API - Instrumentation for Operators - Unit 1 Measuring Instruments [Section 1,2,3,4,5].pdf

INSTRUMENTATION FOR OPERATORS Unit 1

Measuring Instruments

Section 1

Pressure Instruments

Instrumentati"" tor Ope rators has been designed to give you, tho Uperat OI·, r, f(lt!]i ng (of l, ow i ll ~tru",c"t"tiun pIny; it$ ro1c ill tne cfficient eperation of a r~ fl n~ry. 'l'nc !,rogram i. dc'·cloped ill t hrr'C "" its. Unit One will familiarize you with many of U, e m or~ ~ommon ",en~ uril\ lI' in.tn!1lleJ1 I"_how Ihey wurll'hl~ ta"k la 1IIIed w ith moleend. 011 '

, ", _ _ _____ of t he s ubstance, '"Id of the substance.

the

weight height

20. Since the nlol"" " le. of gases an,1 liqui ds move in all direction •. they eXN t fMCe In " n d irectiOIl ".

Pre"""J'" t ions).

i~

exertc,l in {O oI\C di "cct ion /O a ll di recall directions

21.

11""'' ' '

'I' h~

utm'-'llphc,";! is a "h lanket" of which sur· Ihc carth. 'I'hi. height of ntlnOllphcrc ucrl.l 14.7 l)Ounds of pN!Mure on each .'!r~.ure

or

Ihat the air excrts depends on the tho air.

21:>. At the top of tile mountain. IIl.mospherie pmau .... (0 more/ 8 lelia) than 14.7 psi.

]a

legs

height., or depth

26. I're&lure can be

~i!I..'lI

to move thlng8.

PRESSURE

Preuure can make 111'$ block

~

..

?:I. !'rSSU'" decn!lUlO!s. the colun,n of mC'""lt f)' i. ( [1 n",relo I.... ) thm' 30 inc ...... 42. Thi. i, tho bI.t"re."u,~ InHtrumenu work 01\ \hI ~ eX!,,, ,," iun I"indplc. EX])R l\d"ble·~leme "t If''IfCS h",·o a part which when p'lIS'Iure _ _ __ _ __

move~

I",,",a$ClO, Or cha ng.

72. Thu ooutdo" tlloo I. probably t he moot common or the expandabLe-eLemcnt gages.

TM II:"!(C wn.i&ts of " hollow. cU"'ed ______ _

marle lrom Ilctible melaL

,it OlLe enll of tho Lu!.>e i. tho "OUfeu rO on tube mca.ure. the rlifference be_ p ressu re. twee" proc""ss pre'>'!u", a "d

~trnight en

out

atmORpherie

Using the Bourdon Tube 90. The chart shows a few of the metal!; from wbich bour_ don tube. are made. J/flte)·;,,1

Charoe/c);stio

8Ul~ J

co rroxceOll lve vibration

hn~

the IlAme dfe! the gare. 149. But

t h~

procc>;o! fluid mu.t apply

pre~~"rc

to the gage.

PtClillure from the pr~ mUAI he trnMmi tle..,.tion lins to theor ; or .).Wi uc",,";ve

gllge beinlr

In p.--ure. 170. Gagea are protl!Cted from movinr too rllr I.>y ____ _ olul""

le k inll:

I.>lockew down).

dow down

29. If yon remove enough enerllY (."m K high .ella'lI)" gM, it (0 cn(len"e~/O moves fAsler). 30. If you ,..,move e"on moro enerJr)'. II (0 frcetell ' muvCII r.... ter) .

o

Sl. WI"lt wuuld happell \0 molcculCll it ever)" bit "f "ncrgl' "ouhl b" ro"""'o,1 from them ! They would:

32.

o

R. move extn:mely b at.

o

b. stOll movinll.

b

Ev~n thuugh lICienti.u have not .ucceeded in doing thl •. the)" call the point AhBoMo O.

Absolute 0 i. the point at whldl all molecular motion . tops. "r ceaacl. aa.

At km.OJ ute 0,

~I .

Tenlp"rRlu ...... " be nlCWlu..oo by mtollJlurlr'lI Ihe .mount of energy moving mol~",,,I,,,, have.

molI"CIJ!IUT(! (0 .a n/O cannot ) Rffec:t the movement or molecul"".

'".

