Aol1 Modules

August 5, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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XRXTFEX ZLVX HALLFNF allfnf ag CrtsGAV@DCTBA@ c`d Xahbcl Xhbf`hfs c`d Fduhctba`

Cal 3 Cssfssef`t ag Lfcr`b`n 3

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

EADVLF 3; @CTV_F AG CXXFXXEF@T

TBTLF; Ha`hfpts c`d _flfvc`hf ag Cssfssef`ts AOKFHTBWFX; ⮛ ⮛

Fxplcb` tmf `cturf c`d ralfs ag c naad cssfssef`t, c`d bts rflfvc`hf ta lfcr`frs, tfchmfrs, pcrf`ts c`d stcifmaldfrs Haepcrf c`d ha`trcst efcsurfef`t, cssfssef`t, tfstb`n c`d fvcluctba`

EATBWCTBA@; B`dbvbducl Chtbvbty Tmbì ag ct lfcst 3: chtba` wards tmct wf da wmf` ha`duhtb`n cssfssef`t. Tmf` try ta crrc`nf tmf wards b` ardfr ocsfd a` tmf prahfss ag ha`duhtb`n cssfssef`t. ^rbtf daw` yaur c`swfrs a` yaur study àtfoaai.

LFXXA@ Z_AZF_; A` Ha`hfpts c`d _flfvc`hf ag Cssfssef`t

Cssfssef`t bs scbd ta of ct tmf harf ag tmf lfcr`b`n prahfss. Tmbs beplbfs tmct tmf cssfssef` Cssfssef`t cssfssef`tt bs prbecrbly gar ncunb`n c`d f`mc`hb`n studf`t lfcr`b`n. Bt bs tmfrfgarf pcrceau`t gar studf`ts, tfchmfrs c`d stcifmaldfrs ta u`dfrstc`d wmct cssfssef`t bs cll coaut, wmy bt bs `ffdfd, c`d maw bt bs ha``fhtfd ta efcsurfef`t, tfstb`n c`d fvcluctba`. Cssfssef`t bs c vbtcl flfef`t b` tmf hurrbhulue dfvflapef`t Cssfssef`t dfvflapef`t prahfss. Bt bs usfd ta dftfreb`f studf studf`ts `ts lfcr`b`n `ffds, ea`btar tmfbr pranrfss c`d fxceb`f tmfbr pfrgarec`hfs cncb`st bdf`tbgbfd lfcr`b`n authaefs.cs suhm bt bs beplfef`tfd ct dbggfrf`t pmcsfs ag b`struhtba`; ofgarf prf-cssfssef`t)9 durb`n (garectbvf cssfssef`t) c`d cgtfr b`struhtba` (sueectbvf) B` vbfw vbfw ag css cssfss fssef` ef`t, t, Obn Obnns ns c`d c`d Tc Tc`n `n (?: (?::> :>)) cssfr cssfrtfd tfd tmct tmct css cssfss fssef` ef`tt tcsis tcsis sma smauld uld pra pravbd vbdff fvbdf`hfss ag maw lfcr`frs hc` usf chqubrfd iàwlfdnf chcdfebhclly c`d pragfssba`clly b` cppraprbc fvbdf`hf cppraprbctf tf wcys. Tmbs bs wmfrf cutmf`tbh cssfssef`t wauld haef b`. Cutmf`tbh cssfssef`t pravbdfs tcsis tmct f`colf lfcr`frs ta salvf rfcl lbgf praolfes c`d sbtuctba`s. Efcsurfef`t, Tfstb`n, Cssfssef`t c`d Fvcluctba`

Efcsurfef`t bs c quc`tbtctbvf dfshrbptba` ag c` aokfht‒s hmcrchtfrbstbh ar cttrboutf. B Xhbf`hf, efcsurfef`t bs c haepcrbsa` ag uìàw` quc`tbty ta c stc`dcrd. Tmfrf crf cppraprbctf efcsurb`n taals ta nctmfr ùefrbhcl dctc a` vcrbcolfs suhm cs mfbnmt, ecss, tfepfrcturf, cea`n atmfrs. B` tmf gbfld ag fduhctba`, tfchmfrs crf pcrtbhulcrly b`tfrfstfd b` dftfreb`b`n maw euhm lfcr`b`n c studf`t mcs ch chqu qubrf brfdd haepc haepcrfd rfd ta c stc stc`d `dcrd crd (hr (hrbtf btfrba rba`) `) ar b` rfgfr rfgfrf` f`hf hf ta atmf atmfrr lfcr` lfcr`frs frs ”b` c nra nraup up(à (àre re rfgfrf`h rfgf rf`hfd). fd).Tmf Tmfyy efc efcsurf surf pcrt pcrtbhul bhulcr cr flfe flfef`ts f`ts ag lfc lfcr`b` r`b`nn lbif rfcd rfcdb`fs b`fsss ta lfc lfcr`, r`, rfhc rfhcllll ag gchts gchts,, dfea`strctba` ag spfhbgbh siblls, ar tmfbr coblbty ta c`clyzf c`d salvf praolfes.

Tfstb`n bs c àrecl, systfectbh prahfdurf gar nctmfrb`n dctc b`garectba`. C tfst bs c taal haeprbsfd ag c sft ag qufstba`s cdeb`bstfrfd durb`n c gbxfd pfrbad ag tbef u`dfr haepcrcolf ha`dbtba`s gar cll studf`ts stud f`ts (Ebllfr, (Ebllfr,Lb`` Lb``&Nra &Nra`lu` `lu`dd ?:: ?::2).B 2).Btt bs c` b`struef b`struef`t `t usf ta efcs efcsurf urf c ha` ha`struh struhtt c`d ecif dfhbsba`s. Fduhctba`cl tfst ecy of usfd ta efcsurf lfcr`b`n pranrfss ag c studf`t wmbhm bs garectbvf b` purpasf, ar haeprfmf`sbvf havfrb`n c earf fxtf`dfd tbef grcef wmbhm bs sueectbvf. Typfs ag Tfst

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Chhardb`n ta eadf ag _fspa`sf ◁

B` Arcl tfsts c`swfrs crf spaif`. Mf`hf, bt hc` of usfd ta efcsurf arcl haeeu`bhctba` siblls. Bt ecy clsa of usfd ta hmfhi studf`t‒s u`dfrstc`db`n ag ha`hfpts, tmfarbfs c`d prahfdurfs.

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^rbttf` ^rbt tf` tfsts crf chtbvbtbfs wmfrfb` studf`ts fbtmfr sflfht ar pravbdf c rfspa`sf ta c praept.

Cea`n tmf gares ag wrbttf` cssfssef cssfssef`ts `ts crf cltfr`ctf rfspa`sf rfspa`sf(truf/gclsf (truf/gclsf), ), eultbplf hmabhf, ecthmb`n typf, smart c`swfr, fsscys, haeplftba` c`d bdf`tbgbhctba`. Bt hc` efcsurf studf`ts wrbttf` haeeu`bhctba` siblls. ◁

Zfrgarec` Zfrg arec`hf hf Tfsts T fsts crf chtbvbtbfs tmct rfqubrf studf`ts ta dfea`strctf tmfbr siblls ar coblbty ta

pfrgare spfhbgbh chtba`s. Earf cptly hcllfd pfrgarec`hf cssfssef`t, tmfy b`hludf praolfe ocsfd lfcr`b`n, b`qubry tcsi, dfea`strctba` tcsis, fxmbobts, prfsf`tctba` tcsis c`d hcpsta`f pfrgarec`hf. Chhardb`n ta Fcsf ag Suc`tbgbhctba` ◁ ◁

Aokfhtbvf Tfst hc` of harrfhtfd c`d quc`tbgbfd qubtf fcsbly. Xharfs hc` of rfcdbly haepcrfd. Xuokfhtbvf tfst flbhbts vcrbfs rfspa`sfs. C tfst qufstba` ag tmbs typf ecy mcvf earf tmc` a`f

c`swfr. Chhardb`n Chhardb` n ta Eadf ag Cdeb`bstrctba` Cdeb`bstrctba` ◁

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B`dbvbducl tfst bs nbvf` ta a`f pfrsa` cctt c tbef. B`dbvbducl han` han`btbvf btbvf c`d chmbfvf chmbfvfef`t ef`t tfst crf cdeb`bstfrfd ta nctmfr fxtf`sbvf b`garectba` coaut fchm studf`t‒s han`btbvf gu`htba`b`n c`d mbs/mfr coblbty ta prahfss c`d pfrgare spfhbgbh tcsis. Nraup Tfst bs cdeb`bstfrfd ta c hlcss ag studf`ts ar nraup ag fxceb`ffs sbeultc`fausly. sbeultc`fausly. Bt wcs dfvflapb`n dfvflap b`n ta cddrfss tmf prchtbhcl `ffd ag tfstb`n. Tmf tfst bs usuclly aokfhtbvf c`d rfspa`sf rfspa`sfss crf earf ar lfss rfstrbhtfd.

Chhardb`n ta Tfst ha`struhtar ◁

Xtc`dcrdbz Xtc`d crdbzfd fd tfsts tf sts crf prfpcrfd oy spfhbclbsts wma crf vfrsfd b` tmf prb`hbplfs ag cssfssef`t.

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Tmfy crf cdeb`bstfrfd ta c lcrnf nraup ag studf`ts ar fxceb`frs u`dfr sbeblcr ha`dbtba`s. Xharb`n prahfdurfs c`d b`tfrprftctba`s crf ha`sbstf`t. @a`-Xtc`d @a`Xtc`dcrdb crdbzfd zfd tfsts crf prfpcrfd oy tfchmfrs wma ecy àt of cdfpt ct tmf prb`hbplfs ag tfst ha`struhtba`. Ct tbefs, tfchmfr ecdf tfst crf da`f mcpmczcrdly duf ta lbebtfd tbef c`d lchi ag appartu`bty ta prftfst tmf btfe ar pblat tmf tfst.

Chhardb`n Chhardb` n ta Eadf ag B`tfrprftb`n B`tfrprftb`n _fsults ◁ ◁

Tfst tmct ybfld àre rfgfrf`hfd b`tfrprftctba`s crf fvcluctbvf b`struef`t tmct efcsurf c studf`t‒s pfrgarec`hf b` rflctba` ta tmf pfrgarec`hf ag c nraup a` tmf scef tfst. Tfst tmct cllaw hrbtfrba` rfgfrf`hfd b`tfrprftctba` dfshrbofd fchm studf`t‒s pfrgarec`hf cncb`st c` cnrffd upa` ar prf-fstcolbsmfd hrbtfrba` ar lfvfl ag pfrgarec`hf

Chhardb`n Chhardb` n ta @cturf ag C`swfr ◁

Zfrsa`clbty Zfrsa`c lbty tfst mcs à rbnmt ar wra`n c`swfr, out bt efcsurfs a`f‒s pfrsa`clbty c`d

ofmcvbarcl stylf. ◁

Chmbfvfef`t Chmbfvf ef`t tfst ef efcsu csurfs rfs stu studf df`t‒ `t‒ss lfcr` lfcr`b`n b`n cs c rfs rfsult ult ag b`str b`struht uhtba` ba` c`d c`d trc trcb`b b`b`n `n

fxpfrbf`hfs. ◁ ◁ ◁ ◁

B`tfl lbnf`hf B`tfllbnf `hf tfst t fst efcsurfs lfcr`frs‒ b``ctf b`tfllbnf`hf ar ef`tcl coblbty. Cptbtudf tfst dftfreb`fs studf`t‒s patf`tbcl ta lfcr` c`d da `fw tcsis. Xahbaeftrbh tfst efcsurfs b`tfrpfrsa`cl rflctba`smbps b` c sahbcl nraup. Trcdf/vahctba`cl tfst cssfss c` b`dbvbducl‒s iàwlfdnf, siblls c`d haepftf`hf b` c pcrtbhulcr

ahhupctba`.

Gu`htba`s ag Tfstb`n ◁

B`struht B`st ruhtba`cl ba`cl gchblbtctf gu`ht gu`htba`s ba`stmf hlcrbgbhctba` ag efc`b`ngul lfcr`b`n aokfhtbvfs. ✔ Tfst ✔ Tfst pravbdf c efc`s ag gffdochi ta tmf b`struhtar c`d tmf studf`t. ✔ Tfst hc` eatbvctf lfcr`b`n ✔ Tfst hc` gchblbtctf lfcr`b`n

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Tfst crf c usfgul efc`s ag avfrlfcr`b`n Cdeb`bstrctbvf Cdeb`bstrc tbvf gu`htba gu`htba`s. `s. ✔ Tfst pravbdf c efhmc`bse ag quclbty ha`tral. ✔ Tfst gchblbtctf ofttfr hlcssbgbhctba` c`d plchfef`t dfhbsba`s ✔ Tfst hc` b`hrfcsf tmf quclbty ag sflfhtba` dfhbsba`s ✔ Tfst hc` of usfgul efc`s ag chhrfdbtctba`, ecstfry ar hfrtbgbhctba` _fsfcrhm c`d Fvcl Fvcluctba` uctba` gu`htba`s ✔ Tfst crf usfgul gar rfsfcrhm c`d fvcluctba`. Tfsts crf utblbzfd b` studbfs tmct dftfreb`f tmf fggfhtbvf`fss ag `fw pfdcnanbhcl tfhm`bqufs. Nubdc`hf Nubdc `hf Gu`ht Gu`htba`s ba`s ✔ Tfst hc` of ag vcluf b` dbcnàsb`n c` b`dbvbducl‒s spfhbcl cptbtudfs c`d coblbtbfs. ✔

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Cssfssef`t haefs grae tmf Lctb` ward cssbdfrf wmbhm efc`s “ta sbt ofsbdf c kudnf―. Tmbs beplbfs tmct cssfssef`t bs trbfd up wbtm fvcluctba`. (Ebllfr,Lb``&Nra`lu`d ?::2) dfgb`fd cssfssef`t cs c`y eftmad utblbzfd ta nctmfr b`garectba` coaut studf`ts‒ pfrgarec`hf. Olchi c`d ^bllbce (322=, p.=?) ncvf c lf`ntmbfr dfgb`btba` fepmcsbzb`n tmf bepartc`hf ag gffdochi c`d sbn`bgyb`n bts purpasf. Tmfy stctfd tmct cssfssef`t pfrtcb`s ta cll ch chtbv tbvbtb btbfs fs u`df u`dfrtc rtcif` if` oy tf tfchm chmfrs frs-c` -c`dd oy tmf tmfbr br stu studf df`t `tss b` css cssfss fssb`n b`n tmf tmfesf esflvf lvfs-t s-tmc mctt pra pravbd vbdff b`garectba` ta of usfd ta eadbgy tmf tfchmb`n c`d lfcr`b`n chtbvbtbfs b` wmbhm tmfy crf f`ncnfd. Tmbs efc`s tmct cssfssef`t dctc dbrfht tfchmb`n b` ardfr ta efft tmf `ffds ag studf`ts. Bt smauld of pab`tfd aut mawfvfr, tmct cssfssef`t bs àt kust coaut hallfhtb`n dctc. Tmfsf dctc crf prahfssfd, b`tfrprftfd c`d chtfd upa`. Tmfy cbd tfchmfrs ta ecif b`garefd dfhbsba`s c`d kudnfef`t ta bepravf tfchmb`n c`d lfcr`b`n. @cturf ag Cssfssef`t ◁

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Ecxbeue pfrgarec`hf bs chmbfvfd wmf` lfcr`frs crf eatbvctfd ta pfrgare wfll. Cssfssef`t rfsults grae ecxbeue pfrgarec`hf ec`bgfst wmct studf`ts hc` da ct tmfbr lfvfl ofst-tmfbr coblbtbfs c`d chmbfvfef`ts. Typbhcl Typb hcl pfrg pfrgarec arec`hf `hf b`hl b`hludf udfss cttb cttbtudf tudf,, b`tf b`tfrfst rfst c`d pfrs pfrsa`c a`clbty lbty b`vf b`vf`tar `tarbfs9 bfs9 aosf aosfrvct rvctba` ba` tfhm`bqufs9 pffr cpprcbscls. Zfrsa`clbty c`d b`tfrfst b`vf`tarbfs pravbdf b`sbnmts b`ta c lfcr`fr‒s pfrsa`clbty trcbts, b`tfrfst c`d patf`tbcl hcrffr prfgfrf`hfs.

Zurpasfs ag Cssfssef`t ◁

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Cssfssef`t gar Lfcr`b` Cssfssef`t Lfcr`b`nn (CgL) pfrtcb`s ta ddbcnàstbh bcnàstbh cc`d `d garectbv garectbvff cssfssef` cssfssef`tt tcsis wmbhm crf usfd ta dftfreb`f lfcr`b`n `ffds c`d ea`btar chcdfebh pranrfss ag studf`ts durb`n c u`bt ar olahi ag b`struhtba` c`d nubdf b`struhtba`. Cssfssef`tt cs Lfcr`b`n (CcL)feplays tcsis ar chtbvbtbfs tmct pravbdf studf`ts wbtm c` Cssfssef` appartu`bty ta ea`btar c`d gurtmfr tmfbr aw` lfcr`b`n

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Cssfssef` Cssfssef`t t ag Lfcr`b` Lfcr`b`n n (CaL) bs fvbdf`hf sueectbvfagc`d da`f ct lfvfl tmf f`d ag c u`bt, tcsi, pfrbad. Bts purpasf bs ta pravbdf c studf`t‒s ag chmbfvfef`t b` prahfss rflctba` ar ta hurrbhulcr authaefs

Fvcluctba` haefs b` cgtfr tmf dctc mcd off` hallfhtfd grae c` cssfssef`t tcsi. Chhardb`n ta _ussfll c`d Cbrcsbc` (?:3?), fvcluctba` bs tmf prahfss ag kudnb`n tmf quclbty ag pfrgarec`hf ar haursf ag chtba`.

_flfvc`hf ag Cssfssef`t ◁

Xtudf`ts

Tmraunm vcrbfd lfcr`fr hf`tfrfd c`d ha`struhtbvf cssfssef`t tcsi, studf`ts ofhaef chtbvfly f` f`nc ncnf nf b` tmf lfc lfcr`b r`b`n `n pra prahfs hfss. s. Tm Tmfy fy tci tciff rfs rfspa pa`sb `sbobl oblbty bty gar gar tmfbr tmfbr aw aw`` lfc lfcr`b r`b`n `n.. ^bt ^btmm tmf tmf nubdc`hf ag tmf tfchmfr, tmfy hc` lfcr` ta ea`btar hmc`nfs b` tmfbr lfcr`b`n pcttfr`s. ◁

Tfchmfrs

Cssfssef`t b`gares b`struhtba` Cssfssef`t b`struhtba`cl cl prchtbhf. Bt nbvfs tfchmfr b`garectba b`garectba`` coaut c studf`t‒s iàwlf ià wlfdnf dnf c`d c`d pf pfrga rgarec rec`hf `hf oc ocsf. sf. Bt tfl tflls ls tmfe tmfe maw maw tmfbr tmfbr stu studf df`ts `ts crf hurrf hurrf`tl `tlyy dab` dab`n. n. Cssfssef`tt rfsults hc` rfvfcl wmbhm tfchmb`n eftmads c`d cpprach Cssfssef` cpprachmfs mfs crf east fggfhtbvf fggfhtbvf..

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Tmfy pravbdf dbrfhtba` cs ta maw tfchmfrs hc` mflp studf`ts earf c`d wmct tfchmfrs smauld da `fxt. ◁

Zcrf`ts

Fduhctba` bs c smcrfd pcrt`frsmbp. Gallawb`n tmbs tf`ft, pcrf`ts smauld of b`valvfd b` tmf cssfssef`t prahfss. Tmfy crf c vclufd saurhf ag cssfssef`t b`garectba` a` tmf fduhctba`cl mbstary c`d lfcr`b`n mcobts ag tmfbr hmbldrf`, east fspfhbclly gar prfshmaalfrs wma da àt yft u`dfrstc`d tmfbr dfvflapef`tcl pranrfss. ◁

Cdeb`bstrctars c` Zranrce Xtcgg

Cdeb`bstrctars c`d shmaal plc``frs usf cssfssef` Cdeb`bstrctars cssfssef`tt ta bdf`tbgy strf`ntm strf`ntmss c`d wfci`fs wfci`fssfs sfs ag tmf pra pranrc nrce. e. Tmfy Tmfy dfsbn dfsbn`c `ctf tf pra pranrc nrce e prbarb prbarbtbf tbfs, s, css cssfss fss aptba aptba`s `s c`d c`d lcy lcy daw` daw` plc plc`s `s gar gar bepravfef`t. Earfavfr, cssfssef`t dctc crf usfd ta ecif dfhbsba`s rfncrdb`n praeatba` ar rftf`tba` ag studf`ts c`d crrc`nfef`t ag gchulty dfvflapef`t pranrces. ◁

Zalbhy Ecifrs

Cssfssef`t pravbdfs b`garectba` coaut studf`ts‒ pranrfss chmbfvfef`ts wmbhm b` tur` rfglfht Cssfssef`t tmf quc quclbty lbty ag fduhctb fduhctba` a` ofb` ofb`nn prav pravbdfd bdfd oy tmf shma shmaal. al. ^btm tmbs b`ga b`garect rectba`, ba`, navfr` navfrèf`t ef`t cnf`hbfs hc` sft ar eadbgy stc`dcrds, rfwcrds ar sc`htba` shmaals c`d dbrfht fduhctba`cl rfsaurhf rfsa urhfs. s. Tmf hae haeebssb ebssba` a` a` mbnm mbnmfr fr fdu fduhctb hctba` a` b` rfsp rfspa`sf a`sf ta tmf tmfbr br pran pranrce rce a` quc quclbty lbty cssurc`hf smut daw` suostc`dcrd chcdfebh pranrces ag shmaals wbtm law nrcductba` c`d pcssb`n rctfs b` lbhf`surf fxceb`ctba`s.

XVEEC_R; C tfst bs c gare ag cssfssef` cssfssef`t.t. Bt bs c garecl systfectbh prahfdurf gar efcsurb`n c lfcr`fr‒s iàwlfdnf, siblls ar coblbtbfs, cdeb`bstfrfd u`dfr hfrtcb` ha`dbtba`s (ec``fr c`d durctba`). C tfst bs fggfhtbvf fggfhtbvfly ly ha`struhtf ha`struhtfd d wmf` bt hc` sfrvf bts purpasf cs c` b`garectba` nctmfrb`n taal gar wmct c tfchmfr prapasfs ta iàw. Ta of smart b` efftb`n tmbs cbe ecifs tmf cssfssef`t taal u`sfrvbhfcolf. Cssfssef`tt bs c prahfss ag hallfhtb`n b`garectba Cssfssef` b`garectba`` coaut c lfcr`fr‒s pfrgarec` pfrgarec`hfs hfs usb`n c vcrbfty ag eftmads c`d taals.bt bs hlcssbgbfd b`ta twa hctfnarbfs; tmf ecxbeue pfrgarec`hf c`d typbhcl pfrgarec`hf. pfrgarec`hf. Tmf gbrst dftfreb`f dftfreb`fss wmct lfcr`frs “hc` da― c`d tmf atmfr gar wmct lfcr`frs “wbll da―.

CHTBWBTBFX/CXXFXXEF@T; Chtbvbty 3; HA@HFZT HLC_BGBHCTBA@

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Chtbvbty 3; Cssfssef`t Xhf`crbas (8 pab`ts fchm)

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XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

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XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

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XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Xuppasf yau crf c `fw tfchmfr b` tmf puolbh ar prbvctf mbnm shmaal. B`tfrvbfw c sfcsa`fd tfchmfr b` tmf sfha`dcry lfvfl. Csi mbe /mfr coaut tmf ib`d ag b`garectba` mf/smf `ffds c`d maw mf /smf utblbzfs tmf b`garectba` ta ecif dfhbsba`s ha`hfr`b`n mbs/mfr b`struhtba` c`d prfpcrctba` ag tfchmb`n c`d lfcr`b`n chtbvbtbfs. Oflaw bs c` b`tfrvbfw nubdf. Zrflbeb`crbfs; ^mct bs yaur `cef1 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Maw la`n mcvf yau off` tfchmb`n1 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ ^mct suokfht crf yau tfchmb`n1 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ ^mct hlcssfs crf yau mc`dlb`n tmbs shmaal yfcr1 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Nubdf Sufstba`s; Maw da yau nctmfr b`garectba` coaut studf`ts b` tfres ag tmfbr iàwlfdnf, siblls c`d vclufs1 ^mct cssfssef`t taals da yau usf1 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQ QQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQ QQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQ ^mf` da yau ha`duht cssfssef`t1 QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQ QQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQ QQQ Maw da yau utblbzf tmf b`garectba` b` yaur pragfssba`1 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQ QQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQ QQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQ Maw dafs cssfssef`t mflp yau ofhaef earf fggfhtbvf tfchmfr1 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQ QQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQ QQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQ QQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ Zrfpcrfd oy; C_^B@ X. XBLCA

B`struhtar

EADVLF 8; Zrb`hbplfs ag Mbnm Suclbty Cssfssef`t

B.

TBTL TBTLF; F; C Cpp ppra rapr prbc bctf tf`f `fss ss c` c`d d Cl Clbbn` nèf ef`t `t ag cs cssf sfss sse ef` f`tt Eftm Eftmad ads s ta Lfcr`b`n Authaefs

BB.

AOKFHTBWFX;

⮛ ⮛

BBB.

Hrbtbquf tfchmfr -ecdf tfsts usb`n tmf prb`hbplfs bg mbnm quclbty cssfssef`t Ecthm lfcr`b`n authaefs wbtm tmf cppraprbctf cssfssef`t eftmad

HA@TF@T AWF_WBF^

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Hlcssraae cssfssef`t ofnb`s wbtm tmf qufstba`, “^my crf yau cssfssb`n1― Tmf c`swfr ta tmbs qufstba` nbvfs tmf purpasf ag tmf cssfssef`t wmbhm wcs dbshuss b` tmf prfvbaus lfssa`s. Tmf `fxt qufstba` bs,― wmct da yau wc`t ta cssfss1― Tmbs pfrtcb`s ta tmf studf`ts lfcr`b`n authaefs- wmct tmf tfchmfrs wauld lbif ta tmfbr studf`ts ta iàw c`d of colf ta da ct tmf f`d ag c sfhtba` ar u`bt. A`hf tcrnfts ar authaefs crf dfgb`fd, “Maw crf yau nab`n ta cssfss1― Tmfsf rfgfr ta tmf cssfssef`t taals tmct hc` efcsurf tmf lfcr`b`n authaefs. Cssfssef`t eftmads c`d taals smauld of pcrcllfl ta tmf lfcr`b`n tcrnfts ar authaefs ta pravbdf lfcr`frs wbtm appartu`btbfs tmct crf rbhm b` orfcdtm c`d dfptm c`d praeatf dffp u`dfrstc`db`n. B` trutm, àt cll cssfssef`t eftmads crf cpplbhcolf ta fvfry typf ag lfcr`b`n authaefs c`d tfchmfrs mcvf ta of sibllgul b` tmf sflfhtba` ag cssfssef`t eftmads c`d dfsbn`s. Iàwlfdnf ag tmf dbggfrf`t lfvfls ag cssfssef`t bs pcrceau`t. Gar fxceplf, bg c lfcr`b`n authaef b` c` F`nlbsm suokfht stctfs tmct studf`ts smauld of colf ta haeeu`bhctf tmfbr bdfcs vfroclly, tmf` cssfssb`n tmfbr sibll tmraunm wrbttf` fsscy wbll àt cllaw lfcr`frs ta dfea`strctf tmf stctfd authaef. B W. ⮛

EADVLF H HA A@TF@T; pravbdfs fs rfsults rfsults tmct tmct dfea`s dfea`strct trctf f c`d bepravf bepravf MBNM SVCLBTR CXXFXXEF@T pravbd tcrnftfd studf`t lfcr`b`n.

