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NJWHAUNUAN ȗH HF[N@UQD PčQ NPQ[]N PUč]HH EA PčJčUNUA @iireijntir ȘthhjȜhbh`3
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NMPU]N@U Njxhaty `ijsthtuta ija ib tga fist `iffij psy`gidioh`nd ehsirears whtg pribiuje si`hnd nje a`ijifh` ajsuhjo `ijsaquaj`as. Ehspishthijnd Ehspishthijnd njxhaty hs n rhsl bn`tir bir eavadiphjo njxhaty ehsirears nje afithijnd. N`ghavhjo parbirfnj`a my nj hjehvheund hjehvheund hjvidvas mitg ghs ajthra parsijndhty stru`tura, stru`tura, `ifpijajts `ifpijajts fithvnthijnd, vidhthijnd, `iojhthva, ntthtuehjnd nje ajvhrijfajtnd hjbduaj`as tgnt gnva maaj hjtaorntae hjti tga `ijeu`t nje wgh`g `ijthjuas ti hjbduaj`a ghf. Ugaabba`t whea-rnjohjo ehbbh`udthas whtg`ntaoiry brif mrine dnttar abb a`t ib ndtarae ndtaraesyfptifs `iojhthva gnva< parbirfnj`a, parbirfnj`a, wgh`g `ntgyparnriusnd aoiry hs tga bi`us bti i`us ib `ij`ajtrnthjo. tghs ravhaw. ravhaw. Ughs bndds ujear tga Ptntus njxhaty `nusae my tga axhstaj`a ib n enjoar hs `ifpdatady rnthijnd nje nenpthva raspijsa ti nj hffhjajt tgrant. [arsijndhty-trnht [arsijndhty-t rnht njxhaty hs tga rasudt ib `ifpdax `i fpdax hjtarn`thij ib bn`tirs3 -Uga `ijsthtuthijnd oajath`, mhi`gafh`nd, pgyshidioh`nd< -Hjtarvajthij ib ajvhrijfajtnd/aeu`nthijnd bn`tirs. Hj tarfs ib tafparnfajt trnht njxhaty, hs nssi`hntae whtg3 hmhŠhij -hjghmhŠh -hjg ij magnvhir< -n ghog davad ib nvihenj`a ib subbarhjo (ajgnj`ae nvihe rhsly ea`hshijs, passhfhsth` nssassfajt ib rhsl ib `ijsaquaj`as ib tga ea`hshij). Bir tgasa hjtarhjehvheund ehbbaraj`as hj eavadipfajt pntgs axhst, tgay nra jit vary stnmda nje tghs hjeh`ntas tga usa ib psy`gitgarnpy. Uga stuey nhfs ti ghogdhogt tga hfpn`t ij tga gandtg njxhaty axprassae hj tarfs ib parbirfnj`a nje heajthbyhjo davads nje `ijtajt tgnt hs hfpnhrae `iojhthva buj`thijhjo, mnsae ij `rhth`nd rapirthjo ij n jufmar ib siur`as `ijshstajt tgairath`nd tiph`nd rabaraj`as. @ifpnrnthva njndyshsnje ib psy`gitgarnphas mnsae ij tgasa privaj abba`ts hj tranthjo njxhaty (Avheaj`a-Mnsae [sy`gisi`hnd Hjtarvajthijs). @iojhthva hjtarvajthijs ti raeu`a tga davad ib njxhaty `nj afaroa brif n fadehjo ib tgairy nje `iojhthva jauris`haj`a nevnj`as. Ugarnpy nhfs pri`assirs, n`thjo ij hjbirfnthij, ij nttajthij, ij danrjhjo nje ij tga `irra`t hjtarpratnthij ib tga shtunthijnd `ijtaxt. Njxhaty nbba`ts parbirfnj`a parbirfnj`a my tga jaonthva abba`ts ht gns ij nttajthijnd ntt ajthijnd `ijtrid. Uga hfpn`t ib tga davad ib njxhaty3 ntajŠhij-ntajŠh ij- paipda whtg njxhaty gnva hj`ransae vhohdnj`a tiwnres tgrantajhjo sthfudh nje tghs hs avheajt mitg hj pri`asshjo `ijs`hius nje uj`ijs`hius hjbirfnthij, tgarnpauth` fiendhty nhfae nt ehvarthjo nttajthij< - fafiry- abbh`haj`y nje abba`thvajass (n``urn`y)< njxhius parsijs ajonohjo hj hrradavnjt `ij`arjs bir `urrajt tnsls wgh`g eapdata rasiur`as nvnhdnmda bir wirlhjo fafiry pri`asshjo (FPE)< Avaj hb tga njxhaty ibtaj oat n shfhdnr davad ib parbirfnj`a, ht hs eija my nddi`nthjo n dit ib rasiur`as (diw abbh`haj`y). Bir afithijnd `ijtajt, tgara hs n mhns radnthva ti jaonthva, aspa`hnddy hj upenthjo tnsls. -hjtarpratnra- paipda whtg njxhaty ehstirtae spa`hbh` hjtarpratnthij mhns (arrir ib ransijhjo), nfmhouius s`ajnrhis nra hjtarpratae ns enjoarius, braquajt jaonthva hjtarpratnthijs, hjbaraj`as my dhttda avheaj`a, n diw tgrasgide ib enjoar. [aipda whtg njxhaty ransijhjo hs mnsae ij afithij. -- `iojhthva parbirfn`a parbirfn`a nje fafiry nra hfpnhrae hfpnhrae hb tga wirl hs piir. - Mattar parbirfnj`a hj tnsls tgnt raquhra3 *Jaonthva hjbirfnthij hjbirfnthij eata`tae< par`apthij ib ajvhrijfajtnd `gnjoa, raonredass ib vndaj`a< * Unsls ib rasidvhjo `ijbdh`ts< * Dijo-tarf fafiry< * @artnhj nspa`ts ib ea`hshij-fnlhjo nje axa`uthva buj`thij (pdnjjhjo). Ugarabira, njxhaty, `iojhthva nje afithijnd buj`thij `nj ma`ifa si nenpthva nje jij-nenpthva, eapajehjo ij tga `hr`ufstnj`as. _ghda tgara hs `ijsajsus tgnt hjeh`nta tgnt tga nttajthijnd njxhaty nra trajes bir tgrant nje tgnt tghs gns n jaonthva abba`t ij pri`ass `ijtrid, entn ravands n fira `ifpdax ph`tura. Axpdnjnthijs nra fnea ib psy`gidioh`nd tgairhas njxhaty, `iojhthva nje mhidioh`nd (oajath`, jaurnd, jauri`gafh`nd). Ij `nj nppra`hnta tgnt, " brif aviduthijnry aviduthijnry parspa`thva, tga nenpth nenpthva va vndaj`a ib njxhaty dhas hj nutifnth` fimhdhznthij abbh`haj`y pra`hsady hj raspijsa ti shtunthijs tgnt njjiuj`as enjoar" buj`thijnd nfiujt ib njxhaty `ijshsthjo hj bn`hdhtnthjo tga eata`thij ib ajvhrijfajtnd tgrants. @dnrhbyhjo tga hfpn`t ib njxhaty ij `iojhthva pri`assas ajnmda n fira n``urnta nssassfajt ib trantfajt abba`thvajass, ajnmda us ti mattar ujearstnje nje hfpriva `iojhthva trantfajts bir njxhaty. 0