36. Th i. tank eO "WlI". ethane KaL "..

~o

II

'"

PRESSURE GAGE

"" =

q

The high-('nermornelcr.

protects

89. Abio, without u Ihermo.... cll, R thermometer """10t he remo,·ed f rom n I>rocellll ""der I>r""",,ro wi thout II _ __ _ _ __ of prellsun! .

Joos, ur ",Iea. e

00. The Ihcrmowcl1 ( 0 iII/ O is not) u-t in IllkJ", the tempe .... luro of Il corl'Ollive liquid.

;.

91. 'l" hermowel ls protect thermometers like _ __ _ __ nu lda prote>:\ pre_. lI ", lIage ~.

sealing

8 imet a ll ic Th ermometers 92.

()n"~"

"nd li'IU!!lo e:irethcr.

95. '['he lWeratu ....

th~ ~fc",nce

Thlw ...,re...,,,,,,, temperalu re I. IIh"ayl (0

o ch8 nginll) ·

the ........ / the 8wm8

137. AI the prlX:tM tempcrnlul'couple whero tho tcmpcratu re iA determined I. tl, e: •. meuurlng jundion.

b.

I'(lfCl''lOr(l ~hc differ1!!Il!n the chargf'L

voltmeter

15 1. l.ook nt thlR porUlIJ]e ]lyromeU'r.

,-"-,. lhermcouple.

D c.

thermopile.

o .].

thcrmi~tor

element.

nand d

173. A rl)'romelcr is:

o ". a IhermOCOllilic lind a yoltmeler. o b. two thcrmcuul1le!1. o c. " r(.,islan"" eleme"t nnd a voltmeteT.

•

174. A

o o

Uwrmu~ il e

is :

~eries ~( rMi~ t o1J' ee

:t.

a

".le nIen t".

~.

" scric. or th~rm{>(!"" j)l"".

175. Nam" the teml)()r"turc indicator •.• hown 1.>010""

(0 meta l re"i.I.",,,·,, clCnlCII I./O t herm istor )

thermistor

(0 met,,1 rc.oistance element /D t herm istor )

met al rMisUmce element

REVIEW AND SUMMARY 176, Molecul .... move (/LIller ...·hen ther ..e (0 hot/[] cold). 177. Look at

thi~ I" ~\.rument.

1'lti~ j""lrum"n~ j~

"n:

II. Hp,u,d""I"""lcmen\

~humomcter.

b. bimetallic thermometer.

,

c. cleclrleal Lhe rnlorncter. 17a. Tho

exp~nd""le

c ~pilJary

clement to tilu ___ __ _

mercury. or If'IUld

tube.

]79. Look ut Ih;" Inlltrumen\.. \ , 1. 1'/ ' / ' /,1 ' 1' 1

'rt';B instrument meaSure:! temperAtUI'(! by II change In _ _ _ _ _ __

180. The thermometer .hown Rbove ill ac:l ulIlly ... tulle.

mcn ~uring

preMure

bourdon. or nUed

181. The tuhe

eu~

contain either

1\ _ _ __ __ _

182. When the u.mJ>\lratu", of the liquid 0 . pa the pressure _ _ _ _ __ _

0. u ,,, •.

liquid

IIIC~.

Thi. i. II _ _ _____ thermomete •.

184. It worHR on tho principle of _ _ _ ____ eXlla""i,," melub!.

or

bi metallic

uneven. or unequal

185. I.ook al thi8 l""ItumenL

I~ 1~6.

ill un (0 eiecttiC>l.11D pnuu...,) thermomtlf:r.

glectric therm omoUra muy u"" Ml"si t ive _ _--,-,__ to measure s mull "mount. of . I(!ttd eity genernted.

.,lectrieal voltmete r •• or potentiometor8

187. T hermomclen m.y be p rotected from "" • • "",Ive "",. "'rials ~,," other ""maRe '" I,lacin, them in a thermoW1lll

IS!!. Nume the ~lcctri""l thermometer. shuwn loelow •

.

_----

,-- - - ,

"" \', '",.. ,

,

~

.#

. .

A. thermocouple

R.

"",i ~tan ee

element

C. thcrm islDr D. thermopile um. Nn me Ihe

pam of

thl, lllllrumenc..