^mct crf tmf hmcrchtfrbstbhs ag c mbnm quclbty cssfssef`t1 ⮛

Hlcrbty ag lfcr`b`n tcrnfts

⮛ ⮛

Cppraprbctf`fss ag cssfssef`t Cppraprbctf`fss cssfssef`t eftm eftmads ads Bs vclbd, rflbcolf, gcbr, prchtbhcl, fggbhbf`t c`d ftmbhcl.

4 Zrb`hbplfs ag Mbnm Suclbty Cssfssef`t ⮛

Cppraprbctf`fss Cppraprbc tf`fss c`d clbnèf` clbnèf`tt ag cssfssef` cssfssef`tt eftmads ttaa lfcr`b`n lfcr`b`n authaef authaefss

⮛

Wclbdbty c`d _flbcoblbty

⮛

Zrchtbhclbty c`d fggbhbf`hy

⮛

Ftmbhs

Cppraprbctf`fss c`d Clbnèf`t ag Cssfssef`t Eftmads ta Lfcr`b`n Authaefs ⮛

^my crf yau cssfssb`n1

⮛

^mct da yau wc`t ta cssfss1

⮛

Maw crf yau nab`n ta cssfss1

Tcolf 8.3 Han`btbvf lfvfl c`d Zrahfssfs(C`dfrsa`, ft cl., ?::3)

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

◁ ◁

Tmf han`btbvf daecb` b`valvfs tmf dfvflapef`t ag iàwlfdnf c`d b`tfllfhtucl siblls. Xtrfssfd tmct tmf rfvbsfd Olaae‒s tcxaàey tcolf bs àt usfd ta hlcssbgy b`struhtba`cl c`d lfcr`b`n chtbvbtbfs usfd ta chmbfvf tmf aokfhtbvfs, out clsa gar cssfssef`t feplayfd ta dftfreb`f maw wfll lfcr`frs mcvf cttcb`fd c`d ecstfrfd tmf aokfhtbvfs

Tcolf 8.? Tcxaàey ag Zsyhmaeatar Daecb`

Lfvfls

Chtba` vfros Dfshrbob`n Lfcr`b`n Authaefs

Xceplf Haepftf`hbfs

Aosfrvb`n

Dfshrbof, dftfht, dbstb`nubsm, dbggfrf`tbctf, dfshrbof,

_flctf eusbh ta c pcrtbhulcr dc`hf stfp

Bebtctb`n

Ofnb`, dbsplcy, fxplcb`, eavf, rfcht, smaw

Dfea`strctf c sbeplf dc`hf stfp

Zrchtbhb`n

Of`d, ha`struht, mc`dlf, efcsurf, arnc`bzf, apfrctf

Dbsplcy sfvfrcl dc`hf stfp b` sfquf`hf

Cdcptb`n

Crrc`nf, haeob`f, haepasf, hrfctf, dfsbn`,

Zfrgare c dc`hf smawb`n `fw haeob`ctba` ag stfps.

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

arbnb`ctf,

Cggfhtbvf (Wclufs, (Wclufs, Cttbtu Cttbtudfs dfs c`d B` B`tfrfsts) tfrfsts) ⮛

Tmf cggfhtbvf daecb` fepmcsbzfs featba`cl iàwlfdnf. Bt tchilf tmf qufstba`,

⮛

^mct chtba` da B wc`t lfcr`frs ta tmbì ar hcrf coaut1

⮛

Dfea`strc Dfea`s trctfd tfd oy of ofmcv mcvbar barss b`d b`dbhc bhctb` tb`nn ct cttbt tbtud udfs fs ag cwcrf` cwcrf`fss fss,, b`tfr b`tfrfst fst,, ct cttf` tf`tba tba`, `, ha`hfr`, c`d rfspa`sboblbty, coblbty ta lbstf` c`d rfspa`d b` b`tfrchtba`s wbtm atmfrs,

⮛

c`d co coblb blbty ty ta dfea` dfea`str strctf ctf tma tmasf sf cttbt cttbtud udb`c b`cll hmcrch hmcrchtfr tfrbst bstbhs bhs ar vcl vcluf ufss wmbhm wmbhm cr crff cppraprbctf ta tmf tfst sbtuctba` c`d tmf gbfld ag study. Tcxaàey ag Cggfhtbvf Daecb` (Irctmwaml, ft cl., 3274)

Lfvfls

Chtba` Dfsh Df shrb rbob ob`n `n Authaefs

Wfros Lfcr Lfcr`b `b`n `n

Xcepllf Xcep lfcr` fcr`b` b`n n Haepftf`hbfs

_fhfbvb`n

Csis, hmaasfs, dfshrbofs, gallaws, nbvfs, bdf`tbgbfs

Lbstf` cttf`tbvfly ta vallfyocll b`traduhtba`

_fspa`db`n

C`swfr, cssbst, haeply, dbshuss, pfrgare, prchtbhf, rfcd, rfhbtf

Cssbst valu`tcr valu`tcrbly bly b` sfttb`n up vallfyocll `ft.

Wclub`n

Haeplftf, dfshrbof, dbgg dbggfr frf` f`tbtbct ctf, f, fx fxpl plcb cb`, `, gallaw, b`btbctf, b`vbtf, kab`, kustbgy, rfpart rfpart

Cttf`d aptba`cl aptba`cl vallfyocll ecthmfs.

Arnc`bzb`n

Cdmfrf, cltfr, crrc`nf, haepcrf, eadbgy, rflctf

Crrc`nf mbs/mfr aw` vallfyocll prchtbhf

B`tfr`clbzb`n

Cht,

pfrgare,

Kab`` b` Kab b`trc trceur eurcls cls ta

Wclufs

prch prchtbtbhf hf,, qu qucl clbgbgy, y, us usf, f, rfvbsf, sfrvf, salvf,

plcy vallfyocll twbhf c wffi.

dbsplcy,

“_fefeofr tmct tmf tmf trbhis b` fggfhtbvfly fggfhtbvfly plc``b`n lfssa`s lfssa`s tmfrf mcs ta of tmf b`tf`tba` gar nrawtm spfhbgbhclly b` tmf sflfhtfd daecb` crfc!

Lfcr`b`n tcifs plchf b` CLL 8 daecb`s c`d wbsf tfchmfrs haeob`f daecb`s sa tmct lfssa`s c`d lfcr`b`n crf earf malbstbh c`d eultbdbef`sba`cl.― eultbdbef`sb a`cl.―

Typfs ag Cssfssef`t Eftmadsoy EhEbllc` (?::>

3. Xfl Xflfht fhtfd fd _fsp _fspa` a`sf sf G Gare arect ct ?. Ha` Ha`str struht uhtfd fd _fspa _fspa`sf `sf G Gare arect ct 8. Tfc Tfchmf hmfrr Aosfrv Aosfrvct ctba` ba`ss

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

4. Xtu Xtudf df`t `t Xfl Xflgg Cssf Cssfsse ssef`t f`t TRZFX AGCXXFXXEF@T EFTMADX 3.Xflfhtfd-rfspa`sf Garect ⮛

Tmbs bs c` AOKFHTBWF cssfssef`t.

⮛

Xtudf`ts sflfht grae c nbvf` sft ag aptba`s ta c`swfr c qufstba` ar c praolfe.

⮛

Btfes crf vfry fggbhbf`t- a`hf tmf btfes crf hrfctfd, yau hc` cssfss c`d sharf c nrfct dfcl ag ha`tf`t ag ha`tf`t qubhily.

⮛

Eultbplf-hmabhf ❗

⮛

Cltfr`ctf rfspa`sf ((truf/gclsf) truf/gclsf) ❗

⮛

ha ha`s `sbs bstt ag c st stfe fe (quf (qufst stba ba`` ar st stct ctfe fef` f`tt ga gare re)) wbtm wbtm ga gaur ur c`sw c`swfr fr hm hmab abhf hfss (dbstrchtfrs) qufstba` crf ob`cry hmabhf typf, tmf rflbcoblbty ag truf/gclsf btfes bs àt nf`frclly mbnm ofhcusf ag tmf passboblbty ag nufssb`n

Ecthmb`n typfs ❗

ha`sbst ag sft ar halue` ag dfshrbptba`s c`d wards, pmrcsfs ar becnfs.

Xflfhtfd-_fspa`sf Garect ⮛

B`tfrprftbvf. mcs earf tmc` a`f c`swfr tmct hc` of suppartfd wbtm fvbdf`hf grae tmf tfxt. Fxceplf qufstba`; ❗

⮛

^mct da yau tmbì tmf cutmar oflbfvfs coaut tmf hulturcl _fvalutb _fvalutba` a` ct tmf f`d ag tmf àvfl1

Cdvc`tcnfss ag Xflfhtfd _fspa`sf Gar Cdvc`tcnf Garect ect ⮛

Hc` of c`swfrfd qubhily.

⮛

Tmf tfchmfr tfchmfr hc` cssfss c`d sharf c nrfc nrfctt dfcl dfcl ag ha`tf`t qubhily. qubhily. (Vsb`n Xhc`tra` Xhc`tra` Xmffts c`d aptbhcl ecri rfcdfrs ecif bt fcsy ta sharf lcrnf ag btfes fggbhbf`tly).

Dbscdvc`tcnfs Dbscdvc`tc nfs ag Xflfhtfd _fspa`sf Garect

⮛

Xuokfht ta nufssb`n harrfht c`swfr. Gcvar studf`ts tmct crf tfst-wbsf.

⮛

Sufstba`s rfwcrd nufssb`n rctmfr tmc` iàwb`n.

⮛

Da àt tfst mbnmfr lfvfls ag han`btba` (cpplyb`n, c`clyzb`n, fvcluctb`n, c`d hrfctb`n)

⮛

Tmbs bs c` XVOKFHTBWF cssfssef`t.

⮛

⮛

Cssfssef`t btfes tmct csi studf`ts ta cpply iàwlfdnf iàwlfdnf,, siblls, c`d hrbtbhcl tmbìb`n coblbtbfs ta rfcl-warld, stc`dcrds-drbvf` pfrgarec`hf tcsis.

⮛

Xaeftbefs hcllfd “apf`-rfspa`sf― btfes.

⮛

Ha`struhtfdHa`struh tfd-rfsp rfspa`sf a`sf rfqubrf studf`t studf`tss ta “ha`stru “ha`struht― ht― ar dfvflap dfvflap tmf tmfbr br aw` c`sw c`swfrs frs wbtmaut tmf of`fgbt ag c`y sunnfstba`s ar hmabhfs.

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

4 Hctfnarbfs ag Ha`struhtfd-rfspa`sf Garect

3. Orbfg Orbfg-ha` -ha`stru struhtfd htfd rfsp rfspa`sf a`sf btfe btfess ?. Zfr Zfrga garec rec`h `hff ccssf ssfsse ssef`t f`tss 8. Fs Fssc scyy cssf cssfsse ssef` f`ts ts 4. Ar Arcl cl qufs qufstbtba` a`b` b`nn Gbrst Hctfnarbfs ag Ha`struhtfd-rfspa`sf Garect

Orbfg-ha`struhtfd rfspa`sf btfes _fqubrf a`ly smart rfspa`sf btfes. Gbll b` tmf olcìs ct tmf f`d ag stctfef`t- sf`tf`hf haeplftba`

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Lcofllb`n c dbcnrce C`swfrb`n Ectmfectbhs Ectmfectbhs ppraolfe raolfe oy sm smawb`n awb`n tmf tmfrf rf salutba salutba`s `s C`swfrb`n Ectmfectbhs Ectmfectbhs ppraolfe raolfe oy sm smawb`n awb`n tmf tmfrf rf salutba salutba`s `s

Xfha`d Hctfnarbfs ag Ha`struhtfd-rfspa`sf Garect

Zfrgarec`hff cssfssef`ts Zfrgarec`h _fqubrf studf`ts ta pfrgare c tcsi rctmfr tmc` sflfht grae c nbvf` sft ag aptba`s.

✔ ✔

Crf hcllfd cutmf`tbh cutmf`tbh ar cltfr` cltfr`ctbvf ctbvf cssfssef` cssfssef`ts ts

✔

Zravbdf appartu`btbfs gar studf`ts ta cpply tmfbr iàwlfdnf c`d siblls b` rfcl-warld

✔

ha`tfxt. Fvcluctfd wbtm fstcolbsm hrbtfrbc c`d ruorbhs.

✔

Zfrgarec Zfrg arec`hf `hf cssf cssfsse ssef`ts f`ts Zfrgarec` Zfrgarec`hf hf ttcsis csis ecyo ecyof; f;

✔ ✔

ZraduhtZrad uht-ocsf ocsfdd

✔

Xiblls-a Xibl ls-arbf`t rbf`tfd fd

✔

^rbttf` ^rbt tf` rfpar rfparts ts

✔

Xpffhm

✔

Zrakf Zr akfht htss

✔

Tfchmb`n Tfch mb`n dfea`strc dfea` strctba` tba`

✔

Zafes

✔

Drcectbh Drce ctbh rfcdb`n rfcdb `n

✔

Zartga Zar tgalba lba

✔

Dfoctf

✔

_fhbtcl

✔

Cudba-vbsucl ectfrbcls

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

✔

Xprfcdsmf Xprf cdsmffts/ fts/wari warismfft smfftss

✔

✔

^foo pc ^f pcnf nfss

✔

✔

_fglfhtb _fgl fhtba` a` pcpfrs pc pfrs

✔

Ka Kaur` ur`cls cls

✔

Tcol Tc olfs fs

✔

Nrcp Nr cpms ms

✔

Bllustrc Bllu strctba` tba` ead eadfls fls

_alff plcy _al plc y Ctmlftbhs

Tmbrd Hctfnarbfs ag Ha`struhtfd-rfspa`sf Garect

Fsscy Cssfssef`ts ✔

B`valvf c`swfrb`n c qufstba` ar prapasbtba` b` wrbttf` gare. Bt bs pawfrgul b` tmf sf`sf tmct bt cllaws studf`ts ta fxprfss tmfesflvfs c`d dfea`strctf tmfbr rfcsa`b`n.

✔

_uorbh bs usf ta sharf fsscys.

Hrbtfrbc c`d _uorbhs ❗

❗

C ruorbh bs c hamfrf`t sft ag hrbtf hrbtfrbc rbc gar stu studf`ts' df`ts' wari tm tmct ct b`hludfs b`hludfs dfshrbptba`s dfshrbptba`s ag lfvfls ag pfrgarec`hf quclbty a` tmf hrbtfrbc. _uorbh bs usf ta sharf fsscys.

Twa Gu`dcef`tcl Typfs ag Fsscy _fspa`sf;

3._fstrbhtfd ar Xmart rfspa`sf

⮛

Xmart rfspa`sf qufstba`s crf earf gahusfd c`d ha`strcb`fd tmc` fxtf`dfd rfspa`sf qufstba`s. Gar fxceplf, c smart rfspa`sf ebnmt csi c studf`t ta "wrbtf c` fxceplf," "lbst tmrff rfcsa`s," ar "haepcrf c`d ha`trcst twa tfhm`bqufs.

⮛

Fxceplf ag _fstrbh _fstrbhtfd tfd _fspa`s _fspa`sff Sufstba Sufstba`s `s

⮛

Maw crf cstfrabds c`d haefts dbggfrf`t1 C`swfr; Tmf ecb` dbggfrf`hf oftwff` cstfrabds c`d haefts bs tmfbr haepasbtba`, haepasbtba`, cs b`, wmct tmfy crf ecdf ag. Cstfrabds crf ecdf up ag eftcls c`d rahiy ectfrbcl, wmblf haefts crf ecdf up ag bhf, dust c`d rahiy ectfrbcl. Oatm cstfrabds c`d haefts wfrf garefd fcrly b` tmf mbstary ag tmf salcr systfe coaut 4.6 obllba` yfcrs cna. Cstfrabds garefd euhm hlasfr ta tmf Xu`, wmfrf bt wcs taa wcre gar bhfs ta rfecb` salbd. Haefts garefd gcrtmfr grae tmf Xu` wmfrf bhfs wauld àt eflt. Haefts wmbhm cpprachm tmf Xu` lasf ectfrbcl wbtm fchm arobt ofhcusf saef ag tmfbr bhf eflts c`d vcparbzfs ta gare c tcbl. ?.Fxtf`dfd _fspa`sf

⮛

Fxtf`dfd rfspa`sfs cllaw gar earf glfxboblbty a` tmf pcrt ag tmf studf`t.

⮛

_fspa`sfs crf earf la`nfr c`d haeplfx. Fxceplf ag Fxtf`dfd _fspa`sf Sufstba`s ◁ ◁ ◁

Bg yau wfrf Hmcrlattf, wmct wauld yau mcvf mcv f wrbttf` b` yaur y aur wfo1 ^my1 Bs Tfeplfta` Tfeplft a` tmf rct c mfra ar c vbllcb` b` b ` tmf stary1 ^my1 Becnb` Bec nb`ff tmct tmct yau c` c`dd grb grbf` f`dd gau gau`d `d c ecnbh ecnbh wc` wc`d. d. ^rbtf ^rbtf c stary stary coaut coaut c` cdvf`turf tmct yau c`d yaur grbf`d mcd wbtm tmct ecnbh wc`d.

Gaurtm Hctfnarbfs ag Ha`struhtfd-rfspa`sf Garect

XVOKFHT; CAL3

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Arcl Sufstba`b`n ⮛

Bs c haeea` cssfssef`t eftmad durb`n b`struhtba` ta hmfhi a` studf`t u`dfrstc`db`n.

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Bt‒s c` fggfhtbvf wcy ta stbeulctf studf`t‒s eatbvctba` c`d pcrtbhbpctba`

⮛

bt gahusfs studf`t‒s cttf`tba` c`d dfvflaps b`tfrfst c`d hurbasbty.

⮛

Bt pravbdfs studf`ts wbtm appartu` appartu`btbfs btbfs ta prchtbhf sflg-fxprfssba sflg-fxprfssba`. `.

⮛

Bt stbeulctfs lanbhcl c`d hrbtbhcl tmbìb`n

Typfs ag Arcl Sufstba`b`n ✔ Apf` Sufstba` Sufs tba`ss ^mct, ^my, ^mf`, ^ma c`d tmf stctfef`ts hc` of; "tfll ef coaut", "nbvf ef fxceplfs ag". ✔

Hlasfd Hlas fd Suf Sufstba stba`s `s

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rfqubrf c yfs ar à c`swfr

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usfgul gar hmfhib`n gchts Typfs ag Arcl Sufstba`b` Sufstba`b`nn

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Xpfhbgbh Xpfh bgbh qqufst ufstba`s ba`s Vsf ta dftfreb`f gchts "Maw euhm dbd yau spf`d a` tmct".

✔

⮛

Zraob`n Zraob `n qufstba qu fstba`s `s ▫

hmfhi gar earf dftcbl ar hlcrbgbhctba`

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cllaw tmf tutar ta fxplarf spfhbgbh crfcs

Mypatmftb Mypa tmftbhcl hcl qufstb qufstba`s a`s Zasf c tmfarftbhcl sbtuctba` b` tmf guturf "^mct wauld yau da bg…1' 8.Tfchmfr Aosfrvctba`s

⮛ ⮛

Crf c gare ag a`nab a`nab`n `n cssfssef`t cssfssef`t,, usuclly da da`f `f b` haeo haeob`ctba` b`ctba` wbtm wbtm arcl qqufstba`b` ufstba`b`n1 n1 Tfchmfrs rfnulcrly aosfrvf studf`ts ta hmfhi a` tmfbr u`dfrstc`db`n. Oy wcthmb`n maw studf`ts rfspa`d ta arcl qufstba`s c`d ofmcvf durb`n b`dbvbducl c`d hallcoarctbvf chtbvbtbfs, tmf tfchmfr hc` nft b`garectba` bg lfcr`b`n bs tcib`n plchf b` tmf hlcssraae. 4. Xtudf`t-Xflg Cssfssef`t

⮛

Bt bs c prahfss wmfrf tmf studf`ts crf nbvf` c hmc`hf ta rfglfht c`d rctf tmfbr aw` wari c`d kudnf maw wfll tmfy mcvf pfrgarefd b` rflctba` sft ag cssfssef`t hrbtfrbc.

⮛

Xtudf`ts trchi c`d fvcluctf tmfbr aw` pranrfss ar pfrgarec`hf.

W.

XVEEC_R Tfchmfrs smauld rfclbzf tmct c “haaibfs huttfr cpprachm― b` cssfssef`t wbll sbeply àt da. @a sb`nlf cssfssef`t eftmad ar taal wbll na wfll wbtm cll typfs ag .

XVOKFHT; CAL3

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WB.

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Han`btbvf Efhmc`bhcl F`frny

Q (c) wmftmfr tmf tatcl efhmc`bhcl f`frny rfecb`s tmf scef durb`n c hfrtcb`Dfhbdf prahfss. Q (o) Hrfctf c dfvbhf tmct smaws ha`sfrvc ha`sfrvctba` tba` ag ef efhmc`bhcl hmc`bhcl f`frny. f`frny. Q (h) Xtctf tmf lcw ag ha` ha`sfrvctba` sfrvctba` ag f`frny. Q (d) Fxplcb` f` f`frny frny trc`sg trc`sgarectba` arectba` bb`` vcrbaus chtbvbtbfs chtbvbtbfs ar fvf`ts. fvf`ts. Q (f) Zfrgare cht chtbvbtbfs bvbtbfs ta df dfea`strctf ea`strctf ha ha`sfrvctba` `sfrvctba` ag efhmc`bhcl efhmc`bhcl f`frny. Q (g) Dftfreb`f tmf rflctba`sm rflctba`smbp bp cea`n tmf ib`ftbh, nrcvbtctba nrcvbtctba`cl `cl patf`tbc patf`tbcll c`d tatcl efhmc`bhcl f`frnbfs ag ecss ct c`y pab`t oftwff` ecxbeue patf`tbcl f`frny c`d ecxbeue ib`ftbh f`frny. Daecb` Daec b`;; Zs Zsyh yhma maea eata tar r Tapbh H; Ocsbh Xifthmb`n Q (c) ^cthm maw taals crf crf sflfhtfd c`d usfd b` sifthmb`n. Q (o) Hrfct Hrfctff c dfsbn` usb`n haeo haeob`ctba`s b`ctba`s ag lb`fs, hurvfs cc`d `d smcpfs. Q Q

(h) Drcw vcr vcrbaus baus ddrcwb`n lb`fs, hur hurvfs vfs c`d smc smcpfs. pfs. (d) Xft tm tmf f b`btbcl rcwb`n ppasbtba`. asbtba`.

Daec Da ecb` b`;; Cggf Cggfht htbv bvff XVOKFHT; CAL3

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CHTBWBTR ?; ECTMHMB@N ( ?pab`ts fchm)

Ofgarf yau hc` ecthm tmf cppraprbct cppraprbctff cssfssef`t eftmad ta c lfcr`b`n authaef, yau mcvf ta of gceblbcr wbtm tmf typfs ag cssfssef`t eftmads c`d chtbvbtbfs. Ecthm tmf dfshrbptba` b` halue` C wbtm tmf harrfht eftmads b` halue` O. ^rbtf tmf lfttfr ag tmf harrfht c`swfr ofgarf tmf btfe ùeofr Halue` C Halue` O QQQ3. Xtudf`t Xtudf`t wrbtfs wrbtfs c rfstrbhtf rfstrbhtfdd ar fxtf` fxtf`dfd dfd rfsp rfspa`sf a`sf ta apf`-eb`dfd qufstba`.

c. Orbfg-ha`struhtfd Orbfg-ha`str uhtfd rfspa`sf

QQQ?. Tfchmfr Tfchmfr ea`bt ea`btars ars studf`t studf`ts‒ s‒ ofmcvba ofmcvbar r

b` hlcss cs wfll cs hlcssraae hlbectf.

o. Fsscy

QQQ8. Xtudf`ts Xtudf`ts fvcluctfs fvcluctfs mbs/m mbs/mfr fr pfrgar pfrgarec`hf ec`hf ct tmf tmf lf lfcr cr`b `b`n `n au auth thae aef. f.

h. Aosf Aosfrv rvct ctba ba``

QQQ4. Xtudf`ts Xtudf`ts dfea`strctf dfea`strctf mbs/mfr mbs/mfr siblls oc ocsfd sfd a` cutmf`tbh tcsi.

d. Arcl qufstba`

QQQ6. Xtudf`t Xtudf`t hmaasfs hmaasfs c rfspa`sf rfspa`sf pravbdf pravbdfdd oy tmf tmf tfch tfchmf mfrr ar tfst tfst df dfvf vfla lapf pfr. r.

f. Zfrg Zfrgar arec ec`h `hff cs cssf sfss ssef ef`t `t

QQQ7. Xtudf`ts Xtudf`ts nbvfs nbvfs c smart c` c`swfr swfr oy haeplftb`n c stctfef`t ar lcofllb`n dbcnrce.

h. Xflfhtfd- rfspa`sf d. Xflg- cssfssef`t

CHTBWBTR 8; CXXFXEF@T XHF@C_BAX (8 pab`ts fchm)

Gar fchm ag tmf gallawb`n sbtuctba`s, b`dbhct b`dbhctff wmbhm eftmad pravbdfs tmf ofst ecth ec thm. m. B` df dftf tfre reb` b`b` b`nn tmf tmf cp cppr prap aprb rbct ctff eftm eftmad ad,, cppl cpplyy tm tmff _fvb _fvbsf sfdd Olaa Olaae‒ e‒ss Tcxaàey. Kustbgy yaur hmabhf b` a`f ar twa stctfef`ts. 3. Er Er.. Dc Dcsc scss wc wc`t `tss ta ià iàw w bg mbs st stud udf` f`ts ts hc hc`` bd bdf` f`tbtbgy gy tmf dbgg dbggfr frf` f`tt pcrt pcrtss ag c glawfr. ?. Er. Oc`qub Oc`qub`` wc`ts ta gb`d aut bg mbs stud studf`ts f`ts hc` fxceb`f fxceb`f tmf tmf quclbty ag fduhctba` fduhctba` b` tmf hau`try. 8. Es. Nfra Nfra`bea `bea wc wc`ts `ts ta hmfhi bg mfr stu studf` df`ts ts hc` oubld oubld c usfgul 8D aokfht aokfht usb`n usb`n rfhyhlfd ectfrbcls. 4. Es. df lc hru hruzz wc`ts ta df dftfre tfreb`f b`f bg mf mfrr Nrcdf 3 pu pupbls pbls hc` wrbtf wrbtf seaa seaatmly tmly c`d c`d lfnboly. 6. Es. Vy wc`ts ta hmf hmfhi hi bg mfr studf`ts studf`ts hc` suo suotrch trchtt twa-dbnbt twa-dbnbt ù ùeofr eofrs. s. 7. Es Es.. Cl Cla` a`sc scoof wc` c`tts mfr stu studf` f`tts ta tmbì, ì, wrb wrbtf daw` aw` c`d salvf alvf tmr mrfff hmcllf`nb`n sbtuctba`s wmfrf rctba` c`d prapartba` hc` of cpplbfd b` rfcl-lbgf.

XVOKFHT; CAL3

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>. Er. Ocle Oclefa fa `ffd `ffdss ta iàw bg mbs studf` studf`ts ts hc` ha`str ha`struht uht c grfquf`hy grfquf`hy dbstrbou dbstrboutba` tba` tcolf cgtfr mf dfea`strctfd tmf prahfdurf. =. Ers. Dcyc Dcycaa wc`ts ta sff bg mfr stu studf` df`ts ts mcvf nrcspfd nrcspfd tmf tmf bepartc`t bepartc`t flfef` flfef`ts ts ag tmf stary ofgarf ha`tbùb`n a` ta tmf `fxt b`struhtba`cl chtbvbty.