]ASQFNU Njxhaty `ijsthtuha `ijsthtuha ujn ehjtra `ada fnh bra`vajta nba`Ȝhujh pshgh`a `u `ijsa`hjȜa si`hnda Șh a`ijifh`a pribujea.. Njxhatntan ehspizhȜhijndĀ asta uj bn`tir ea rhs` pajtru eazvidtnran tudmurĀrhdir ea njxhatnta Șh afithijnda. pribujea Nthoaran parbirfnjŠah ea `Ātra uj hjehvhe hfpdh`Ā ntêt êjtranon sn stru`turĀ ea parsijndhtnta, `u `ifpijajta fithvnŠhijnda, vidhthva, `iojhthva, npthtuehjnda `ít řh hjbduajŠada faehuduh `nra nu bist hjtaornta êj `ijeuhtĀ řh `nra `ijthjuĀ Phfptifada sĀ êd hjbduajtaza. hjbduajtaza. `ij`ajtrnra , ea`h i parbirfnjȜĀ `iojhthvĀ sujt nfpda< ea dn ghparax`htnmhdhtnta ehbh`udtĀȜh `u `ij`ajtrnra, fiehbh`ntĀ, `ntaoirha `nra raprazhjtĀ puj`tud puj`tud `ajtrnd nd n`astuh stuehu. stuehu. Ptnran ea njxhatnta eatarfhjntĀ ea axhstajȜn ujuh parh`id asta `ifpdat rnȜhijndĀ Șh uj rĀspujs nenptnthv dn i nfajhjȜnra hfhjajtĀ. hfhjajtĀ. Njxhatntan `n trĀsĀturĀ ea parsijndhtnta asta razudtntud hjtarn`Ȝhujhh `ifpdaxa ehjtra Mnzn mhidioh`Ā Șh faehu/aeu`nȜha faehu/aeu`nȜha 3 Dn jhvad ea tafparnfajt njxhatntan-trĀsĀturĀ njxhatntan-trĀsĀturĀ asta nsi`hntĀ `u 3 hjghmhȜhn `ifpirtnfajtndĀ `ifpirtnfajtndĀ< < hjŠah (avhtnran spirhtĀ n ea`hzhhdir rhs`njta, avndunran pashfhstĀ n rhs`uduh -uj jhvad rheh`nt rheh`nt ea avhtnra n subar subar hjŠah hfpdh`nt ea `ijsa`hjȜada ea`hzhah). [ajtru n`asta ehbarajȜa hjtarhjehvheunda axhstĀ trnsaa ea eazvidtnra, ada jabhhje axtraf ea stnmhda hnr n`ast bnpt hjeh`Ā uthdhznran pshgitarnphah. pshgita rnphah. sĀjĀtnta axprhfntĀ êj tarfajh ea Ptuehud urfĀraȘta avheajȜharan hfpn`tuduh njxhatĀȜhh nsuprn stĀrhh ea sĀjĀtnta parbirfnjȜĀ prhj heajthbh`nran jhvadurhdir Șh `ijȜhjuturhdir dn `nra asta nba`tntĀ buj`Ȝhijnran `iojhthvĀ, parbirfnjȜĀ `iojhthvĀ, pa mnzn rnpirtĀrhh `rhth`a dn i sarha ea sursa tairath`a Șh rabarhjȜa ea n`tundhtnta n`tundhtnta `ijshstajta. Njndhzn `ifpnrnthvĀ n pshgitarnphhdir sa njxhatĀȜhh sa bn`a pa mnzn aba`tadir eivaehta ea n`astan êj trntnran njxhatĀȜhh (Avheaj`a-Mnsae [sy`gisi`hnd Hjtarvajthijs). HjtarvajȜhhda `iojhthva pajtru n raeu`a raeu`a jhvadud njxhatĀȜhh njxhatĀȜhh pit pit afaroa ehjtr-i `ijtiphra n tairhah `iojhthva `u priorasada jauriȘthhjȜadir. Uarnphn vhzanzĀ n`Ȝhujan nsuprn pri`asĀrhdir hjbirfnȜhijnda, nsuprn ntajȜhah, nsuprn êjvĀȜĀrhh Șh nsuprn hjtarpratĀrhh `ira`ta n `ijtaxtuduh shtunȜhijnd . Njxhatntan nba`tanzĀ parbirfnjŠn prhj hjtarfaehud aba`tadir jaonthva pa `nra da nra nsuprn `ijtriduduh ntajŠhijnd. ntajŠhijnd. Hfpn`tud njxhatĀȜhh dn jhvad ea3 ea3 -ntajȜha- parsinjada `u njxhatnta nu i vhohdajȜĀ asta vhohdajȜĀ spirhtĀ bnȜĀ ea sthfudhh nfajhjȜĀtirh Șh n`ast du`ru asta avheajt ntít pajtru pri`asĀrhda `ijȘthajta `ít Șh êj `ada hj`ijȘthajta ea hjbirfnȜha, fiendhtntan tarnpauth`Ā vhzíje raehra`Ȝhijnran ntajȜhah< ntajȜhah< - fafirha- abh`hajȜn Șh abh`n`htntan (`ira`thtuehjan)< parsinjada njxhinsa njxhinsa sa njoncanzĀ êj êjorhcirĀrh vnjta pajtru snr`hjhda `urajta `aan `a apuhzanzĀ rasursada ea pri`asnra ehspijhmhda pajtru fafirhn ea du`ru hradavnjta hrada (FPE)< @ghnr en`Ā êj njxhatnta sa imȜhja neasan uj jhvad shfhdnr ea parbirfnjȜĀ, n`anstn sa bn`a prhj ndi`nran uju ujuhh viduf fnra ea rasursa (abh`hajȜĀ s`ĀzutĀ). [ajtru `ijȜhjuturh afiȜhijnda, npnra i mhnsnra radnthvĀ spra jaonthv, fnh ndas êj snr`hjh ea ran`tundhznra. -hjtarpratnra- parsinjada `u njxhatnta prazhjtĀ ehstirshujh spa`hbh`a3 mhnsnran hjtarpratĀrhh (arinra ea rnȜhijnfajt), s`ajnrhhda nfmhoua nfmhoua sujt hjtarpratnta `n parh`udinsa, bra`vajta hjtarpratĀrh jaonthva, hjbarajȜa eupĀ puȜhja eivazh, uj prno s`Āzut nd parh`iduduh. ]nȜhijnfajtud parsinjadir `u njxhatnta asta mnznt pa afiȜha. parbirfnjȜada `iojhthva sujt fnh nba`tnta en`Ā Șh fafirhn ea e a du`ru asta sdnmĀ. sdnmĀ. -- parbirfnjȜada - parbirfnjȜa fnh muja êj snr`hjh snr`hjh `nra ra`dnfĀ3 * eata`tnran hjbirfnȜhhdir jaonthva< par`apȜhn s`ghfmĀrhdir ea faehu, hjehbarajt ea vndajȜĀ< *snr`hjh ea razidvnra n `ijbdh`tadir< * fafirhn ea dujoĀ eurntĀ. Ehfajshujhda stĀrhh řh trĀsĀturhh njxhatnta - Fieadud Ajedar řh Li`ivslh. Bhourn =. [hrnfhen njxhatĀȜhh `dhjh`a - [. Uyrar Bhourn 0. Daoan Xarlas-Eiesij êj njxhatnta Bhourn 5. UajehjȜa ntajȜhijnda êj njxhatnta- Fieadud fa`njhsfadir `iojhthva ea pri`asnra n nfajhjȜĀrhh Bhourn 1. Nrhhda ea n`thv n`thvnra nra Șh eazn`thv eazn`thvnra nra `irth`ndĀ `iraspu `iraspujzĀt jzĀtinra parhineadir ea pist ‐ pra-trntnfa pra-trntnfajt, jt, hjeh`nta ea stuehh jaurihfnohsth` jaurihfnohsth`aa nsuprn aba`tadir hjtarvajȜhhdir pshgidioh`a êj buj`Ȝhijnran `raharuduh pajtru tudmurĀrh ea eh ehspizhȜha spizhȜha Șh eeaa njxhatnta.