L_ ' --,(-'~ \'

- II

.,- - "- -

A. junction JJ. rcfcrcno ~ end C. voltmulcr

PILOT SIX - -INSTRU MENTAT ION

I~'OR

OPE RATO RS

UNIT ONE - ME ASU RING I NSTRUMENTS LIQUID u:v~: L, FI.OIV R ,\'n : ANO ANALYT ICA l. I NSTRUM ENTS

Pa ge s.,cl ion Three Liqui d Level In8t rumentlo . . _.... .. . . _ __..... .. ..... . • . Int roduction .. ...•.... ... ...•.... . . . ..... ... . . ... ... How Li quid Le ~e! Affect.! P reu ure ... .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . . The Gago C ln"" . ... . .. .... . . .... " . .. . . .. .. . .... .. . Scaling Fluid .. . . •. . .. .. . ........ , . .... ... . . ... .. . .. .. . Dial,hr.gm 1.00'·el Delector . . . ...... . •.••. . ..•.. .

nubbier • • _____ ••.• • . ___... ... _ ____ • .. ..• _____.. . Why no Object.! Fl oat . . . . ... , ... . . . , . • . Tape.Type Float Gngo . . ...... . .. . , ........ . .. . . . .. . ... , ~ 'Ioat a nd Lever G~ ge . .. . . .. .... _. _ . .. . .. . . . _.... . . . . . . .. Chanv In Liqu id n e...,ily Affect Le" ol ..•.. _...... . .....

c. ..

Some Other McthodA or r..e,·el Mf.MU rCmen l ... ... .. ... ' and S ummary

R ~vle w

Se3.

The lege ell t his mnnuml'iu contain """I;nl( nu i~O !eM) pres· 5Ure to keep the dip tube opcn than if the liquid Is le-q denIM!,

m(>Te

78. If Iho llen~ity of the liquid iT'eren.-.eo , the preMl\l1'1! readinr _ _ _ __ __

inereaSeII

79. If tilu II""" I" ""Uhrntcd fOT n low .. lcn~it)· H(IUld ",,,I the 1I'l"hlllO"lt",l1y hR" a hillh den. ily, the level indlrMCl on object .... ·m [0 h.,.vier/O lighter! .... hen is 5Ut.n>ergd in a liquId 110"" when out of !oM li(,uid.

,t

it',

123. Til e ,Ie""", tho I;KIlino doell.

s inko

lighter

12~.

llut water cxcrl.'l _ _ _ _ _ __ forcc than mercury

d_.

126. This melal bar is held by a Bprlng. In ai r the hIIr welghlo One pound.

Sub",er"",1 ;n waler, Ihe bar well"":

o o o

A.

Onc pound.

11. leM th .." ,mu pound. c. more than one pound.

121. The larllet the pori ion of Ihe boor Ihat is Bubmcnred

in waler, the _ _ __ ___ it weill"". 12&. A .prinK ho~l. lhe

oor.

TI,e further the bar;s .ubmcr~, the CO rnore/O leu ) len"ion on the "prinll. 129.

Inst~lIti

of st retching a spring, the weight can Iwi.,1

" lube.

i -1- -

WEt G"T

The hen vier the weight on the melal t ube, the ,,::::::.,-____ Ihc um" .. nt of this twiolinll force (tOl"fjuc).

II r eate.

1:)0.

p ~tLl"lI"

Lhe weil/ht in water (0

lncren~/o

dccn:u.... )

decreases

tho "mo""t of t ...... tue. 131. The ~mount .... f torque ""n be meMured and used to l"dleale level.

TWIST ING END OF ' ,OROUE TUBE

'I'he lIiJ1plfte dooo not hav e thQ -:::;-;;::::;7 \0 Wilance the dlsplacer when the ..., i& no li\luid in its

otre measured as the numoor of cubic f""l of l1u;'.! p,,""ing through n meter in "" hour. Cul>ic foct refer. to ( 0 tim"/O ",,,ount ).

4. If 1000 eulJic ft'et of guo mo\"e ~ through \I i:n" meter in ,," hour. the flow rate is _______ cul>ic feet per hour.

amount

'000

5. The longr=ure now meter

,,,,,,,1"

two

~ll$ic

pllrt8 : the nrin"e pillte 10 .",uoe 8 _ _ _ _ __

pres!lure .tilTorc"""

an.t. the diaphragm in.Ii,·ntor In ~urc

dil'l"crcnee.

_ _ _ _ _ th;" 1',"",,-

mc","ure, or in,ticaio

The Orif ice Plate 83. Look lit Ih;$ drawing.