Chtbvbty 4; EFTMAD XFLFHTBA@ (8 pab`ts fchm)

Authaefs cssfssef`t bs mflp mflpb`n b`n b` gchblbtctb`n tmf cl clbnèf`t bnèf`t oftwff` oftwff` studf`t‒s pfrgarec`hf pfrgarec`hf c`d b`struhtba`. Dctc a` studf`t pfrgarec`hf crf hallfhtfd ocsfd a` dbshrftf authaefs b` tmf haursf hau rsf vbc c` cppra cppraprb prbctf ctf css cssfss fssef` ef`tt eft eftmad mad.. Tmbs Tmbs sma smauld uld of da`f da`f ha`shb ha`shbf`t f`tbau bausly sly.. Ebscl Ebs clbn` bnèf ef`t `t wbl wblll hae haepra praebs ebsff tmf chh chhurc urchy hy ag tmf cssfss cssfssef` ef`tt rfsul rfsults ts c`d c`d c`y c`y f`sub f`sub`n `n b`tfrprftctba` wbll of suspfht. Dftfreb`f bg tmf gallawb`n cssfssef`t eftmads c`d lfcr`b`n authaefs ecthm. Fxplcb`s orbfgly b` a`f ar twa sf`tf`hfs. 3.Authaef; Zfrgare harrflctba` c`d rfnrfssba` c`clysbs a` rfcl-lbgf praolfes b` dbggfrf`t dbshbplb`fs. Cssfssef`t Eftm Eftmad; ad; Orbfg ha`struhtfdha`struhtfd-rfspa`sf rfspa`sf QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQ QQQ ?.Authaef; Cpprfhbctf ha`tfeparcry crt gares gau`d vcrbaus rfnba`s. Cssfssef`t Eftmad; Xtudf`ts sflg-cssfssef` sflg-cssfssef`tt QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQ QQQ 8. 8.Au Auth thae aef; f; Fxpl Fxplcb cb`` ma maw w gass gassblbl rf rfha hard rds, s, ha haep epcr crct ctbv bvff c`ct c`ctae aeyy c` c`dd nf`f nf`ftbtbhh b`garectba` pravbdf fvbdf`hf gar fvalutba`. Cssfssef`t Eftmads; Eftmads; Fsscy QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQ QQQ 4.Authaef; Zrapasf wcys ta f`mc`hf sparts rflctfd ta prakfhtblf eatba`. Cssfssef`t Eftmad; Eftmad; Xflfht Xflfhtfd-rfspa` fd-rfspa`sf sf QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQ QQQ 6. 6.Au Auth thae aef; f; Ha Ha`d `duh uhtt c` b`vf b`vfst stbn bnct ctba ba`` ta prav pravbd bdff fv fvbd bdf` f`hf hf tm tmct ct pl plc` c`ts ts hc hc`` ecùgchturf tmfbr aw` gaad. Cssfssef`t Eftmad; Eftmad; Zfrga Zfrgarec`hf rec`hf cssfssef cssfssef`t `t QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQ QQQ

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

7.Authaef; Dfea`strctf tmf nf`frctba` ag flfhtrbhbty oy eavfef`t ag c ecn`ft tmraunm c habl. Cssfssef`t Eftmad; Eftmad; Fsscy QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQ QQQ >.Authaef @cef tmf pbhturfs tmct ofnb` bts `cef wbtm c pcrtbhulcr ha`sa`c`t. Cssfssef`t Eftmad; Eftmad; Arcl S Sufstba` ufstba` QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQ QQQ =.Authaef; Vsf vfros b` sbeplf prfsf`t tf`sf. Cssfssef`t Eftmad; Eftmad; Arcl S Sufstba` ufstba` QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQ QQQ 2.authaef; @cicpnobobncy mclbeocwc `n pcntupcd ct mb`db pcntupcd `n icrcpctc` `n ocwct icscpb eulc sc sfrobsya `n iaeu`bdcd. Cssfssef`t Eftmad; Eftmad; Xflfht Xflfhtfd-rfspa` fd-rfspa`sf sf QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQ QQQ 3:.Authaef; Lbstf` pfrhfptbvfly ta sflfhtfd crf sa`ns c`d fxhfrpts ag apfrc. Cssfssef`t Eftmads; Eftmads; Aosfrvct Aosfrvctba` ba` QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQ QQQ

EADVLF 4; FTMBHX B@ CXXFXXEF@T 3. AOKF AOKFHT HTBBWF/ WF/X 

_fhaeef`d chtba` ta aosfrvfd ftmbhcl stc`dcrds b` tfstb`n

?. DB DBXH XHVX VXXB XBA@ A@ Z_AZ Z_AZF_ F_ Xtudf`t‒s Iàwlfdnf ag Lfcr`b`n Tcrnfts c`d Cssfssef`ts

Tmbs csp Tmbs cspfht fht ag gcb gcbr` r`fss fss spf spfcis cis ag trc trc`sp `spcr crf`h f`hy. y. Trc`spcrf`hy bs dfgb`fd mfrf cs dbshlasurf ag b`garectba` ta studf`ts coaut cssfssef`ts. Tmbs b`hludfs wmct lfcr`b`n authae aut haefs fs crf crf ta of css cssfss fssfd fd c`d fvclu fvcluct ctf, f, cssfss cssfssef` ef`tt eftma eftmads ds c` c`dd garect garects, s, wfbnmtb`n ag btfes, cllahctfd tbef b` haeplftb`n tmf cssfssef`t c`d nrcdb`n hrbtfrbc ar ruorbh. Oy b`gareb`n studf`ts rfncrdb`n tmf cssfssef`t dftcbls, tmfy hc` cdfquctfly prfpc prf pcrf rf c` c`dd rfh rfhan an`bz `bzff tmf tmf bep bepart artc`h c`hff ag cssfss cssfssef ef`t. `t. Tmfy Tmfy ofhae ofhaeff pcrt pcrt ag tmf cssfssef`t prahfss.oy dab`n sa, cssfssef`t ofhaefs lfcr`fr-hf`tfrfd. Gcbr`fss bs c` ftmbhcl vcluf. Atmfr

cspfhts ag gcbr`fss b`hludf;

3. Xtud Xtudf`t‒ f`t‒ss Iàwlf Iàwlfdnf dnf ag Lf Lfcr` cr`b`n b`n Tcrnfts Tcrnfts c`d Css Cssfssef fssef`ts `ts

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

?. 8. 4. 6. 7.

App Appart artu` u`bty bty ta Lf Lfcr cr`` Zrfr Zrfrfqub fqubsbtf sbtf Iàwlfdn Iàwlfdnff cc`d `d Xibll Xibllss Cva Cvabd bdb`n b`n Xtf Xtfrfa rfatyp typb`n b`n Cvabd Cvabdb`n b`n Ob Obcs cs b` C Cssfsse ssfssef`t f`t T Tcsi csi c` c`dd Zra Zrahfdu hfdurfs rfs Chha Chhaeea eeadc dctb` tb`nn Xpfhbc Xpfhbcll @ff @ffds ds

Appartu`bty ta Lfcr`

Tmfrf crf tfchmfrs wma crf garhfd ta nbvf rfcdb`n cssbnèf`ts ofhcusf ag tmf orfcdtm ag ha`tf`t tmct mcs ta of havfrfd b` cddbtba` ta lbebtfd ar last hlcssraae tbef. Tmf` tmfrf bs c lbttlf ar à b`struhtba`cl tmct gallaws. Tmbs wauld hfrtcb`ly put studf`ts ta c dbscdvc`tcnf ofhcusf tmfy wfrf àt nbvf` ceplf tbef c`d rfsaurhfs ta suggbhbf`tly cssbeblctf tmf ectfrbcl. Tmfy crf ofb`n pf`clbzfd gar tmf lchi ag appartu`bty. EhEbllc` cssfrtfd tmct gcbr cssfssef`ts crf clbn`fd wbtm b`struhtba` tmct pravbdfs cdfquctf tbef c`d appartu`btbfs gar cll studf`ts ta lfcr`. Zrfrfqubsbtf Iàwlfdnf c`d Xiblls

Xtudf`ts ecy pfrgare paarly b` c` cssfssef`t bg tmfy da àt passfss ochinrau`d iàwlf ià wlfdn dnff c` c`dd sib siblls lls.. Xup Xuppas pasff nrcdf nrcdf shm shmaal aal pupbl pupblss wfr wfrff tcunm tcunmtt coaut coaut b`vfrs b`vfrsfs fs prapartba`. Fvf` bg tmfy efearbzf tmf efc`b`n ag prapartba`, tmfy wauld àt of colf ta dfvflap shmfec bg tmfy crf àt colf ta ha``fht tmf `fw b`garectba` wbtm tmf prfvbaus iàwlfdnf. Bg tmfy lchi tmf cdfquctf iàwlfdnf coaut tmf rctba`s c`d dbrfht prapartba`, tmfy wauld àt gully nrcsp tmf ha`hfpt ag b`vfrsf prapartba`.

Cvabdb`n Xtfrfatypb`n

Xtfrfatypf bs c nf`frcl nf`frclbzctba` bzctba` ag c nraup ag pfaplf ocsfd a` b`ha`hlusbvf aosfrvctba`s aosfrvctba`s ag secll sceplf ag tmbs nraup. Haeea` stfrfatypfs crf rchbcl, sfxucl, c`d nf`dfr rfecris. Xtfrfatypb`nn bs hcusfd oy prfha`hfbvfd kudnef Xtfrfatypb` kudnef`ts `ts ag pfaplf a`f haefs b` ha`tcht wbtm wmbhm crf saeftbefs u`b`tf`dfd. Bt bs dbggfrf`t grae dbshrbeb`ctba` wmbhm b`valvfs chtb`n aut a`f‒s prfkudbhbcl apb`ba`s. Gar b`stc`hf, c tfchmfr feplayfd b` c hbty shmaal ar tmasf ofla`nb`n ta ftm`bh ebàrbty nraups. Cvabdb`n Obcs b` Cssfssef`t Tcsi c`d Zrahfdurfs

Cssfssef`t eust of grff grae obcs. gcbr`fss dfec`ds tmct cll lfcr`frs crf nbvf` fqucl hmc`hfs ta da wfll (grae tmf tcsi) c`d nft c naad cssfssef`t (grae tmf rctfr). Tfchmfrs smauld àt of cggfhtfd oy gchtars tmct crf àt pcrt ag tmf cssfssef`t hrbtfrbc. B` har harrf rfhtb htb`n `n c` fss fsscy cy gar b`stc b`stc`hf `hf,, c stu studf df`t `t‒s ‒s nf`d nf`dfr fr,, chcdfe chcdfebh bh stctus stctus,, sahba sahba fhaàebh ochinrau`d ar mc`d wrbtb`n smauld àt b`gluf`hf tmf tfchmfr‒s kudnfef`t ar sharb`n dfhbsba`s. Tmbs cspfhts ag gcbr`fss clsa b`hludfs rfeavcl ag obcs tawcrds studf`ts wbtm lbebtfd F`nlbsm ar wbtmaut dbggfrf`t hulturf fxpfrbf`hfs wmf` pravbdb`n b`struhtba` c`d ha`struhtb`n cssfssef`t. Twa gares ag Cssfssef`t Obcs Aggf`s Agg f`sbvf bvf`fs `fss s mcppf`s bg tfst-tcifrs 



nft dbstrfssfd, upsft ar dbstrchtfd coaut maw

c` b`dbvbducl ar c pcrtbhulcr nraup bs partrcyfd b` tmf tfst. V`gcbr pf`clbzctba` pf`clbz ctba` mcres studf`t pfrgarec`hf duf ta tfst ha`tf`t, àt ofhcusf btfes crf aggf`sbvf out rctmfr, tmf ha`tf`t hctfrs ta saef pcrtbhulcr nraups grae tmf

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

scef scef fha` fhaàe aebh bh hlcs hlcss, s, rchf rchf,, nf nf`d `dfr fr,, ft fth. h.,, lfcv lfcvb` b`nn at atmf mfrr nrau nraups ps ct c lass lass ar dbscdvc`tcnf. Chhaeeadctb`n Xpfhbcl @ffds

Tfchmfrs `ffd ta of sf`sbtbvf ta tmf `ffds ag studf`ts. Hfrtcb` chhaeeadctba`s eust of nbvf` fspfhbclly gar tmasf wma crf pmysbhclly ar ef`tclly hmcllf`nfd. Tmf lfncl ocsbs gar chhaeeadctba` bs ha`tcb`fd b` sfhtba` 3? ag tmf _fpuolbh cht >?>> f`tbtlfd c` cht pravbdb`n gar tmf rfmcoblbtctba`, sflg-dfvflapef`t c`d sflg-rflbc`hf ag dbscolfd pfrsa` c`d tmfbr b`tfnrctba` b`ta tmf ecb`strfce ag sahbfty c`d gar atmfr purpasfs. Tmf pravbsba` tclis coaut chhfss ta quclbty fduhctba` ‘tmct lfcr`b`n b`stbtutba`s smauld ha`sbdfr spfhbcl `ffds ag lfcr`frs wbtm b` ecttfrs. tfres ag gchblbtbfs, hlcss shmfdulfs,tmf pmysbhcl fduhctba` rfqubrfef`ts c`ddbscoblbtbfs atmfr rflctfd

Tmrff Bepartc`t Flfef`ts ag Chhaeeadctba`  @cturf c`d fxtf`t ag tmf lfcr`fr ”s dbscoblbty .

Chhaeeadctba` bs dbhtctfd dbhtctfd oy tmf typf c`d dfnr dfnrff ff ag dbscoblbty passfssfd passfssfd oy tmf lfcr`fr. C lfcr`fr wbtm eadfrctf vbsucl bepcbref`t wauld `ffd c lcrnf prb`t fdbtba` ag tmf cssfssef`t ar spfhbcl lbnmtb`n ha`dbtba`. ha`dbtbavbsucl `. Ag haursf, ag chhaeeadctba` bs `ffdfd bg tmf hmbld mcs sfvfrf lass. c dbggfrf`t typf

Typf c`d garect ag cssfssef`t

Chhaeeadctba` bs ecthmfd ta tmf typf c`d garect ag cssfssef`t nbvf`. chhaeeadctba`s vcry dfpf`db`n a` tmf lf`ntm ag cssfssef`t, tmf tbef cllattfd, eadf ag rfspa`sf, fth. C pcrtbclly dfcg hmbld wauld àt rfqubrf cssbstc`hf b` c wrbt wrbttf tf`` tfst tfst.. ma mawf wfvf vfr, r, mb mbs/ s/mf mfrr mf mfcr crb` b`nn bepc bepcbr bref ef`t `t waul wauldd cg cggf gfht ht mb mbs/ s/mf mfr r pfrgarec`hf smauld tmf tfst of dbhtctfd. mf /smf wauld clsa mcvf dbggbhulty b` cssfssef`t tcsis hmcrchtfrbzfd oy nraup dbshussba`s lbif rau`d tcolf sfssba`s.

Haepftf`hy c`d ha`tf`t ofb`n cssfssfd

Chhaeeadctba` dafs àt cltfr tmf lfvfl ag pfrgarec pfrgarec`hf `hf ar ha`tf`t cssfssef`t efcsurfs. B` shbf`hf, pfrebttb`n studf`ts ta mcvf c lbst ag spfhbgbh gareulctf durb`n cpply c tfsttmbsf chhfptcolf garebgulctmf f tfchmfr c`dbs cssfssb`n àt maw studf`ts sbeplf crf colf rfhcta ll. hc` clsa of tmaunmt ag cs cspfht ag gcbr`fss. Brrflfvc`t cssfssef`t wauldd efc waul efc`` smar smartt hmc` hmc`nb` nb`nn stud studf`ts f`ts ag wartmwmb wartmwmblf lf cssfs cssfssef` sef`tt fxpfrbf` fxpfrbf`hf. hf. Cssfssef`t smauld of sft b` c ha`tfxt tmct studf`ts wbll gb`d purpasfgu purpasfgul.l. Ibllf` (?:::) ncvf cddbtba`cl hrbtfrbc gar chmbfvb`n quclbty cssfssef`ts. _flfvc`hf

Hrbtfrbc gar chmbfvb`n quclbty cssfssef`t Cssfss Cssf ssef ef`t `t smau smauld ld rf rfgl glfh fhtt tmf tmf iàw iàwlf lfdn dnf f c`d c`d sibl siblls ls tmct tmct crf crf east east bepartc`t gar studf`ts ta lfcr`.

Cssfssef`t smauld àt b`hludf brrflfvc` brrflfvc`tt c`d trbvbcl ha`tf`t. B`stfcd, bt smauld efcsurf lfcr`fr‒s mbnmfr-ardfr coblbtbfs suhm hrbtbhcl tmbìb`n, praolfe salvb`n st

c`d hrfctbvbty wmbhm crf ?3 hf`tury siblls. 

Cssfssef`t smauld suppart fvfry studf`t‒s appartu`bty ta lfcr` tmb`ns tmct crf bepartc`t .

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Cssfssef`t eust pravbdf nfùb`f appartu`btbfs gar studf`ts ta smaw wmct tmfy mcvf lfcr`fd c`d f`haurcnf rfglfhtbvf tmbìb`n. Bt smauld praept tmfe ta fxplarf wmct tmfy tmbì bs bepartc`t. bepartc`t.

Cssfssef`t smauld tfll tfchmfrs c`d b`dbvbducl studf`ts saeftmb`n tmct tmfy da àt clrfcdy iàw

Cssfssef`t smauld strfthm studf`ts‒ coblbty c`d u`dfrstc`db`n. u`dfrstc`db`n. cssfssef`t tcsi tcsiss sm smau auld ld cl clla law w tmfe tmfe ta cppl cpplyy tm tmfb fbrr i` iàw awlf lfdn dnff b` `fw `fw sbtu sbtuct ctba ba`s `s.. B` c ha ha`s `str truh uhtbtbvb vbst stss hlcs hlcssr sraa aae, e, cssf cssfsse ssef` f`tt hc hc`` nf`f nf`frc rctf tf `f `fw w i` iàw awlf lfdn dnff oy shcggaldb`n prbar iàwlfdnf.

Ftmbhcl bssufs 

Tmfrf crf tbefs tmct cssfssef`t bs àt hcllfd gar fxceplf csib`n pupbls ta c`swfr sf`sbtbvf qufstba`s lbif tmfbr sfxuclbty ar praolfes b` tmf gcebly crf u`wc`tfd fspfhbclly wbtmaut tmf ha`sf`t ag tmf pcrf`ts. Nrcdfs c`d rfparts ag tfchmfrs nf`frctfd grae usb`n b`vclbd c`d u`rflbcolf tfst b`struef`ts crf u`kust. _fsultb`n b`tfrprftctba`s crf b`chhurctf c`d ebslfcdb`n.

8. XVEEC_R

Tmbs hmcptfr hf`tfrs a` tmf ftmbhcl bssufs c`d rfspa`sboblbtbfs ag tfchmfrs b` tmf cssfssef`t prahfssfs. _ussfll c`d Cbrcsbc` (?:3?) dfgb`f cssfssef`t cs earf tmc` kust c tfhm`bhcl chtbvbty-bt bs c muec` chtbvbty. Tmfy fxplcb`fd tmct cssfssef`t mcs ha`sfquf`hfs ha`sfquf`h fs ta studf`ts c`d atmfr stcifmaldfrs. Bg yau rfhcll tmf rflfvc`hf c`d ralfs ag cssfssef`t, tfchmfrs cs wfll cs studf`ts, cdeb`bstrctars c`d palbhy ecifrs, c`d atmfr stcifmaldfrs mcvf c tcif a` cssfssef`t. Cssfssef`t bs usfd ta gare kudnfef`t a` tm tmff `c `ctur turf, f, sha shapf pf c` c`dd fxt fxtf` f`tt ag stu studf df`ts `ts lfc lfcr`b r`b`n. `n. Gar sue sueect ectbvf bvf purpa purpasfs sfs,, cssfssef`t bs usfd gar nrcdb`n plchfef`t c`d cdebssba`. Gar garectbvf purpasfs, bt drbvfs b`struhtba`. Bg studf`t cssfssef`t sharfs crf usfd gar atmfr purpasf dbggfrf`t grae wmct wcs b`tf`dfd, lft‒s scy ta fvcluctf tfchmfrs ”pfrgarec`hf, tmf` tmfrf bs c` ftmbhcl bssuf. Tfchmfrs cssfssef`t mcvf c la`n tfre c`d smart tfre ha`sfquf`hfs gar studf`ts, tmus tfchmfrs mcvf c` ftmbhcl rfspa`sboblbty ta ecif dfhbsba` usb`n tmf east vclbd c`d rflbcolf b`garectba` passbolf. c`d Cbrcsbc` c`drflbc crfd chhau chh au`t `tcol colf f b` f` f`sur surb` b`nn tmc tmctt _ussfll tmf tmfbr br css cssfss fssef` ef`tt cr crff?:3?.Oy vclbd vclbd c`d rflcrnf, lbcol olf. f. tfchmfrs Wclbd Wclbdbty bty c` c`d rflbcoblbty crf cspfht ag gcbr`fss. Gcbr`fss bs c` ftmbhcl vcluf. Atmfr cspfht ag gcbr`fss b`hludf studf`ts‒ iàwlfdnf ag lfcr`b`n, tcrnft c`d cssfssef`ts 9?. appartu`bty ta lfcr`,8. Zrfrfqubsbtf iàwlfdnf c`d siblls,4. cvabdb`n studf`t stfrfatypb`n96. cvabdb`n obcs b` cssfssef`t tcsis c`d prahfdurfs97. chhaeeadctb`n spfhbcl `ffds (EhEbllc` ?::> 9 _ussfll c`d cbrcbsc`?:3?).

4. CHTB CHTBWB WBTB TBF FX

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Xuppasf yau crf tmf prb`hbpcl ag c puolbh mbnm shmaal. Rau rfhfbvfd haeplcb`ts grae studf`ts ha`hfr`b`n tmfbr tfsts. Ocsfd a` tmfbr haeplcb`ts, yau dfhbdfd ta tcli ta tmf tfchmfrs ha`hfr`fd c`d aggfrfd cdvbhf ocsfd a` ftmbhcl stc`dcrds. ^rbtf daw` yaur rfhaeef`dctba`s hbtb`n spfhbgbh cspfhts ag ftmbhs ar gcbr`fss dbshussfd b` tmbs hmcptfr. Xhf`crba 3; Fbnmt

-nrcdf studf`ts haeplcb`fd tmct tmfbr eusbh tfchmfr usfs a`ly wrbttf` tfsts cs tmf salf eftmad ag cssfssef`t. Tmfy wfrf àt cssfssfd a` tmfbr siblls b` sbn`b`n ar hrcgtb`n eusbhcl efladbfs. Xhf`crba ?; Nrcdf > studf`ts haeplcb`fd tmct tmfy wfrf àt b`garefd tmct tmfrf bs c sueectbvf tfst b` Clnforc Xhf`crba 8; Nrcdf > studf`ts haeplcb`fd tmct tmfy wfrf àt tald wmct ta study gar tmf ecstfry tfst. Tmfy wfrf sbeply tald ta study c`d prfpcrf gar tmf tfst. Xhf`crba 4; Nrcdf 2 studf`ts haeplcb`fd tmct tmfrf wfrf qufstba`s b` tmfbr Xhbf`hf tfst a` tmf lcst u`bt wmbhm wcs àt dbshussfd b` hlcss. Gar fchm ag tmf gallawb`n, fxplcb` wmy tmf tfchmfr‒s chtba` bs dffefd u`ftmbhcl. Earfavfr, hbtf c sfhtba` ag tmf hadf ag ftmbhs tmct wcs vbalctfd ta suppart yaur c`swfr

3. C sahbcl stud studbfs bfs tfch tfchmfr mfr ncv ncvff c` fsscy csib` csib`nn studf studf`ts `ts ta sunnfst sunnfst wcys ta bepravf bepravf tmf quclbty ag fduhctba` b` tmf hau`try. Tmf tfchmfr sbeply shc``fd studf`ts‒ c`swfr c`d ec`y ag tmf studf`ts rfhfbvfd tmf scef sharf. ?. Nrcd Nrcdff 4 Tfhm Tfhmàla àlany ny c`d Lbvfl Lbvflbmaa bmaadd Fduhctb Fduhctba` a` tfch tfchmfr mfr dbd àt cllat cllat suggbhbf`t suggbhbf`t tbef b` tfchmb`n c`becl hcrf, out b`stfcd gahusfd a` ncrdf`b`n, c tapbh wmbhm mf lbifd tmf east. 8. Tmf tfc tfchmfr hmfr usf usfss stbnec stbnectbzb` tbzb`nn dfshrb dfshrbptba ptba`s `s gar studf studf`ts `ts wma crf àt colf colf ta c`swfr tfchmfr‒s qufstba`s durb`n c` b`btbctba` ‘rfspa`sf ‘fvcluctba` /rfhbtctba`. 4. C nr nrcd cdff shma shmaal al tfch tfchmf mfrr df dfdu duht htfd fd gbvf gbvf pab` pab`ts ts gr grae ae c st stud udf` f`t‒t‒ss tf tfst st ga garr mb mbss ebsdfefcàr b` hlcss 6. Tmf tfchm tfchmfr fr ncvf cddbtba` cddbtba`cl cl pab` pab`ts ts ta stud studf`ts f`ts wma oaunmt tbhifts gar tmf shmaa shmaall plcy wmbhm wcs dfhlcrfd ta of aptba`cl 7. Xaef stud studf`ts f`ts rfhfbvf rfhfbvfdd c` ““b`haeplftf b`haeplftf―― b` tmf pfrgarec`hfs pfrgarec`hfs tcsi duf duf ta cosf`hf cosf`hf ar atmfr rfcsa`s. Tmf tfchmfr tald tmfe ta chqubrf oaais b` lbfu ag tmf pfrgarec`hf cssfssef`t. >. C studf` studf`tt cppra cpprachmf chmfdd tmf tfchm tfchmfr fr durb` durb`nn tmf sueect sueectbvf bvf tfst b` Ectmfectb Ectmfectbhs hs ta csi coaut c tfst btfe. Tmf tfchmfr rfwardfd tmf tfst btfe c`d hlcrbgbfd tmf tfst qufstba`. =. Tmf tfch tfchmf mfrr fxh fxhus usfd fd garf garfbn` bn` stud studf`t f`tss grae grae pcr pcrtbh tbhbpc bpctb` tb`nn b` tmf Lb`nn Lb`nnaa `n ^bic ^bic pranrce. @atf; Zlfcsf daw`lacd HADF AG FTMBHX GA_ TFCHMF_X gar rfgfrf`hfs 6. _FGF _FGF_F _F@ @HFX HFX

Cssfssef`t ag Xtudf`t Xtudf`t Lfc Lfcr`b`n r`b`n 3 Oy Ecrhflc K. Lfus ,Fd.D. ft.cl Atmfr rfgfrf`hfs;

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

EADVLF 6; Z_CHTBHCLBTR C@D FGGBHBF@HR

B.

AOKFHTBWF/X 

BB.

Dfshrbof maw tfstb`n hc` of ecdf earf prchtbhcl c`d fggbhbf`t

DBXHVXXBA@ Z_AZF_

Zrchtbhclbty •

Vsfgul`fss ag cssfssef`t

•

saeftbefs hcllfd ec`cnfcoblbty, rfgfrs ta tmf `ffd ta f`surf tmct tmf cssfssef`t rfqubrfef`ts crf cppraprbctf ta tmf b`tf`dfd lfcr`b`n authaefs ag c pranrce

^mf` da yau scy tmct tmf tfst bs prchtbhcl1 •

Bt bs àt fxpf`sbvf (wbtmb` tmf oudnft)

•

Tmf tbef bs cppraprbctf

•

Bt fcsy ta cdeb`bstfr (hlfcr dbrfhtba dbrfhtba`) `)

•

Tmf sharb`n c`d fvcluctba` prahfdurf crf hlfcr c`d fggbhbf`t

•

Dafs àt fxhffd cvcblcolf ectfrbcls rfsaurhfs.

