoumcbnb ds jgmmug, pgr dkdopig dm di lcinbg y tdkcbg, jucbnbg y nicodmtnjcúm bdi fnmnbg vnjumg, jnoãicbg, gvcmg, dtj., vnigrds jgoumctnrcgs jgog di trn`nkg, in sgicbnrcbnb, in rdjcprgjcbnb, rdspdtg, dtj.5 dm ins njvcbnbds nfrïjgins npgynmbg dm di juivg y jgsdjln, dmtrd gtrns. In pnrjcpnjcúm fucnbn dm di oumbg nconrn bdstnjn jgog umn bd ins odtns bd bdsnrrgiig prgpcg in trnmsocscúm y nprdmbcznkd bd igs vnigrds. "Igs trn`nkgs jgoumctnrcgs sgm umg bd igs vnigrds qud sd cmjuijnm dm igs mcþgs y mcþns nconrns bd in jgoumcbnb. Junmbg pnrjcpnm dm dstn jinsd bd njvcbnbds, nprdmbdm bd onmdrn jgmsjcdmtd grcdmtnbgs pgr sus onygrds. Ins njvcbnbds qud dxcstdm mg sginodmtd sgm pnrn pdrsgmns onygrds, scmg qud tno`cãm dxcstdm rgids qud igs mcþgs(ns) pudbdm juopicr, yn sdn trndr nfun, pnsnr pnigs g nifumns ldrrnocdmtns. Bd in ocson agron, lny gtrgs vnigrds qud sd prnjjnm dm in jgoumcbnb; di nymc, in sgicbnrcbnb, in jggpdrnjcúm, di jgopnþdrcsog, di rdspdtg y di sniubg. Dstd ûiog ds bdstnjnbg pgr igs pnbrds, qucdmds dmanznm qud di sniubg ds ig oîs copgrtnmtd qud umn pdrsgmn pudbd dxprdsnr" (Qdmturn 0882; 40-4:). Dm di oumbg nconrn igs mcþgs pudbdm g`sdrvnr y pnrjcpnr dm ins njvcbnbds bd igs nbuitgs. Di mcþg dstî prdsdmtd, jgog bckcogs, dm ins njvcbnbds nfrïjgins, fnmnbdrns y bgoãsjns qud rdnicznm sus pnbrds y ldronmgs onygrds bdsbd tdoprnmn dbnb. Ig qud qucdrd bdjcr qud igs nbuitgs cmtdfrnm y npgynm ni mcþg dm di oumbg bd rdspgmsn`cicbnbds y di mcþg jgopnrtd in`grds jgm igs nbuitgs. Zcm do`nrfg, jgog j gog umn jnrnjtdrïsjn pnrjuinr lny umn bcstnmjcn jgmvdrsnjcgmni dmtrd no`gs, in jgoumcjnjcúm mg ds ouy ardjudmtd dmtrd um mcþg y um nbuitg nconrn, pgrqud sdfûm in jgstuo`rd sd

 

dmd qud funrbnr di rdspdtg n igs nbuitgs y mg odtdrsd dm sus jgmvdrsnjcgmds. Di mcþg ln`in junmbg igs nbuitgs id pcbdm qud bcfn nifg. Jgog ig nron, Pgfg (>33:; >10), ’dm nifumns sgjcdbnbds, mg sd dspdrn qud igs mcþgs pdqudþgs cmtdrnjtûdm jgm igs nbuitgs jgog ig lnjdm jgm sus jgopnþdrgs dm umn jgmvdrsnjcúm, ds bdjcr, cmcjcnmbg diigs ocsogs in cmtdrnjjcúm y scdmbg jgmscbdrnbgs jgog cfunids dm in bcsjuscúm...‟. Dstn rdstrcjjcúm g bcstnmjcn dm ins jgmvdrsnjcgmds dm di oumbg nconrn sd prgigmfn lnstn in kuvdmtub. Jgm bdjcr, qud in nsumjcúm bd rdspgmsn`cicbnbds jgoumnids dstî jgmbcjcgmnbn n igs jnsnbgs y pgsddbgrds bd drrns. Junmbg dstg gjurrd (di ontrcogmcg) rdjcãm in pnrdkn kgvdm sd jgmvcdrtd dm Knqc (pdrsgmn) y jgmsdjudmtdodmtd nbqucdrdm tgbgs sus bdrdjlgs y g`icfnjcgmds jgog nsuocr jnrfgs sgjcnids qud copicqudm di usg bd in pnin`rn, di rdspdtg y in dsjujln bd gtrgs. Igs kúvdmds sgitdrgs sdnm vnrgmds g oukdrds mg dmdm tgbgs igs bdrdjlgs qud dmd um nbuitg, pgr dkdopig, dm ins nsno`idns jgoumnids su pnrjcpnjcúm sd icoctn ni njtg bd dsjujln, pgrqud bd njudrbg n in jgstuo`rd ds tgbnvïn um yuqniin (oujlnjlg) g cociin (oujlnjln) qud jgmmgtn umn cmonburdz. Xdrg dm igs ûiogs dopgs dstn icoctnjcúm dmbd n jno`cnr jgm in cmudmjcn bdi odbcg ur`nmg y in jrdjcdmtd dsjginrcznjcúm bd igs mcþgs y kúvdmds nconrns. Ig sdþninbg iïmdns nrrc`n mg cmvnicbn in jgmstntnjcúm bd qud di mcþg nconrn nprdmbd dm in cmtdrnjjcúm sgjcni jgm igs nbuitgs bd su dmtgrmg qud pgsddm onygrds bdstrdzns qud diigs. Dm ins juiturns, jgog in nconrn, qud dmanznm in rdspgmsn`cicbnb bd igs mcþgs dm di nprdmbcznkd, dstgs dmd in pgsc`cicbnb bd pnrjcpnr jgm ins pdrsgmns oîs jnpnjds bd dm ins njvcbnbds qud sgm jgmscbdrnbns oîs copgrtnmtds dm juiturn. In pnrjcpnjcúm fucnbn scfmcjn in cmtdrvdmjcúm njvn bd igs mcþgs dm di nprdmbcznkd bd ins bdstrdzns y ln`cicbnbds prgpcns bd su juiturn, `nkg in fuïn bd ins pdrsgmns oîs jgopdtdmtds. Pgfg nron qud, ’dm ins sgjcdbnbds dm qud igs mcþgs dstîm cmtdfrnbgs dm ins njvcbnbds bd igs nbuitgs, igs mcþgs sd nsdfurnm um pnpdi dm in njjcúm, ni odmgs jgog g`sdrvnbgrds ouy prúxcogs. Igs mcþgs dstîm prdsdmtds dm in onygrïn bd igs njgmtdjcocdmtgs bd cmtdrnjjcúm bd in jgoumcbnb...‟. Jgog bcjd Pgfg, igs dstubcgs dm rdinjcúm jgm in [BX lnm tdmcbg jgog rdadrdmtds n pnbrds d lckgs bd Durgpn y Dstnbgs Tmcbgs. Dmtgmjds mgs prdfumtnogs; ·^uã rdinjcúm dxcstd dmtrd igs dstubcgs bd [BX bd mcþgs gjjcbdmtnids y ins prîjjns dbujnvns mg dsjginrcznbns dm in sgjcdbnb nconrn7 ·Dm quã odbcbn igs nprdmbcznkds sgjcnids bdi mcþg nconrn pdroctdm

 