ORIFI CE PLATE

An orillce plst.e is s _______ in the pipe.

&4. The velocity or the liqllid lhrou/Ch the orifice I. (0 hll/her/O lower) than the velocity lI'1"t!u!(h the f~1 or the pipe. 85 . When ,·e locity

8(;.

inc rc"s~"'i.

the

'"lUte_ th~

I"·c"",,re

higher

decre.~"~

~rClllU"" ~

Thua.. Iltjuid ~rn:oure ia ,..,.. "ro ,I if_ (erellce Is ___ ___

R

higher. nr gr(lnwr

13 1. The dahl tu~ ill like a" ordiMlll"W pipe ..Ibow, except. that It h .... a ""'y smooI.h bore .. nd p ........ u~ "'1)01. [I eIo6 harmrul ~uboltanWl (0 .boukl /D . hou1I. But when any acid nml ""y alkali IIrc mixed t.oaalh~r. tI,e IIIIme In'" or chemieal reaction

"""'u ....

Mixing sulfu r ic acid with an alkali (0 givulO does nflt gl,·e) lhe IlllIne react.ion 811 mixing hydrochlor ic acid wilh an alkali.

$hould not

19. When all acid ia mixed wilh I\n nllmli, tlw resull .alt plus water. Finish 1'ci~

thi ~

i~

a

reaction:

+ alkali

= salt

+ _______

water

2(). Mixing an "dd with an alk"li reduces lhe effc"Cts of the ",id a nd the a lkali. Mixing caustic soda (an alkali) with hy,lroch loric acid makes the ."lulion (0 more/ O lell.'l) addi,. 21.

Mixin~

"old inlo cn".tic poto . h (an IIlkali) (O in-

cnascs/O reduce.) it. alkalinity.

reduce"

22. Reducing Ihe effects of an acid or an alkali i. called "CII t en I i)llL I ion. A BIII»!t.",,"" 111,,( i" nuulrnl is .wilher at,,) _ __ __ nor a(n) _ _ _ _ _ __

acid allmli, or cn"stic

23. A "alt (auch as table "all) is formed when acids a nd alkalies are neut.ruli.cd. The sa lt i; ,,"ually (0 ndd /O nlkuline/O neulral) . 24 . Pure wuter

i~

", ually _ _ _ __ _

neulral n."trlll

25 . p11 is a flCale ".~cd tQ me,,"urc the degree of acidity or alkalin ity of " substance. 1234 Ii G 7 8 9 10 II 12 1:1 14 acid (""lfuric "cid)

•

neutral (pure wnlce or snIt)

alkaJi (ca"~lic

SOIla)

All add ~ ul.o~t~ n ce hn" n ])Il (0 l,)war lI LU," 7/0 higher than 7).

2G. ,\

~ub8lunc"

lower than 7

with a pH al.>ove 7 t. a (n) _ _ _ __ _

27 . Mixing the right amounl or lIei,l mill a lkl\1i pr .... luccs a nelltr,'] ~ol"tion. II "culral pH is a pH of _______ (right in tho ml,ldle of the scale). 2R. Su lruric acid has a pH (0 above/o 1.oelow) 7.

1·hc I'll of eJow above

,

20 . Acim. a"d a lk,dio" ill ~ol" tio" e,m go"erate electric curr~nt and prod"cc a ~m" ll vull,,!!,c.

pH could be mc"aured with a (0 very """sitiv. volt· moter/O manometer).

v~ry

sensitive voltmeter

30. The voltage generated is ",ad on a voltmeter.

\ "

Thi. "ultmctcr is calibrated to rcad in unit. of 10 pHI voltll).

o

,R

31. Temperat"re creates problems with voltage rcadings.

Chemicals u.ually become (0 more/O [eM) active at high t(lI"l>cml!CS n (!cfinite, "",,,IOn nmoun t of heat. If a lar,lt"c amot",t of hydro!;"On i. introouccd into tho gas stream, the amount of heat given off when it burns in~iont "" the or oxygen pnlacnt.

amount

61. It is nc~ca~"ry to add an exceSS of hydrogen to ~ "ure that a ll tho is u"cd up in combustion.

62. The hr,1rogcn " sed mn"t 00 pure. so that the burning cha,.acteri.,tic" wi ll 'l \ways be thc ___ _ _ __

t~1.

1f the Ra~ stream iJ