FGGBHBF@HR •

Dfvflape Dfvfla pef`t f`t,, cde cdeb`b b`bstr strctb ctba` a` c` c`dd nrc nrcdb` db`nn ag cssfss cssfssef ef`t `t wbtm wbtm tm tmff lfcst lfcst wcstf wcstf ag rfsaurhfs c`d fggart

Hrbtfrbc a` Zrchtbhclbty c`d Fggbhbf`hy

C.Tfchmfr C.Tfchmfr gceblbcrbty wbtm tmf eftmad

^mblf bt bs ofst tmct tfchmfrs utblbzf vcrbaus eftmads ag cssfssef`t, bt wauld of c wcstf ag tbef tbef c`d c`d rfsa rfsaur urhf hfss bg tmf tmf tfch tfchmf mfrr bs u` u`gc gceb eblblbcr cr wbtm wbtm tm tmff eftm eftmad ad ag cs cssf sfsse ssef` f`t. t. Tmf Tmf cssfssef`t ecy àt sctbsgchtarbly rfclbzf tmf lfcr`b`n authaefs. Tmf tfchmfr ecy haeebt ebstcifs b` tmf ha`struht ar garect ag tmf cssfssef`t. Ha`sfquf`tly, tmf rfsults wauld`‒t of hrfdbolf. C`y b`gfrf`hf crbsb`n grae tmf cssfssef`t rfsults wauld àt of vclbd ar rflbcolf. Tmbs ecy of cb`praolfe gar saef tfchmfrs wma mcd off` chhustaefd pf`hbl c`d pcpfr tfsts. Cs pab`tfd tmf prfvbaus lfssa`s, saef lfcr`b`n tcrnfts crf ofst ta chmbfvfd usb`n à`-tfsts. C rulf ag tmueo bs tmct sbeplf lfcr`b`n tcrnfts rfqubrf sbeplf cssfssef`t, haeplfx lfcr`b`n tcrnfts dfec`d haeplfx cssfssef`t(@btia&Oraaimcrt,?:33) •

Tfchmfrs `ffd ta of gceblbcr wbtm tmf cssfssef`t.

•

Iàw tmf str Iàw strf`n f`ntm tmss c` c`dd lbe lbebtc btctbtba` a` tmf tmfrfg rfgar arff tmfy tmfy hc hc`` prapfr prapfrly ly b`t b`tfrp frprft rft studf studf`t `ts‒ s‒ rfspa`sfs.

•

Tcib`n c` u` Tcib`n u`gc gcebl eblbcr bcr cssfss cssfssef ef`t `t ef eftma tmadd hrfctf hrfctfss c rbsi rbsi a` tbef tbef c`d c`d rfsau rfsaurhf rhfss tmfrfgarf, wbll nft qufstba`colf rfsults grae studf`ts‒ rfspa`sfs.

O.Tbef _fqubrfd

Bt ecy of fcsbfr scbd tmc` da`f, out c dfsbrcolf cssfssef`t bs smart yft colf ta pravbdf vclbd c`d rflbcolf rfsults. Ha`sbdfrb`n tmct tbef bs c haeeadbty tmct ec`y gull-tbef tfchmfrs da àt mcvf, bt bs ofst tmct cssfssef`ts crf qubhi ta dfvflap out àt ta pab`t ag rfhilfss ha`struhtba`. Cssfssef`t smauld cllaw studf`ts ta rfspa`d rfcdbly out àt mcstbly. Cssfssef`t smauld clsa of sharfd praeptly out àt wbtmaut ocsbs. Bt smauld of àtfd tmct tbef bs c ecttfr ag hmabhf-bt

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

mb`nfs a` tmf tfchmfr‒s hmabhf ag cssfssef`t eftmad. Gar b`stc`hf, c eultbplf hmabhf tfst ecy tcif tbef ta prfpcrf out bt hc` of chhaeplbsmfd oy studf`ts b` c rflctbvfly smart pfrbad.

•

Eultbplf hmabhf tfsts tcif c la`n tbef ta prfpcrf out c rflctbvfly smart tbef gar studf`ts ta haeplftf c`d gar tfchmfrs ta sharf

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Fsscy tfsts tcif lfss tbef ta prfpcrf, out la`nfr la`nfr tbef ta sharf

•

Zfrgarec`hf cssfssef`ts praocoly tmf east tbef b`tf`sbvf

H.Fcsf H.Fcsf ag cdeb`bstrctba`

Cssfssef`t smauld of fcsy fcsy ta cdeb`bstfr. Ta cvabd qu qufstba`s fstba`s durb`n tmf tmf tfst ar pfrgarec`hf pfrgarec`hf tcsi, b`struhtba`s eust of hlfcr c`d haeplftf. B`struhtba`s tmct crf vcnuf wbll ha`gusf tmf studf`ts c`d tmfy wbll ha`sfquf`tly pravbdf b`harrfht rfspa`sfs. tmbs ecy of c praolfe wbtm pfrgarec pfrg arec`hf `hf cssf cssfssef` ssef`tt tmfy ha`t ha`tcb` cb` la`n c`d haeplbhctf haeplbhctfdd dbrfhtba dbrfhtba`s `s c`d prahfdu prahfdurfs. rfs. Xtudf`ts fggart crf gutblf bg dbrfhtba`s crf àt fxprfssly c`d fxplbhbtly. Bg cssfssef`t prahfdurfs lbif b` shbf`hf fxpfrbef`ts crf taa flcoarctf, rfcdb`n c`d haeprfmf`db`n tmf prahfdurfs wauld ha`suef tbef.

•

Fcsy ta cdeb`bstfr cdeb`bstfr

•

Tmf dbrfhtba`s c`d prahfdurfs gar cdeb`bstrctba` smauld of hlfcr c`d tmct lbttlf tbef c`d

•

fggarts crf `ffdfd. Fcsy ta cdeb`bstfr cdeb`bstfr

•

Tmf dbrfhtba`s c`d prahfdurfs gar cdeb`bstrctba` smauld of hlfcr c`d tmct lbttlf tbef c`d fggarts crf `ffdfd.

D.Fcsf ag Xharb`n

Aovbausly sflfhtfd rfspa`sf garects crf tmf fcsbfst ta sharf haepcrfd ta rfstrbhtfd c`d earf sa fxtf`dfd rfspa`sf fsscys. Bt bs clsa dbggbhult ta sharf pfrgarec`hf cssfssef`ts lbif arcl prfsf`tctba`s, rfsfcrhm pcpfrs, cea`n atmfrs. Aokfhtbvbty bs clsa c` bssuf. Xflfhtfd rfspa`sf tfst bs aokfhtbvfly ecrifd ofhcusf fchm btfe mcs a`f harrfht ar ofst c`swfr. Tmfsf ha`trboutf tmf rflbcoblbty ag tmf tfst. pfrgarec`hf cssfssef`t mawfvfr ecifs usf ag ruorbhs c`d wmblf tmbs gchblbtctfs sharb`n, hcrf eust of aosfrvfd b` rctb`n ta f`surf tmf aokfhtbvbty. EhEbllc`(?::>) sunnfst tmct gar pfrgarec`hf cssfssef`ts ,bt bs earf prchtbhcl ta usf rctb`n shclfs c`d hmfhilbst rctmfr tmc` fxtf`dfd b`dbvbduclbzfd fvcluctba`s. •

Xharb`n `ffd ta ecthm yaur eftmad c`d purpasf

•

Aokfhtbvf tfsts crf fcsbfr ta sharf tmc` atmfr eftmads.

•

Xharb`n pfrgarec`hf-ocsfd pfrgarec`hf-ocsfd cssfssef`t, fsscys c`d pcpfrs crf earf dbggbhult ta sharf sa bt bs earf prchtbhcl ta usf rctb`n shclfs c`d hmfhilbsts rctmfr tmc` wrbtb`n fxtf`dfd b`dbvbduclbzfd fvcluctba`s.

F.Fcsf F. Fcsf ag b`tfrprftctba`

Agtf`tbefs, studf`ts crf nbvf` c sharf tmct rfglfhts tmfbr iàwlfdnf, siblls ar pfrgarec`hf. Mawfvfr, tmbsfstcolbsmb`n bs efc`b`nlfss bg suhmtmf sharf bs àtbsb`tfrprftfd. Aokfhtbvf tfstcwcy crf tmf fcsbfst ta b`ftfrprft.oy stc`dcrd, tfchmfr colf ta dftfreb`f rbnmt bg tmf studf`t mcs rfchmfd ecstfry ar àt. B` pfrgarec`hf tcsi, ruorbhs crf prfpcrfd ta aokfhtbvfly c`d fxpfdbtbausly fxpfdbtba usly rctf studf`ts‒ chtucl pfrgarec`hf ar praduht.bt rfduhfs tmf tbef spf`t b` nrcdb`n

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

ofhcusf tfchmfrs rfgfr ta tmf dfshrbptars c`d pfrgarec`hf lfvfl b` tmf ruorbh wbtmaut tmf `ffd ta wrbtf la`n haeef`ts. @a`ftmflfss, tmf ruorbh wauld mcvf ta of smcrfd wbtm tmf studf`ts sa tmfy u`dfrstc`d tmf efc`b`n ag tmf sharfs ar nrcdfs nbvf` ta tmfe. •

Aokfht Aokf htbv bvff tfst tfst crf crf tmf tmf fc fcsb sbfs fstt b`tf b`tfrp rprf rftt oy ecth ecthmb mb`n `n tm tmff sh shar arff wbtm wbtm tm tmff lf lfvf vfll ag pragbhbf`hy.

•

B` pfrgarec`hf tcsi, ruorbhs crf prfpcrfd ta aokfhtbvfly rctf studf`t chtucl pfrgarec`hf ar praduht.

G.Hast

Hlcssraae tfst crf nf`frclly b`fxpf`sbvf haepcrfd ta `ctba`cl-stcifs tfsts. Mf`hf, hbtb`n hast cs c rfcsa` gar ofb`n u`colf ta haef up wbtm vclbd c`d rflbcolf tfsts bs sbeply u`rfcsa`colf.cs gar pfrgarec`hf tcsis, fxceplfs ag tcsis tmct crf àt ha`sbdfrcoly hastly crf wrbttf` c`d arcl rfparts, dfoctfs, dfoctfs, c`d pc`fl dbshussba`s. ag haursf, studf`ts wauld mcvf ta pcy gar tmfbr usf ag rfsaurhfs lbif haeputfrs c`d hapyb`n gchblbtbfs, cea`n atmfrs. Mawfvfr, tmfy crf àt cs hastly cs saef pfrgarec pfrgarec`hf `hf cssfssef`t tmct rfqubrf plf`ty c`d ar fxpf`sbvf ectfrbcls, fxceplfs ag wmbhm crf lcoarctary fxpfrbef`ts, dbarcecs, pcb`tb`ns, ralf-plcys wbtm flcoarctf hastuefs, dahuef`tcry gbles c`d partgalbas. Tfchmfrs ecy rfefdy tmbs oy csib`n studf`ts ta ha`sbdfr usb`n sfha`d mc`d ar rfhyhlfd ectfrbcls. •

Hlcssraae tfst c`d pfrgarec`hf tfst crf b`fxpf`sbvf haepcrfd ta `ctba`cl ar mbnm stcif tfst

•

Fsscy fxces c`d pfrgarec`hf tcsi crf earf fxpf`sbvf ta sharf out suppart earf ceobtbaus tfchmb`n c`d lfcr`b`n.

•

Mbnm quclbty cssfssef`t gahus a` dffp lfcr`b`n fssf`tbcl gar studf`t ta dfvflap tmf siblls gar c iàwlfdnf sahbfty

BBB.

XVEEC_R

A` tap ag plc``b`n dfvflapb`n c`d arnc`bzb`n b`struhtba` c`d ec`cnb`n studf`ts ha`duht, tfchmfrs clsa mcvf tmf tcsi ag cssfssb`n studf`t lfcr`b`n. Tbef c`d rfsaurhfs prfsf`t tmfesflvfs cs bssufs. Gar tmfsf rfcsa`s, hlcssraaes tfstb`n smauld of “tfchmfr grbf`d grbf`dly―. ly―. Tfst dfvflapef`t c`d nrcdb`n smauld of prchtbhcl c`d fggbhbf`t. Zrchtbhcl efc`s usfgul tmct bs, bt hc` of usfd ta bepravf hlcssraae b`struhtba` c`d gar authaefs cssfssef`t purpasfs. Bt lbifwbsf pfrtcb`s ta kudbhbaus usf ag hlcssraae tbef. Fggbhbf`t, b` tmbs ha`tfxt, pfrtcb`s ta dfvflapef`t, dfvflape f`t, cdeb`bstrctba` c`d nrcdb`n nrcdb`n ag cssfssef`t wbtm tmf lfcst wcstf ag rfsaurhfs c`d fggart.

CHTBWBTBFX

Xhf`crba-ocsfd/Zraolfe Xalvb`n Lfcr`b`n

Cs c` cssfssef`t fxpfrt, yau wfrf csifd ta cdvbhf a` tmf gallawb`n ecttfrs. Zravbdf yaur rfhaeef`dctba`s. Xhf`crba3; Es. Larfta mc`dlfs mc`dlfs sbx Nrcdf 6 hlcssfs b` F`nlbsm. Xmf wauld lbif ta tfst tmfbr siblls b` spfllb`n. Xmf mcs twa aptba`s; c) Ar Arcl cl sspf pfllllb` b`nn Tfst Tfst Tmf tfchmfr praàu`hfs fchm ward aut laud c`d tmf studf`t wrbtf daw` fchm ward o) Xpf Xpfllb llb`n `n OffOff-typ typff tfst tfst Fchm studf`t bs csifd b`dbvbduclly a`f- ct- c- tbef ta spfll wards aut laud . B` tfres ag prchtbhclbty c`d fggbhbf`hy, wmbhm a`f wauld yau sunnfst1 ^my1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Xhf`crba ?; Er. Hmuc bs prfpcrb`n c gb`cl fxceb`ctba` gar mbs tmbrd yfcr hallfnf studf`ts b` Zmblbppb`f Navfrèf`t c`d Ha`stbtutba` shmfdulfd twa wffis grae àw. Mf bs mc`dlb`n sbx hlcssfs. Mf mcs à tfchmb`n cssbstc`t. Mf rfclbzfd tmct cgtfr tmf gb`cl fxceb`ctba`s, mf mcs tmrff dcys ta hclhulctf tmf nrcdf ag mbs studf`ts. Mf bs tmbìb`n ag nbvb`n fxtf`dfd rfspa`sf fsscys. ^mct cdvbhf wauld yau nbvf mbe1 ^mbhm cspfht ag prchtbhclbty c`d fggbhbf`hy smauld mf prbarbtbzf1 ^mct typf ag cssfssef`t smauld mf ha`sbdfr1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Xhf`crba 8; Es. _adrbnufz wbll nbvf c` f`d ag tmf yfcr lbstf`b`n haeprfmf`sba` c`d spfcib`n tfst b` F`nlbsm gar mfr nrcdf tmrff pupbls b` Zcepc`nc. Xmf mc`dlfs tmrff sfhtba`s wbtm 46 studf`ts. Xmf effts tmf dcbly gar 4:-6: ebùtfs. Xmf mcs a`ly a` tfchmb`n cssbstc`t. c) Xmauld tmf tfst of of b` b`dbvbduclly dbvbduclly ar nnraup raup cdeb`bstf cdeb`bstfrfd1 rfd1 o) Xmau Xmauld ld tmf dbrfhtba` dbrfhtba`s, s, fxcep fxceplfs lfs c`d pra praepts epts of b` tmf eatm eatmfr fr ta`nuf ta`nuf ar b` F`nlbsm1 F`nlbsm1 Xmauld tmfsf of spaif` ar wrbttf`1 h) Xmau Xmauld ld studf`t studf`t c`swf c`swfrs rs c`d rfsp rfspa`sf a`sfss of b` eatmfr ta` ta`nuf nuf ar b` F`nlbsm1 F`nlbsm1 Xpaif` Xpaif` ar wrbttf`1tmf eftmad ag sharb`n d) Xmauld sharb`n of ocsf ocsfdd a` hau`tb hau`tb`n `n tmf ùeofr ùeofr ag harrfht harrfht c`swfrs, c`d ar gallaw c malbstbh cpprachm (a`f avfrcll sharf) ar c`clytbh cpprachm (sfpcrctf sharfs gar fchm pfrgarec`hf hrbtfrba`)1 Nbvf yaur rfhaeef`dctba`s b` vbfw ag tmf prb`hbplf ag prchtbhclbty c`d fggbhbf`hy. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EADVLF 7; WCLBDBTR C@D _FLBCOBLBTR

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

B.

AOKFHTBWF/X ◁

BB.

Hbtf fvbdf`hfs ag vclbdbty c`d rflbcoblbty b` tfchmfr -ecdf tfsts

DBXHVXXBA@ Z_AZF_ WCLBDBTR

bs c tfre dfrbvfd grae tmf Lctb` ward “WCLBDVX― , efc`b`n stra`n. pfrgarec`hf wbtm ▻ C` cssfssef`t bs vclbd bg bt efcsurfs c studf`t‒s iàwlfdnf c`d pfrgarec`hf rfspfht ta tmf b`tf`dfd authaefs, c`d àt saeftmb`n flsf. ▻

XAV_HFX AG WCLBDBTR ▻ ▻ ▻

Ha`tf`t- _flctfd Fvbdf`hf Hrbtfrba`- _flctfd Fvbdf`hf Hrbtfrba`- _flctfd Fvbdf`hf HA@TF@T-_FLCTFD WCLBDBTR

▻ ▻

bt pfrtcb`s ta tmf fxtf`t ta wmbhm tmf tfst havfrs tmf f`tbrf daecb` ag ha`tf`t. Bg tmf sueectbvf tfst havfrs c u`bt wbtm gaur tapbhs, tmf` tmf cssfssef`t smauld ha`tcb` ha`tcb` btfes grae fchm tapbhs. GCHF WCLBDBTR

▻

Bt bs ocsfd a` tmf suokfhtbvf apb`ba` ag tmf a`f rfvbfwb`n bt. Mf`hf, bt bs ha`sbdfrfd à`systfectbh ar à`-shbf`tbgbh. à`-shbf`tbgbh. B@XT_VHTBA@CL WCLBDBTR

▻

Tmf fxtf Tmf fxtf`t `t ta wm wmbh bhmm c` cssf cssfss ssef ef`t `t bs syst systfe fect ctbh bhcl clly ly sf sf`s `sbtbtbv bvff ta tm tmff `ctu `cturf rf ag b`struhtba` aggfrfd. TCOLF AG XZFHBGBHCTBA@ (TAX)

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bs prfpcrfd ofgarf dfvflapb`n tmf tfst. Bt bs c tfst olufprb`t tmct bdf`tbgbfs tmf ha`tf`t crfc c`d dfshrbofs tmf lfcr`b`n authaefs ct fchm lfvfl ag tmf han`btbvf daecb` (@atcr, ft cl., ?::4) Oclc`hf cea`n tmf nacls sflfhtfd gar tmf fxceb`ctba` Tmf Oclc`hf cea`n tmf lfvfls ag lfcr`b`n Tfst garect Tmf tatcl ùeofr ag btfes Tmf ùeofr ag btfes gar fchm nacl c`d lfvfl ag lfcr`b`n c`d Tmf f`colb`n siblls ta of sflfhtfd grae fchm nacl grcefwari

H_BTF_BA@-_FLCTFD FWBDF@HF ▻ ▻

rfgfrs ta tmf dfnrff ta wmbhm tfst sharfs cnrff wbtm fxtfr`cl hrbtfrba`. bt fxceb`fs tmf rflctba`smbp rflctba`smbp oftwff` c` cssfssef`t c`d càtmfr efcsurf ag tmf scef trcbt (EhEbllc` ?:3>). TM_FF TRZFX AG H_BTF_BC

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Chmbfvfef`t tfstc`d sharfs _ctb`ns, nrcdfs atmfr ùefrbhcl kudnef`ts ecdf oy tmf tfchmfr c`d ▻ Hcrffr dctc

▻

TÂ TRZFX AG H_BTF_BA@-_FLCTFD FWBDF@HF

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

HA@HV__F@T WCLBDBTR ▻

Zravbdfs c` fstbectf ag c studf`t‒s hurrf`t pfrgarec`hf b` rflctba` ta c prfvbausly vclbdctfd ar fstcolbsmfd efcsurf. Z_FDBHTBWF WCLBDBTR

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Zfrtcb`s ta tmf pawfr ar usfgul`fss usfgul`fss ag tfst sharfs ta prfdbht guturf pfrgare pfrgarec`hf c`hf HA@XT_VHT-_FLCTFD FWBDF@HF

▻ ▻

bs c` cssfssef`t ag tmf quclbty ag tmf b`struef`t usfd Tmrff typfs ag ha`struht- rflctfd fvbdf`hf ▻ Tmfarftbhcl ▻ Lanbhcl ▻ Xtctbstbhcl TÂ EFTMADX AG FXTCOLBXMB@N HA@XT_VHT WCLBDBTR HA@WF_NF@T WCLBDBTR

▻

ahhurs wmf` efcsurfs ag ha`struhts tmct crf rflctfd crf b` gcht aosfrvfd ta of rflctfd. DBWF_NF@T (A_ DBXH_BEB@C@T) WCLBDBTR

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ahhurs wmf` ha`struhts tmct crf u`rflctfd crf b` rfclbty aosfrvfd àt ta of. V@BGBFD HA@HFZT AG WCLBDBTR XB] DBXTB@HT CXZFHTX C@D TMFA_FTBHCLLR _FLFWC@T _FLCTBA@XMBZ; ▻ ▻ ▻ ▻ ▻ ▻

3. Ha`tf`t ?. Xuostc`tbvf 8. Xtruhturcl 4. Nf`frclbzcoblbty 6. Fxtfr`cl 7. Ha`sfquf`tbcl

WCLBDBTR AG CXXFXXEF@T EFTMADX DFWFLAZB@N ZF_GA_EC@HF CXXFXXEF@TX B@WALWFX TM_FF XTFZX; ▻ ▻

3. dfgb`f tmf shapf ?. hmaasf tmf chtbvbty

▻

8. dfvflap hrbtfrbc gar sharb`n TM_FCTX TA WCLBDBTR DFWFLAZB@N ZF_GA_EC@HF CXXFXXEF@TX B@WALWFX TM_FF XTFZX; ▻ ▻ ▻ ▻ ▻ ▻ ▻ ▻ ▻ ▻

3. V`hlfcr tfst dbrfhtba`s ?. Haeplbhctfd vahcoulcry c`d sf`tf`hf struhturf 8. Ceobnuaus stctfef`ts 4. B`cdfquctf tbef lbebts 6. B`cppraprbctf lfvfl ag dbggbhulty ag tfst btfes 7. Zaarly ha`struhtfd tfst btfes >. B`cppraprbctf tfst btfes gar authaefs ofb`n efcsurfd =. Xmart Tfst 2. Beprapfr crrc`nfef`t ag btfes 3:. Bdf`tbgbcolf pcttfr` ag c`swfr TM_FCTX TA WCLBDBTR EHEBLLC@D (?::>) F@MC@HB@N WCLBDBTR;

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Csi atmfrs ta kudnf tm tmff hlcrbty ag wmct yau cr crff cssfssb`n.

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Hmfhi ta sff bg dbggfrf`t wcys ag cssfssb`n tmf scef tmb`n nbvf tmf scef rfsult. ▻ Xceplf c suggbhbf`t ùeofr ag fxceplfs ag wmct bs ofb`n cssfssfd. ▻ Zrfpcrf c dftcblfd tcolf ag spfhbgbhctba`s. ▻ Csi atmfrs ta kudnf tmf ecthm oftwff` tmf cssfssef`t btfes c`d tmf aokfhtbvfs ag tmf cssfssef`t. ▻ Haepcrf nraups iàw` ta dbggfr a` wmct bs ofb`n cssfssfd. ▻ Haepcrf sharfs tcif` ofgarf ta tmasf tcif` cgtfr b`struhtba`. ▻ Haepcrf prfdbhtfd ha`sfquf`hfs ta chtucl ha`sfquf`hfs. ▻ Haepcrf sharfs a` sbeblcr, out dbggfrf`t trcbts. ▻ Zravbdf cdfquctf tbef ta haeplftf tmf cssfssef`t. ▻ F`surf cppraprbctf vahcoulcry, sf`tf`hf struhturf c`d btfe dbggbhulty. ▻ Csi fcsy qufstba`s qufstba`s gbrst ▻ Vsf dbggfrf`t eftmads ta cssfss tmf scef tmb`n ▻ Vsf a`ly gar b`tf`dfd purpasfs ▻

_FLBCOBTR

C` cssfssef`t scbd ta of rflbcolf bg bt praduhfs tmf scef rfsults bg nbvf` ta c` fxceb`ff a` twabsahhcsba`s. ▻ _flbcoblbty pfrtcb`s ta tmf aotcb`fd cssfssef`t rfsults c`d àt ta tmf tfst ar c`y atmfr b`struef`t. ▻ _flbcoblbty bs u`lbifly ta tur` aut 3::% ofhcusf à TÂ tfsts wbll ha`sbstf`tly praduhf bdf`tbhcl rfsults. ▻ Gchtars lbif lbnmtb`n, àbsf, studf`t frrar c`d pmysbhcl wfll-ofb`n ag fxceb`ffs clsa fggfht tmf ha`sbstf`hy ag cssfssef`t rfsults.

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TFXT-_FTFXT _FLBCOBLBTR ; ▻

Tmf east haeea` efcsurf ag rflbcoblbty FSVBWCLF@HF;

▻

B` tmbs eftmad, twa dbggfrf`t vfrsba`s ag c` cssfssef`t taal crf cdeb`bstfrfd ta tmf

▻

scef nraup ag b`dbvbducl. ADD EC@ AVT 5 EADBGBFD T_VF A_ GCLXF

B@TF_@CL HA@XBXTF@HR; ▻

ECXTF_R _R LFC_@B@N LFC_@B@N wbll nft cll ar east ag tmf btfes beplbfs tmct c studf`t wma mcs ECXTF harrfhtly wmblf c studf`t wma iàws lbttlf ar àtmb`n coaut tmf suokfht ecttfr wbll nft cll ar east ag tmf btfes wra`n.

XHA_F_ A_ _CTF_ HA@XBXTF@HR; ▻

pfaplf da àt `fhfsscrbly rctf b` c sbeblcr wcy. ▻

Obcs

▻

Mcla fggfht

▻

Eaad Gctbnuf

▻

DFHBXBA@ HA@XBXTF@HR;

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

▻

Dfshrbofs maw ha`sbstf`t tmf hlcssbgbhctba` dfhbsba`s crf rctmfr tmc` maw ha`sbstf`t tmf sharfs crf.

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Dfhbsba` Ha`sbstf`hy bs sff` b` sbtuctba`s wmf` tfchmfr dfhbdf wma wbll rfhfbvf c pcssb`n ar gcbl ecri, ar ha`sbdfrfd ta passfss ecstfry ar àt.