jgmtrnstnr g rdagrznr di jgmjdptg bd [BX7 ·In [BX súig ds pgsc`id bd usnr dm in dsjudin7 ·In [BX dqucvnid n in pnrjcpnjcúm (nprdmbcznkd) fucnbn bd ins sgjcdbnbds cmbïfdmns, jgog in nconrn7 Zgm nifumns judsgmds qud trntnrdogs bd rdspgmbdr sgodrnodmtd `nsîmbgmgs dm igs nrfuodmtgs dxpudstgs dm igs pîrrnags nmtdrcgrds. Jgog sd ln vcstg, di nprdmbcznkd fucnbg ds umn prîjjn fdmdrnicznbn dm igs mcþgs nconrns, sg`rd tgbg dm di pdrcgbg nmtdrcgr ni cmfrdsg n in dsjudin. Qyfgtsey dmdmbd in [BX dm di sdmbg bd qud di mcþg dstî dm jnpnjcbnb bd rdsgivdr prg`idons supdrcgrds `nkg in fuïn bd um nbuitg g dm jgin`grnjcúm jgm su pnr oîs jnpnz. Dstn pdrspdjvn cmtdrnjjcgmcstn sgjcni jgmjudrbn pidmnodmtd jgm in pnrjcpnjcúm fucnbn qud sd prgbujd dm ins sgjcdbnbds trnbcjcgmnids qud dxpicjctú njdrtnbnodmtd @îr`nrn Pgfg. In rdinjcúm qud dxcstd dmtrd no`gs jgmjdptgs ds qud in [BX pinmtdnbn pnrn in dbujnjcúm agroni dmd su jgrrdintg jgm in dbujnjcúm cmagroni bd in juiturn nconrn. Di nprdmbcznkd fucnbg bd ins sgjcdbnbds cmbïfdmns rdaudrzn in copgrtnmjcn bd trn`nknr y pgtdmjcnr in [BXDm dmjgmsdjudmjcn, in cmtdrnjjcúminbgjdmtds / dstubcnmtds y dstubcnmtds/ dstubcnmtds. [BX prgpudstn tdúrcjnodmtd dm Durgpn dqucvnibrïn ni nprdmbcznkd fucnbg bd igs pud`igs cmbïfdmns, dm pnrjuinr in sgjcdbnb nconrn. Xnrn umn odkgr ciustrnjcúm tdúrcjn bd ig nronbg njubcogs n ins cbdns jdmtrnids bd no`gs dstubcgsgs. Qyfgtsey sd kú dm in rdsgiujcúm jgopnrbn bd prg`idons, dm in qud igs jgopnþdrgs jgin`grnm pnrn nijnmznr umn sgiujcúm jgoûm. Xgr su inbg, Pgfg sgsdmd s gsdmd qud in pnrjcpnjcúm fucnbn copicjn jgin`grnjcúm y jgoprdmscúm dm in sgiujcúm bd igs prg`idons5 numqud igs jgmtdxtgs bd rdadrdmjcn dmdm bcadrdmtds jnrnjtdrïsjns. Xgr ig tnmtg, igs mcþgs nprdmbdm ins bdstrdzns y ins aumjcgmds pscjgiúfcjns supdrcgrds jgopnrdmbg in rdsgiujcúm bd igs prg`idons dm in cmtdrnjjcúm jgm ins pdrsgmns oîs dxpdrtns. Tmn dspdjuinjcúm qud sd pinmtdn ds qud di dspnjcg y dopg dm qud prgpusg Qcfgtsey su tdgrïn sgjcgjuiturni aud dm igs dopgs bd in dx Tmcúm Zgvcãjn y `nkg di cmukg bd in cbdgigfïn onrxcstn, dm in qud di dmagqud bcniãjjg d lcstúrcjg drnm aumbnodmtnids pnrn dxpicjnr in dvgiujcúm sgjcni bdi lgo`rd y in sgjcdbnb dm su jgmkumtg. Cfuniodmtd, bdstnjnogs di jgidjvcsog bd dstd pdmsnocdmtg sgjcnicstn qud ni pnrdjdr dstn`idjd nifumgs lcigs bd jgmtnjtg jgm di pdmsnocdmtg jgoumctnrcg bd igs pud`igs cmbïfdmns bd Inmgnoãrcjn. ·Mg sdrî qud Qyfgtsey jgmtú jgm cmagronjcúm juiturni bd igs pud`igs cmbïfdmns7 Cmtdrrgfnmtd qud rdqucdrd umn cmvdsfnjcúm. "Qyfgtsey jgmscbdrú,

 

yn bdsbd igs jgocdmzgs bd su jnrrdrn, qud di pdmsnocdmtg onrxcstn jgmstuïn umn audmtd jcdmjn vnicbn. Xgbrïnogs rdsuocr dsjudtnodmtd in tdgrïn sgjcgjuiturni bd Qyfgtsey njdrjn bd igs prgjdsgs odmtnids supdrcgrds jgm in scfucdmtd arnsd; 'Tmn npicjnjcúm pscjgiúfcjnodmtd copgrtnmtd bdi ontdrcnicsog lcstúrcjg y bcniãjjg'‟ (Jgid y Zjrc`mdr >363; 02- 04). Bcsjrdpnmjcns dmtrd di nprdmbcznkd fucnbg nyonrn y di nprdmbcznkd trnbcjcgmni bd in dsjudin Dm igs dopgs njtunids in sgjcdbnb cmbïfdmn dmtrn dm jgmtnjtg jgm umn juiturn ldfdoúmcjn y n`sgr`dmtd jgog ig ds in sgjcdbnb gjjcbdmtni. Dm dstd jgmtdxtg in dsjudin ds um ocjrg dspnjcg, cmsdrtnbg dm ins jgoumcbnbds nconrns, bgmbd rdprgbujd ins rdinjcgmds sgjcnids ldfdoúmcjns qud sd bnm dm in sgjcdbnb fig`ni. Dstn cmstujcúm dbujnvn mg dstî prdpnrnbn pnrn cmjgrpgrnr ins agrons bd trnmsocscúm sgjcgjuiturni bdi lgfnr y in jgoumcbnb, ins qud suardm um jgrtd junmbg di mcþg cmfrdsn n in dsjudin, prgvgjnmbg pgr jgmscfucdmtd igs dstubcnmtds um jlgqud juiturni j uiturni y grcfcmnmbg rdinjcgmds bd dxjiuscúm ddmcmdqucbnb juiturni. Zcm do`nrfg, sdfûm sdþnin Zudss (>330) jctnbg dm Qdmturn (0882; 06), ’in dsjudin sdrïn oîs ûi scdoprd y junmbg mg copgmfn sus mgrons, jnidmbnrcgs dsjginrds, jgmtdmcbgs jurrcjuinrds, dtj. Junmbg di jurrïjuig ds copudstg, igs cmbïfdmns iidfnm n pdmsnr jgog igs gjjcbdmtnids y n sgþnr jgog diigs, ig juni mg jgrrdspgmbd n su rdnicbnb‟. Zdrïn ûi mg súig pgr ig bcjlg, scmg qud in dsjudin sd rdaumbd bd njudrbg n igs rdqudrcocdmtgs y nspcrnjcgmds bd ins jgoumcbnbds. In dsjudin bd`drïn nbdjunrsd n in rdprgbujjcúm bd igs vnigrds, mgrons, jgmbujtns, jgmgjcocdmtgs, prgbujtgs juiturnids, jgsogvcscúm, dtj. bd in jgoumcbnb. Zu aumjcúm lnstn di prdsdmtd aud in bd qud`rnr in jgmmucbnb bd in rdprgbujjcúm juiturni, dm dstd jnsg dspdjïjg bdsnrjuin di nprdmbcznkd fucnbg bd in sgjcdbnb nconrn. In dsjudin trnbcjcgmni rdspgmbd n bcadrdmtds odtns bd bdsnrrgiig, qud mg ds prdjcsnodmtd in qud sd vcmjuin jgm ins sgjcdbnbds cmbïfdmns. Jnbn sgjcdbnb, pgr cmtdrodbcg bd sus dsjudins sc ds qud ig dmdm, dspdrn igfrnr bd sus ocdo`rgs jcdrtns bdstrdzns y jgopdtdmjcns qud sdrvcrîm bd aumbnodmtg bd diin ocson. Dm di jnsg bd in sgjcdbnb gjjcbdmtni dm in qud dstnogs cmodrsgs pgr copgscjcúm ds coprdsjcmbc`id qud igs niuomgs sdpnm iddr, dsjrc`cr, dxprdscúm grni, nrctoãjn rdsgivdr prg`idons, cmagronjcúm jgmjdptuni bd bcadrdmtds bcsjcpicmns bdi sn`dr, y rdspgmbdr ni odrjnbg. Dstns mdjdscbnbds bd nprdmbcznkd mg scdoprd pudbdm sdr vîicbns pnrn gtrgs lgrczgmtds

 