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@Q[]HJP HJU]IEQ@A]A............................................................................................................................2 @N[HUIDQD >. @N]N@UA]HSN]AN NJWHAUčȓHH @N PUN]A NBA@UHRč NBA@UHRč >.>. Eabhjhran njxhatĀȜhh .................................................................................................................7 >.=. Njxhatntan-stnra řh njxhatntan-trĀsĀturĀ....................................................................... ............8 >.0. Eabhjhran Șh spa`hbh`ud pri`asadir nba`thva............................................................................>= nba`thva............................................................................>= >.5. Uairhhda nba`thvhtĀȜhh...............................................................................................................>5 >.1. FithvnȜha Șh nba`thvhtnta.........................................................................................................>1 >.2. @ífpud bajifajidiohah njxhinsa.........................................................................................>? >.?. @dnshbh`Ārhda njxhatĀȜhh...........................................................................................................>7 @N[HUIDQD =. NJWHAUNUAN - U]čPčUQ]č EA [A]PIJNDHUNUA =.> Njxhatntan- trĀsĀturĀ ea parsijndhtnta ...................................................................................=> =.>.>. Fieadada trĀsĀturhdir ...............................................................................................=> ...............................................................................................=> =.>.=. Fieadud bn`tirhnd ......................................................................................................=5 ....................................................................................................=5 =.=. Jauripshgidiohn trĀsĀturhdir........................................................................................ trĀsĀturhdir................................................................................................. ..........=5 =.0. Nspa`ta tafparnfajtnda hfpdh`nta êj njxhatnta ...................................................................=? =.0.>.Uafparnfajtud `n dnturĀ ehjnfh`i-ajaroath`Ā n parsijndhtĀȜhh……………………..=? =.0.=.@iradntada pshgimhidioh`a nda tafparnfajtuduh Șh `nrn`ta ruduh……………………..=? =.0.0. Njndhzn Njndhzn njxhatntĀȜhh prhj prhsfn jauriȘthhjȜadir...........................................................0; =.0.0.>. Ptru`turh `aramrnda............................................................................................ 0; =.0.0.=. EhbarajŠa hjtarhjehvheunda Șh ehbarajȜa êjtra saxa..............................................0> =.0.5. Urnjsfhtaran oajath`Ā n njxhatĀȜhh..............................................................................0= =.5. Fieadud `iojhthv nd njxhatĀȜhh................................................................................................05 =.5.>. Ppa`hbh`ud nmireĀrhdir `iojhthvhsta...............................................................................05 =.5.=. AfiȜha Șh `iojhȜha.........................................................................................................01 =.5.0. [ri`asĀrh `iojhthva êj njxhatnta - ea dn pri`asnran parh`iduduh dn buj`Šh ijnran ntajŠhijndĀ oajarndĀ.................................................................................................................... 0? =.5.0.>. [ri`asa ntajȜhijnda........................................................................................ 0? =.5.0.=.Fieadud êj trapta nd fa`njhsfadir `iojhthva ea pri`asnra
n nfajhjȜĀrhh êj njxhatnta….……………………………………………………............08 =.5.0.0.[ri`asa fjazh`a.................................................................................................5> =.5.0.5.Hjtarpratnran nfmhoua êj tudmurĀrhda njxhinsa ............................5= @N[HUIDQD 0. HF[N@UQDhjbirfnȜhhdir NJWHAUčȓHH NPQ[]N PUč]HH EA PčJčUNUA 0.>. Aba`tada Aba`tada njxhatĀȜhh nsuprn parbirfnjȜah ................................................................................51 0.=. Uafparnfajt řh strntaohh ea raodnra afiŠhijndĀ...................................................................5? 0.=.>. Uafparnfajtud `n praeh`tir nd njxhatĀŠhh.................................................................5? 0.=.=. Nba`thvhtntan jaonthvĀ, raodnran afiŠhijndĀ Șh `ijtridud vidujtnr ...........................57 ...........................57 0.0. Hfpn`tud njxhatĀȜhh nsuprn fafirhah......................................................................................58 0.5. ]adnȜhn `iojhȜha ‐afiȜha êj njxhatnta.....................................................................................1; 0.1. [nrth`udnrhtĀȜhda par`apȜhah êj njxhatnta..................................................................................57 0.2. FithvnȜha, njxhatnta, parbirfnjȜĀ.........................................................................................15 0.?. Ppa`hbh`ud ntajȜhah êj njxhatnta..............................................................................................12 0.7. Hfpn`tud njxhatĀȜhh nsuprn buj`Ȝhah axa`uthva........................................................................2; 0.8. ]aŠada ntajŠhijnda řh nuti-raodnra êj njxhatnta.......................................................................2=