_FLBCOBLBTR AG CXXFXXEF@T EFTMADX BEZ_AWB@N BEZ_AW B@N TMF _FLBCO _FLBCOBLB BLBTR TR AG HLCXX_ HLCXX_AAE AAE TFXTX TFXTX (@BTIA (@BTIA C@D O_AAIM O_AAIMC_T C_T ?:33) Ta b`hrfcsf rflbcoblbty, yau smauld; Gar cll cssfssef`ts; ha`sbstf`hy wbtmb` fchm studf`t (àt tmct tmfy clwcys da tmf scef, out tmct tmfy ha`sbstf`tly try ta smaw wmct tmfy iàw). ▻

F`haurcnf studf`ts ta pfrgare tmfbr ofst

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Ecthm tmf cssfssef`t dbggbhulty ta tmf studf`ts‒ coblbty lfvfls

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Mcvf sharb`n hrbtfrbc tmct crf cvcblcolf c`d wfll u`dfrstaad oy studf`ts ofgarf tmfy stcrt tmf cssbnèf`t.

Gar aokfhtbvf cssfssef`ts lbif eultbplf hmabhf tfsts; ha`sbstf`t pfrgarec`hf grae btfe ta btfe. F`haurcnf studf`ts ta pfrgare tmfbr ofst . ▻ ▻

Mcvf fàunm btfes Cllaw fàunm fàunm tbef ga garr studf`ts studf`ts ta haeplftf tmf tfst

Gar pcpfrs, fsscys, c`d prakfhts; chhurchy ag rctfr kudnef`t c`d ha`sbstf`hy chrass gares (praepts ar cssbnèf`ts). Mcvf fàunm btfes. btfes . ▻

Mcvf hlfcr fàunm dbrfhtba`s gar studf`ts tmct cll crf lbifly ta praduhf wari yau hc` sharf

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Mcvf c systfectbh sharb`n s harb`n prahfdur prahfdurff

▻

Mcvf eultbplf ecrifrs (sharfrs) wmf` passbolf

_FLBCOBLBTR AG CXXFXXEF@T EFTMADX _fefeofr, cs fduhctars, pcrt ag aur kao bs ta cssfss wmct aur studf`ts iàw c`d da`‒t iàw (sa tmct wf hc` mflp tmfe lfcr` tmf tmb`ns tmct tmfy da`‒t iàw). ^f hc`‒t rfclly rfclly iàw aur studf`ts bg wf da`‒t cssfss tmfe tmraunm rflbcolf prahfdurfs ar b`struef`ts.

BBB.

XVEEC_R

Bt bs àt uùsucl gar tfchmfrs ta rfhfbvf haeplcb`ts c`d haeef`ts grae studf`ts rfncrdb`n tfsts c`d atmfr cssfssef`ts. Gar a`f, tmfrf ecy of c` bssuf ha`hfr`b`n tmf havfrcnf ag tfst. Xtudf`ts ecy mcvf off` tfstfd a` crfcs tmct wfrf àt pcrt ag tmf ha`tf`t daecb`. Tmfy ecy àt mcvf off` nbvf` tmf appartu`bty ta study ar lfcr` tmf ectfrbcl. Tmf fepmcsbs ag tmf tfst ecy clsa of taa haeplfx, b`ha`sbstf`t wbtm tmf pfrgarec`hf vfros b` tmf lfcr`b`n authaefs. Wclbdbty cla`f dafs àt f`surf mbnm quclbty cssfssef`t. _flbcoblbty bg tfst rfsults smauld clsa of hmfhifd. qufstba`s a` rflbcoblbty surgchf bg tmfrf crf b`ha`sbstf`hbfs b` tmf rfsults wmf` tfsts crf cdeb`bstfrfd avfr dbggfrf`t tbef pfrbads, sceplf ag qufstba`s ar nraups. Oatm vclbdbty c`d rflbcoblbty crf ha`sbdfrfd wmf` nctmfrb`n b`garectba` ar fvbdf`hfs coaut studf`t chmbfvfef`t.

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

BW BW..

XHF@ XHF@C_ C_BA BA OCXF OCXFD/ D/Z_ Z_AO AOLF LFE E XAL XALWB WB@N @N LFC_ LFC_@B @B@N @N

Cs tmf dfpcrtef`t dfpcrtef`t mmfcd fcd ar pprb`hbpcl, rb`hbpcl, wm wmct ct chtba` wauld yau ttcif cif a` tm tmff gallawb`n gallawb`n ecttfrs1 Zravbdf yaur rfhaeef`dctba`s ocsfd a` tmf prb`hbplfs ag vclbdbty c`d rflbcoblbty. Xhf`crba 3; Er.

_ac tcunmt tmf dbggfrf`t flfef`ts c`d prb`hbplfs ag crt. Cgtfr b`struhtba`, mf cdeb`bstfrfd c tfst coaut praeb`f`t pcb`tfrs c`d shulptars b` tmf ?: tm hf`tury. âuld yau rfhaeef`d rfvbsba`s1 ^my1 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQ QQQ Xhf`crba ?;

B` nfaeftry hlcss, tmf lfcr`frs mcvf ta hclhulctf pfrbeftfrs c`d crfcs ag plc`f gbnurfs lbif trbc`nlfs, qucdrblctfrcls c`d hbrhlfs. Tmf tfchmfr dfhbdfd ta usf cltfr`ctbvf cssfssef`t rctmfr tmc` tfst. Xtudf`ts hcef up wbtm ectm partgalbas ha`tcb`b`n tmfbr wrbtb`ns coaut nfaeftry.

^mct wauld yau tfll tmf tfchmfr1 ^my1 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQ QQ Xhf`crba 8; Tmfrf

crf twa cvcblcolf cssfssef`t b`struef`ts ta efcsurf F`nlbsm siblls a` nrceecr c`d vahcoulcry. Tfst C mcs c mbnm vclbdbty out à b`garectba` ha`hfr`b`n bts rflbcoblbty. Tfst O wcs tfstfd ta mcvf c mbnm rflbcoblbty b`dfx out à b`garectba` coaut bts vclbdbty. ^mbhm a`f wauld yau rfhaeef`d1 Fxplcb` orbfgly. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQ QQQ

EADVLF >; ZLC@@B@N TMF TFXT B W.

AOKFHTBWF/X 

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W.

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•

DBXHVXXBA@ Z_ Z_AZF_ AWF_CLL‒TFXT DFWFLAZEF@T Z_AHFXX C. ZLC@@B@N ZMCXF wmfrf p purpasf urpasf ag tmf tmf tfst tfst bs bdf`tbgbfd bdf`tbgbfd,, lfcr`b`n lfcr`b`n authaefs authaefs ta of cssfssfd cssfssfd crf hlfcrly hlfcrly spfhbgbfd c`d lcstly c tcolf ag spfhbgbhctba`s bs prfpcrfd ta nubdf tmf btfe ha`struhtba` pmcsf O. BTFE HA@XT_VHTBA@ ZMCXF wmfrf ttfst fst btfes btfes crf ha`struht ha`struhtfd fd gallawb`n gallawb`n tmf cppraprbc cppraprbctf tf btfe btfe ggarect arect gar tmf tmf spfhbgbfd spfhbgbfd lfcr`b`n authaefs ag b`struhtba` H. _FWBF^ ZMCXF wmfrf bbtfes tfes crf fxceb`fd fxceb`fd oy tmf tfchmfr ar mbs/mfr mbs/mfr pffrs, pffrs, prbar prbar ta ta cdeb`bstr cdeb`bstrctba` ctba` ocsfd a` kudnfef`t ag tmfbr clbnèf`t ta ha`tf`t c`d ofmcvbar haepa`f`ts ag tmf b`struhtba`cl haepftf`hbfs c`d cgtfr cdeb`bstrctba`, ocsfd a` c`clysbs ag studf`ts‒ pfrgarec`hf b` fchm btfe Zm Zmcs csf f C bs tmf tmf gahus gahus ag tmbs tmbs hmcp hmcptf tfrr wmbl wmblf f Zmcsf Zmcsfs s O c`d c`d H wbll wbll of trfc trfctf tfd d b` tmf tmf suhhffdb`n hmcptfrs. . BDF@TBGRB@N ZV_ZAXF AG TFXT

Tfstb`n cs c` cssfssef`t efhmc`bse cbes ta nctmfr vclbd c`d rflbcolf b`garectba` usfgul ta oatm lfcr`frs c`d tfchmfrs gar garectbvf cs wfll cs sueectbvf purpasfs. • • •

Tmf lfc lfcr`f r`frs rs spf`d spf`d fàr fàreaus eaus tbtbef ef rfvb rfvbfwb` fwb`n, n, rfhc rfhcllb` llb`nn ar rf-l rf-lfcr` fcr`b`n b`n tm tmfbr fbr pcst pcst lfssa lfssa`s `s prbar ta tfstb`n. Tmfb Tmfbrr tfst tfst eatbvct eatbvctba` ba` bbss ha`tb`n ha`tb`nf`t f`t a` ttmf mf st stcif cif ttmfy mfy put put a` a` tfstb`n tfstb`n,, ta “pcss tmf tfst―, ta “pcss tmf haursf―, ar ta “nft mbnm nrcdfs―. Ec`y ttfchm fchmfrs frs ha ha`vf` `vf`bf`t bf`tly ly usf ttfstb` fstb`nn cs ttmfbr mfbr ssalf alf efc`s efc`s ta ta crrbvf crrbvf ct aokfhtbvf aokfhtbvf efcsurfs gar fvcluctb`n studf`ts‒ pfrgarec`hf c`d lctfr, gar haeeu`bhctb`n nrcdfs ta stcifmaldfrs. XZFHBGRB@N TMF LFC_@B@N AVTHAEFX

•

Lfcr Lfcr`b` `b`nn bs bs earf earf tmc tmc`` cchqub hqubrb`n rb`n dfhl dfhlcrct crctbvf bvf iàwlfdn iàwlfdnff ‘iàw ar u`dfrstc`d bs taa vcnuf

•

V`df V`dfrstc` rstc`db` db`nn rfqubrf rfqubrfss rbhm ddbshbp bshbplb`c lb`cry ry spf spfhbgb hbgbhh cpplbhct cpplbhctba`s ba`s aagg iàwlfd iàwlfdnf nf ‘fxplcb`b`n, eadfllb`n, b`tfrprftb`n dctc

•

Eavf ggrae rae tm tmff stc` stc`dcrd dcrds, s, wmbh wmbhmm crf ddfshrb fshrbptba ptba`s `s ag tm tmff shbf`tbgbh shbf`tbgbh bbdfc dfcss ta c` crtbhu crtbhulctb lctba` a`

•

ag tmfdb iàwlfdnf c`dbhfs/chtba sibllschtba` studf`ts smauld dfea`strctf. Vsf dbshbpl shbplb`cr b`cryy prcht prchtbhfs/ ` tfr tfres es ta spf spfhbgy hbgy tm tmff pfrgarec pfrgarec`hf `hf stu studf`t df`tss smauld smauld lfcr`. Eci Eciff fxp fxplbh lbhbtbt wm wmct ct st stud udf` f`ts ts sm smau auld ld lf lfcr` cr` c`d of colf colf ta da da..

•

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

• •

• • •

Z_FZC_B@N CTFXT OLVFZ_B@T ^mc ^mctfvf tfvfrr tmf purpa purpasf sf ag tmf tfst tfst ecyof ecyof,, c tfchmfr tfchmfr eust eust dftfreb dftfreb`f `f cpp cpprapr raprbct bctfly fly tmf lfcr`b`n authaefs ta of cssfssfd c`d maw tmfy wbll of cssfssfd. Ta css cssurf urf tmf tmf prfpcrct prfpcrctba` ba` ag c naad naad tfst, tfst, c tfst tfst oluf oluf prb`t prb`t bs haeea haeea`ly `ly sft-up sft-up b` b` c twa-wcy Tcolf ag Xpfhbgbhctba`s (TAX) tmct ocsbhclly spflls aut ^MCT wbll of tfstfd c`d MA^ bt wbll of tfstfd ta aotcb` tmf b`garectba` `ffdfd. ^MCT   havfrs havfrs twa cspfhts; tmf ha`tf`t crfc (b.f. suokfht ecttfr) ofb`n havfrfd c`d tmf tcrnft lfcr`b`n authaefs (b.f. haepftf`hbfs) Tmf Tmfsf sf twa twa cspfh cspfhts ts smau smauld ld scep sceplf lf tmf tmf b`tf b`tf`df `dfd d hurrb hurrbhul hulue. ue. MA^   spfhbgbfs spfhbgbfs tmf tfst garect, b.f. tmf typf ag cssfssef`t qufstba` ar tcsi ta of usfd c`d tmf btfe dbstrboutba` ta cttcb` c` fggfhtbvf c`d oclc`hf sceplb`n ag siblls ta of tfstfd. C Xbeplf A`f-wcy TAX gar Lc`nucnf Tfst Bt bs hcllfd c a`f-wcy nrbd smawb`n c plc` gar tfstb`n dbggfrf`t lfcr`b`n authaefs wbtmb` tmf scef tapbh crfc (f.n. vfros). A`f-wcy TAX bs agtf` usfd gar sibll-arbf`tfd suokfhts lbif lc`nucnf c`d rfcdb`n ar gar hlcssraae garectbvf tfsts gahusb`n a` spfhbgbh siblls. Aokfhtbvfs/Xiblls

@ueofr ag Btfes/Zab`ts

3.Bdf`tbgy tmf stctfef`ts wbtm frrars b` vfro usf.

3:

?. Xupply tmf harrfht vfro gares b` c pcrcnrcpm.

3:

8. Zrfpcrf c `fws crtbhlf rfpartb`n c pcst shmaal chtbvbty.

?:

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Tatcl Btfes/ Zab`ts

4:

Xceplf Twa-wcy Tcolf ag Xpfhbgbhctba` Tmbs tbef oatm flfef`ts crf smaw`, b.f. wmct (suokfht ecttfr c`d siblls) c`d maw (typf ag tfst garect) Tmbs b`stc`tbctfs c twa-wcy nrbd ar tmrff-wcy nrbd dfpf`db`n a` tmf flfef`ts dbsplcyfd. Ha`tf`t

C. Wfro uscnf uscnf

O. Haeeu`bhctbv f wrbtb`n

Authaef/Xibll

Tfst Garect

@ueofr ag Btfes ag Zab`ts

3. Bdf`t Bdf`tbgy bgy tmf stctfef`ts wbtm frrar b` vfro usf.

Aokfhtbvf

3:

?. Xupply tmf harrfht vfro garectba`s b` c pcrcnrcpm.

Aokfhtbvf

3:

8. Zrfpcrf c `fws crtbhlf rfpartb`n c pcst shmaal chtbvbty.

Zfrgarec`h f

?:

Tatcl Zab`ts

4:

Z_FZC_B@N C TFXT OLVFZ_B@T

• • •

Gar tm tmff tfst aarrar btfe ggarec arect, t, twatcsis. nnf`fr f`frcl cl typ typfs fs hc` ooff utblbzfd utblbzfd;; aokfhtbvf aokfhtbvf tfst tfst btbtfes fes c`d c`d à`-aokfhtbvf pfrgarec`hf Tmfy ccrrf hcllfd aokfhtbvf btfes ofhcusf tmfy mcvf c sb`nlf rbnmt ar ofst c`swfr gar fvfry btfe ocsfd a` c ify ta harrfhtba` prfpcrfd b` cdvc`hf. Zfrg Zfrgarec arec`hf `hf tf tfst, st, rf rfqubr qubrfs fs lfc lfcr`fr r`frss ta ha`s ha`struh truhtt ar hrfctf hrfctf rfspa rfspa`sfs, `sfs, wrbtt wrbttf` f` ar ar arcl, cl, (f.n. wrbtf c lfttfr) ar pfrgare c tcsi (f.n. dfsbn` c` fxpfrbef`t). Tmfy crf clsa rfgfrrfd ta cs à`- aokfhtbvf btfes sb`hf sharb`n rflbfs a` harrfhtar‒s kudnfef`t nubdfd oy c ruorbh ar stc`dcrd gar sharb`n prfpcrfd cmfcd. C` Fxpc`dfd Tcolf ag Xpfhbgbhctba` Xuokfht Crfc

Authaef/Xi bll

Aokfhtbvf

Cltfr`ct f Gare

XVOKFHT; CAL3

Zfrgarec` hf

Ncp Gbllb` n

Zraduht Cssfssef` t

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

C. Wfro Vscnf

3. Bdf`tbgy tmf stctfef`ts wbtm frrar b` vfro usf.

3: btfes (?6%)

?. Xupply tmf harrfht vfro garectba`s b` c pcrcnrcpm

3: btfe s (?6 %)

O. Haeeu`bhctb vf ^rbtb`n

8. Zrfpcrf c `fws crtbhlf rfpartb`n c pcst shmaal chtbvbty. TATCL;

?: btfes (6:%)

4: btfes (3::%) _uorbhs gar Nrceectbhcl Chhurchy (3:pts) c`d Hlcrbty ag Efsscnf (3: pts) hc` of usfd ta fvcluctf tmf crtbhlf.

Tcolf ag Xpfhbgbhctba` b` Ectmfectbhs V@B T

Haepftf`hbfs

@ a. ag Btfe s

Haeprfmf`db `n Ha`hfpts

Cpplyb`n Haeputctba `

C`clysb s (Zraolf e Xalvb`n)

C. ^malf @ueofrs

6

3?

6

??

O. _ctba`cl

6

=

?

36

H. Nfaeftry

3:

6

8

3=

D. Efcsurfef `t

6

6

6

36

Tatcl Btfe

?6

8:

36

>:

^fbnmt

?6%

8:%

46% (8pts pfr

3:: %

@ueofrs

btfe) Tcolf ag Xpfhbgbhctba` gar c Ecstfry Tfst a` Xuokfht-Wfro Cnrffef`t

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Xuokfht Typf

WB.

B`struhtba`cl Aokfhtbvf

@ueofr ag Btfes

Vsf harrfht vfro gares wbtm sb`nulcr suokfhts

Vsf harrfht vfro gares wbtm plurcl suokfhts

Gbrst pfrsa` suokfhts

6

6

3:

Xfha`d pfrsa` suokfhts

6

6

3:

Tmbrd pfrsa` suokfhts

6

6

3:

Tatcl Btfes

36

36

8:

XVEEC_R

Dbhtctfd oy trcdbtba`, cssfssef`t b` c hlcssraae f`vbraèf`t bs cssahbctfd lcrnfly wbtm tfchmfr-lfdd tfstb`n tmf gahusfs a` tmf efcsurfef`t tfchmfr-lf efcsurfef`t ag wmct tmf lfcr`frs mcvf chmbfvfd cs c rfsult ag b`struhtba`.cs dbshuss b` tmf fcrlbfr sfhtba`, hlcssraae tfstb`n earf haeea`ly lf`ds btsflg ta cssfssef`t ag lfcr`b`n tmct ocsbhclly quc`tbgbfs tmf ceau`t ag ha`tf`t c`d siblls c`d lfcr`b`n gar nrcdb`n purpasfs. Tmfarftbhclly, tmf dfvflapef`t ag tmbs typf ag tfst mcs off` a` suokfht hf`tfrfd efcsurfef`t wmbhm lahctfs b`dbvbducls a` c quc`tbtctbvf ha`tbùue wbtm rfspfht ta psyhmalanbhcl ha`struht. Tmf ha`struht tcrnftfd ta of efcsurfd bs fqubvclf`t wmbhm rfgfrs ta wmct tmf studf`ts mcvf cttcb`fd cs c rfsult ag b`struhtba`. Tfchmfrs, mawfvfr, hc` usf tfstb`n gar dbggfrf`t purpasfs c`d tmbs ocsbhclly dftfreb`fs bts dfsbn`.

WB WBBB.

CXXF CXXFXX XXEF EF@T @T-C -CHT HTBW BWBT BTBBFX

Cssbnèf`t/Zfrgarec`hf Tcsi

@atf; Ta of suoebttfd a` @avfeofr 37,?:?: a` ey fecbl chht. Tfxt eust of b` Crbcl,3?,la`n oa`d pcpfr DBT_FHTBA@; Hrcgt c tcolf ag spfhbgbhctba` (Twa wcy TAX wbtm olaae‒s tcxaàey) ta c`y suokfht, nrcdf lfvfl c`d nrc nrcdb` db`n n pfrbad pfrbad ag yaur hmabhf. Tmf ùeofr ag btfes ta of b`hludfd b` tmf tfst bs 6:. Gurtmfr , @a. ag maurs gar fchm ha`tf`t bs ta of dftfreb`fd oy yau. Gar fxceplf; Xhbf`hf ‘Nrcdf = -3 st Sucrtfr

Cgtfr hrcgtb`n tmf TAX ar Tcolf ag Xpfhbgbhctba Xpfhbgbhctba`, `, yau ecy prahffd ta tmf `fxt tcsi/chtbvbty, tmf Xflfhtb`n c`d Ha`struhtb`n Ha`struhtb`n ag Tfst Btfes. Tmf typfs ag tfst hc` of c eultbplf hmabhf, bdf`tbgbhctba`, truf ar gclsf, eadbgbfd truf ar gclsf c`d atmfr typfs ag tfst wmbhm yau tmbì bt wbll sfrvf bts purpasfs/aokfhtbvfs b` nbvb`n suhm cssfssef`t taal ta tmf fxceb`ffs. Bt hc` clsa of c haeob`ctba` ag tmf dbggfrf`t typfs ag tfst ef`tba`fd bg `fhfsscry. Gar earf hlcrbgbhctba`, gffl grff ta efsscnf ef b` ey pfrsa`cl chhau`t.

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

EADVLF =; XFLFHTB@N C@D HA@XT_VHTB@N TFXT BTFEX wbtm BTFE C@CLRXBX B.

AOKFHTBWF/X

Ta ha`struht tfst btfes chhardb`n ta tmf lfcr`b`n authaefs a`-gahus Ta prfsf`t autputs c`d kustbgy tmf vclbdbty ag tmf tfst btfes ocsfd a` tmf tcrnft lfcr`b`n authaefs Ta prapasf ftmbhcl wcys b` gchblbtctb`n tmf vclbdctba` c`d bepravfef`t ag tfchmfr-ecdf tfsts BB.

DBXHVXXBA@ Z_AZF_ Cll tfst btfes wfrf vfrbgbfd oy fxpfrts ta of vclbd out cll studf`ts gcblfd tmf tfst. ^mct hauld‒vf off` tmf praolfe1 Gareulctb`n tmf Eultbplf-Hmabhf Tfst

-

Tfst btfes ha`sbst ag tmf stfe (qufstba`/ha`dbtba`) c`d tmf aptba`s (3 harrfht, tmf rfst crf dbstrchtfrs)

-

-

Ta ncunf tmf c`clytbhcl tmbìb`n siblls ag studf`ts b` rflctba` wbtm tmf atmfr lfcr`b`n siblls (_VCpF) “Hrfctb`n― hc`àt of efcsurfd oy tmbs tfst (_bha, ?:33)

-

Cdvc`tcnfs

-

-

F`haurcnfs earf haeplfx tmbìb`n @ffds lfss tbef ta cdeb`bstfr cdeb`bstfr Lfssf`s tfchmfr‒s obcs Xharb`n c`d btfe c`clysbs crf dbrfht

-

Dbscdvc`tcnfs

-

Zra`f ta rc`dae sflfhtba` ag c`swfr @ffds earf tbef ta ha`struht btfes Earf lbifly tmct dbstrchtfrs ecy of taa b`tfrrflctfd ar taa aovbaus

-

-

ZAA_ BTFE WX. NAAD BTFE ZAA_ BT ZAA_ BTFE FE;3 ;3.. ^mct ^mct nlao nlaocl cl pr prao aolf lfe e bs c rf rfsu sult lt ag tmf tmf nr nrff ff`m `mau ausf sf fggf fggfht ht b` tmf tmf cteaspmfrf1

c. nlaocl wcreb`n

h. aza`f dfplftba`

o. pallutba`

d. hcroa` eaàxbdf

NAAD BTFE93. Tmf nrff`mausf fggfht b` tmf cteaspmfrf ecy dbrfhtly rfsult b`taQQQ.

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

c. hcroa` eaàxbdf

h. aza`f dfplftba`

o. nlaocl wcreb`n

d. pallutba`

ZAA_ BTFE;? . ^mct crf ofcis ag obrds gar1

c. Tmfy crf usfd gar trc`spartctba`. o. Tmfy crf usfd gar fctb`n. h. Tmfy crf usfd gar pratfhtba`. d. Tmfy crf usfd gar cttchib`n f`febfs NAAD BTFE;?. Maw da obrds prbecrbly usf tmfbr ofcis1

c. cttchib`n f`febfs

h. pratfhtba`

o. fctb`n

d. trc`spartctba`

ZAA_ BTFE;8. ^mbhm bssuf bs dbshussfd oy sahbalanbsts1

c. palbtbhcl systfe o. dfeahrchy h. gchtars tmct b`gluf`hf pfaplf‒s ofmcvbars d. u`feplayef`t rctf NAAD BTFE; 8. ^mbhm tapbh ecy of eastly studbfd oy fhaàebh sahbalanbsts1

c. dfeahrchy o. muec` ofmcvbar

h. palbtbhcl systfe d. u`feplayef`t

ZAA_ BTFE;4. C` QQQQQ bs c ward tmct dfshrbofs c àu` ar c praàu`1

c. cdkfhtbvf

h. nfru`d

o. cdvfro

d. vfro

NAAD BTFE;4. ^mbhm pcrt ag spffhm bs usfd ta dfshrbof c àu` ar c praàu`1 c. cdkfhtbvf

h. nfru`d

o. cdvfro

d. vfro

ZAA_ BTFE;6. ^ma bs tmf gbrst waec` Zrfsbdf`t ag tmf Zmblbppb`fs1

c. Harcza` C. Cqubà

h. Harcza` H. Cqubà

o. Harcza` O. Cqubà

d. Harcza` D. Cqubà

NAAD BTFE;6. ^ma bs tmf gbrst waec` Zrfsbdf`t ag tmf Zmblbppb`fs1

c. Harcza` H. Cqubà

h. Larf` O. Lfncrdc

o. Nlarbc E. Crraya

d. Befldc _. Ecrhas

ZAA_ BTFE;7. ^mbhm bs tmf ofst syà`ye ag “ofcutbgul―1 c.

naad-laaib`n

o. narnfaus

h. plfcsb`n d. prftty

NAAD BTFE;7. ^mbhm syà`ye ag “ofcutbgul― bs east gbttfd ta dfshrbof c hutf c`d cttrchtbvf nbrl1

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

c. gb`f

h. àolf

o. nf`tlf

d. prftty

ZAA_ BTFE;>. ^mbhm dafs àt smaw c` c`tb-beearcl chtba`1 c.

chtb`n chhardb`n ta navfrèf`t lcw

o. ofmcvb`n ocsfd a` rflbnbaus oflbfgs h. dfclb`n wbtm pfaplf wbtm rfspfht d. tcib`n cdvc`tcnf ag atmfrs‒ wfci`fss NAAD BTFE;>. ^mbhm bs ha`sbdfrfd ta of c` “beearcl― chtba`1 c.

tcib`n cdvc`tcnf ag atmfrs‒ wfci`fss

o. chtb`n chhardb`n ta navfrèf`t lcw h. ofmcvb`n ocsfd a` rflbnbaus oflbfgs d. dfclb`n wbtm pfaplf wbtm rfspfht ZAA_ BTFE;=. ^mct shbf`hf prahfss bs b`valvfd b` usb`n tmf sf`sfs ta fxceb`f tmf f`vbraèf`t1

c. dfgb`b`n

h. dbshussb`n

o. dfshrbob`n

d. aosfrvb`n

NAAD BT NAAD BTFE FE;; =. ^mct ^mct sh shbf bf`h `hf f prah prahfs fss s bs b` b`va valv lvfd fd b` usb` usb`n n tm tmf f sf sf`s `sfs fs ta fx fxce ceb` b`f f tm tmf f f`vbraèf`t1

c. c`clyzb`n fxpfrbef`tb`n

h.

o. dfshrbob`n

d. aosfrvb`n

BEZ_AWB@N TFXT BTFEX TM_ANM BTFE C@CLRXBX

Btfeb`dfx C`clysbs bs c prahfdurf usfd ta bdf`tbgy naad btfes oy dftfreb`b`n tmf b`dfx ag dbggbhulty c`d ag dbshrbeb`ctba`. B`dfx ag dbggbhulty bs

tmf partba` ag studf`ts/tfst tcifrs wma c`swfrfd tmf btfe harrfhtly.

bs tmf fxtf`t ta wmbhm c tfst btfe hc` dbggfrf`tbctf oftwff` naad pfrgarefrs c`d paar pfrgarefrs. B`dfx ag Dbshrbeb`ctba`

A`f eftmad tmct hc` of feplayfd gar btfe c`clysbs bs tmf V -L B`dfx Eftmad (Xtahilfb`,326>) ar tmf Vppfr-Lawfr B`dfx Eftmad. Tmf East haeea`ly usfd V-L B`dfx Eftmad bs tmf Vppfr c`d Lawfr ?>%.Tmf stfps crf cs gallaws; 3. Xharf tmf tfst pcp pcpfrs frs c`d crrc`nf tmf tat tatcl cl sharfs grae mbnm mbnmfst fst ta la lawfst. wfst. ?. Xfnr Xfnrfnc fnctf tf tmf tap tap c`d oa oattae ttae ??>% >% ag tmf ttfst fst pcp pcpfrs. frs. 8. Tclly tmf harrfht c` c`swfrs swfrs ta ffchm chm btfe oy fchm studf`t/t studf`t/tfst fst tcifr b` tmf uppfr ?>% ?>% nraup. 4. 6. 7. >.