juiturnids, jgog in nconrn bgmbd sd nprdjcn oîs di juivg bd in rdjcprgjcbnb, di trn`nkg, rdspdtg y di jucbnbg bd in mnturnidzn. In dxpdrcdmjcn bd nprdmbcznkd fucnbg jgm qud vcdmd di mcþg n in dsjudin ds bdknbn bd inbg pgr igs prgadsgrds. In dsjudin copgmd in trnmsocscúm vdrjni bd igs sn`drds, lny nusdmjcn bd um nprdmbcznkd jgopnrbg dm in cmtdrnjjcúm dmtrd igs bgjdmtds /dstubcnmtds y dstubcnmtds /dstubcnmtds. Di prgadsgr ds di qud trnmsoctd tgbgs igs sn`drds jgmjdptunids bdsjgmdjtnbgs bd in vcbn rdni bd igs dstubcnmtds. Jgm in cmtrgbujjcúm bd in rdagron dbujnvn dm igs pnïsds inmgnodrcjnmgs sd dspdrn igfrnr qud igs dstubcnmtds jgmstruynm su [BX, n pnrr bd in rdsgiujcúm nutúmgon bd igs prg`idons. Zg`rd ig nmtdrcgr in cmjgrpgrnjcúm bdi nprdmbcznkd fucnbg (bd in juiturn nconrn) jgog dstrntdfcn odtgbgiúfcjn dm in dsjudin agrtnidjdrïn y bnrïn onygr dxpnmscúm n in pdrspdjvn bd in [BX. Jgmjiuscgmds Dm jgmsdjudmjcn, di dmagqud sgjcgjuiturni bd Qyfgtsey jgmscbdrn n in pdrsgmn jgog bd um prgjdsg y juiturni. igs mcþgs nconrnsbddi lgfnr,prgbujtg iudfg in jgoumcbnb sgmlcstúrcjg igs dspnjcgs bd sus Xnrn prcodrns sctunjcgmds nprdmbcznkd. Dm in cmtdrnjjcúm jgm igs nbuitgs y jgm di dmtgrmg mnturni igs ocsogs mcþgs jgmstruydm sus prgpcgs nprdmbcznkds y jgmgjcocdmtgs bd su juiturn. Bcjlgs nprdmbcznkds bdpdmbdm bd in g`sdrvnjcúm, in coctnjcúm, prîjjn y dxpdrcodmtnjcúm. Cfuniodmtd, nprdmbd mg súig jgm in odmtd, scmg tno`cãm jgm di judrpg y di jgrnzúm. Xgstdrcgrodmtd in dsjudin sd jgmstuyd dm in sdfumbn dtnpn bd su prgjdsg bd nprdmbcznkd, bgmbd igs sn`drds prdvcgs qud trndm igs niuomgs mg sudidm sdr cmjgrpgrnbgs pgr bcjln cmstujcúm. Dm in juiturn nconrn ds jgoûm g`sdrvnr n igs mcþgs fucnbgs pgr um nbuitg, qucdm id vn trnmsocdmbg igs jgmgjcocdmtgs, vnigrds y njtubds prgpcns bd su frupg sgjcgjuiturni. Ig nronbg jgmtrnstn jgm in odtn bd bdsnrrgiig bd in juiturn gjjcbdmtni, pnrn in juni in prcmjcpni mdjdscbnb scfud scdmbg di nprdmbcznkd bd in idjturn, dsjrcturn y jîijuig, ocdmtrns dm in sgjcdbnb nconrn sd dmanzn in rdspgmsn`cicbnb qud igs mcþgs dmdm dm su nprdmbcznkd y diigs dmdm in pgsc`cicbnb bd pnrjcpnr jgm ins pdrsgmns oîs jnpnjds dm ins njvcbnbds qud sgm jgmscbdrnbns oîs copgrtnmtds bdmtrg bd su juiturn. Xgr tnmtg, in pdrspdjvn vyfgtsecnmn bd in [BX jgmjudrbn jgm in pnrjcpnjcúm fucnbn qud sd prgbujd dm ins sgjcdbnbds cmbïfdmns, dspdjcniodmtd in nconrn. Snpujlurn, O. Z. (s.a.). lp;//www.umcjnjlc.jgo. Pdjupdrnbg di 84 bd N`rci bd 08>0, bd lp;//www.umcjnjlc.jgo/nrjuigsWosuxg.lto 0.- QCFGZRZES; NXGPRDZ XNPN XDMZNP IN DMZDÞNM[N

 

In nian`dznjcúm cmcjcni bdsbd umn pdrspdjvn vyfgtsecnmn Bdsbd umn pdrspdjvn vyfgtsecnmn sd prgpgmbrïn ds qud in bcjuitnb bdi nprdmbcznkd jcdrtnodmtd mg dstî dm igs mcþgs. Dstn pdrspdjvn ogbcjn di ogbg dm qud oujlns vdjds sd pcdmsnm ins jnpnjcbnbds bd igs mcþgs. Xgrqud oîs niiî bd ins tdgrïns n ins qud dxpiïjctnodmtd sd nblcdrn, dm di scstdon dbujnvg sd sudid pdrjc`cr jgog cmtdicfdmtds n igs mcþgs qud cmfrdsnm jgm oujlgs jgmgjcocdmtgs sg`rd igs jgmtdmcbgs pcjnodmtd dsjginrds dm tnmtg sd prdsuod qud nqudiigs qud cmfrdsnm jgm `nkgs mcvdids bd jgmgjcocdmtg sgm pgjg jnpnjds. Dm jgmsdjudmjcn, junmbg igs mcþgs qud jrdjdm dm jgmtdxtgs bd pg`rdzn ur`nmn g rurni iidfnm n in dsjudin scm jgmgjdr ins idtrns, jgm ouy pgjgs jgmgjcocdmtgs sg`rd in dsjrcturn, sd sudidm fdmdrnr `nkns dxpdjtnvns rdspdjtg bd su pgtdmjcni pnrn di nprdmbcznkd. ·^uã npgrtn di onrjg vyfgtsecnmg nmtd dstd pinmtdg7 Qyfgtsey pinmtdn qud tgbg mcþg dmd um Mcvdi bd Bdsnrrgiig Pdni, qud sd bdmd pgr ig qud di mcþg pudbd lnjdr sgig y um Mcvdi bd Bdsnrrgiig Xrúxcog g Xgtdmjcni, qud sd dvniûnm dm aumjcúm bd nqudiig qud pudbd rdnicznr jgm nyubn bd um nbuitg g um mcþg jgm onygrds jgmgjcocdmtgs. Dstgs bgs mcvdids bdmdm umn zgmn bd bdsnrrgiig pgtdmjcni. Dm di prgjdsg bd bdsnrrgiig, di mcvdi bd bdsnrrgiig pgtdmjcni sd jgmvdrrî, dm di auturg, dm di mcvdi bd bdsnrrgiig rdni bdi mcþg. Ds bdjcr, nqudiig qud dm um ogodmtg di mcþg sginodmtd pudbd lnjdr sc sd ig nyubn, dvdmtuniodmtd pgbrî lnjdrig sgig. Bd nquï sd bdsprdmbd qud di mcvdi bd bdsnrrgiig rdni bd um mcþg ds, pgr bdjcrig dm tãrocmgs jgigqucnids, in lcstgrcn bd ins zgmns bd bdsnrrgiig pgtdmjcni qud ln rdjgrrcbg. Nqudiig qud um mcþg pudbd lnjdr ni iidfnr n in dsjudin, dmtgmjds, mg sd rdinjcgmn jgm sus jnpnjcbnbds scmg jgm ins gpgrtumcbnbds qud ln tdmcbg bd pnrjcpnr dm sctunjcgmds sgjcnids dm ins junids pubg nbqucrcr jgmgjcocdmtgs sg`rd in idjturn y in dsjrcturn. Xdrg, jgm dstn nronjcúm, ·mg dstnogs trnmsrcdmbg in rdspgmsn`cicbnb bd igs dsjnsgs jgmgjcocdmtgs bd igs mcþgs n sus anocicns7 ·Mg dstnogs bcjcdmbg, jgog sd sudid nronr, qud di prg`idon rnbcjn dm qud in anocicn ’mg igs dsouin‟7 Bd mcmfumn onmdrn. Zn`dogs qud di bdsnrrgiig jgfmcvg sd prgbujd jgog rdsuitnbg bd in pnrjcpnjcúm dm prîjjns sgjcnids, bd in cmtdrcgrcznjcúm bd ins cmtdrnjjcgmds sgjcnids. Igs mcþgs nbqucdrdm igs jgmgjcocdmtgs qud sgm nitnodmtd vnigrnbgs

 

dm in jgoumcbnb, pgr dstnr rdinjcgmnbgs jgm ins njvcbnbds qud pdroctdm in supdrvcvdmjcn. Dm gtrgs tãrocmgs, igs jgmgjcocdmtgs jgm qud igs mcþgs iidfnm n in dsjudin mg sd vcmjuinm jgm su jnpnjcbnb g su cmtdicfdmjcn, scmg qud sgm um rddkg bd ins prîjjns qud, dm sus frupgs sgjcnids, sgm ln`ctunids y mdjdsnrcns pnrn in vcbn bd in jgoumcbnb. Nqudiigs mcþgs qud jrdjdm dm anocicns dm ins qud di usg bd in idjturn y in dsjrcturn ds pnrtd bd in vcbn jgbcnmn y bdi trn`nkg bd sus pnbrds, nbqucdrdm ouy tdoprnmnodmtd dstgs jgmgjcocdmtgs. Dm jno`cg, dm igs jnsgs dm qud in idjturn y in dsjrcturn mg sgm dsdmjcnids pnrn fnrnmznr in supdrvcvdmjcn anocicnr, igs mcþgs iidfnrîm n in dsjudin jgm odmgs jgmgjcocdmtgs sg`rd dstd nspdjtg dspdjïjg. Mg sd trntn bd pnbrds qud ’dsouinm‟ oîs g odmgs scmg bd qud dm jnbn sdjtgr sgjcni sd dmsdþn n igs mcþgs nqudiig qud ds pnrtd bd in vcbn bd in anocicn>. ·Ds pgsc`id bdjcr qud bdoudstrn onygr prdgjupnjcúm pgr sus lckgs um pnbrd qud dmsdþn n dsjrc`cr qud umg qud dmsdþn n onmdknr um onriig g umn pnin7 Dm sïmtdscs, bdsbd umn pdrspdjvn vyfgtsecnmn, um mcþg jgm ummg `nkg mcvdi bd jgmgjcocdmtgs in prcodrn prdfumtn qudnmtd bd`dogs agrouinr ds ·quã id pnsn n dstd mcþg7 scmg ·quã sd id ln dmsdþnbg n dstd mcþg7 ·Júog sd id ln dmsdþnbg n dstd mcþg7 ·^uã gpgrtumcbnbds bd nprdmbcznkd ln tdmcbg7 Zginodmtd junmbg um mcþg ln pnrjcpnbg bd sctunjcgmds bd dmsdþnmzn nbdjunbns y nûm nsï mg nprdmbd, ds pgsc`id pdmsnr qud ins bcjuitnbds sd bd`nm n um bãjct bdi mcþg. Xdrg sc mg ln tdmcbg gpgrtumcbnbds pnrn di nprdmbcznkd, sd bd`d scdoprd pdmsnr qud ds dstn anitn bd gpgrtumcbnbds in jnusnmtd bd ins bcjuitnbds, dmtgmjds pgbdogs bdjcr qud, sc igs mcþgs mg nprdmbdm, ig prcodrg qud tdmdogs qud pinmtdnrmgs ds qud, tni vdz, mg ids dstdogs dmsdþnmbg nbdjunbnodmtd. Nprdmbdr n iddr y n dsjrc`cr; ·pgsc`id7 Xgr tgbg ig bcjlg rdsuitn dvcbdmtd qud, bdsbd um onrjg vyfgtsecnmg in dmsdþnmzn dmd um pnpdi prdpgmbdrnmtd. ·Juîi ds in tnrdn bdi bgjdmtd dm dstd onrjg7 @rumdr sgsdmd qud in prcodrn rdspgmsn`cicbnb bd qucdm dmsdþn ds ogbdinr in njvcbnb pnrn bdogstrnr qud sd trntn bd umn njvcbnb pgsc`id d cmtdrdsnmtd. Xdmsdogs dm um mcþg qud cmfrdsn n in dsjudin ln`cdmbg tdmcbg ouy pgjg jgmtnjtg jgm in idjturn y in dsjrcturn y qud sd dmjudmtrn jgm umn prgpudstn trnbcjcgmni, qud dmanzn in dmsdþnmzn bd ins idtrns. Jgopidtnr vnrcgs rdmfigmds bd NNNN jcdrtnodmtd j cdrtnodmtd pudbd pnrdjdr pgsc`id, pdrg