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@N[HUIDQD 5. NJNDHSč @IF[N]NUHRč N FAUIEADI]/NMI]Eč]HDI] EA [PHGIUA]N[HA 5.>. Uarnphn `iojhthv-`ifpirtnfajtndĀ........................................................................................27 5.=. Uarnphn hjtarparsijndĀ..........................................................................................................?; 5.0. @ifpnrnran tarnphhdir `iojhthv-`ifpirtnfajtndĀ Șh hjtarparsijndĀ....................................?= 5.5. Uarnphn hjtaornthvĀ êj njxhatnta.............................................................................................?1 @N[HUIDQD 1. @IJ@DQSHH ȗH N[]A@HA]H BHJNDA ........................................................?? Njaxa NJAWN >. Uga tip =;; s`hajthbh` tarfs tarfs usae hj tga Ppa`hnd ]asanr`g Uiph` Uiph`>. njxhatnta Șh n tudmurĀrhdir njxhinsa njxhinsa NJAWN =. Enta stnthsth`a= prhvhje pravndajȜn stĀrhh ea njxhatnta 0 dhjovhsth`a. NJAWN 0. Uipiornbhn afiŠhhdir nsi`hnta `u ath`gatada dhjovhsth`a. 5 NJAWN 5. NJNUIFHN NJWHAUčȓHH NJWHAUčȓHH NJAWN 1. Raeara s`gafnth`Ā n `hr`uhtadir `aramrnda fncira hfpdh`nta êj brh`Ā Șh njxhatnta 1. jauriajei`rhja) NJAWN 22. N@ȓHQJAN ]AODNUIN]A N GI]FIJHDI] (@Āhda jauriajei`rhja) ? NJAWN ? . JAQ]ND [NUG_NXP3 BHOGU I] DHOGU ]AP[IJPA NJAWN 7. Jaurimhidiohn njxhatĀȜhh7 NJAWN 8. SIJA @A]AM]NDA EHBA]HU N@UHRNUA ÊJ JHRADQD P@čSQU ȗH ]HEH@NU ND NJWHAUčȓHH axthjsa êj brh`Ā Șh njxhatnta8 NJAWN >;. ]idud nfhoendah axthjsa NJAWN >>. N@ȓHQJAN MAJSIEHNSA[HJADI]
Njaxn raȜadadir ndartĀ, Șh ntajȜhaEA axa`uthvĀ Njaxn >=. >0Njntifhn . FIENDHUčȓH EAntajȜhijnda3 HJUA]RAJȓHA ÊJirhajtnra UQDMQ]č]HDA NJWHAUNUA NJAWN >5. Njxhaty ehsirear-Uga P`ranf (Jirwaohnj3 Plrhl6 ȓH[čUQD) Nj Axprasshijhst pnhjthjo my Jirwaohnj nrthstAevnre Fuj`g
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Ilij-Phjoar G., Gajedar, U. , [assin, D., Pgn`lfnj, N.C. Uga jaurimhidioy ib afithij ‐ `iojhthij `iojhthij hjtarn`thijs3 bujenfajtnd quasthijs nje strntaohas bir butura rasanr`g, rasanr`g , Brijthars hj Gufnj Jauris`haj`a, www.brijtharshj.iro, www.brijtharshj.iro, pumdhsgae3 >?Bamrunry=;>1 eih3 >;.0078/bjguf.=;>1.;;;17 gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@5055>>0/, [F@HE3 [F@5055>>0 gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@5055>>0/, = N`ast tnmdiu stnthsth` stnthsth` n bist oajarnt oajarnt bidishje priornfud _idbrnfndpgn, gttp3//www.widbrnfndpgn.`if/hjput/9h6njxhaty 0 Juffajfnn, D., Odaranjn, A., Gnrhm,]., Ghatnjaje, C.L. Miehdy fnps ib afithijs, afithijs, [ri`aaehjos ib tga Jnthijnd N`neafhas ib P`haj`as, Cuja P`haj`as, Cuja >> =;>0, =;>0, gttp3//www.pjns.iro/`ijtajt/>>>/=/252.budd.peb , www.pjns.iro/`oh/eih/>;.>;?0/pjns.>0=>225>>> www.pjns.iro/`oh/eih/>;.>;?0/pjns.>0=>225>>> 5
gttp3//pndiusafhjebudjass.`if/ei`s/n hjebudjass.`if/ei`s/njntify-ib-njxhaty.peb jntify-ib-njxhaty.peb gttp3//pndiusaf
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Ptahfar,U., Uga mhidioy ib banr- nje njxhaty-radntae magnvhirs, magnvhirs, gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@0>7>27>/.. gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@0>7>27>/ 2 [rastij, P. E., Ma`gnrn, N., Ornmiwslh, U. C., Enfnshi, G., & Enfnshi, N. ]. Buj`thijnd ]. Buj`thijnd njntify ib afithijnd hfnoary3 pishtrij afhsshij
tifiornpgy ib parsijnd nje gypitgath`nd axparhaj`as, Ciurjnd axparhaj`as, Ciurjnd ib @iojhthva Jauris`haj`a (Nprhd, =;;= Puppdafajt) [rastij, P. E., Ma`gnrn, N., Ornmiwslh, U. C., Enfnshi, G., & Enfnshi, N. ]. Buj`thijnd ]. Buj`thijnd njntify ib afithijnd hfnoary3 pishtrij afhsshij tifiornpgy ib parsijnd nje gypitgath`nd axparhaj`as, Ciurjnd axparhaj`as, Ciurjnd ib @iojhthva Jauris`haj`a (Nprhd, =;;= Puppdafajt) ?
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gttps3//www.`jsbiruf.`if/aeu`nthijndrasiur`as/hfnoamnjl/mrnhjYstru`Ynjxhaty/jauriYmhidYpnjY= gttps3//www.`jsbiruf.`if/aeu`nthijndrasiur`as/hfnoamnjl/mrnhjYstru`Ynjxhaty/jauriYmhidYpnjY= Envhs F>, _ndlar ED, Fhdas D, Orhddij @., ]idud nfhoendah axthjsa êj brh`n bnȜĀ ea njxhatnta [F@HE3 [F@=?81;88 Braa [F@ ([umFae
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@iffijs Nrth`da), Jauripsy`gipgnr Jauripsy`gipgnrfn`idioy. fn`idioy. =;>; Cnj)3>;1-01 Cnj)3>;1-01.. eih3 >;.>;07/jpp.= >;.>;07/jpp.=;;8.>;8. ;;8.>;8.