_fpf _fpfct ct stf stfpp 8 out ttmbs mbs tbe tbeff ha`s ha`sbdfr bdfr ttmf mf lawfr lawfr ?> ?>% % Nft tmf pf pfrhf`tcnf rhf`tcnf ag tmf uuppfr ppfr nra nraup up tmct aaotcb`fd otcb`fd tmf tmf harrfht c`swfr c`swfr c`d hcll tmbs V _fpfct st stfp fp 6 oout ut tmbs ttbef bef ha`sbd ha`sbdfr fr tmf lawfr nnraup raup c` c`dd hcll ttmbs mbs L Nft ttmf mf cv cvfrc frcnf nf pfrhf pfrhf`tcn `tcnff ag V c` c`dd L

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

=. Nft tm tmff dbggfrf` dbggfrf`hf hf oft oftwff` wff` V cc`d `d L pf pfrhf` rhf`tcnf tcnfss TA B@TF_Z_FT TMF AOTCB@FD DBGGBHVLTR B@DF], ^F HC@ VXF TMF TCOLF OFLA^.

_c`nf ag Dbggbhulty :.::-:.?3 :.?3-:.4: :.43-:.7: :.73-:.=: :.=3-3.::

Dfshrbptba` Wfry Dbggbhult Dbggbhult Eadfrctfly Dbggbhult Fcsy Wfry

@atf; :.43-:.7: Chhfptcolf Dbggbhulty B`dfx :.?:-3.:: Chhfptcolf Dbshrbeb`ctba` B`dfx Typf ag Btfe

Gfcturfs Zrfsf`t Oatm Chhfptcolf Dbggbhulty c`d Dbshrbeb`ctba` B`dbhfs

Naad

_fecris _ftcb`fd

Fbtmfr ar V`chhfptcolf Dbggbhulty Dbshrbeb`ctba Dbshrbeb`ctba`` B`dfx Oatm V`chhfptcolf Dbggbhulty c`d Dbshrbeb`ctba` B`dbhfs

Gcbr Zaar

_fvbsfd _fkfhtfd

Tmf tcolf smaws tmf rfsult ag c tryaut tfst b` _fcdb`n 7.Xtudy tmf dctc prfsf`tfd b` tmf tcolf tmf` c`swfr tmf qufstba`s tmct gallaw.

_FXVLTX AG BTFE C@CLRXBX

@a. Ag Xtudf`ts Tfstfd -6: Btfe @ueo fr

Vppfr ?>%

@ueo fr 34 3

@ueof r34

:.=6> 3/:.= 8 7

3?

?

%

Lawfr ?>%

34

3.::

Dbshrbe b`ctba` b`dfx

B`tfrprf tctba`

Dfhbsba `

% :.?34?/ :.?3

>

Dbggbhult y B`dfx

B`tfrprf tctba`

:.6:

:.64

:.>6

Eadfrct fly :.76 dbggbhult

fcsy

:.6:

Wfry Chhfpt dbshrbeb cs bt bs `ctb`n

dbshrbeb `ctb`n

Ecy of chhfptf d oy slbnmtly b`hrfcsb `n dbggbhulty

8

>

XVOKFHT; CAL3

:.6:

3:

:.>3

:.73

fcsy

-:.?3

@at dbshrbeb

Tatclly

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

`ctb`n

dbshrcd

4

3?

:.=7

7

:.48

:.74

fcsy

:.48

dbshrbeb `ctb`n

Ecy of chhfptf d oy slbnmtly b`hrfcsb `n dbggbhulty

6

3:

:.>3

3?

:.=7

:.>2

fcsy

-.:34

Eadfrct fly dbshrbeb `ctb`n

@ffds eckar rfvbsba` a` tmf stfe c`d ar aptba`

7

34

3.::

34

3.::

3.::

Wfry fcsy

:.:

Eadfrct fly dbshrbeb `ctb`n

@ffds eckar rfvbsba` a` tmf stfe c`d ar aptba`

>

33

.>2

?

:.34

:.47

E flyadfrct :.74 dbggbhult

Wfry Chhfpt dbshrbeb cs bt bs `ctb`n

=

38

:.28

8

:.?3

:.6>

Eadfrct :.>3 fly dbggbhult

Wfry Chhfpt dbshrbeb cs bt bs `ctb`n

2

2

:.74

=

:.6>

:.73

fcsy

:.:>

Eadfrct fly dbshrbeb `ctb`n

3:

4

:.?2

34

3.::

:.74

fcsy

-:.>3

qufstba` Tatclly colf dbshcrdf d

@ffds eckar rfvbsba` a` tmf stfe c`d ar aptba`

XALVTBA@X; Vppfr ?>% 5 6: x .?>5 38.6 ar 34 Lawfr ?>% 5 6: x .?>5 38.6 ar 34

Maw ec`y btfes ha`sbdfrfd cs naad1^my1 Maw ec`y btfes crf ha`sbdfrfd gcbr1^my1 Maw ec`y btfes ha`sbdfrfd paar1^my1 Tmf Gareulc nbvf` oflaw ecifs tmf haeputctba`s fcsy. Vppfr ?>% 5

XVOKFHT; CAL3

@a. Ag tmf studf`ts wma nat tmf btfe harrfht GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Tatcl à. Ag studf`ts ofla`nb`n ta tmf Vppfr ?>%

Fxceplf; Btfe # 3 Vppfr ?>% 5 3?/34 5 .=7 Lawfr ?>% 5

@a. Ag tmf studf`ts wma nat tmf btfe harrfht

Tatcl à. Ag studf`ts ofla`nb`n ta tmf Lawfr ?>%

DBGGBHVLTR B@DF] 5 % ag tmf uppfr nraup

^ma nat tmf btfe rbnmt

+

% ag tmf lawfr nraup

wma nat tmf btfe rbnmt

?

Fxceplf;Btfe Fxceplf;Btf e #3 Dbggbhulty B`dfx 5

.=7+.?3

5 .686 ar .64

?

Tmf dbshrbeb`ctba` b`dfx bs aotcb`fd oy suotrchtb`n tmf lawfr pfrhf`tcnf grae tmf uppfr pfrhf`tcnf. DBXH_BEB@CTBA@ B@DF] 5 % V - % L

Fxceplf; Btfe # 3 Dbshrbeb`ctba` B`dfx 5 .=7 - .?3

5 .76

Tmf tcolf smaws saef gcbr btfes tmct `ffd rfvbsba`.

Btfe @a.

Dbggbhulty B`dfx

Dbshrbeb`ctba` B`dfx

_fecris

Dfhbsba`

8

.64

-.34

Gcbr

_fvbsf

Grae Dbshrftf-Zab`t Tfst ta B`tfnrctbvf Cssfssef`t 3. DB DBXH XH_F _FTF TF ‘ZA ‘ZAB@ B@T T TFXT TFXTX X 

Bt bs a`f gare ag trcdbtba`cl cssfssef`t taal



Bt efcsurfs a`ly a`f pab`t ar aokfhtbvf

Fxceplfs; Eultbplf Hmabhfs Truf ar Gclsf Ecthmb`n Typf Xmart-Btfe Xmart-Btf e C`swfr

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Aokfhtbvf; Vsf tmf harrfht gare ag tmf prfsf`t tf`sf ag tmf vfro Btfe; V`hlf Oaooy QQQQQQ(vbsbt) us b` tmf gcre fvfry sueefr. Aokfhtbvf; Nft tmf ecb` bdfc ag tmf pcsscnf Btfe; c. Gar Garfbn fbn`` trc trcdf df pprao raolfe lfess o. Ea Ea`f `ftc tcry ry pra praol olfe fess h. Trcd Trcdff pa palbhbf lbhbfss ag mbnm b`hae b`haeff ha hau`tr u`trbfs bfs d. Trcd Trcdff crrc crrc`nf `nfef`t ef`t uu`dfr `dfr NCTT ar arnc` nc`bzctb bzctba` a` ?. B@ B@TF TFN_ N_CT CTBW BWF F TFXT TFXTX X   

Bt bs c eultb-trcbt cssfssef`t taal Bt saeftbefs hcllfd nlaocl cssfssef`t ag lc`nucnf pragbhbf`hy Bt efcsurfs earf tmc` a`f pab`t ar aokfhtbvf ct c tbef

Fxceplf; ^rbtb`n c grff haepasbtba` Xiblls tfstfd; c. Xpfllb`n o. Vsf ag pu`htuctba` ecris h. Hcpbtclbzctba` d. Mc`dwrbtb`n f. Wahcoulcry g. Arnc`bzctba` ag bdfcs 8. HLA[F TF TFXT  

 

   

Bt bs c prahfdurf wmfrfoy wards crf dflftfd grae c pcsscnf Bts haeea` prchtbhf bs ta dflftf 6 tm ward b` c sflfhtba`, tmf dflftfd ward crf rfplchfd wbtm olcìs Tmf fxceb`ffs rfcd tmf pcsscnf c`d cdd tmf ebssb`n ward Tmf fxceb`ffs tcsi bs ta prfdbht tmf ward tmct wcs rfeavfd c`d rfplchfd bt wbtm tmf ward tmct ofst gbts tmf b`tf`dfd efc`b`n b` c pcsscnf Bt bs usfd ta dftfreb`f tmf rfcdcoblbty ag tmf oaai Bg studf`ts prfdbht earf tmc` 6:% dflftfd wards, tmf oaai bs fcsy ta rfcd Bg studf`t prfdbht lfss tmc` 8:% , tmf ectfrbcl bs vfry dbggbhult Chhfptcolf rc`nf gar tmf ectfr ectfrbcl bcl bg bt bs rrfcdcolf fcdcolf bs oftwff` 8:%-6:%

Fxceplf; Xupply tmf ebssb`n wards C` ald waadhuttfr waadhuttfr wcs aut wclib`n a`f ear` ear`b`n b`n c`d eft c ec` wma wcs hmbppb`n hmbppb`n ct c pbfhf ag rahi.Tmf waadhuttfr csifd wmct QQQQQec` wcs dab`nQQQQQec` rfplbfd tmct mfQQQQQorfcib`n tmf rahi b`ta QQQQpbfhfs. Tmf waadhuttfr trcvfllfd QQQQc`d scw chrass càtmfr QQQQ,warib`n cwcy ousbly,wmbstlb`n, QQQQcwcy ct c sbeblcrQQQQQag sta`f.Tmf ec` laaifd up ct mbe,seblfd c`d rfplbfd,―B ce oubldb`n c hctmfdrcl.―

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

C`swfrs ta tmbs tmbs hlazf tfst ccrf rf cs galla gallaws; ws; 3. tmf ?. tmf 8. wcs 4. Xecl Xeclll 6. oy

7. ec`

>. tab tablb`n lb`n

=. Zbfhf Zbfhf

Tmf coavf stary mcs a`ly tmf gbrst c`d lcst sf`tf`hfs lfgt uèutblctfd.

4. H- TFXT 



 

Bt bs tmf cltfr`ctbvf tfst gar hlasfd tfst B` tmbs tfst tmf sfha`d mclg b`tcht ag vfry atmfr ward bs dflftfd,lfcvb`n tmf gbrst c`d lcst sf`tf`hfs ag tmf s flfhtba` sflfhtba` Tmf sflfhtba` ha`sbsts ag c ecxbeue ag 3:: wards a` vcrbaus tapbhs Tmf fxceb`ff bs nbvf` c hluf (mclg tmf ward c`d rfspa`df`t bs rfqubrfd ta supply tmf atmfr mclg.Tmf gallawb`n bs c pcsscnf tmct feplay c H-tfst

Tmf east bepartc`t gcht gar naad tfstb`n prahfdurf bs cdvc`hf prfpcrttba`.B` tQQQQQtmfrf hQQQQQQQof `QQQQQQQfefrnf`hbfs.XQQQQQfggarts eQQQQQQQQtmfrfgarf oQQQQQQQQQecdf tQQQQQQQQgarfsff c QQQQQQQQgarfstcll fefrnf`hbfs.A`ly b` tmbs wcy hc` u`bgarebty ag prahfdurf of cssurfd. C`swfrs ta tmbs tmbs H-tfst crf crf;; tfstb`n,hc tfstb`n,hc`,à,suhm,e `,à,suhm,ecy cy of,ta,c of,ta,c`d `d

6. DBHTCTBA@   

Bt bs c tfst gar lbstf`b`n Bt bs c tfst gar spfllb`n Bt b`valvfs tfstb`n studf`ts coblbtbfs ta usf hcpbtcl lfttfrs c`d pu`htuctba` ecris,spfll wards ,wrbtf lfnboly c`d `fctly,c`d euhm earf.

B` cdeb`bstfrb`n dbhtctba` tfst,tmf gallawb`n stfps crf rfhaeef`dfd; c. o. h. d.

_fcd ffchm chm ward ward (ar sf` sf`tf`h tf`hf) f) a`h a`hff ar twbhf ccss studf studf`ts `ts lbstf` lbstf` Csi stu studf`t df`tss ta w wrbtf rbtf tmf w ward ard (sf`tf`h (sf`tf`hf) f) _fcd tmf w ward ard ((sf`t sf`tf`hf f`hf)) cnc cncb` b` ga garr ha` ha`gbre gbrectba ctba`` _fcd fc fchm hm sf`tf sf`tf`hf `hf slawly aa`hf `hf ar ttwbhf wbhf tmf` ct àrecl àrecl spffd a`hf ofgarf ofgarf studf`ts crf csifd ta wrbtf f. Da àt rfc rfcdd tmf ward ward(sf` (sf`tf` tf`hf) hf) wmbl wmblff studf studf`ts `ts crf wrb wrbtb`n tb`n.. 7. A_CL A_CL B@ B@TF TF_W _WBF BF^ ^  



Bt c ib`d ag b`tfnrctbvf cssfssef`t Bt b`valvfs c hallfhtba` ag b`garectba` tmraunm gchf ta gchf b`tfrchtba` oftwff` tmf b`tfrvbfwfr c`d tmf b`tfrvbfwff Bt ecy usf c sft ag prfpcrfd qufstba`s csifd b` prfhbsf c`d sfquf`tbcl ec``fr

B`tfrvbfw nubdf ‘

bs c lbst ag qufstba`s prfpcrfd ofgarf tcib`n b`ta ha`sbdfrctba` tcib`n b`ta ha`sbdfrctba` tmf aokfhtbvfs ag tmf cssfssef`t. Arcl B`tfrvbfw Xceplf Xharb`n Nubdf/Hrbtfrbc Xharf _c`nf; 3 bs tmf lawfst c`d 6 bs tmf Mbnmfst 3. Wabhf c`d spffhm Zlfcsc`t Eadulctfd Zrapfr hmabhf ag wards

6

  

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

?. Clfrt`fss 6 Zrfsf`hf ag eb`d Cwcrf`fss ag ag mbs/mfr ff`vbraèf` `vbraèf`tt 8. Coblbty ta prfsf`t Bdfcs 6 ^fll-arnc`bzfd Haeec`d ag tmf lc`nucnf Lanbhcl tmbìb`n 4. Kudnfef`t 6 Xau`d mkudnef`t ^fbnmb`n hrfdboblbty ag dctc 6. Xflg-Ha`gbdf`hf 6 ^fll pabsfd @at kbttfry TATCL;QQQQQQQQQQQQ CWF_CNF;QQQQQQQQQQ CWF_CNF;QQQQ QQQQQQ  

  

 

 

EFCXV_FX AG HF@TC_L TF@DF@HR Tmf Efc` 

Bt bs sbeply tmf cvfrcnf ag c nraup ag sharfs

Gareulc; ]5 ∓]/] ^mfrf; ]5 Efc` ar crbtmeftbh Efc` ∓5 Xbnec syeoal wmbhm efc`s sueectba` ag ]5 Xyeoal ta rfprfsf`t c tfst sharf @5 Tatcl ùeofr ag sharfs b` c dbstrboutba` Gb`d tmf Efc` ag tmf sharfs oflaw usb`n tmf nbvf` gareulc; 6? 7: 48 8: ?7

3: 46 ?: 3= 3:

34 3> ?2 87 32

3: 2 32 ?? 88

47 8> ?8 82 43

@5?6 Tmf Efdbc`

-Bt bs tmf ebddlf sharf b` c dbstrboutba` - Bt dbvbdfs tmf dbstrboutba` b` mclg; 6:% ag tmf sharfs bs gau`d coavf tmf efdbc` C`d tmf atmfr atmfr 6:% 6:% bs oflaw tmf tmf efdbc`

Fxceplf; Gb`d tmf efdbc` ag tmf gallawb`n sft ag u`nraupfd sharfs;?: ,86 ,36 ,4: ,6:. Xtfps;

c. Crrc`nf tm tmff u`nrau u`nraupp sharfs b` ccshf`db`n shf`db`n aardfr(b.f. rdfr(b.f. grae tmf mbnmfst ta tmf lawfst sharf) o. F`hbr F`hbrhlf hlf tm tmff sharf tm tmct ct bs b` tmf eb ebddlf ddlf aagg tmf dbs dbstrbo trboutba utba``

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Fxceplf; 6: 4: 86 ?: 36 ^mf` @ bs fvf`, hmaasf tmf twa ebddlf sharfs. Tmf`, cdd tmfsf ebddlf sharfs c`d dbvbdfd oy ? ar tmf ùeofr ag tbefs tmf ebddlf sharf ahhurs. Fxceplf; Gb`d tmf efdbc` ag tmf gallawb`n sft ag sharfs;?:, 86, 36, 4:, 6:, 87 6: 4: 87 86

? ebddlf sharfs( 87+86)/?5 86.65Efdbc`

?: 36 Tmf Eadf 

Bs tmf sharfs tmct ahhurs east grfquf`tly

Fxceplf; Gb`d tmf eadf ag tmfsf u`nraup sharfs 84,8:,46,8:,88,8:,6: Tmf east grfquf`t sharf b` aur fxceplf bs 8:.Tmf sharf 8: ahhurs tmrff tbefs b` tmf dbstrboutba`.

TMF EFCXV_FX AG HF@T_CL TF@DF@HR B@ DBGGF_F@T DBXT_BOVTBA@X 3. @are @arecl cl Db Dbst strb rbou outb tba` a`  

Bt bs c systfectbh dbstrboutba` Bt laais lbif c ofll wmf` bt bs bllustrctfd



@atf; ^mf` Efc`, Efdbc` c`d Eadf mcvf tmf scef vclufs, wf mcvf c àrecl dbstrboutba`. Efc` 5 6: Efdbc` 5 6: Eadf 5 6: B`tfrprftctba`; B` tmbs ib`d ag dbstrboutba`, mclg ag tmf hlcss (6:%) pfrgarefd wfll c`d tmf atmfr mclg (6:%) pfrgarefd paarly. Tmf tfst bs eadfrctfly dbggbhult.

?. Zasbtb Zasbtbvfl vfly y Xifwfd Xifwfd dbst dbstrbo rboutb utba` a`   

Tmfrf crf earf law sharfs tmc` mbnm sharfs Tmf tfst bs vfry dbggbhult sa tmct tmf hlcss pfrgarefd paarly paarly b` bt Bt bs c` csyeeftrbhcl dbstrboutba` dbstrboutba`

@atf; Tmf Efc` mcs tmf lcrnfst vcluf gallawfd oy tmf efdbc` c`d tmf eadf b` dfshf`db`n ardfr

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Efc` 5 86 Efdbc` 5 84 Eadf 5 88

8. @fnctb @fnctbvfl vfly y Xifwfd Xifwfd Dbstrbo Dbstrboutb utba` a`   

Tmfrf crfbsearf mbnm sharfs law sharfs Tmf tfst vfry fcsy sa tmct tmc` tmf hlcss pfrgarefd vfry wfll b` bt Bt bs clsa c` csyeeftrbhcl dbstrboutba`

@atf; Tmf vcluf ag tmf eadf mcs tmf lcrnfst vcluf gallawfd oy efdbc` c`d efc` b` dfshf`db`n ardfr. Efc` 5 88 Efdbc` 5 84 Eadf 5 86

XTC@DC_D DFWBCTBA@ (XD) 

Bt bs c efcsurf wmbhm

dfshrbofs tmf dbspfrsba` ar sprfcd ag cll sharfs b` tmf dbstrboutba` rctmfr tmc` tmraunm fxtrfefly mbnm ar law sarfs Bt bs tmf squrf raat ag tmf cvfrcnf ag tmf squcrfd dfvbctba`s grae tmf efc` 

XD 5 ∛∓( ∛∓(]-] ]-]))? `-3

XD 5 ∛∛∓] XD5 ∓] ? ‘(∓])? /` `-3

^mfrf; XD5 Xtc`dcrd Dfvbctba` `5sceplf sbzf ]5 sceplf efc` B@TF_Z_FTCTBA@ AG TFXT XHA_FX Vsb`n tmf Efc` ta B`tfrprft Tfst Xharfs

^f hc` usf efc` ta b`tfrprft sharfs. Oflaw crf tmf rcw sharfs ag c hfrtcb` tfst. Gb`d tmf efc`. 4: 8= 8= 8> 87

84 84 84 88 8?

83 8: ?= ?= ?>

87 ?6 ?4 ?? ?3

?: ?: 32 32 32

3= 3= 3= 3> 36

Efc` 5 ?7.> B`tfrprftctba`s; O _fatstbyf-- 84=: Crtura-8= Oblly- 8> Tfssbf 87

Ffvf`ly`???676 W @ct ?4 Db`c ?? C`dy ?3

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Lblbc- 84 Tfddy-84 Dc``y-84 Febly- 88 Raly- 8? Ofrt 83 83 _ally 8: Arly ?= Lfa ?= Frebf ?>

Dally ?: Clfx ?: Hcrlas 32 Hlcbrf 32 Kulbus 32 @fllbf 3= Xa`bc 3= Wbh 33== @btc 3> @arc 36

Febly nat sharf ag 88,lft us haepcrf tmbs sharf wbtm tmf efc` wmbhm bs ?7.>:.Febly‒s sharf bs coavf tmf efc`. B` tmbs pcrtbhulcr tfst, Febly‒s pfrgarec`hf bs coavf cvfrcnf. Vsb`n _cìs ta B`tfrprft Tfst Xharfs @cef ag studf`t

_cw Xharf

Hcrla Lbtly _ascura Efloc Tfhmbf Eyr`c @f`btc Fllf` Lbrba

_cì st

8: ?2 ?= ?>

3 ?`d 8rd 4tm 6tm

?7 7tm >tm =tm 2tm

?6 ?4 3= 3>

tm

Kasf 37 3: *Hcrla rcìfd gbrst ofhcusf mf nat tmf mbnmfst sharf b` hlcss *Kasf rcìfd tf` ofhcusf mf nat tmf lawfst sharf b` tmf lbst Ocsfd a` tmf rcìb`n ecdf ag tf` sharfs aotcb`fd oy tf` studf`ts, Hcrla‒s pfrgarec`hf bs tmct pcrtbhulcr tfst bs tmf ofst mcvb`n aotcb`fd tmf tap rcì. Kasf‒s pfrgarec`hf b` tmf scef tfst bs tmf paarfst mcvb`n rcìfd tf`tm ,tmf lcst rcì b` tmf lbst. Vsb`n tmf Xtc`dcrd Dfvbctba` ta B`tfrprft Tfchmfrs Zfrgarec`hf

Oflaw crf efc`s c`d stc`dcrd dfvbctba`s ag tmrff (8) hlcssfs tcunmt oy dbggfrf`t tfchmfrs ag F`nlbsm TFXT _FXLVT B@ F@NLBXM B R_/XFH

B-C B-O B-H

EFC@

87.=: 84.3: 8:.66

XTC@DC_D DFWBCTBA@

=.6: 7.4: 3.7>

Hlcss C pfrgarefd tmf OFXT mcvb`n tmf efc` ag 87.=:, mawfvfr tmf scef hlcss nat XD ag =.6: wmbhm bs tmf mbnmfst c`d tmf obnnfst cea`n tmrff hlcssfs @atf;

c) Tmf obnnfr tmf XD ,tmf earf mftfranf mftfranf`faus `faus c nraup ar c hlcss bs. Mftfranf`faus hlcss nraup efc`s tmf hlcss ha`sbsts ag studf`ts ag dbggfrf`t coblbtbfs (b.f. coavf cvfrcnf, cvfrcnf c`d oflaw cvfrcnf o) Obn XD efc`s tmf dbggfrf`tbctba` ag tmf coblbtbfs bs praàu`hfd. Tmf tfchmfr b` tmbs hcsf gcblfd ta rfduhf dbggfrf`tbctba` cea`n tmf b`dbvbducl studf`ts b` tmct hlcss. 

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Hlcss H pfrgarefd tmf paarfst cea`n tmf tmrff hlcssfs mcvb`n aotcb`fd tmf lawfst efc` (82.66), mawfvfr tmf scef hlcss nat tmf XD ag 3.7> wmbhm bs tmf lawfst ar tmf secllfst cea`n tmf tmrff hlcssfs. @atf;

c) Tmf secllf secllfrr tmf XD, XD, tmf earf mae maeanf`fau anf`fauss tmf nnraup raup ar ar hlcss bs. o) Maeanf`f Maeanf`faus aus hlcss ar nraup nraup efc efc`s `s tmf hlcss ha ha`sbsts `sbsts ag studf studf`ts `ts ag cleast cleast tmf scef coblbty. h) Xecll XD efc`s tmf db dbggfrf`tbct ggfrf`tbctba` ba` ag ag cobl coblbtbfs btbfs bs ha`sbdfrco ha`sbdfrcoly ly rfduhfd. rfduhfd. Tmf tfchmfr b` tmbs hcsf suhhfssgully hlasfd tmf ncp oftwff` naad c`d law pfrgarefrs b` c pcrtbhulcr tfst 



Tmfrfgarf, wfdbspcrbty hc` scyoftwff` tmf tfchmfr wma b` F`nlbsm B-H bs tmf east fggfhtbvf b` rfduhb`n tmf naad c`dtcunmt paar studf`ts

BBB.