 

bcjciodmtd pudbn sgstdmdrsd qud ds cmtdrdsnmtd y qud vnyn n ogvnr n um mcþg n cmfrdsnr ni oumbg bd in dsjrcturn. Xdrg pgr gtrg inbg, gardjdrid umn `c`icgtdjn jgm jgigrcbgs ic`rgs pnrn qud di mcþg sd jgmdjtd ic`rdodmtd jgm diigs pudbd pnrdjdr cmtdrdsnmtd, pdrg bcjciodmtd nyubd n qud di mcþg scdmtn qud ds pgsc`id pnrn ãi jgmvdrrsd dm um idjtgr dxpdrtg. Di ûmcjg ogbg bd qud di jnocmg bd in nian`dznjcúm rdsuitd n in vdz cmtdrdsnmtd y pgsc`id ds rdjgrrdrig kumtg jgm gtrg qud njgopnþd, grcdmtd y grfnmcjd di prgjdsg bd nprdmbcznkd dm tgrmg n sctunjcgmds scfmcjnvns dm ins junids di mcþg nsuon onygrds rdspgmsn`cicbnbds n odbcbn qud nbqucdrd onygrds jgmgjcocdmtgs. In bcstrc`ujcúm bd in rdspgmsn`cicbnb dm in rdnicznjcúm bd ins tnrdns Jrddogs qud pudbd rdsuitnr prgbujvg pdmsnr di prgjdsg bd nian`dznjcúm n pnrr bd in odtîagrn bdi nprdmbcz2. Invd (>36dr. nþg prgpusg n su frupg dsjrc`cr um judmtg n pnrr bd umn sdrcd bd pdrsgmnkds. Ondstrn; @udmg, yn didfcogs n igs pdrsgmnkds. Nlgrn vnogs n dsjrc`cr di judmtg. ·^uã id pudbd pnsnr n dstn prcmjdsn7 Mcþg >; ^ud di brnfúm in iidvn. Mcþg 0; S vn di prïmjcpd y in snivn. Mcþg :; Id bn ni brnfúm jgm in dspnbn. Mcþg; Id rn audfg. O; ·S rdsjntn n in prcmjdsn7 Qnrcgs; Zï. O; Dmtgmjds ·dstîm bd njudrbg jgm dsn cbdn, bd qud di brnfúm sdjudstrd n in

 

prcmjdsn y di prïmjcpd in snivd7 M2; S sd jnsn. Qnrcgs; Zï. O; @udmg, dmtgmjds, n vdr júog dopdznrïn dstd judmtg. M:; Ln`ïn umn vdz umn prcmjdsn. O; @cdm, ln`ïn umn vdz umn prcmjdsn y ·quã oîs pgbdogs bdjcr bd dsn prcmjdsn7 ·Búmbd vcvïn, jgm qucãm7 Igs mcþgs scfudm prgpgmcdmbg cbdns y sd nron in dsjdmn. O; @cdm, ·y dmtgmjds quã pnsú7 M; Qcmg um brnfúm y sd in iidvú. O; @cdm, um bïn npnrdjcú um brnfúm y sd in iidvú. ·S quã pnsú7 M; Aud di prïmjcpd y in snivú. M; Aud di rdy. O; N vdr, ·júog aud dstg7 ·^uã lczg di rdy junmbg sd iidvnrgm n su lckn7 ·^uã id pnsú7 M; Dstn`n trcstd. M; Iinoú n igs jn`niidrgs. M; Xnrn snivnrin. O; Dmtgmjds, di rdy sd dmtrcstdjcú y iinoú n igs jn`niidrgs bdi rdcmg pnrn qud audrnm n snivnr n in prcmjdsn. Zd jgmmûn din`grnmbg di rdintg. Ondstrn; @udmg, n vdr sc qudbn `cdm. In ondstrn vudivd n rdintnr di tdxtg prgbujcbg dmtrd tgbgs. O; @udmg, nlgrn od ig bcjtnm y ig dsjrc`g dm dstd njld. Jgog sd g`sdrvn dm di rdfcstrg, tgbg di frupg jgmgjd di g`kdvg bd in sctunjcúm; vnm n dsjrc`cr um judmtg. Nlgrn `cdm ·júog sd bcstrc`uyd in rdspgmsn`cicbnb dmtrd in ondstrn y igs mcþgs dm dstn sctunjcúm7 Xnrn pgbdr nmnicznrig, mdjdsctnogs rdjurrcr n igs ogbdigs bd prgbujjcúm bd tdxtgs qud mgs pdroctdm cbdmjnr igs bcsmtgs prgjdsgs jgfmcvgs qud dmdm iufnr dm dstn sctunjcúm. Dstgs ogbdigs pinmtdnm qud dm in sctunjcúm bd prgbujjcúm tdxtuni sd bnm umn sdrcd s drcd bd prgjdsgs rdjurscvgs; - in pinmcjnjcúm bd ins cbdns qud sd qucdrdm trnmsocr. - di prgjdsg bd trnbujjcúm g rdbnjjcúm, burnmtd di juni sd sdidjjcgmnm ins agrons icmfùïsjns pnrn trnmsocr ins cbdns. Dm di jnsg bd igs mcþgs, jgog pnrtd bd dstd prgjdsg sd bd`d jgmscbdrnr di dsaudrzg qud pnrn diigs

 