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HJU]IEQ@A]A Njxhatntan raprazhjtĀ i tafĀ ea n`tundhtnta. N`anstĀ nbhrfnȜha asta susȜhjutĀ ea ‚ Uipud `adir fnh uthdhznȜh =;; ea tarfajh sthh sthhjȜhbh`h jȜhbh`h êêjj Ppa`hnd ]asanr`g Uiph`‖ ( tip raprazajtnt prhjtr-i >; bhourĀ eavajhtĀ pipudnrĀ) , prazajtnt êj ‚Uga jaurimhidioy ib afithij ‐ `iojhthij `iojhthij hjtarn`thijs3 bujenfajtnd quasthijs nje strntaohas bir butura rasanr`g‖ , nrth`id pumdh`nt êj ravhstn Brijthars >> hj Gufnj Jauris`haj`a = tudmurĀrh pshgh`a. AsthfĀrhda>0 pravndajȜah pravndajȜah odimnda `urajta n tudmurĀrhdir ea njxhatnta vnrhnzĀ êjtra ;,8% Șh =7,0%, bn`tirhh ea bije, hj`dushv sax, vírstĀ, `udturĀ, `ijbdh`ta Șh stntut a`ijifh`, Șh ur mnjh`htnta raprazajtíje `an fnh fnra pripirȜha ea vnrhnmhdhtnta. [ravndajȜn odimndĀ n`tundĀ n tudmurĀrhdir ea njxhatnta n bist ea ?,0% (5.7->;.8%) Șh n vnrhnt ea dn 1,0% (0.1 -7.>%), êj `udturhda nbrh`nja dn >;,5% (?.;->1.1%), êj `udturhda Auri / Njodi. Njxhatntan rabda`tĀ `npnmhdhtntan jinstr Ā ea n ja nenptn Șh n pdnjhbh`n vhhtirud>5< sa`idud WW n bist eajufht sa`idud njxhatĀȜhh ehj `nuzn nfmhouhtĀȜ hdir Șh radnthvhzĀrhdir `u `nra ifud s-n `ijbrujtnt hj vhnȜn `ithehnjĀ. Bra`vajȜn njxhatĀȜhh, `n řh hfpn`tud nsuprn buj`ŠhijĀrhh nenptnthva, nu eatarfhjnt `ar`atĀtirhh sĀ êj`ar`a sĀ-h heajthbh`a pitajŠhndada `nuza, sĀ -h êjŠadanoĀ fnh mhja `iradntada `ifpirtnfajtnda, `iojhthva řh jauribuj`Šhijnda. Du`rnran ‚Njxhatntan Șh hfpn`tud sĀu nsuprn stĀrhh ea sĀjĀtnta‖ asta uj stuehu tairath` `nra nra `n s`ip avheajȜharan hfpn`tuduh njxhatĀȜhh nsuprn st stĀrhh Ārhh ea sĀjĀtnta pr prhj hj heajthbh`nran aba`tadir njxhatĀȜhh nsuprn parbirfnjȜah. [ajtru nthjoaran n`astuh s`ip, imha`thvada stnmhdhta sujt3 - heajthbh`nran praeh`tirhdir pitajȜhndh nh njxhatĀȜhh;
Njaxn >. `iojhthij Ilij-Phjoar G., Gajedar, U. , [assin, D., NdaxnjearC.Pgn`lfnj, N.C. Uga jaurimhidioy ib afithij ‐ `iojhthij hjtarn`thijs3 bujenfajtnd quasthijs nje strntaohas bir butura rasanr`g, www.brijtharshj.iro, pumdhsgae3 >?Bamrunry=;>1 eih3 >;.0078/bjguf >;.0078/bjguf.=;>1.;;;17 .=;>1.;;;17 >= Njaxn =, tnmdiu stnthsth` oajarnt prhj n``asnran utirud du`rĀrhh. n``asnran priornfuduh _idbrnfndpgn ea `Ātra nnutirud >0 Mnxtar, N.C., P`itt, L.F., Ris, U., _ghtabire, G.N., Odimnd pravndaj`a ib njxhaty ehsirears3 eh sirears3 n systafnth` ravhaw nje fatn-raorasshij, [sy`gid Fae. =;>0 , gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pu gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pumfae/==?7>578, mfae/==?7>578, [F@ >5 Mnrdiw, E.G., Njxhaty nje hts ehsirears3 Uga jntura nje trantfajt ib njxhaty nje pnjh` , Jaw Xirl3 Ouhdbire [rass, =;;= >>
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[rhfud `nphtid nd du`rĀrhh `uprhjea `nerud tairath` nd njxhatĀȜhh, prazajtnt êj `ijtaxtud stnehuduh n`tund nd `ar`atĀrhh ȘthhjȜhbh`a. @nphtidud = prazhjtĀ primdafnth`n nnjxhatĀȜhh, jxhatĀȜhh, `u bi`ndhznra pa ehbarajŠada hjtarhjehvheunda dn jhvad ea tafparnfajt Șh parsijndhtnta, `n pitajȜhndh praeh`tirh nh njxhatĀȜhh. [ajtru avheajȜharan `ifpdaxuduh `nuznd nd njxhatĀȜhh, njndhzn ehfajshujhdir tafparnfajtnda n bist ironjhzntĀ fudthjhvadnr3 pdnjud pshgidioh` (trĀsĀturh), `ifpirtnfajtnd, pdnjud hjbrnstru`turhh mhi`ghfh`a Șh pdnjud pri`asadir Șh stru`turhdir jaurimhidioh`a nsi`hnta njxhatĀȜhh. Fieadud `iojhthv nd njxhatĀȜhh, ea nsafajan prazajtnt êj n`ast `nphtid, raeĀ spa`hbh`ud pri`asadir hfpdh`nta êj njxhatnta3 `ijcuj`Ȝhn s`i purh-`ujiȘthjȜa, s`gafa `iojhthva, pri`asĀrh hjbirfnȜhijnda Șh pri`asa jaurimhidioh`a. @nphtidud 0, ,,Hfpn`tud njxhatĀȜhh nsuprn stĀrhh ea sĀjĀtnta‖ avheajȜhnzĀ nspa`tada `ada fnh radavnjta nsi`hnta njxhatĀȜhh Șh êȘh pripuja hjtarpratnran n`astirn duíje êj `ijshearnra hfpn`tud pa `nra êd nu dn jhvadud sĀjĀtĀŠhh fajtnda oajarnda, nd `ndhtĀŠhh vhaŠhh řh nd parbirfnjŠah êj êj n`thvhtĀȜh spa`hbh` ufnja. @nphtidud 5 `uprhjea njndhzn `ifpnrnthvĀ n prhj`hpndadir ps pshgitarnphh, hgitarnphh, pa mnzn aba`tadir eivaehta ea n`astan êj trntnran njxhatĀȜhh, nvíje `n puj`t ea pda`nra `nuzada heajthbh`nta êj njxhatnta Șh urfĀrhje pitajȜhndada `ifpdafajtnra nda n`astirn. Fieud ea stru`turnra nd du`rĀrhh, neiptnt êj vaearan nthjoarhh imha`thvadir pripusa, asta spa`hbh` nmireĀrhh fiearja n njxhatĀŠhh. @ijtrhmuȜhn jiuĀ nsuprn njxhatĀȜhh sa raoĀsaȘta êj njndhzn `ifpnrnthvĀ n pshgitarnphhdir, pa mnzn aba`tadir eivaehta ea n`astan êj trntnran njxhatĀȜhh Șh êj `nphtidud eaeh`nt avheajȜharhh hfpn`tuduh njxhatĀȜhh nsuprn stĀrhh ea sĀjĀtnta, `ijshearntĀ êj tafajh ea imȜhjara n parbirfnjȜah.