XVEEC_R

Tmf prfvbaus hmcptfr mcs gceblbcrbzfd yau wbtm tmf b`btbcl prahfss b` dfvflapb`n hlcssraae tfsts. Truf ta cll typfs ag cssfssef`t tfsts, bt clwcys stcrts wbtm c plc`tb`n pmcsf tmct ocsbhclly c`swfrs tmf qufstba`, “wmct da B tfst1―, c`d lfcds yau ta tmf prfpcrctba` ag tmf tfst olufprb`t ar c tcolf ag spfhbgbhctba` wmbhm dflb`fctf tmf fssf`tbcl lfcr`b`n authaefs authaefs ta of cssfssfd gallawb`n c oclc`hfd dbstrboutba` dbstrboutba` ag btfe chrass tmf dfsbrfd han`btbvf ofmcvbars. Tmf prfsf`t hmcptfr àw orb`ns yau ta c`swfr tmf sfha`d qufstba`, maw da B tfst1 Maw da B apfrctba`clbzfd apfrctba`clbzfd cssfssef`t ag tmf lfcr`b`n authaefs b`tf`dfd gar c pfrbad ag study1 Bt àw b`traduhfs yau ta c usfgul efù ag tfst typfs tmct crf cppraprbctf ta ncunf tmf lfcr`b`n authaefs prapasfd oy tmf hurrbhulue stc`dcrds, maw ta sflfht tmfe c`d maw ha`struht tmfe. B W.

CXXFXXEF@T-CHTBWBTBFX

C. Dbrfhtba`s; Ha Haeplftf eplftf tmf tmf tcolf ooflaw. flaw. @56:

Btfe @ueof r 3 ? 8 4

Vppfr ?>% Lawfr ?>% @ueofr % @ueofr % 3: = 6 4

7 ? 4 3:

67 > = 2 3: 33 3? 38 34 36

33?8 33 2 = 7 3? 34 38 3? 3

33?4 6 8 = 3? 34 3: > 4 3?

O.

Dbggbhulty b`dfx

Dbshrbeb`ctba` _fecris B`dfx

Dfhbsba`

3. Lbst c pcsscnf grae c`y oaai, of bt c stary ar c sflfhtba`. Ecif c hlazf tfst dflftb`n fvfry 6tm ward. Lfcvf tmf gbrst c`d lcst sf`tf`hfs b`tcht. Ecif yaur aw` sharb`n nubdf/ruorbh

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

?. Cssueb`n yau crf ta ha`duht c` arcl b`tfrvbfw gar cpplbhc`ts ta tfchmb`n pasbtba`. Zrfpcrf 3: rflfvc`t qufstba`s cs yaur b`tfrvbfw nubdf. Rau ecy usf tmf hrbtfrbc nbvf` fcrlbfr gar yaur sharb`n nubdf.

H. Gb Gb`d `d tmf tmf efc`, efdbc` c`d eadf ag tmf gallawb`n u`nraup sharfs. Tmf bllustrctf tmf ib`d ag dbstrboutba` tmf dctc prfsf`ts.(àrecl dbstrboutba`, pasbtbvfly sifwfd ar `fnctbvfly sifwfd) 3= ?4

?? 36

3? 33

?6 ?7

884: 4=

466? ?>

?84? 8>

?8=: 87

D. Gb`d tmf Xtc` Xtc`dcrd dcrd Dfvbctb Dfvbctba` a` ag tmf gall gallawb`n awb`n sft ag sharfs. T Tmf` mf` b`tfrprft b`tfrprft tmf rfsults. rfsults. @53: Hlcss C ‘ ?8,3=,?4,?6,??,?8,?4,?6,?=,?2 Hlcss O- ??,??,?4,?8,?4,?3,??,?7 ??,??,?4,?8,?4,?3,??,?7,?6,?7 ,?6,?7 Hlcss H- 34,36,37,?6,?4,?>,?4,??,?:,37

EADVLF 2; Vtblbzctba`

W.

ag Cssfssef`t Dctc

AOKFHTBWF/X

Zravbdf efc`b`n ta tfst rfsults usb`n àre-rfgfrf`hfd c`d hrbtfrba` rfgfrf`hfd b`tfrprftctba` WB .



DBXHVXXBA@ Z_ Z_AZF_

TRZFX AG TFXT XHA_FX XHA_FX _cw sharfs Zfrhf`tblf _cìs [-sharfs

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

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T-sharfs Xtc`b`fs LFWFL, HCTFNA_R A_ Z_AGBHBF@HR XHA_FX _C^ C@D ZF_HF@TCNF XHA_FX _cw sha sharfs rfs cr crff aotcb`fd aotcb`fd oy sbeply sbeply hau`tb`n hau`tb`n ttmf mf ùeofr ùeofr ag harrfht harrfht rfspa rfspa`sfs `sfs b` b` c tfst gallawb`n tmf sharb`n dbrfhtba`s Tm Tmff pf pfrh rhf` f`tc tcnf nf shar sharff bs usfg usfgul ul b` df dfshr shrbo bob` b`nn c st stud udf` f`t‒t‒ss pfrg pfrgar arec ec`h `hff ocsf ocsfdd a` c hrbtfrba`. F]CEZLF C stud studf`t f`t wma wma nf nfts ts 26 aut aagg 3:: btfe btfess b` Xhb Xhbf`hf f`hf Zfrbadbhc Zfrbadbhcll Fxce nfts nfts c rcw rcw sharf sharf ag 26, Tmbs efc`s sharf. tmct tmf studf`t wcs colf ta c`swfr 26% ag tmf btfes harrfhtly wmbhm bs tmf pfrhf`tcnf DBXCDWC@TCNF Oatm ttmf mf rc rcw w c`d pf pfrhf` rhf`tcnf tcnf ssharf harfss da àt ppravbd ravbdff cdfq cdfquct uctff b`garect b`garectba` ba` ccoaut oaut studf studf`t `t pfrgarec`hf. Tmfy da àt tcif b`ta ha`sbdfrctba` tmf cvfrcnf sharf (Efc`) ag tmasf wma taai tmf tfst c`d maw dbspfrsfd tmf sharfs crf (Xtc`dcrd dfvbctba`). Tmbs bs tmf rfcsa` wmy rcw sharfs crf agtf`tbefs ha`vfrtfd ta càtmfr sharf typf ZF_HF@TBLF _C@I Nbvfs tmf ppfrhf frhf`t `t aagg sha sharfs rfs tmct tmct crf crf ct ct ar oflaw oflaw c rrcw cw ar stc`dcr stc`dcrdd sharf sharf Vsf Vsfdd ta rcì rcì studf studf`ts `ts b` c rfgf rfgfrf rf`hf `hf sce sceplf plf.. Tmbs smau smauld ld `àt at of ha`g ha`gusfd usfd wbtm tmf pfrh pfrhf`tc f`tcnf nf ag ag harrfht harrfht c`swfrs. c`swfrs. Dafs `àt at rf rfprfsf prfsf`t `t fq fqucl ucl u` u`bts, bts, cc`d `d smauld smauld à àtt of suokfht suokfhtfd fd ta crbtm crbtmeftb eftbhh apfr apfrctba ctba`s `s Vs Vsfg fgul ul b` u` u`df dfrs rstc tc`d `db` b`nn ma maw w c pc pcrt rtbh bhul ulcr cr shar sharff ha haep epcr crfs fs ta tm tmff at atmf mfrr sh shar arfs fs b` c dbstrboutba` ag sharfs ZF_HF@TBLF _C@I Gar fxc fxceplf eplf,, ?: pf pfaplf aplf ccppf ppfcrfd crfd ggar ar tmf cc`` fxce cc`` yau crf crf tald tmct tmct yaur yaur pfrhf`tb pfrhf`tblf lf bs tm a` tmf =: . Tmbs efc`s tmct yau sharfd ofttfr tmc` tmf =:% ag tmasf wma taai tmf fxce. Out bbtt da dafs fs `àt at rrfvfc fvfcll tm tmff chtuc chtucll shar sharff au autt ag tmf tatcl tatcl sharfs sharfs Z_5 (Hl + :.6 g b ) x 3:: @ wmfrf; Hl 5 hau`t ag cll shar sharfs fs lfss tmc` tmf sharf ag b`tfrfst g b 5 grfquf`hy ag tmf sharf ag b`tfrfst @ 5 ùeofr ag dctc pab`ts b` tmf sceplf Hueulctbvf grfquf`hy   bs bs usfd ta dftfreb`f tmf ùeofr ag aosfrvctba`s tmct lbf coavf (ar oflaw) c pcrtbhulcr vcluf b` c dctc sft. Tmf hueulctbvf grfquf`hy bs hclhulctfd usb`n cdbrfhtly grfquf`hy dbstrboutba` grae tmf dctc. tcolf, wmbhm hc` of ha`struhtfd grae stfe c`d lfcg plats ar Tmf hue hueulc ulctbv tbvff grfquf grfquf`hy `hy bs hclhu hclhulct lctfd fd oy cddb`n cddb`n fchm fchm grfquf grfquf`hy `hy gra grae e c grfquf grfquf`hy `hy dbstrboutba` tcolf ta tmf sue ag bts prfdfhfssars. Tmf lcst vcluf wbll clwcys of fqucl ta tmf tatcl gar cll aosfrvctba`s, sb`hf cll grfquf`hbfs wbll clrfcdy mcvf off` cddfd ta tmf prfvbaus tatcl. Z_5 (Hl + :.6 g b )

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x 3::

@ wmfrf;

Hl 5 hau`t ag cll sharfs lfss tmc` tmf sharf ag b`tfrfst

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g b 5 grfquf`hy ag tmf sharf ag b`tfrfst

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@ 5 ù ùeo eofr fr ag dc dctc tc pa pab` b`ts ts b` tmf tmf sc scep eplf lf

XTC@DC_D XHA_FX

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

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Bt bs c dfr dfrbvf bvfd sh shar arff wm wmbh bhmm utblb tblbzf zfss tmf àrecl recl hur hurvf ta sma smaw maw c st stud udff`t‒t‒ss pfrgarec`hf haepcrfs wbtm tmf dbstrboutba` ag sharfs coavf c`d oflaw tmf crbtmeftbh efc`. Cea`n tmf stc`dcrd sharfs crf tmf z-sharf, T-sharf c`d stc`b`f. C. [-XHA_F

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Bt nbv nbvfs fs tmf ùeof ùeofrr ag stc stc`dc `dcrd rd dfv dfvbctb bctba`s a`s ag c ttfst fst sharf sharf coa coavf vf ar oflaw oflaw tmf tmf efc`. efc`. Gareulc; z5 x ‘ x s wmfr wmfrff x bs tmf tfst sharf sharf,, x bs tmf cvfrcnf cvfrcnf sharf c`d s bs tmf stc`dcrd stc`dcrd dfvbctba`. @atf;; C @atf `fnctbvf vftmf z-sharf efc efc`s `s bt bs oflaw oflaw tmf cvfrcnf, cvfrcnf, wmblf wmblf c pasbtbvf pasbtbvf z vcluf efc`s bt bs`fnctb coavf cvfrcnf. Fx. B` c 6:-btfe Ectm tfst wmfrf tmf efc` bs ?6 c`d tmf stc`dcrd dfvbctba` bs 3:, c sharf ag 86 mcs c z5sharf ag 3 wmbhm efc`s tmct bt bs 3 stc`dcrd dfvbctba` coavf tmf efc`. Bt efc`s tmct tmf studf`t‒s sharf ofla`ns ta tmf uppfr 6:% ag tmf àre nraup. Ta of earf spfhbgbh, wf hc` dftfreb`f tmf pfrhf`tblf rcì fqubvclf`t ta c z5sharf ag 3. Oy laaib`n c tmf àrecl hurvf, c z-sharf ag 3 trc`slctfs ta c pfrhf`tblf rcì ag =4 wmbhm efc`s tmct tmf studf`t‒s sharf bs coavf tmf =4% ag tmf sharfs. @A_ECL DBXT_BOVTBA@ HV_WF ”

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[-XHA_F Xaef ttfchm fchmfrs frs cr crff àt hhaega aegartc rtcolf olf wb wbtm tm us usb`n b`n zz-sharf sharfss ofhcusf ofhcusf ag `fnctbv `fnctbvff ùeofrs ùeofrs.. Lbifwbsf, tmf studf`t ar mbs pcrf`ts ecy àt gully haeprfmf`d wmy bt bs `fnctbvf. Gar fx fxcepl ceplf, f, c sha sharf rf ag 3? b` ??:-bt :-btfe fe Xhbf Xhbf`hf `hf tfst tfst wbtm wbtm c` cr crbtme btmeftbh ftbh ccvfrc vfrcnf nf ag 36 36 c`d stc`dcrd dfvbctba` dfvbctba` ag ? ybflds c z-sharf ag -3.6. @f @fnc nctbtbvf vf z-sh z-shar arff ec ecyy cd cdvf vfrs rsfl flyy cggf cggfht ht tm tmff st stud udf` f`t‒t‒ss eatb eatbvc vctbtba` a` sa z-sha z-sharf rf hc` of trc`slctfd ta c pfrhf`tblf rcì usb`n tmf àrecl hurvf ar ha`vfrt tmf z-sharf ta c shclf tmct dafs àt b`hludf `fnctbvf vclufs lbif tmf T-Xharf Ta hha` a`vfr vfrtt [[-sha sharf rf ta T-s T-shar harf; f; T T5 5 ([ x 3:) 3:) + 66:: O. T-XHA_F B` c T-Xh T-Xharf arf sh shclf clf , tmf tmf efc` bs sft ta 66:: b`st b`stfcd fcd ag ::,, c`d tmf tmf stc`dcrd stc`dcrd dfvbctba dfvbctba`` bs 3:. Ta trc`sgare c z-sharf ta c T-sharf, wf eultbply tmf z-sharf oy 3: c`d cdd 6:, b.f. T5 3:z + 6:. C z-sharf ag -3.6 ha`vfrts ta c T-sharf ag 86. Mf`hf, sbeblcr ta c z-sharf, c T-sharf ag 86 b`dbhctfs tmct tmf rcw sharf ag 3? bs 3.6 stc`dcrd dfvbctba`s oflaw tmf efc`. Tmbs beplbfs tmct ocsfd a` tmf tfst sharfs, tmf studf`t pfrgarefd oflaw tmf cvfrcnf. H. XTC@B@F

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

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Xm Xmar artt gar gar “stc “stc`d `dcr crdd ``b` b`f― f― Bt bs c eft eftmad mad aagg shcl shclb` b`nn shar sharfs fs a` c `b`f `b`f-pa -pab`t b`t shclf shclf.. C rcw sha sharf rf bs ha`vfr ha`vfrtf tfdd ta c wmalf ùeofr grae law 3 ta c mbnm 2. V`l V`lbif bif b` c z-sha z-sharf rf wmf wmfrf rf tmf efc` efc` c`d st stc`d c`dcr crdd dfvbctb dfvbctba` a` crf : c`d 3, rfspfht rfspfhtbvf bvfly, ly, stc`b`fs mcvf c efc` ag 6 c`d c stc`dcrd dfvbctba` ag ?. Xtc` Xtc`b` b`fs fs sh shar arffs ag; 3-8 5 oflaw cvfrcnf 4-7 5 cvfrcnf >-2 5 coavf cvfrcnf H. XTC@B@F B` tmf pr prfv fvba baus us fxc fxcep eplf lf,, tmf stc stc`b `b`f `f fq fqub ubvc vclf lf`t `t ag c rc rcw w sharf sharf ag 3? bs ?, gr grae ae tmf gareulc; stc`b`f5 ?z + 6 Tmfrfgarf; stc`b`f5 ?(-3.6) + 65 ? C stc`b`f vcluf ag ? smaws tmct tmf studf`t‒s pfrgarec`hf lfvfl bs oflaw cvfrcnf c`d laaib`n ct tmf àrecl hurvf, bt bs fstbectfd tmct >% ag tmf tfst sharfs gcll b` tmbs b`tfrvcl.

D. @arecl Hurvf Fqubvclf`t (@HF) Bt bs c à àre recl clbz bzfd fd st stc` c`dc dcrd rd sh shar arff wbt wbtmb mb`` tm tmff rc`nf rc`nf 3-2 3-22. 2. Bt mcs mcs c efc` efc` ag ag 6: c`d c`d c stc`dcrd dfvbctba` ag ?3.:7. Hcu Hcutba tba`` smauld smauld of fxfr fxfrhbs hbsfd fd wmf` wmf` ha`vf ha`vfrtb rtb`n `n c rcw sharf ta @HF of ofhcu hcusf sf tmf lct lcttfr tfr rfqubrfs c rfprfsf`tctbvf `ctba`cl sceplf. @HF bbss pr prfgfr fgfrrfd rfd oy sa saef ef oofhcu fhcusf sf aagg bts fquc fqucl-b` l-b`tfrvc tfrvcll quclbt quclbty. y. Xharf ddbggf bggfrf`h rf`hfs fs oft oftwff` wff` ttfsts fsts c` c`dd cea cea`n `n suo suotfsts tfsts b` b` c tfst octtfry octtfry hc` hc` of hclhulc hclhulctfd tfd c`d fxceb`fd. Gar ffxce xceplf plf,, c` @HF ag 8: 8: b` rfc rfcdb` db`nn bs twbhf twbhf cs gcr gr grae ae tmf tmf efc` efc` haepcrf haepcrfdd ta c` @HF ag 4: b` Ectmfectbhs. Tmf studf`t‒s sharf b` Ectmfectbhs wcs 3: pab`ts mbnmfr tmc` b` rfcdb`n, out oatm crf stbll oflaw tmf cvfrcnf sharf ag 6:. F. DFWFLAZEF@TCL XHA_FX C nrcd nrcdff fqub fqubvclf vclf`t `t (NF) (NF) dfshr dfshrbofs bofs c lfcr` lfcr`fr‒s fr‒s ddfvfl fvflapef apef`tc `tcll nrawtm. nrawtm. Bt nbvfs nbvfs c pbhtur pbhturff cs wmfrf mf/smf c` chmbfvfef`t ha`tbùue. Ga Garrtafx fxce cepl plf; f; Bg c bssfha sfa` ha`d `d nrcd nrcdfr fr aotc aotcb` b`f fd c nr nrcd cdff fqub fqubvc vclf lf`t `t ta 4. 4.?? b` lc` lc`nucn nucnff efhmc`bhs, bt efc`s mbs/mfr sharf bs typbhcl ag c gaurtm nrcdfr, ? ea`tms b`ta b`struhtba`. @atf tmct c NF bs c` fstbectf ag c lfcr`fr lfcr`fr‒s ‒s lahctba` b` tmf dfvflapef`t ha`tb` ha`tbùue uue c`d àt tmf nrcdf lfvfl wmfrf mf/smf smauld of plchfd

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

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DBXCDWC@TCNF Bt cssu cssuefs efs tm tmct ct fq fqucl ucl lf lfcr` cr`b`n b`n ahhurs ahhurs tm tmraun raunmau mautt tmf yfcr yfcr wmbhm wmbhm bs gcr ggrae rae tmf tmf trutm/ trutm/ Bt hc` hc`àt àt ooff usfd ta ta haep haepcrf crf c st studf udf`t‒s `t‒s ppfrga frgarec` rec`hf hf b` dbggfr dbggfrf`t f`t tfsts/s tfsts/suotf uotfsts. sts. C`clanauss ta nrcdf fqubvclf C`clanau fqubvclf`ts `ts crf cnf fqubvclf`t fqubvclf`t sharfs. Tmfy crf b`tfrprftfd b`tfrprftfd sbeblcrly. Gar b`stc`hf, bg c hmbld‒s sharf b` rfcdb`n haeprfmf haeprfmf`sba` `sba` bs fqucl ta c` cnf fqubvclf`t >.7 yfcrs, bt efc`s tmct tmf hmbld‒s rcw sharf bs fqucl ta tmf cvfrcnf sharf ag hmbldrf` > yfcrs c`d 7 ea`tms b` tmf àre nraup wma taai tmf tfst. @atf; Bt dafs àt beply tmct tmf hmbld `fhfsscrbly pfrgaref pfrgarefdd tmct cnf lfvfl ag > µ yfc yfcrs. rs. Dfv Dfvfl flape apef` f`tcl tcl sha sharf rfss lbif lbif nrc nrcdf df c`d c`d nrcdf nrcdf fqubv fqubvcl clf`t f`tss pr praea aeatf tf typalanbhcl tmbìb`n-hctfnarbzb`n duf ha`sbdfrctba` ta vcrbctba`s. coblbtbfs c`d pfrgarec`hf oy cnf ar nrcdf wbtmaut TRZFX AG TFXT XHA_F B@TF_Z_FTCTBA@X @a @are re-r -rfg fgfr frf` f`hf hfdd B`t B`tfr frpr prft ftct ctba ba`s `s Hrb Hrbtfr tfrba` ba`-rf -rfgfr gfrf` f`hfd hfd B`t B`tfrp frprft rftctb ctba` a`ss @A_E ‘_FGF_F@HFD B@TF_Z_FTCTBA@X Tmf tfr tfre e ”` ”àr are― e― aarbn rbnb`c b`ctfd tfd grae grae tm tmff Lc Lctb` tb` war wardd àrec wmbhm efc`s pfrhfpt ar rulf. Oy dfgb`btba`, bt pfrtcb`s ta tmf cvfrcnf sharf b` c tfst. Cpcrt grae shmaal cvfrcnf àre, tmfrf crf atmfr typfs ag àres tmct hc` of rfpartfd; b`tfr`ctba`cl, `ctba`cl c`d lahcl àre nraups, c`d spfhbcl àre nraups (fx. Xtudf`ts wma crf vbsuclly bepcbrfd) Fxplc Fxplc`ctb `ctba`s a`s ag c lfcr` lfcr`fr‒s fr‒s pfrg pfrgarec arec`hf `hf bb`` hae haepcrb pcrbsa` sa` w wbtm btm aatmfr tmfr lfcr`frs lfcr`frs ag ttmf mf scef scef cnf ar nrcdf. C lfcr lfcr`fr `fr‒s ‒s iàwlfd iàwlfdnf nf bs nncun cunfd fd b` tfre tfress ag mb mbs/mf s/mfrr pasbtba pasbtba`` b` ttmf mf àre àre nraup. nraup. Vs Vsf f ag stc stc`dcrd crd sha sharfs c`d pf pfrrhf` hf`tbtblf lf rc` cìi crf haeea aeea`` b` àree-rrfg fgffrf` rf`hfd hfd b`tfrprftctba`s. @are@are-rfg rfgfrf` frf`hfd hfd ffvclu vcluctb ctba`s a`s ddftfr ftfreb`f eb`f tmf lfcr`fr lfcr`fr‒s ‒s plchf plchf aarr rcì. rcì. @A_E ‘_FGF_F@HFD B@TF_Z_FTCTBA@X Cs Cssf sfss ssef ef`t `t b` b`st stru ruef ef`t `tss tmct tmct lf` lf`dd btsf btsflglg ta tm tmbs bs ib`d ib`d ag b`tf b`tfrp rprf rftc tctbtba` a` b`hlu b`hludf df stc`dcr stc` dcrdbzfd dbzfd cptb cptbtud tudff c`d chmb chmbfvfe fvfef`t f`t tfst tfsts, s, tfchmfrtfchmfr-ecd ecdff survfy survfy tfsts, tfsts, b`tfrfst b`tfrfst b`vf`tarbfs c`d cdkustef`t b`vf`tarbfs Chh Chhard ardb`n b`n ta ta Iuobsz Iuobszy` y` &O &Oarb arbhm hm (? (?:3 :3:), :), c `àre are-r -rfgf fgfrf` rf`hfd hfd cssf cssfsse ssef`t f`t tf` tf`ds ds ta ooff nf`frcl cs bt havfrs c wbdfr shapf ag ha`tf`t efcsurb`n c vcrbfty ag siblls. Zu Zurp rpas asff ag à àre re-r -rfg fgfr frf` f`hf hfdd ef efcs csur urfs fs bs ta db dbsh shrb rbeb eb`c `ctf tf oft ftwf wff` f` mb mbnm nm c`d c`d law law chmbfvfrs.

▫ C àre-rfgfrf`hfd grcefwari usfs pfrhf`tblf rcìs, stc`dcrd sharfs c`d stc`b`fs. NVBDFL NVB DFLB@F B@FX X B@ B@T B@TF_Z F_Z_FT _FTB@N B@N @A_ @A_E-_ E-_FGF FGF_F@ _F@HFD HFD XHA_FX XHA_FX (@BTIA (@BTIA & O_AAIMC_T ?:33) ▫

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Df Dftf tfht ht c` c`y y u`fx u`fxpf pfht pct pcttf tfr` r` ag sharfs. fs. Of a`àt tmfsffe laai laaiau aut gar r uùs uùsuc ucl,l, fspf fspfhb hbcl clly ly fxtrfef sharfs. Bg htfd cfd studf`t‒s tfstshar sharf dafs tat ga harraoarctf tfchmfr‒s aosfrv aos frvctb ctba` a` ag stu studf df`t `t pf pfrga rgarec rec`h `hf, f, tmf tmf`` tmf tf tfchm chmfr fr sma smaul uldd rfglf rfglfht ht a` mbs/m mbs/mfr fr b`struhtba` Df Dftf tfrreb`f b`f tmf tmf rfcs csaa`s gar gar sha sharf pcttf ttfr`s. r`s. Tm Tmffrf bs c rfcs csaa` wmy wmy c lfc fcrr`fr bs u`dfrpfrgareb`n b` a`f ar earf suokfhts. Tmf studf`t ecy mcvf lfcr`b`n dbscoblbtbfs ar praolfes a` eatbvctba` Da àt fxpf fxpfht ht surp surprbsf rbsfss gar ffvfry vfry st studf` udf`t. t. Tmf tf tfchmf chmfrr eust iàw maw maw fchm fchm studf`t studf`t bs pfrgareb`n b` mbs/mfr hlcss. Xe Xeccll dbgg bggfrf rf``hf hfss b` su suootfs fstt shar sharffs sm smaauld of vbfw vbfwffd cs hmc hmc`h `hff glgluh uhttuct ctbba`s. Db Dbgg ggfr frf` f`hf hfss b` tfst tfst shar sharfs fs ec ecyy ar ecy ecy àt àt of st stct ctbst bstbh bhcl clly ly sbn` sbn`bgbgbh bhc` c`tt ta hc hcllll ga gar r b`struhtba`cll b`tfrvf`t b`struhtba`c b`tfrvf`tba` ba` Vsf b`g b`garec arectba` tba` ggrae rae vc vcrbau rbauss cssfss cssfssef`t ef`tss c`d aosfr aosfrvctb vctba`s a`s ta fxplc fxplcb` b` pfrgar pfrgarec`h ec`hff a` atmfr cssfssef`ts. Bt wauld àt of smahib`n ta lfcr` tmct c studf`t wbtm paar wrbtb`n siblls F`nlbsm c`d Gblbpbà wauld aotcb` c law sharf b` tmf fsscy partba` ag c tfst. O.b`H_BTF_BA@-_FGF__F@HFD B@TF_Z_FTCTBA@X Tmf war wardd “h “hrbt rbtfr frba` ba`―― hc hcef ef ggrae rae tmf Nrf Nrffi fi w ward ard irbtfrba` wmbhm efc`s stc`dcrd. Hr Hrbbtfr tfrba` ba`-rfgf rfgfrrf`hf hfdd tfst tfstss ha hae epc pcrrf c pfrsa` rsa`‒s ‒s i` iàawlfd wlfdnnf ar si siblblls ls cncb`s `stt c prfdftfr prfd ftfreb`f eb`fdd stc` stc`dcr dcrd, d, lfcr`b`n lfcr`b`n nac nacl,l, pfrg pfrgarec arec`hf `hf lfvf lfvfl,l, ar atmfr atmfr hrbtf hrbtfrba` rba`.. ^btm

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

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hrbtfrba`-rfg hrbtfrba` -rfgfrf` frf`hfd hfd tfst tfsts, s, fchm pfrs pfrsa`‒s a`‒s pfrgarec pfrgarec`hf `hf bs haepcrfd haepcrfd dbrfhtly dbrfhtly ta tmf stc`d stc `dcr crd, d, wbt wbtma maut ut ha`sb ha`sbdf dfrb` rb`nn maw maw atm atmfr fr studf` studf`ts ts pfrgar pfrgare e a` tmf tf tfst. st. Hrbtfr Hrbtfrba` ba`-rfgfrf`hfdd tfsts agtf` usf “hut sharfs― ta plchf studf`ts b`ta hctfnarbf rfgfrf`hf hctfnarbfss suhm cs “ocsbh,― “pragbhbf`t,― c`d “cdvc`hfd. Tmfy ppravbd ravbdff efc efc`b`n `b`n ta tf tfsts sts sha sharfs rfs oy dfshrb dfshrbob`n ob`n wmct wmct tm tmff lfcr`fr lfcr`fr hc hc`` c`d hc`` hc`àt at da b` lbnmt ag c stc`dcrd. Mf`hf, tfst sharfs cllaw gar cosalutf b`tfrprftctba`s c`d àt haepcrctbvf.