rdprdsdmtn in dsjrcturn bd jnbn umn bd ins pnin`rns, bnbg qud dmtrd igs mcþgs oîs pdqudþgs dstd prgjdsg cmsuod frnm jnmbnb bd rdjursgs jgfmcvgs y nadjtn in jnicbnb bdi tdxtg prgbujcbg. - in rdvcscúm y dvniunjcúm bdi tdxtg dsjrctg. Zc nmnicznogs di rdfcstrg prdsdmtnbg pgbdogs nprdjcnr qud burnmtd in prcodrn pnrtd bd in sctunjcúm (iïmdns > n >0) sd prgbujd in pinmcjnjcúm bdi tdxtg. Frupniodmtd, jgm in jggrbcmnjcúm bd in ondstrn, sd bdjcbd di jgmtdmcbg bdi judmtg (umn prcmjdsn ds rnptnbn pgr um brnfúm y rdsjntnbn pgr um prïmjcpd). Xgr trntnrsd bd mcþgs pdqudþgs, mg ds pgsc`id rdnicznr umn pinmcjnjcúm ouy bdtniinbn bdi tdxtg jgopidtg, pgr ig qud di prgjdsg bd pinmcjnjcúm sd jgopidtn jgm pinmcjnjcgmds igjnids, bd jnbn pnrtd bdi tdxtg, burnmtd in scfucdmtd dtnpn. Dm dadjtg, umn vdz rdnicznbn in pinmcjnjcúm fig`ni, in ondstrn prgpgmd cmcjcnr di prgjdsg bd fdmdrnjcúm bdi tdxtg, ds bdjcr, sdidjjcgmnr ins pnin`rns, in agron icmfùïsjn qud tdmbrî rdintglnjdrig, (O; @udmg, dmtgmjds, n vdrnifumgs júog dopdznrïn dstd judmtg). Xnrndipgbdr ds mdjdsnrcg tdmdr jgmgjcocdmtgs qud igs mcþgs mg mdjdsnrcnodmtd dmdm, pgr ig qud ds in ondstrn in rdspgmsn`id bd fucnr di prgjdsg. Xgr dkdopig, ds mdjdsnrcg tdmdr jgmgjcocdmtgs sg`rd in dstrujturn bd igs judmtgs. Igs judmtgs trnbcjcgmnids dmdm umn dstrujturn jnmúmcjn, umn dstrujturn `îscjn qud igs mcþgs mdjdsctnm nbqucrcr pnrn din`grnr sus prcodrgs judmtgs. Zc `cdm jgm di dopg igs mcþgs nprdmbdm n ogbcjnr, nopicnr y trnmsfrdbcr dsn dstrujturn, dm um prcmjcpcg ids prgpgrjcgmn um npgyg aumbnodmtni pnrn qud pudbnm din`grnr sus prcodrgs rdintgs `cdm grfnmcznbgs. In dstrujturn jnmúmcjn cmjiuyd umn dsjdmn dm in qud sd prdsdmtn di dopg, di iufnr y igs pdrsgmnkds, um dvdmtg cmcjcni qud bdsdmjnbdmn in njjcúm bdi judmtg, in rdnjjcúm bd igs pdrsgmnkds nmtd di dvdmtg cmcjcni y umn sdrcd bd cmtdmtgs y jgmsdjudmjcns qud iidvnm n in rdsgiujcúm bdi judmtg. Dm di rdfcstrg nmnicznbg, in ondstrn pcbd n igs mcþgs qud jgopidtdm in dsjdmn (O; @cdm, ln`ïn umn vdz umn prcmjdsn y ·quã oîs pgbdogs bdjcr bd dsn prcmjdsn7 ·Búmbd vcvïn, jgm qucãm7), onrjn di ogodmtg dm qud sd bd`d cmtrgbujcr di dvdmtg cmcjcni (O; @cdm, ·y dmtgmjds quã pnsú7) y iudfg pcbd n igs mcþgs qud dxpicjctdm in rdnjjcúm bdi rdy (O; N vdr, ·júog aud dstg7 ·^uã lczg di rdy junmbg sd iidvnrgm n su lckn7 ·^uã id pnsú7). Ins cmtdrvdmjcgmds bd in ondstrn dmdm pgr g`kdtg bnr npgyg n igs mcþgs pnrn

 

uicznr in dstrujturn jnmúmcjn pnrn din`grnr di judmtg. Nscocsog, ds diin qucdm rdagrouin ins pnin`rns bd igs mcþgs pnrn fdmdrnr di tdxtg bdmcvg (O; Dmtgmjds, di rdy sd dmtrcstdjcú y iinoú n igs jn`niidrgs bdi rdcmg pnrn qud vnynm n snivnr n in prcmjdsn.). Dm dstd sdmbg, in ondstrn prgpgrjcgmn n igs mcþgs um npgyg, um nmbnocnkd pnrn qud pudbnm din`grnr um judmtg oîs jgopidtg y odkgr dstrujturnbg qud di qud prgbujcrïnm sgigs. In ondstrn jrdn nsï umn zgmn bd bdsnrrgiig pgtdmjcni, bgmbd igs mcþgs ssdd bdsdopdþnm pgr dmjcon bd su mcvdi bd bdsnrrgiig rdni. Nscocsog, ds in ondstrn qucdm dsjrc`d di tdxtg dm di njld, bnbg qud di mcvdi bd ucbdz dm in dsjrcturn bd igs mcþgs mg ids pdroctd nûm dsjrc`cr n in vdigjcbnb mdjdsnrcn pnrn prgbujcr um tdxtg dxtdmsg y `cdm grfnmcznbg. Dstd onrjg mgs pdroctd rdspgmbdr n nifumns prdfumtns qud, jgm ardjudmjcn, mgs agrouinm igs bgjdmtds. Xgr dkdopig; - ·Rdmfg qud dsjrc`cr di tdxtg tni jgog od ig bcjtnm igs jlcjgs g pudbg cmtdrvdmcr7 Dvcbdmtdodmtd, in rdspudstn bdsbd Xdrg dstn pdrspdjvn ds qud qud di di bgjdmtd ondstrgdo`diidzjn mg sgig pudbd scmg qud bd`d cmtdrvdmcr. mg sd trntn bd di tdxtg pnrn qud qudbd odkgr scmg qud cmtdrnjtûd jgm igs mcþgs pnrn qud, kumtgs, jgmstruynm um tdxtg supdrcgr. - Xdrg sc ds in ondstrn in qud dsjrc`d ·nprdmbdm nifg igs jlcjgs7 Dstn prdfumtn dmd pgr bdtrîs di supudstg bd qud di nspdjtg oîs copgrtnmtd bd in prgbujjcúm bdi tdxtg ds ig qud ldogs iinonbg trnmsjrcpjcúm, ds bdjcr, in dsjrcturn bd ins pnin`rns. Xdrg dm rdnicbnb, sd trntn bdi nspdjtg odmgs copgrtnmtd. Dm in prgbujjcúm bd tdxtgs igs mcþgs bd`dm nprdmbdr n grfnmcznr ins cbdns, n grbdmnrins, n bnrids jgldrdmjcn, n rdinjcgmnr pnin`rns uicznmbg jgmdjtgrds, dtj. S dsd nprdmbcznkd sd prgbujd dm jgin`grnjcúm jgm in ondstrn, scm mdjdscbnb bd qud igs mcþgs dsjrc`nm ’jgm sus prgpcns onmgs‟. Bdsbd um onrjg vyfgtsecnmg sd pinmtdn dmtgmjds qud, dm sctunjcgmds sgjcniodmtd dstrujturnbns (tnids jgog in dsjrcturn frupni bd tdxtgs) igs mcþgs cmtdrmnicznm di pg bd nyubn qud rdjc`dm bd su bgjdmtd pgr ig qud frnbuniodmtd odkgrn in jnicbnb bd igs tdxtgs qud prgbujdm dm agron cmbdpdmbcdmtd. Xrnjjnr pnrn nprdmbdr oîs y pnrjcpnr odkgr Nlgrn `cdm, pnrn odkgrnr in jnicbnb bd igs tdxtgs qud prgbujdm igs mcþgs mg

 

nijnmzn jgm qud pnrjcpdm umn y gtrn vdz bd sctunjcgmds bd dsjrcturn jgm su ondstrn. Nsï jgog igs nprdmbcjds bd snstrd prnjjn`nm jgsturn dm rdtnzgs bd tdin, igs mcþgs bd`dm dkdrjctnr nspdjtgs pnrjcnids bdi prgjdsg bd prgbujjcúm bd tdxtgs pnrn pgbdr, jgm di dopg, nsuocr jnbn vdz onygrds rdspgmsn`cicbnbds. ·Juîids sdrïnm dstgs nspdjtgs7 Dvcbdmtdodmtd, igs mcþgs mdjdsctnm nbqucrcr `udmgs mcvdids bd dsjrcturn bd pnin`rns. Zc di trnznbg bd jnbn pnin`rn qud di mcþg qucdrd cmjiucr dm su tdxtg id cmsuod um frnm dsaudrzg, sc jnbn j nbn pnin`rn id bdonmbn um nmîicscs ocmujcgsg pnrn sn`dr sc pgmdr umn idtrn u gtrn, mg igfrn rdtdmdr ins cbdns qud qudrïn dxprdsnr. Xdrg nbdoîs, igs mcþgs mcþgs bd`dm nbqucrcr y dkdrjctnr jgmgjcocdmtgs dspdjïjnodmtd tdxtunids. Igs mcþgs bd`dm nbqucrcr um dsig bd idmfunkd dsjrctg, bd`dm njgstuo`rnrsd n rdjgmgjdr (numqud mg mdjdsnrcnodmtd n mgo`rnr) ins pnrtds bd um judmtg, bd`dm njgstuo`rnrsd n onmtdmdr di dopg vdr`ni (igs mcþgs sudidm jgodmznr um judmtg dm um dopg y jgmmunr dm gtrg), bd`dm nprdmbdr n uicznr jgmdjtgrds, dtj. ·^uã copicjn tgbg dstg dm tãrocmgs bd in grfnmcznjcúm bdi prgjdsg bd dmsdþnmzn bd prgbujjcúm bd tdxtgs7 Copicjn qud mg ds sujcdmtd jgm fdmdrnr um dspnjcg bd tniidr bd dsjrcturn, bcfnogs, umn vdz pgr sdonmn. Ds mdjdsnrcg qud dsd tniidr sdn pnrtd bd um prgjdsg bd dmsdþnmzn pinmcjnbg y dstrujturnbg dm di qud vnrïd di frnbg bd pnrjcpnjcúm bd igs mcþgs y dm di qud sd cmjiuynm sctunjcgmds pnrn di nprdmbcznkd bd nspdjtgs dspdjïjgs bdi prgjdsg bd prgbujjcúm tdxtuni. Dstd prgjdsg bd`drïn jgmtdopinr, dmtgmjds, sctunjcgmds dm ins junids igs mcþgs prgbuzjnm tdxtgs jgm sus ondstrgs (dm ins qud di bgjdmtd dmd um onygr frnbg bd rdspgmsn`cicbnb d cmtdrnjtûn jgm igs mcþgs bdmtrg bd su zgmn bd bdsnrrgiig pgtdmjcni), sctunjcgmds dm ins junids igs mcþgs dkdrjctdm nspdjtgs pnrjcnids bdi prgjdsg y sctunjcgmds bd dsjrcturn cmbdpdmbcdmtd dm ins qud pgmdm dm kudfg su mcvdi bd bdsnrrgiig rdni. Dvcbdmtdodmtd, mg sd trntn nquï bd umn sdjudmjcn kn scmg bd sctunjcgmds qud jnbn ondstrg grfnmczn, copidodmtn y rdpctd dm aumjcúm bd ins mdjdscbnbds bd su frupg. Nsï pgr dkdopig, umn ondstrn bd :dr nþg jgmscbdrú qud, dm ins sctunjcgmds bd dsjrcturn cmbdpdmbcdmtd bd tdxtgs, sus niuomgs tdmbïnm n gocr in dsjdmn bd igs judmtgs y mg prdsdmtn`nm nbdjunbnodmtd n igs pdrsgmnkds. Bdjcbcú dmtgmjds prgpgmdrids nifumgs dkdrjcjcgs. Xgr dkdopig, ids prdsdmtú umn grnjcúm jgog; ’Xdrg umn onþnmn, Kunm sd bdspdrtú y di pîknrg mg dstn`n dm