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@N[HUIDQD >. @N]N@UA]HSN]AN NJWHAUčȓHH @N PUN]A NBA@UHRč
>.> Eabhjhran njxhatĀȜhh njxhatĀȜhh Pa pinta prasupuja bĀrĀ n oraȘh `Ā sutada ea fhdhinja ea infajh `nra nu dunt `ad puȜhj i entĀ uj `ndfnjt njxhidhth` êj udthfhh 5; ea njh nu pri`aent nstbad ‚êj prhfud ríje ehj `nuzn shjerifuduh ea njxhatnta‖>1. Êj Ri`nmudnrud pshgidiohah, safjhbh`nȜhn tarfajuduh njxhatnta asta ‚HjehspizhȜha êj n`adnȘh thfp pshgh`Ā Șh bhzh`Ā, `nrn`tarhzntĀ ea i tanfĀ ehbuzĀ, uj sajthfajt ea hjsa`urhtnta, ea jajiri`hra hfhjajtĀ‖>2 Șh sa eadhfhtanzĀ tarfajud ‚njoinsĀ‖ `n bhhje razarvnt fnh eaornmĀ ‚sajznȜhhdir bhzh`a `nra êjsiȜas` njxhatntan(`ijstrh`Ȝha tirn`h`Ā, tudmurĀrh vnsifitirhh at`.)‖, eaȘh sa pra`hzanzĀ `Ā êj prn`th`Ā `ah eih tarfajh sujt shjijhfh. Êj Eh`Ȝhijnr hdustrnt ea pshgidioha, trneu`aran tarfajuduh ehj dhfmn ajodazĀ ‚njxhaty‖ asta ‚44UanfĀ bĀrĀ imha`t::([.Cnjat) fnjhbastntĀ êj nȘtaptnran ujir avajhfajta vhhtinra `u safjhbh`nȜhh jaonthva‖>? hnr tarfajuduh ‚njxhaty ehsirears‖ êh `iraspujea ‖tudmurĀrh njxhinsa‖ ‚orup ea midh `nrn`tarhznta pr prhj hj njxhatnta Șh `ifpirtnfajta ea avhtnra.‖>7 Êj >87;, Dawhs (`htnt ea O.P. @nssnji êj ‚ _gnt hs [ntidioh`nd Njxhaty nje _gnt hs Jit ‖‖,, >8 >870) eabhjan iparnȜhijnd njxhatntan nstbad3 ‚stnra afiȜhijndĀ japdĀ`utĀ, `u i `ndhtnta trĀhtĀ sumha`thv ea brh`Ā snu i ndtĀ nd tĀ afiȜha stríjs êjruehtĀ `u n`anstn, ehra`ȜhijntĀ spra vhhtir Șh `nra npnra bha êj nmsajȜn ujuh parh`id ra`iojis`hmhd, bha `n parh`id `u titud ehspripirȜhijnt bnȜĀ ea afiȜhn `Ārahn pnra sĀ êh ean jnȘtara. Pa êjsiȜaȘta ea ehs`ijbirt sifnth` sumha`thv Șh ea tudmurĀrh sifnth`a imha`thva‖.=; Êj @ifpajehu ea bimhh sa pra`hzanzĀ3 ‚Pa hfpuja i `dnrhbh`nra, ehbarajȜhara fnh nfpdĀ êjtra tarfajhh njxhatnta, bimha Șh ntn` ea pnjh`Ā.‖=> Nstbad, njxhatntan ‚asta i stnra ehspizhȜhijndĀ jaonthvĀ `nrn`tarhzntĀ prhj êj`irenra `ijthjuĀ, hjehvheud shfȜhjeu-sa parfnjajt nfajhjȜnt êjeaisamh ea shtunȜhh vhhtinra‖==, êj thfp `a bimhn ‚asta eabhjht eabhjhtĀĀ prhj brh`n hjtajsĀ Șh Șh hrnȜhijndĀ axparhfajtntĀ ea hjehvhe êj fifajtud `ijbrujtĀrhh `u sthfudud bimh`, eaȘh axhstĀ Șh shtunȜhh êj `nra hjehvheud axparhfajtanzĀ pnjh`Ā einr dn oíjeud `ijbrujtĀrhh `u imha`tud tafarhh duh, dn hfnohjnran shtunȜhah njxhioaja‖ =0, an bhhje êj`nerntĀ êj `ntaoirhn tudmurĀrhdir tudmurĀrhdir njxhinsa. Ntn`ud ea pnjh`Ā ‚asta i fnjhb fnjhbastnra astnra pnrixhsth`Ā n =5
njxhatĀȜhh Șh pinta npĀran êj irh`nra ehjtra . sĀjĀtinsa `ít Șh dn parsinjada Njxhatntan asta uj bajifaj `nratudmurĀrhda npnra ntít njxhinsa‖ dn parsin parsinjada jada `u tudmurĀrh pshgh`a Șh sa pinta prazajtn `dhjh` êj fieurh ehbarhta< prhj ur urfnra fnra ast astaa asajȜhndĀ heajthbh`nran `u axn`thtnta n avnjtnhuduh ea `nrn`tarhsth`h spa`hbh`a. >1
Aehturn Faeh`ndĀ,>878, p.107. [raeas`u, R., [shghntrha, Mu`uraȘth, Aehturn [harij, G., Ri`nmudnrud pshgidiohah, Mu`uraȘth, Aehturn Qjhvars aj`h`dipaeh`, =;;>, p.01. >? MĀh`anju, D., Eh`Ȝhijnr hdustrnt ea pshgidioha, =;;5 , p.=7. pshgidioha, Mu`uraȘth, Aehturn Uagjh`Ā, =;;5, >7 7. Hmheaf >8 Aehturn Faeh`ndĀ,>878, p.107. Npue [raeas`u, R., [shghntrha, Mu`uraȘth, Aehturn =; 2 Hmheaf => Fhtribnj, D., Eufhtrn`ga, P.E., @ifpajehu ea bimhh, Mu`uraȘth, AehturnP[A], AehturnP[A], =;>;, p.>>. == aj`h`d ipaeh`, =;;>, p.01. [harij, G., Ri`nmudnrud pshgidiohah, Mu`uraȘth, Aehturn Qjhvars aj`h`dipaeh`,
>2
Hmheaf >0 2 Hmheaf
=0 =5
>;
Uarfajud njxhatnta sa rabarĀ dn uj sat fnh spa`hbh` ea rĀspujsurh fajtnda snu pshgidioh`a3 axparhajȜn `u `ndhtntan sumha`thvĀ ea brh`Ā Șh ehra`Ȝhijnran `Ātra vhhtir.