H_BTF_BA@-_FGF__F@HFD B@TF_Z_FTCTBA@X C lfcr` lfcr`fr‒s fr‒s pf pfrgar rgarec`h ec`hff bs fxplc fxplcb`f b`fdd b` rflctba` rflctba` ta c prf prf-df -dftfre tfreb`fd b`fd hr hrbtfr btfrba` ba` ag ec ecstfry stfry;; siblls tfst, haepftf`hy tfst, pfrgarec`hf cssfssef`ts c`d lbhf`surf fxceb`ctba`s Eult Eultbplf bplf hm hmabhf abhf qqufst ufstba` ba`s, s, cltfr`ct cltfr`ctff rfspa rfspa`sf `sf btf btfes, es, sma smart-r rt-rfspa fspa`sf `sf c`d c`d fsscys f`co f`colf lf hrbtfrba`-rfgfrf`hfd hrbtfrba`-r fgfrf`hfd b`tfrprft b`tfrprftctba`s ctba`s sb`hf tmfsf ttfst fst garects hc` of usf usfdd ta efcsurf spfhbgbh oady ag iàwlfdnf ar siblls sft tmct studf`ts mcvf chqubrfd Hrbtf Hrbtfrba` rba`-rfg -rfgfrf frf`hfd `hfd sharfs sharfs b`h b`hludf ludf ppfrhf` frhf`tcn tcnff harrfht, harrfht, spffd spffd ag pfrgarec pfrgarec`hf, `hf, quclbt quclbtyy rctb`ns, c`d prfhbsba` ag pfrgarec`hf. Hrb Hrbtfr tfrba` ba`-rf -rfgfr gfrf` f`hfd hfd grc grcefw efwar arii da dafs fs àt css cssuef uef àrecl àreclbty bty b` tmf dbstrbo dbstrboutb utba` a` ag tf tfst st sharfs. ^mf` tfst sharfs crf `fnctbvf `fnctbvfly ly sifwfd, tmfrf crf earf mbnm sharfs. Bg pasbtbvfly sifwfd, tmf` tmfrf crf earf law sharfs. Tmf studf`ts pfrgarefd paarly c`d tfst btfes ecy mcvf off` dbggbhult. Hrbt Hrbtfr frba ba``-rf rfgf gfrf rf`h `hb` b`nn bs usfd usfd b` db dbcn cnà àsb sb`n `n st stud udf` f`ts ts‒‒ `ffd `ffdss c`d c`d ea`b ea`bta tarb rb`n `n tm tmfb fbr r pranrfss. Bt bbss lbifwb lbifwbsf sf uusfd sfd b` hfrt hfrtbgbhc bgbhctba tba`` cc`d `d pra pranrce nrce fvcluctb fvcluctba`. a`. Bt bs ttmf mf prfgfr prfgfrrfd rfd eadf eadf aagg cssf cssfssef` ssef`tt b` cc`` aut authaef haef-ocs -ocsfd fd fduhct fduhctba` ba` grcef grcefwari wari

WBB.

XVEEC_R

Tfsts crf gares ag cssfssef`t. Tmfy crf cdeb`bstfrfd ta hallfht dctc coaut studf`t lfcr`b`n. Tfst rfsults hc` cbd b` ecib`n b`garefd dfhbsba`s ta bepravf hurrbhulue c`d b`struhtba`. Xtudf`ts Xtudf`ts crf b`tfrfstfd ta iàw “wmct tmfbr sharfs b` tmf tfst “Mawfvfr, tmf earf prfssb`n qufstba` bs, “wmct dafs tmf sharf efc`1 “mf`hf, tmbs hmcptfr smcll lbifwb lbifwbsf sf pr prfsf fsf`t `t tfst tfst sha sharf rf b`t b`tfr frprf prftct tctba` ba`ss us usb`n b`n àre àre c`d c`d hrbtfr hrbtfrba` ba`-rf -rfgf gfrf` rf`hfd hfd b`tfrprftctba`s. Tfst sharf b`tfrprftctba`s crf vbtcl àt kust gar tmf studf`ts ha`hfr`fd

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

out clsa gar tmf pcrf`ts. C pupbl wma rfhfbvfd c` avfrcll sharf b` tmf 7: Tm pfrhf`tblf b` ectmfectbhs wauld plchf tmf lfcr`fr b` tmf cvfrcnf nraup. Tmf hmbld‒s pfrgarec`hf bs cs naad ar ofttfr tmc` 7:% ag tmf studf`ts b` tmf nraup. C hlasfr laai b` tmf suosibll sharfs ag tmf pupbl hc` mflp tfch mfrs c`d pcrf`ts b` bdf`tbgyb`n praolfe crfcs. Gar fxceplfs, c hmbld ecy of naad b` cddbtba` c`d suotrchtba` out mf /smf ecy of strunnlb`n wbtm eultbplbhctba` c`d dbvbsba`.

WB WBBB BB..

CXXF CXXFXX XXEF EF@T @T-C -CHT HTBW BWBT BTBF BFX X

B`dbhctf wmftmfr fchm ag tmf gallawb`n cllaws c hrbtfrba`-rfgfrf`hfd b`tfrprftctba`, c àre-rfgfrf`hfd b`tfrprftctba` ar `fbtmfr. Kustbgy yaur c`swfr 3. C tfst wcs cdeb`bstfrfd ta dftfreb`f bg studf`ts hc` dfea`strctf cdfquctf iàwlfdnf coaut grchtba`s. Tmfy eust c`swfr ct lfcst >6% ag tmf btfes. Ofctrbz fcr`fd c` =:% a` tmf tfst. ?. B` c Ectm tfst, Cey‒s sharfd b` tmf 2: tm pfrhf`tblf. Tmbs ha`àtfs tmct Cey‒s sharf bs nrfctfr tmc` 2:% ag tmf sharfs ag studf`ts wma taai tmf Ectm tfst. 8. Xmbflc, c ib`dfrncrtf`fr, hc` sflfht tmf spfhbgbfd ùeofr ag aokfhts wmf` vfroclly nbvf` tmf ùeofrs gare 3 ta 3:. Xmf wcs colf ta c`swfr tmf tfchmfr‒s qufstba`s harrfhtly ta chmbfvf c` cdvc`hfd lfvfl ag pragbhbf`hy. 4. Kam`‒s T-sharf b` c shbf`hf tfst bs 4:. Tmbs efc`s mf bs c dbstc`hf ag a`f stc`dcrd dfvbctba` oflaw tmf efc` ag tmf nraup. 6. Hmrbstbc` rfhfbvfd c stc`b`f ag 8 a` c rfcdb`n suotfst ag c stc`dcrdbzfd tfst. Tmbs efc`s tmct mbs rcw sharf wcs b` tmf lawfr ?8% ag tmf sharfs b` tmf nraup. 7. Zurbtc taai c spfllb`n tfst. ^btm c pab`t cwcrdfd ta fchm harrfht c`swfr, Zurbtc ncr`frfd c sharf ag ?:.

EADVLF 2; Nrcdb`n

B ].

c`d _fpartb`n ag Cssfssef`t _fsults

AOKFHTBWF/X

Vtblbzf cssfssef`t rfsults ta ea`btar studf`ts‒ lfcr`b`n c`d chmbfvfef`ts ].

DBXHVXXBA@ Z_ Z_AZF_

Nrcdb`n Bt bs c pcrt ag fvcluctba` cs bt b`valvfs kudnef`t ecdf oy tmf tfchmfr. Nrcdb`n bs c prahfss ag cssbn`b`n ùefrbhcl vcluf, lfttfr ar syeoal, ta rfprfsf`t studf`t iàwlfdnf c`d pfrgarec`hf.

3. ?. 8. 4. 6. 7.

3. ?. 8. 4.

Chhardb`n ta Tmaecs _. Nusify (?::4), nrcdb`n sfrvfs sbx ralfs9 Ta haeeu`b haeeu`bhctf hctf chmbf chmbfvfef`t vfef`t stc stctus tus ag studf`ts ttaa pcrf`ts pcrf`ts c`d atmfr stcifmaldfrs. stcifmaldfrs. Ta pravb pravbdf df b`garect b`garectba` ba` ta stu studf`t df`tss gar sflgsflg-fvcl fvcluctb uctba`. a`. Ta sflf sflfht, ht, bdf bdf`tbg `tbgyy ar sart studf` studf`ts ts gar spf spfhbgbh hbgbh pr pranrc anrces. es. Ta pr pravbd avbdff b`hf`tbv b`hf`tbvfs fs gar stud studf`t f`tss ta lf lfcr` cr`,, Ta fvclu fvcluctf ctf fgg fggfhtbv fhtbvf`f f`fss ss ag b`stru b`struhtba` htba`cl cl pran pranrces, rces, Ta pravb pravbdf df fvbdf fvbdf`hf `hf ag c studf` studf`t‒s t‒s lchi ag fggart fggart ar b`coblbty b`coblbty ta chhfpt chhfpt rfspa`sbo rfspa`sboblbt blbtyy gar b`cppraprbctf ofmcvbaur. Tmf purpasfs ag nrcdb`n nrcdb`n hc` of sueecrbzfd b`ta gaur chhar chhardb`n db`n ta (Eusbcl, @bfec` & Ourif, ?::2) Ha Haee eeu` u`bh bhct ctba ba`` Gffdochi Xartb`n Ch Chha hau` u`tc tcob oblblbty ty

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

B@TF_Z_FTCTBA@ C@D HAEEV@BHCTBA@ AG N_CDFX Tmf ecb` purpasf ag nrcdb`n bs ta haeeu`bhctf b`garectba` ta studf`ts c`d pcrf`ts coaut studf`t chmbfvfef`t ar nacl cttcbèf`t. (@btia & Oraaimcrt, ?:33) Tfchmfrs eust fggfhtbvfly haeeu`bhctf tmbs ta tmf pcrf`ts ofhcusf tmfy crf àt b` sy`h b` u`dfrstc`db`n tmf efc`b`n ag nrcdfs/nrcdb`n. Eusbcl, @bfec`, Tmaecs c`d Ourif (?::2) wratf tmct c nrcdf mcs twa hrbtbhcl flfef`ts9 3. C`c C`clys lysbs bs aagg cssfs cssfssef sef`t `t ddct ctcc ?. B`tf B`tfrprf rprftctb tctba` a` c`d c`d haee haeeu`bh u`bhctba ctba`` ag nr nrcdf cdfs. s. B` C@CLRXB@N CXXFXXEF@T AG DCTC 3. Cssfss Tfchmfrs eu eust stcy ecif su surf rf tfd tmctggar nrcdfs rrfglfht fglfhtaaggstu studf`t df`t lfcr`b`n lfcr`b`n c`d pfr pfrgarec`hf. garec`hf. ?. Cssfssef`t ef`t e ecy of ddbstar bstartfd ar c ù ùeofr eofr rfcsa`s. rfcs a`s. c) Zravb Zravbdb`n db`n b` b`hf`t hf`tbvfs bvfs ga garr pfrgf pfrgfht ht cttf cttf`dc` `dc`hf, hf, o) fxtrc fxtrchurr hurrbhulc bhulcrr chtb chtbvbtbf vbtbfs, s, cc`d `d h) naad hha`du a`duht ht b` hlc hlcss ss ecy b`g b`glctf lctf c llfcr` fcr`fr‒s fr‒s nnrcdf rcdf.. 8. Out c praol praolfe fe clsa ahhur ahhurss wmf` tfch tfchmfrs mfrs da àt rf rfhan` han`bzf bzf studf`t‒ studf`t‒ss fggart fggartss c`d hlcss pcrtbhbpctba`. Ta prfvf`t bssufs, tmf tfchmfr eust rfefeofr tmct tmf ocsbs gar nrcdb`n smauld a`ly of tmf studf`t‒s shmalcstbh pfrgarec`hf. 4. N_ N_CD CDB@ B@N N XR XRXT XTFE FEX X Typfs ag Haepcrbsa`s Haepcrbsa`s @are-rfgfrf`hfd nrcdb`n _fgfrs ta c nrcdb`n systfe wmfrf b` c studf`t‒s pfrgarec`hf bs fvcluctfd rflctbvfly ta tmf pfrgarec`hf ag tmf atmfr studf`t. Hrbtfrba`-rfgfrf`hfd nrcdb`n Tmf studf`t‒s pfrgarec`hf bs fvcluctfd cncb`st c hfrtcb` hrbtfrbc ar stc`dcrd.

Cpprachmfs ta Nrcdb`n

@uefrbhcl Nrcdfs

3::, 22, 2=…

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Lfttfr Nrcdfs

C, O, H…

Twa-Hctfnary Nrcdfs

Zcss-Gcbl 9 Xctbsgchtary-V`sctbsgchtary

Hmfhilbsts

Xtc`dcrds-ocsfd

3. ?. 8. 4. 6. 7. >. 3.

Cdvc`hfd, Zragbhbf`t… Ofnb``b`n ar Xbeblcr

N_CDB@N BXXVFX Ha`s Ha`sbdfr bdfr wmct wmct typf ag ag studf studf`t `t pfr pfrgare garec`hf c`hfss yau `ff `ffd. d. Ha`sbdfr maw ta ecif ecrib`n ecrib`n shclfs ha`sbstf`t ttmraunma mraunmaut ut tmf ecrib`n pfrbad. Dfhbd Dfhbdff a` nrcd nrcdff haepa haepa`f` `f`ts ts c`d tmf tmfbr br rfsp rfspfhtbv fhtbvff wfbnmts. wfbnmts. Ha`s Ha`sbdfr bdfr tmf tmf stc`d stc`dcrds crds ar oa oau`d u`dcrbf crbfss gar fchm lft lfttfr tfr nrc nrcdf. df. Dfh Dfhbdf bdf a` ooad adfr frlb` lb`ff hcs hcsfs. fs. Of ha ha`hfr `hfr`fd `fd wbtm tmf bssuf ag ggcblu cblurfs. rfs. Of ha`hf ha`hfr`f r`fdd wbtm tm tmff prcht prchtbhf bhf ag css cssbn`b bn`b`n `n zfra ggar ar c ecri. ecri. _FZA_TB@N _fpart Hcr Hcrdd (Gare 38 38=-F) =-F) ‘ bt ha`t ha`tcb`s cb`s c lfc lfcr`fr‒s r`fr‒s ùe ùefrbhcl frbhcl ar llfttfr fttfr nrc nrcdfs dfs plus atmfr atmfr

rflfvc`t b`garectba`. ?. Zc Zcrf rf`t `t-t -tfc fchm hmfr fr ha`g ha`gfr frf` f`hf hf ‘ gchf gchf-t -taa-gc gchf hf f` f`ha hau` u`tf tfrr bs c` fg fggbgbhb hbf` f`tt wcy wcy ta sm smcr crff b`garectba`. 8. @crrctbvf rrfpart fpart ‘ wrbt wrbtff daw` tmf lfcr`fr lfcr`fr‒s ‒s stra`n c` c`dd wfci crfcs crfcs c`d wmct wmct mf/smf mcs chhaeplbsmfd. 4. Zartgalbas ‘ pravbd pravbdfs fs fvbdf fvbdf`hfs `hfs ag c lfc lfcr`fr‒s r`fr‒s ppranrfssc`d ranrfssc`d chhaeplbsmef`ts. chhaeplbsmef`ts. 6. Xtudf`t-l Xtudf`t-lfd fd ha`gfrf`hfs ha`gfrf`hfs ‘ studf`ts fxplcb` tmfbr nrcdfs c`d smaw agg agg tmf tmfbrbr wari wari ta tmfbr pcrf`ts. Zrb`hbplfs ag Fggfhtbvf Nrcdb`n c`d _fpartb`n 3. Nr Nrcd cdfs fs c`d c`d rfpa rfpart rtss smau smauld ld of oc ocsf sfdd a` hlfc hlfcrl rlyy sp spfh fhbgbgbf bfdd lfcr lfcr`b `b`n `n nacl naclss c`d c`d pfrgarec`hf stc`dcrds. ?. Fvbd Fvbdf`hf f`hf uusfd sfd ggar ar nr nrcdb` cdb`nn sma smauld uld ooff vcl vclbd. bd. 8. Nrcd Nrcdb`n b`n smauld smauld of oocsfd csfd aa`` fstco fstcolbsm lbsmfd fd hrbt hrbtfrbc frbc.. 4. @at fv fvfryt frytmb`n mb`n ssmau mauld ld of b` b`hlud hludfd fd b` nrcd nrcdfs. fs. 6. Cvabd ds nr nrcdb `n ocsfd ocsfd a` cvfr cvfrcnf cnfs. 7. Cvab Gahu Gahus a`cdb`n chmbfvfef` chmbfv fef`t t c`d rfp rfpart arts.atm atmfr fr gcht gchtars ars sfpfrctf sfpfrctfly. ly. HV__BHVLVE-OCXFD CXXFXXEF@T (Z_AN_FXX EA@BTA_B@N) Zran Zranrf rfss ss ea ea`b `bta tarb rb`n `n bs df dfsh shrb rbof ofdd cs c ga gare rect ctbv bvff prah prahfs fsss ta cs cssf sfss ss st stud udf` f`tt pfrgarec`hf c`d fvcluctf tmf fggfhtbvf`fss ag b`struhtba`. (Wc``fst, Xacrfs, Xebtm, & ^bllbces, ?:3?) Zranrfss ea`btarb`n gahusfs a` lfcr`frs‒ chqubrfd siblls tmraunm rfpfctcolf c`d orbfg praofs. (Luhi`fr & Oawf`, ?:3:) NF@F_CL XTFZX B@ HA@DVHTB@N Z_AN_FXX EA@BTA_B@N (LVHI@F_ C@D OA^F@, ?:3:) 3. Df Dftf tfre reb` b`ff tmf tmf lfvf lfvfll ag be bepl plfe fef` f`tc tctbtba` a` wmft wmftmf mfrr b`db b`dbvb vbdu ducl cl,, secl seclll ar lc lcrn rnff nr nrau aup, p, hlcssraae, nrcdf ar shmaal lfvfl. ?. Dfh Dfhbdf bdf a` wmct wmct ef efcsu csurf rfss ta u`df u`dfrtc rtcif. if. Hrfctf Hrfctf ar sflfht sflfht cppr cpprapr aprbc bctf tf smart smartss tfsts tfsts ar praofs (3-8 eb`s.) Tmf tfst smauld sceplf c wbdf rc`nf ag siblls ta of ecstfrfd tmraunmaut tmf`b`n yfcr c`d Glfbshmec`, ?::6) 8. Hall Hallfht fht shrff shrff`b` n ar(Xcgfr ocsflb`f ocsflb` f dctc. Cdeb Cdeb`bst `bstfr fr c`d sharf tmf tmf tfst ar praof. praof. Ta f`surf vclbdbty, grfquf`t tfstb`n ar praob`n smauld of da`f. 4. Dfhbd Dfhbdff a` sm smartart-tfre tfre aokf aokfhtbvf htbvfss ag au authae thaef. f. 6. Xft cc`d `d crtbhu crtbhulctf lctf la`n la`n-rc` -rc`nf nf nnacls. acls.

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

7. Dfhbd Dfhbdff a` w wmf` mf` cc`d `d ma maw w agt agtf` f` ta ea`b ea`btar. tar. >. Nrcpm tmf sharfs. Nrcpm hc` vbsuclly ddfshrbof fshrbof ma maw w lfcr`frs crf dab`n. dab`n. Dctc rfsults rfsults c`d nrcpms hc` b`gare b`struhtba`. =. Ecif b`st b`struhtba`cl ruhtba`cl dfhbsba`s. Cdkust ppfdcnanb fdcnanbhcl hcl strct strctfnbfs fnbfs wmf` wmf` `f `ffdfd. fdfd. 2. Ha` Ha`tb` tbùf uf ea` ea`bta btarb` rb`n. n. _fpart pranrfss ta studf`ts, pcrf`ts (nucrdbc`s) c`d stcifmaldfrs. @F^ ZF_HF@TCNF DBXT_BOVTBA@ AG N_CDF HAEZA@F@TX Lfcr`b` n Crfcs/ Trchis

HAEZA@F@TX ^rb ttf ` â ri (^ ^)

Z f r g a r e c ` h f T c s i s ( Z T )

S u c r t f rl y C s s f s s e f ` t ( S C )

Nrcdfs 3 ‘ 3: Lc`nuc nfs9 CZ9

8: % 4: % ?:

6 : % 4 :

? : % ? :

FXZ Xhbf`h f9 Ectm9 ECZF M9 FZZ/T LF

%

% 7 : %

% ? : %

Nrcdfs 33 ‘ 3? Harf Xuokfht s

?6 % ?6 % 86

6 : % 4 6

? 6 % 8 :

Chcdf ebh Trchi Cll atmfr

%

% 4 : %

% ? 6 %

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

suokfht s âr i beefrs ba`/_f sfcrhm/ Ousb`f ss F`tfrpr bsf ….Xbe ulctba`/ Fxmbobt/ Zfrgar ec`hf Tfhm`b hclWahctba `cl & Lbvflbm aad (TWL)/

?6 % ?: %

7 : % 7 : %

? : % ? : %

Xparts/ Crts c`d Dfsbn` Trchi Cll atmfr suokfht s ^ ari Beefrs ba`/_f sfcrhm/ Fxmbobt/ Zfrgar ec`hf Trc`seutctba` Tcolf (Cppf`dbx O, DfpFd Ardfr @a. =, s. ?:36)

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Xceplf _fpart Hcrd gar Nrcdfs 3 ta 3:

Xceplf _fpart hcrd gar XMX

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

]B.

XVEEC_R

Nrcdb`n bs c prahfss ag cssbn`b`n c ùefrbhcl vcluf, lfttfr ar syeoal ta rfprfsf`t studf`t iàwlfdnf c`d pfrgarec`hf. tmfsf crf hcllfd nrcdfs, ftyealanbhclly c dfnrff ag efcsurfef`t. Chhardb`n ta Nusify, nrcdb`n sfrvfs sbx ralfs 3. Ta haeeu`bhctfs chmbfvfef`tt stctus ag studf`t ta pcrf`ts c`d atmfr stcifmaldfrs9 ta pravbdf b`garectba` chmbfvfef` ta studf`ts gar sflg-fvcluctba`9 ta sflfht ar bdf`tbgy ar sart studf`ts gar spfhbgbh pranrces9 ta pravbdf b`hf`tbvf ag studf`ts ta lfcr`9 ta fvcluctf tmf fggfhtbvf`fss ag b`struhtba`cl pranrces9 ta pravbdf fvbdf`hf ag c studf`t‒s lchi ag fggart c`d b`coblbty ta chhfpt rfspa`sboblbty gar b`cppraprbctf ofmcvbar. Ofhcusf Nus ify study b`valvf tfchmfrs, bt bs àt surprbsb`n tmct fggart, wmbhm bs c à`chcdfebh gchtar, wcs ha`sbdfrfd cea`n nrcdb`n purpasfs. Efcsurfef`t fxpfrts rfhaeef`d tmct bt smauld àt of c haepa`f`t ag nrcdb`n. tmf purpasf ag nrcdb`n hc` tmf` of sueecrbzfd b`ta gaur,3. Haeeu`bhctba`,?. gffdochi,8.. Chhau`tcob gffdochi,8 Chh au`tcoblbty lbty c`d 4. Xartb`n. ]B ]BBB.

CXXF CXXFXX XXEF EF@T @T-C -CHT HTBW BWBT BTBBFX

Oflaw crf quatfs Oflaw quatfs coaut coaut nrcdb` nrcdb`n n c`d rfpartb rfpartb`n. `n. Tmfsf Tmfsf wfrf wfrf haepbl haepblfd fd grae vcrbau vcrbaus s lbtfrcturf c`d rfsfcrhm studbfs. Tmbì coaut bg wmct fchm stctfef`t efc`s. Dbshuss wbtm yaur pffr. Xmcrf yaur tmaunmts b` hlcss.

3. “Tfc “Tfchmfr hmfrss eust ha`sbdfr ha`sbdfr wmct efsscn efsscnff tmfy wc`t ta haeeu`bhctf haeeu`bhctf tmraunm tmraunm nrcdb`n nrcdb`n,, wma tmf prbecry cudbf`hf gar tmf efsscnf bs, c`d wmct tmf b`tf`dfd nacl ag tmf haeeu`bhctba`` bs.― haeeu`bhctba ?. “Nrcdfs sm smauld auld of chhurctf, ha`sbstf`t, efc`b`n efc`b`ngul gul c`d suppartbvf ag lfcr`b`n― lfcr`b`n― 8. “Ta b`hlu b`hludf df à`-c à`-chcdf hcdfebh ebh hrbtfr hrbtfrbc, bc, suhm cs tmf stud studf`t f`t‒s ‒s fggart, fggart, haeplbc`hf, haeplbc`hf, cttbtudf cttbtudf ar ofmcvbar ecifs tmf nrcdf bepassbolf ta b`tfrprft b` c efc`b`ngul wcy― 4. “Xueectbvf cssfssef`t crf ggar ar dfhlc dfhlcrctbvf rctbvf ddfhlcrctba`s fhlcrctba`s c`d sa sartb`n rtb`n studf`ts― 6. “Tf “Tfchm chmfrs frs fd fduhc uhctba tba`` stu studf df`t `tss `f `ffd fd ta of pr pravb avbdfd dfd wbtm appar appartu` tu`btb btbfs fs ta f`hau f`hau`t `tfr fr nrcdb`n chtbvbtbfs ofgarf tmfy crf plchfd b`ta studf`ts tfchmb`n―

XVOKFHT; CAL3

GA_ FDVHCTBA@CL ZV_ZAXFX A@LR H_FDBTX TA TMF _BNMTGVL A^@F_X

Oflaw crf pab`ts ag dbshussba` coaut nrcdb`n. Rau ecy ar ecy àt cnrff wbtm tmfe.

3.Nrcdb`n smauld pravbdf gffdochi ta mflp studf`ts u`dfrstc`d c`d wari a` tmfbr wfci`fssfs ?.Nrcdb`n a` c hurvf bs tmf east rfcsa`colf wcy ta nrcdf 8.Nrcdfs da àt efcsurf b`tfllbnf`hf 4.^mblf hallcoarctbvf chtbvbtbfs crf bepartc`t, tmfy smauld àt of b`hludfd b` c studf`t‒s b`dbvbducl nrcdf 6.^mf` nrcdb`n c sft ag fsscys, tmf tfchmfr eust nrcdf tmfe a`f qufstb

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