 

su iufnr ln`ctuni.‟ y prgpusg n sus niuomgs qud, dmtrd tgbgs, cmvdmtnrnm in dsjdmn oîs nprgpcnbn pnrn dsd dvdmtg cmcjcni. Xgstdrcgrodmtd rdpcú in sctunjcúm jgm gtrn grnjcúm, pdrg igs mcþgs trn`nknrgm dm pnrdkns, scm di npgyg bd in ondstrn. Junmbg vgivcú n prgpgmdr n sus niuomgs qud dsjrc`cdrnm um judmtg dm agron cmbdpdmbcdmtd, in jnicbnb bd ins dsjdmns prgbujcbns ln`ïn odkgrnbg mgtn`idodmtd. Ldogs cmtdmtnbg nquï dkdopicjnr igs nspdjtgs jdmtrnids bdi prgjdsg bd dmsdþnmzn bd in prgbujjcúm bd tdxtgs dm mcþgs pdqudþgs bdsbd um onrjg vyfgtsecnmg. Dvcbdmtdodmtd, dstd ogbg bd jgmjd`cr di prgjdsg bd dmsdþnmzn y bd nprdmbcznkd sd dxdmbd n tgbgs igs nspdjtgs bdi prgjdsg bd nian`dznjcúm. S, junmbg dstg sd lnjd, tgbgs igs mcþgs pudbdm nprdmbdr. @grzgmd, X. @. (s.a.). www.>0mtds.jgo. Pdjupdrnbg di 1 bd N`rci bd 08>0 :.- DMZDÞNM[N BD IN ONRDOÎRCJN DM IN DZJTDIN N XNPRCP BD IN RDGPÏN BD QCFGRZES Mgs prgpgmdogs jgm dstn mgtn rdjupdrnr nifumns bd ins cbdns bd in Rdgrïn bd Qcfgtsey bdsbd bgs pumtgs bd vcstn ni ocsog dopg. Xgr um inbg, jgog um cmstruodmtg pnrn ’pdmsnr‟, dxpicjnr, ’ocrnr‟ prgjdsgs jgfmcvgs, tdmcdmbg dm judmtn qud umn tdgrïn jgfmcvn mgs ln`in bd um sukdtg (um mcþg) qud jgmgjd dm rdinjcúm g cmtdrnjjcúm jgm um odbcg scjg y sgjcni y mg bd um niuomg dm sctunjcúm bd jinsd. S pgr gtrg, bdsbd di iufnr bd um bgjdmtd bd ontdoîjn. Xnrn mg rdbujcr ins dxpicjnjcgmds bd igs admúodmgs bdi nuin n dxpicjnjcgmds pscjgiúfcjns (dstn tdgrïn pscjgiúfcjn mg agjniczú dsgs prg`idons jgog g`kdtgs bd dstubcg) mudstrn cmtdmjcúm ds tgonr dstgs aumbnodmtgs pscjgiúfcjgs jgog cmsuogs pnrn fdmdrnr lcpútdscs bcbîjjns, pinmtdnr prdfumtns pnrn sdfucr pdmsnmbg. Dstns lcpútdscs dmdm in cmtdmjcúm bd dmtrnr ni nuin, dm di pdmsnocdmtg bdi bgjdmtd, pnrn sdr prg`idonznbns, bcsjubns, y dmtgmjds dstubcnbns, nlgrn sï, bdsbd um pumtg bd vcstn bcbîjjg. Jgm dstn cmtdmjcúm sd jgmstruyd dstd tdxtg qud cmtdrjnin dxpicjnjcgmds vcfgtseynmns jgm nifumns lcpútdscs, prdfumtns, supudstgs njdrjn bd in dmsdþnmzn y di nprdmbcznkd dm jinsd bd ontdoîjn. Cbdns vcfgsteynmns pnrn sdfucr pdmsnmbg…

 

Zc `cdm mg pgbdogs pdmsnr di idmfunkd bd in ontdoîjn bd in ocson onmdrn qud di mnturni, ni odmgs pgrqud su jcrjuinjcúm sgjcni ds jgopidtnodmtd bcadrdmtd, dm nifûm pumtg pgbdogs dstn`idjdr nifumns rdinjcgmds dmtrd no`gs. Qcfgtsey usn igs scstdons bd muodrnjcúm, y di pnsnkd bd ldrrnocdmtns nrctoãjns lnjcn ins nifd`rncjns, jgog dkdopigs bd in cmjcbdmjcn bd igs scfmgs dm in prgogjcúm bd prgjdsgs pscjgiúfcjgs supdrcgrds. ·Júog dxpicjn dsn cmudmjcn bdjcscvn bdi odbcg sgjcni, dm pnrjuinr bd in pnin`rn, dm in jgfmcjcúm bdi sukdtg7 In aumjcúm cmbcjnvn bdi ln`in pgsc`cictn in cmjgrpgrnjcúm bd umn mudvn pnin`rn dm rdinjcúm dstrdjln jgm nifûm g`kdtg, dm dstd prcodr ogodmtg in pnin`rn dmd um frnm mcvdi bd jgmtdxtunicznjcúm. N pnrr bd dstn cmjgrpgrnjcúm, in cmtdrnjjcúm sgjcni n trnvãs bd in aumjcúm sco`úicjn bdi ln`in vn pdrocdmbg umn dvgiujcúm dm di scfmcjnbg bd in pnin`rn qud yn mg rdprdsdmtn g`kdtgs scmg jinsds bd dvdmtgs g bd g`kdtgs, jntdfgrïns jnbn vdz oîs bdsjgmtdxtunicznbns qud copicjnm um onygr mcvdi bd fdmdrnicznjcúm. In dvgiujcúm bd igs scfmcjnbgs bd ins pnin`rns ntrnvcdsn pgr umn sdrcd bd dtnpns qud Qcfgtsey bdsjrc`d y qud dmdm rdinjcúm jgm dstd prgjdsg bd prgfrdscvn bdsjgmtdxtunicznjcúm, g dm tãrocmgs sdocújgs, qud dmdm rdinjcúm jgm in jnbn vdz onygr jgcmjcbdmjcn dmtrd in rdadrdmjcn y di scfmcjnbg bd ins pnin`rns bdi mcþg y bdi nbuitg. In dbujnjcúm scstdoîjn y dm pnrjuinr di nprdmbcznkd bd igs jgmjdptgs jcdmjgs jgm su copiïjctn scstdonjcbnb sgm copuisgrds mdjdsnrcgs bd dstn dvgiujcúm. In jrdjcdmtd cmbdpdmbdmjcn bdi jgmtdxtg prgvgjn um jno`cg dm di pdmsnocdmtg bdi mcþg bdsbd di pinmg bd ins rdinjcgmds jgm igs g`kdtgs lnjcn di pinmg bdi sukdtg g bd ins rdinjcgmds dmtrd jgmjdptgs. Di sukdtg pudbd dmtgmjds gpdrnr jgm igs jgmjdptgs dkdrjcdmbg um jgmtrgi oîs vgiumtnrcg y jgmsjcdmtd igfrnmbg um mudvg pinmg g mcvdi bd pdmsnocdmtg. Jgmscbdrn bcadrdmtds n igs jgmjdptgs dspgmtîmdgs y jcdmjgs pgrqud ins jgmbcjcgmds cmtdrmns y dxtdrmns dm qud sd agronm sgm bcadrdmtds, igs ogvgs bd su agronjcúm tnopgjg sgm igs ocsogs. In odmtd sd dmardmtn n prg`idons ouy bcsmtgs junmbg nscocin igs jgmjdptgs bd in dsjudin qud junmbg nprdmbd igs bd in vcbn bcnrcn. In nprgpcnjcúm bd um jgmjdptg jcdmjg copicjn um pg bd jgmtrgi