stnra >.=. Njxhatntan- stnra
řh njxhatntan-trĀsĀturĀ
@ijshearíje njxhatntan `n ‚i brh`Ā ea brh`Ā—, asta ja`asnrĀ ehsthj`Ȝhn êjtra thpurhda prhj`hpnda ea njxhatnta3 • njxhatntan stnra, daontĀ ea i njufhtĀ shtunȜha `u eurntĀ dhfhtntĀ êj thfp< • njxhatntan trĀsĀturĀ, n ‚vaȘjh`hdir êjorhcirnȜh—, fnjhbastnra radnthv `ijstnjtĀ n ujah praehspizhȜhh eurnmhda n parsijndhtĀȜhh
tafparnfajtud sujt hjtarasnŠh ea pri`asada řh fa`njhsfada ehspizhŠhhdir tafparnfajtnda, hnr `ah `nra stuehnzĀ trĀsĀturhda nu tajehjŠn ea n sa `ij`ajtrn nsuprn `ijsa`hjŠadir řh `iradntadir trĀsĀturhdir (`uf nr bh `ijřthhj`hizhtntan, sĀjĀtntan, parbirfnjŠada êj fuj`Ā). [rhfud pshgidio `nra s-n i`upnt ea stuehud trĀsĀturhdir ea parsijndhtnta n bist Oireij Nddpirt, `nra n heajthbh`nt heajthbh`nt uj jufĀr binrta fnra ea tr trĀsĀturh. ĀsĀturh. ]nyfije @nttadd n npdh`nt njndhzn bn`tirh bn`tirhndĀ ndĀ Șh n pripus >2 trĀs trĀsĀturh Āturh- bn`tirh ea parsijndhtnta (hjstrufajtud pajtru fĀsurnran n`astir trĀsĀturh pinrtĀ jufada ea >2[B). Aysaj`l n `ijshearnt `Ā trĀsĀturhda ea parsijndhtnta pit bh raeusa dn axtrnvarshuja, javrizhsf řh řh pshgiths pshgithsf, f, `n ehfajshujh nda parsijndhtĀŠhh< n pr pripus ipus řh uj fa`njhsf jauribhzhidioh` `nra stĀ dn mnzn n`astir ehfajshujh. Ptuehhda randhznta @istn řh F`@rna Șh ea Uupas řh @grhstnd nu eus `ijsthtuhran fieaduduh `adir 1 bn`tirh řh n trĀsĀturhdir `ijsthtuajta nda n`astirn. N`astan sujt fĀsurnta ea s`ndada hjstrufajtuduh hjvajtnrud JAI-[H (Jurith`hsf Axtrnvarshij Ipajjas-[arsijndhty Hjvajtiry) =2. >.Javrizhsf (J)3 Njxhatnta, Isthdhtnta fíjhinsĀ, Eaprasha, @ijřthhjŠĀ ea shja, Rudjarnmhdhtnta =.Axtrnvarshuja (A)-Hjtrivarshuja3 @ĀdeurĀ, si`hnmhdhtnta, Nsarthvhtnta, N`thvhtnta, @Āutnran ax`htnŠhah, AfiŠhh pizhthva/jaonthva. 0. Eas`gheara `Ātra axparhajŠĀ (I)3 Bnjtazha, Astath`Ā, Pajthfajta, N`Šhujh, Heah, Rndirh 5.Noranmhdhtnta (N)3 ÊÊj`raeara, j`raeara, Ehra Ehra`thvhtnta `thvhtnta ((êjerĀzjandĀ), êjerĀzjandĀ), Ndtruhsf, @ifpdhnjŠĀ, Fieastha, Afpntha 1.@ijřthhj`hizhtnta (@)3@ifpatajŠĀ,Irehja,PhfŠud entirhah,UajehjŠĀ ea randhznra, Eadhmarnra. Su`larfnj n pripus fieadud ‚Ndtarjnt ‚Ndtarjnthva hva Bhva"3 si`hnmhdhtnta, jaurith`hs jaurith`hsf f-njxhatnta, `Āutnran hfpudshvĀ ea sajznŠhh, norashuja-isthdhtnta řh n`thvhtnta. [shgidiohh `nra nu stuehnt njxhatntan řh ndta rĀspujsurh jaonthva Șh-nu pus primdafn ehbarajȜharhh ujah trĀsĀturh ea i stnra abafarĀ. @gnrdas Pphadmaroar řh `idnmirntirhh sĀh nu ehbarajŠhnt pajtru prhfn entĀ stnran njxhatnta ea trĀsĀturn njxhatnta. I trĀsĀturĀ raprazhjtĀ uj pnttarj radnthv stnmhd ea rĀspujsurh `ifpirtnfajtnda nda ujah parsinja Șh asta hjbdujaŠntĀ ntít ea araehtnta (stru`turhda jauribhzhidioh`a), jauribhzhidioh`a), `ít řh ea faehu. Ptnran njxhatnta asta ‚`nrn`tarhzntĀ ea sajthfajta ea tajshuja řh npragajshuja par`aputa `ijřthajt řh ea i n`thvhtnta `ras`utĀ n shstafuduh jarvis nutijif‖< trĀsĀturn njxhatnta sa rabarĀ dn ‚ehbarajŠada hjtarhjehvheunda radnthv stnmhda êj `aan `a prhvařta praehspizhŠhn `Ātra njxhatnta‖. njx hatnta‖. =? Pphadmaroar & `i. nu adnmirnt PUNH (Ptnta-Urnht Njxhaty Hjvajtiry) `nra `ijŠhja eiuĀ
s`nda ea nutiavndunra, ujn pajtru stnra (stnran n`tundĀ) řh ujn pajtru trĀsĀturĀ (stnran oajarndĀ n sumha`tuduh). Ptuehhda randhznta `u n`ast hjvajtnr nu avheajŠhnt i `iradnŠha pizhthvĀ faeha, `aan `a êjsanfjĀ `Ā `ah `u i trĀsĀturĀ njxhatnta `ras`utĀ sujt fnh praehspuřh dn stĀrh njxhinsa ea`ít `ah `u i trĀsĀturĀ njxhatnta s`ĀzutĀ. Fnrvhj Su`larfnj (>8?2) n pripus `rhtarhh birfnda pajtru n oghen `ar`atĀtirhh êj adnmirnran s`ndadir pshgifatrh`a Șh pajtru ehbarajŠhara. Nu bist pripusa fnh fudta fieada `u s`ipud ea n axpdh`n daoĀturhda `nuznda trĀsĀturĀ stnra. Qj prhj`hphu oajarnd nd n`astir fieada asta `Ā trĀsĀturhda sujt faehnta ea stĀrh3 uj `ifpirtnfajt vn bh hjbduajŠnt hjehra`t ea `Ātra trĀsĀturh řh ehra`t ea `Ātra stĀrh, trĀsĀturhda bhhje faehnta ea `Ātra stĀrh. Qj fiead `ifpdat nr tramuh sĀ ibara axpdh`nŠhh ax pdh`nŠhh pa mnzn ujir fa`njhsfa spa`hbh`a. =2 @raȜu, =?
].S, [arspa`thva `dnsh`a êj pshgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh, ae. QjhvarshtnrĀ, Qjhv arshtnrĀ, Mu`uraȘth, =;>=, p. 22 @ghrhȜĀ, N., [shgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh, =;;8
>=
Aysaj`l řh Orny nu adnmirnt `íta uj fiead jauri -`ifpirtnfajtnd `nra êj`anr`Ā sĀ axpdh`a fieud êj `nra stru`turhda `aramrnda sujt raspijsnmhda ntít pajtru trĀsĀturh, `ít řh pajtru stĀrh řh, hfpdh`ht, pajtru `ifpirtnfajtud ujah parsinja. Fieadud duh Pphadmaroar =7 - `ijbirf n`astuh fiead `iojhthv, stĀrhda raprazhjtĀ fieud êj `nra i parsinjĀ avnduanzĀ i shtunŠha axtarjĀ. Avndunran `iojhthvĀ asta adafajtud `ajtrnd `nra asta raspijsnmhd ntít pajtru stnra, `ít řh pajtru fa`njhsfada ea npĀrnra êfpitrhvn pishmhdah nfajhjŠĀrh. Êj n`ast fiead, trĀsĀturn asta raprazajtntĀ ea `Ātra tajehjŠn ea n njth`hpn shtunŠhhda `n bhhje parh`udinsa, pishmhd êjtr-uj fie axnoarnt. Axpdh`nŠhhda `iojhthvhsta řh `ada jauribhzhidioh`a ju tramuha sĀ bha janpĀrnt njtnoijhsta, `h `ifpdafajtnra. @ar`atnran fiearjĀ sa mnzanzĀ êj prhj`hpnd pa fieadud afiŠhah pripus ea Dnznrus. Fieadud Ajedar řh Li`ivslh ehsthjoa fnh fudta ehfajshujh nda trĀsĀturhh řh nda stĀrhh njxhatnta (bho. >).