 

jgmsjcdmtd y vgiumtnrcg bd sus rdinjcgmds jgm gtrgs jgmjdptgs qud mg npnrdjd jgog mdjdsnrcg dm in nprgpcnjcúm bd igs jgmjdptgs dspgmtîmdgs. Zcm do`nrfg, jgmjdptgs dspgmtîmdgs y mg dspgmtîmdgs sd cmuydm outunodmtd, in cmjgrpgrnjcúm bd um jgmjdptg jcdmjg pgsc`cictn in rdgrfnmcznjcúm bd igs jgmjdptgs dspgmtîmdgs bcspgmc`ids, y rdjïprgjnodmtd, igs jgmjdptgs dspgmtîmdgs bcspgmc`ids pgsc`cictnm in nbqucscjcúm bd jgmjdptgs jcdmjgs. In jgmjcdmjcn y di jgmtrgi npnrdjdm dm in ûion dtnpn bdi bdsnrrgiig bd umn aumjcúm, bdspuãs bd ln`dr scbg uicznbn dm agron cmjgmsjcdmtd y dspgmtîmdn. ...‟Xnrn pgbdr sgodtdr umn aumjcúm ni jgmtrgi cmtdidjtuni y vgicvg, prcodrg bd`dogs pgsddrin‟. Di mcþg nbqucdrd bdtdrocmnbgs lî`ctgs y bdstrdzns dm um îrdn nmtds bd nprdmbdr n npicjnrigs jgmsjcdmtd y bdic`drnbnodmtd. In scstdonjcbnb y kdrnrqucznjcúm bd igs jgmjdptgs jcdmjgs sdrïnm um odbcg bd bdsnrrgiig, prgoudvdm bdstrdzns qud sd trnmsdrdm n igs jgmjdptgs jgbcnmgs. Kustnodmtd, in nusdmjcn bd um scstdon ds in bcadrdmjcn pscjgiúfcjn aumbnodmtni qud bcsmfud n igs jgmjdptgs jcdmjgs bd igs dspgmtîmdgs. Dm pnrjuinr, di nprdmbcznkd bd igs jgmgjcocdmtgs nifd`rncjgs tdmbrïnm sdfûm Qcfgtsey um onygr mcvdi bd bcjuitnb dm rdinjcúm jgm di nprdmbcznkd bd igs jgmgjcocdmtgs nrctoãjgs. Dsn onygr bcjuitnb dstî rdinjcgmnbn jgm igs onygrds rdqudrcocdmtgs bd n`strnjjcúm y fdmdrnicznjcúm qud copicjnm dstgs nprdmbcznkds. N su vdz, dstgs rdqudrcocdmtgs supdrcgrds bd n`strnjjcúm y bd fdmdrnicznjcúm bd igs jgmgjcocdmtgs nifd`rncjgs sdrïnm igs qud kusjnm in mdjdscbnb bd dmsdþnr îifd`rn dm in dsjudin, pudstg qud sgm ins rnzgmds qud iidvnm n Qcfgtsey n jgmscbdrnrigs jgog ogtgr bdi bdsnrrgiig. Dstns cbdns bd prgvcsgrcdbnb y bd dvgiujcúm bd igs jgmjdptgs, mgs lnjd jno`cnr in lcpútdscs bd dmsdþnr dm jinsd ins mgjcgmds ontdoîjns bd umn vdz y njn`nbnodmtd, pgr in bd n`grbnrins dm bcvdrsns gjnscgmds, bdsbd bcsmtns sctunjcgmds, njdptnmbg qud jnbn n`grbnkd vn n bnr iufnr n scfmcjnjcgmds oîs rcjns pdrg scdoprd cmjgopidtns g odkgrn`ids. Di nprdmbcznkd bd jgmgjcocdmtgs jcdmjgs sd jgmjrdtn fdmdrnmbg dminjds y rdinjcgmds, vcmjuiîmbgsd jgm igs jgmjdptgs dspgmtîmdgs, anvgrdjcdmbg lcpútdscs qud pintddm um trn`nkg dm di nuin qud id bã iufnr g qud pgsc`cictd di

 

dstn`idjcocdmtg bd dstns rdinjcgmds pgr pnrtd bd igs mcþgs. Jgoprgodtdrigs jgm in rdsgiujcúm bd prg`idons qud ids bdonmbnm sn`drds nmtdrcgrds pdrg tno`cãm igs ’dopukn‟ n `usjnr mudvns cbdns ds umn onmdrn bd pgsc`cictnr in npnrcjcúm bd dstd pg bd rdinjcgmds. Zcm do`nrfg, di nprdmbcznkd bd ins ldrrnocdmtns sdocújns, qud sgm di prgbujtg juiturni bd umn jgopidkn trnon jgmstrucbn y rdjgmstrucbn umn y gtrn vdz n ig inrfg bd scfigs, dm jgmtdxtgs juiturnids ouy bcadrdmtds n igs bd igs niuomgs njtunids, mg pudbd prgbujcrsd bd in sgin cmtdrnjjcúm bdi niuomg jgm um prg`idon. Xdmsnr qud in sgin cmtdrnjjcúm jgm um pg bd prg`idons iidvnrïn n prgbujcr ins ocsons dsjrcturns sdrïn jgmscbdrnr qud di prg`idon ins bdtdrocmn, bd onmdrn cmbdpdmbcdmtd bd igs jgmgjcocdmtgs, bd in juiturn dm in qud dstîm cmodrsgs, y bd ins aumjcgmds qud id ntrc`uydm qucdmds ins prgbujdm. Di nprdmbcznkd bd ins ldrrnocdmtns ontdoîjns mdjdsctn bd sctunjcgmds dspdjïjns qud copicqudm in cmtdrvdmjcúm bd gtrg sukdtg qud ins gardzjn jgog tnids. Dm dstd sdmbg dmjgmtrnogs nrfuodmtgs dm jgmtrn bd jcdrtns ogbns n pnrr bd ins junids sd trn`nkn dm jinsd súig in rdsgiujcúm bd prg`idons scm cmjiucr gtrns cmstnmjcns tno`cãm prgpcns bd in njvcbnb ontdoîjn. Cmstnmjcns bd rddxcúm, bd dxpicjctnjcúm bd ’ig mudvg‟, bd dstrujturnjcúm bd dsgs prg`idons dm jinsds g pgs bd prg`idons, bd cmtrgbujjcúm bd mgtnjcgmds dspdjïjn bd in ontdoîjn, dtj. Ins cbdns vcfgtseynmns n`gmnrïnm supudstgs bd um trn`nkg ontdoîjg oîs nopicg qud di bd súig rdsgivdr prg`idons pnrjuinrds, y mg sginodmtd dm rdinjcúm jgm ins jnrnjtdrïsjns prgpcns bdi trn`nkg ontdoîjg scmg pgr rnzgmds jgfmcvns; in rddxcúm, in dxpicjctnjcúm bd cbdns y bd agrons bd lnjdr y pdmsnr anvgrdjdm (bdsbd dstd pumtg bd vcstn tdúrcjg) in tgon bd jgmjcdmjcn j gmjcdmjcn y di jgmtrgi vgiumtnrcg bd dsns ldrrnocdmtns y sd drcfdm dm ogtgr bd bdsnrrgiig. In scstdonjcbnb y kdrnrqucznjcúm prgpcns bd igs jgmgjcocdmtgs jcdmjgs pgsc`cictnm di rdjgmgjcocdmtg bd ins mgjcgmds ontdoîjns jgog pnrtd bd um judrpg bd sn`drds. Dmtgmjds gtrn lcpútdscs bd trn`nkg ds in bd prgogvdr dstd kudfg dmtrd in jgmtdxtunicznjcúm y in bdsjgmtdxtunicznjcúm. In rdsgiujcúm bd um prg`idon gardjd in gpgrtumcbnb bd jgmtdxtunicznr um jgmgjcocdmtg, bd rdinjcgmnrig jgm

 

gtrgs nmtdrcgrds, pdrg, scm gtrns cmstnmjcns bd jgoumcjnjcúm, dxpicjctnjcúm, vnicbnjcúm, dstubcg g prgaumbcznjcúm bd ins ldrrnocdmtns ogvcicznbns mg sd dstnrïn bnmbg iufnr ni nprdmbcznkd. Dstgs nrfuodmtgs tno`cãm pudbdm sdr usnbgs dm anvgr bd in dmsdþnmzn y di nprdmbcznkd bd ldrrnocdmtns nifd`rncjns. Oujlgs bgjdmtds sd jgmagronm jgm igs prgjdbcocdmtgs nrctoãjgs bd sus niuomgs, qud jnsc scdoprd sgm onrnvciigsgs d cmfdmcgsgs. Xdrg dstnrïnm pdrbcdmbg in gpgrtumcbnb bd gardjdr n sus niuomgs in pgsc`cicbnb bd nvnmznr lnjcn gtrgs mcvdids bd n`strnjjcúm supdrcgrds copuisnbgs pgr prg`idons qud anvgrdzjnm di usg bd ogbgs bd lnjdr y pdmsnr nifd`rncjgs, qud lnjdm agjg dm in fdmdrnicznjcúm. Bgs jnrnjtdrïsjns prgpcns bd in njvcbnb nifd`rncjn pdroctdm nronr qud um trn`nkg nprgpcnbg jgm ins ldrrnocdmtns bdi îifd`rn npgrtn n igs prgjdsgs pscjgiúfcjgs supdrcgrds nvnmznbgs. Xgr um inbg, di îifd`rn dm tnmtg qud ldrrnocdmtn bd fdmdrnicznjcúm bd in nrctoãjn, rdqucdrd bd um onygr mcvdi bd n`strnjjcúm, qud dmd rdinjcúm jgm umn onygr bcstnmjcn rdspdjtg bdi pinmg bd igs g`kdtgs. Ds bdjcr, igs sïo`gigs bdi îifd`rn dmjgmtrnrïnm sus rdadrdmtds dm igs mûodrgs, sgm sïo`gigs bd nmtdrcgrds sïo`gigs, sgm n`strnjjcgmds y fdmdrnicznjcgmds bd nmtdrcgrds n`strnjjcgmds y fdmdrnicznjcgmds. Dstg mdjdsnrcnodmtd ogvciczn um pinmg supdrcgr bd n`strnjjcúm. S pgr gtrg, dstd jno`cg bd pinmg bd njtunjcúm cmtdidjtuni, bdsbd in rdinjcúm dmtrd igs g`kdtgs bd in vcbn jgbcnmn y igs mûodrgs, lnjcn di pinmg bd ins rdinjcgmds dmtrd igs mûodrgs y igs sïo`gigs bdi îifd`rn pgsc`cictn qud di jgmtrgi g in rdfuinjcúm bdi pdmsnocdmtg sd cmbdpdmbcjd bdi jgmtdxtg y sd u`cqud dm di pinmg bd ins rdinjcgmds dmtrd jgmjdptgs, di sukdtg pudbd gpdrnr jgm di scfmcjnbg bd igs sïo`gigs dkdrjcdmbg um jgmtrgi vgiumtnrcg y jgmsjcdmtd. Dstn pgsc`cicbnb ds ntrc`ucbn pgr Qcfgtsey n in scstdonjcbnb prgpcn bd igs jgmjdptgs jcdmjgs, dm dstd jnsg nifd`rncjgs. Dstn rdinjcúm dmtrd nrctoãjn y îifd`rn, g dmtrd in dvgiujcúm bdsbd igs prgjdsgs pscjgiúfcjgs supdrcgrds rubcodmtnrcgs y lnjcn igs nvnmznbgs, qud di pnsg bdi trn`nkg nrctoãjg ni nifd`rncjg prgogvdrïn, mg rdsuitn um prgjdsg ’dspgmtîmdg‟. Xgr copicjnr grïfdmds y prgjdsgs bcsmtgs y n in vdz jgmvdrfdmjcn y outun rdgrfnmcznjcúm in rdinjcúm dmtrd nrctoãjn y îifd`rn ds bd jgmmucbnb y rupturn n in vdz. In jgmmucbnb dstî sgstdmcbn pgrqud in

 

fdmdrnicznjcúm nifd`rncjn sd rdniczn sg`rd igs g`kdtgs muoãrcjgs qud yn sgm fdmdrnicznjcgmds dm di scstdon nmtdrcgr, pdrg scouitîmdnodmtd dxcstd umn bcadrdmjcn dmtrd igs g`kdtgs sg`rd igs qud sd fdmdrniczn. In rupturn sd prgbujd pgrqud mg sd fdmdrniczn sg`rd g`kdtgs bd in vcbn jgbcnmn scmg sg`rd mûodrgs qud yn sgm pdmsnocdmtgs (fdmdrnicznjcúm bd fdmdrnicznjcgmds), dmtgmjds, mg ds in jgmmunjcúm bd um ogvcocdmtg dm umn ocson bcrdjjcúm scmg qud ds um jno`cg dm di vdjtgr bdi bdsnrrgiig, um pnsg lnjcn gtrg pinmg supdrcgr bd pdmsnocdmtg. Jgog bckcogs, sd prgbujd um jno`cg dm di ogbg bd pdmsnr; pnsnr bd sctunjcgmds muoãrcjns jgmjrdtns n prgpgscjcgmds oîs fdmdrnids sg`rd igs mûodrgs y ins gpdrnjcgmds, rdmumjcnr n in `ûsqudbn nrctoãjn bcrdjtn bd in sgiujcúm, dxtrndr rdinjcgmds pdrmdmtds d cmbdpdmbcdmtds, rdocrsd n agrons sco`úicjns y n umn scmtnxcs dxpiïjctns, bd um ogbg cmagroni n um ogbg agroni bd rdprdsdmtnjcúm y rdsgiujcúm bd prg`idons. Dstd jno`cg bd pdmsnocdmtg rdqucdrd ’rgopdr‟ jgm nifumgs jgmgjcocdmtgs y ’lî`ctgs‟ qud prgvcdmdm bdi onrjg bd rdadrdmjcn nmtdrcgr bd pg nrctoãjg. Jgog pudbd bdsprdmbdrsd bd dstns cbdns di pg bd tnrdn qud sd rdniczn sg`rd igs cmstruodmtgs bd odbcnjcúm sdocújn ds bdjcscvg. Nûm oîs, igs dstubcgsgs y jgmmunbgrds bd in tdgrïn bd Qcfgtsey sgsdmdm qud di pg bd njvcbnb bdjcbd sg`rd di bdsnrrgiig tnmtg g oîs qud igs prgpcgs cmstruodmtgs bd odbcnjcúm. Di onygr copnjtg jgfmcvg mg súig dmd rdinjcúm jgm in nprgpcnjcúm bd cmstruodmtgs bd odbcnjcúm scmg tno`cãm, y quczîs umn rdinjcúm oîs prgaumbn, jgm di pg bd usg qud sd lnjd bd dsgs cmstruodmtgs, g oîs prdjcsnodmtd jgm di ogbg bd trn`nkg dsjginr. Dmtgmjds, y rdtgonmbg ig nmtdrcgr, di pg bd tnrdn qud sd prgpgmfn in nprgpcnjcúm bd ins ldrrnocdmtns ontdoîjns (jgog in nprgpcnjcúm n prgpcnjcúm bd juniqucdr cmstruodmtg bd odbcnjcúm sdocújn) bd`cdrn pgsc`cictnr ins cmstnmjcns bd jgmtdxtunicznjcúm / bdsjgmtdxtunicznjcúm. Dstnogs pdmsnmbg dm njvcbnbds qud sd prgpgmfnm dm jgmtdxtgs (tnmtg ontdoîjgs jgog dxtrnontdoîjgs) tnids qud pdroctnm vcsunicznr um g`kdvg, qud gardzjnm didodmtgs qud pdroctnm umn nbdjunbn cmtdrprdtnjcúm. Xgr dkdopig ins njvcbnbds qud prgpgmdm n igs niuomgs ’rdsgivdr judmtns‟, cmbdpdmbcdmtdodmtd bd um prg`idon ontdoîjg g

 

dxtrnontdoîjg qud ins jgmtdxtunicjdm g ids bdm sdmbg, sdrïnm prgpcjcns pnrn nkustnr g pdradjjcgmnr in tãjmcjn g di nifgrctog bd in gpdrnjcúm qud rdsudivdm pdrg mg gardjdrïnm didodmtgs qud npgrtdm n in jgmjdptunicznjcúm bd bcjln gpdrnjcúm. Pdctdrnogs; di nprdmbcznkd bd ins ldrrnocdmtns ontdoîjns mdjdsctn bd sctunjcgmds dspdjïjns qud sd prgpgmfnm pgmdrins dm kudfg d copicjnm in cmtdrvdmjcúm bd gtrg sukdtg qud ins gardzjn jgog tnids. Dstn tdgrïn vcfgtseynmn n`gmn lcpútdscs njdrjn bd in frnm copgrtnmjcn bdi bgjdmtd dm dstgs prgjdsgs bd nprdmbcznkd; in didjjcúm nbdjunbn bd jcdrtgs pgs bd tnrdns jgm umn fdsúm bd in jinsd dm in qud sd prcvcidfcn in cmtdrnjjcúm jgog odbcg bd mdfgjcnjcúm bd scfmcjnbgs prgpcjcnrïnm di bdsnrrgiig cmtdidjtuni bd igs niuomgs. Xnpcmc, O. J. (s.a.). www.>0mtds.jgo. Pdjupdrnbg di 1 bd N`rci bd 08>0