@nrn`tarhznran ujah parsinja `n bhhje njxhinsĀ êj oajarnd (trĀsĀturĀ), ja`ashtĀ dunran êj `ijshearnra n ujah fudthtuehjh ea bn`tirh. Njxhatntan `n trĀsĀturĀ asta vĀzutĀ `n i ehspizhŠha n parsinjah dn n nvan stĀrh ea njxhatnta n``ajtuntĀ. An raprazhjtĀ afaroajŠa nda hstirhah hjehvheuduh, eatarfhjêje ehbarajŠada hjehvheunda êj avndunran shtunŠhhdir `n nfajhjŠĀtinra řh hjbduajŠíje stĀrhda ea njxhatnta. [arsinjada `u s`irurh rheh`nta dn njxhatntantrĀsĀturĀ sujt fnh vudjarnmhda dn stras ea`êt `ada `u njxhatnta s`ĀzutĀ. Njxhiřhh sa ehsthjo prhj fieud ea avndunra n shtunŠhhdir, enr řh prhj strntaohhda `ifpirtnfajtnda pa `nra da eazvidtĀ êj shtunŠhh `nra eapĀřas` rasursada parsijnda. Bho. >. Ehfajshujhda stĀrhh řh trĀsĀturhh njxhatnta njxhatnta
FnjhbastĀrhda pshgh`a priprhh njxhatĀȜhh sujt eas`rhsa `n3 jarvizhtnta, jashournjȜĀ, tanfĀ, jadhjhȘta, stras snu tajshuja, ehs`ijbirt ehs`ijbirt jaeabhjht. EaȘh njxhatntan nra uj `nrn`tar praeifhjnjt afiȜhijnd, an priorasanzĀ `u f fnh nh fudta fnjhbastĀrh nutijifa sifnth`a (tngh`nreha, trnjsphrnȜha, `raȘtaran parhstndthsfuduh, tnghpjaa, fherhnzĀ, phdiara`Ȝha), fus`udnra (eurarh, `ijtrn`Ȝhh snu trafir), rasphrntirhh (s`urtnran rasphrnȜhah, sajznȜha ea êja` Șh subi`nra), brhsinja, nfirȜandĀ. Ehj tinta n`astan razudtĀ `Ā njxhatntan pinta npĀran êj njufhta fifajta nda axhstajȜah, `nra ju sa êjs`rhu êj sbarn tudmurĀrhdir njxhinsa, n pshgipntidiohah. Êj njufhta dhfhta, êjorhcirnran, `n stnra ipusĀ hjehbarajȜah Șh japĀsĀrhh, asta ja`asnrĀ pajtru n enptnra ipthfĀ3 n ju njth`hpn `ijsa`hjȜada bnptuduh ea n ju stuehn pajtru uj axnfaj, nda =7
@ghrhȜĀ, N., [shgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh, @urs, =;;8
>0
bnptuduh ea n êjtírzhn dn priornf pinta êjsafjn jan`ghtnran ea imdhonȜhh Șh `ijsa`hjȜa jaeirhta fnh ornva ea`ít sn`rhbh`hud ea n bn`a `aan `a asta ja`asnr. Hfpdh`nran, prhvhje n`thvhtĀȜhda `a urfanzĀ, oajaranzĀ i stnra afiȜhijndĀ ea ironjhznra pravajthvĀ (nuti`ijtridud tafparnfajtnd Șh bn`tirud `ijȘthhj`hizhtnta `uprhjs eeaa fieadada ea thp Mho Bhva) `nra prasupuja ironjhznran pajtru êjeapdhjhran noajeah vhhtinra enr ju prai`upnran axnoarntĀ Șh sum birfn ujir tafarh ehspripirȜhijnta. ]ahasa ea nsafajan bnptud `Ā njxhatntan npnrȜhja `ífpuduh `ífpuduh vhaȜhh nba`thva Șh prhj urfnra n`anstn pinta bh `nrn`tarhzntĀ prhj priprhatĀȜhda ea `nra ehspuj pri`asada nba`thva3 - [idnrhtntan - `nrn`tarud pdĀ`ut snu japdĀ`ut, stajh` (fimhdhzntir) snu nstajh` (eafimhdhzntir snu hjghmhtir), êj`irent (tajshijnd) snu easthjs (radnxnjt)< - Hjtajshtntan - hjeh`Ā birȜn, tĀrhn, Șh pribujzhfan pa `nra i nra dn uj fifajt ent trĀhra n nba`thvĀ.0. Eabhjhran Eabhjhran Șh spa`hbh`ud pri`asadir pri`asadir nba`t nba`thva hva
Nba`thvhtntan raujařta njsnfmdud pri`asadir nba`thva3 afiŠhh, ehspizhŠhh, sajthfajta, pnshujh< nba`thvhtntan raprazhjtĀ bijeud Șh dnturn ajaroath`Ā n vhaȜhh pshgh`a n hjehvheuduh enr Șh n `ifpirtnfajtuduh n`astuhn êj rnpirt `u shja snu `u faehud si`hnd ehj `nra bn`a pnrta. Êj nbnrĀ ea sursn ajaroath`Ā pajtru n`thvhtntan hjehvheuduh, afiȜhhda nu `n buj`Ȝha ea mnzĀ pujaran ironjhsfuduh êj n`ire `u shtunȜhn Șh ea`h ea n raodn `ifpir tnfajtud tnfajtud ufnj. ‚[ri`asada nba`thva sujt stĀrh snu trĀhrh sumha`thva `nra rabda`tĀ radnȜhhda ifuduh `u dufan êj`ijcurĀtinra Șh fĀsurn êj `nra ja`ashtĀȜhda duh hjtarja sujt snu ju snthsbĀ`uta.‖=8 PtĀrhda nba`thva jaonthva ‚pra`uf brh`n, eaprashn, Șh burhn, pit bn`a êj nȘn bad êj`ít vhnȜn 0; jinstrĀ sĀ bha uj `ghj.‖ PtĀrhda nba`thva pit fithvn `ifpirtnfajtud3 i stnra ea tanfĀ pinta eatarfhjn `ifpirtnfajta ea avhtnra, eapĀrtnra snu duptĀ. Ea nsafajan, i afiȜha, i ehspizhȜha pizhthvĀ pinta sĀ bha uj s`ip êj shja, `ifpirtnfajtud urfĀrhje randhznran n`astahn. ,,AfiŠhhda sujt stĀrh nba`thva `nra nu trah `ifpijajta3 ujn `iojhthvĀ, ujn bhzhidioh`Ā řh ujn `ifpirtnfajtndĀ‖.0> Brh`n npnra, ea imh`ah, `n rĀspujs dn i nfajhjŠnra řh hfpdh`Ā `ujinřtaran bnptuduh `Ā axhstĀ i nfajhjŠnra, uj parh`id. Ehj puj`t ea vaeara bhzhidioh`, sa fnjhbastĀ dn jhvadud shstafuduh jarvis vaoatnthv prhj mĀtĀh rnphea ea hjhfĀ, rasphrnŠha n``adarntĀ, trnjsphrnŠha řh tajshuja
=8
NjhȜah, F., Bujenfajtada pshgidiohah , Aehturn
htnrĀ, Mu`uraȘth, =;>;, p. 080. QjhvarshtnrĀ, Qjhvars
0; Hmheaf =;
0>
=;
Hmheaf
>5
fus`udnrĀ. @ifpirtnfajtnd, n`anstĀ stnra prasupuja tajehjŠn ea n avhtn snu ea n s`Āpn ea n`anstĀ shtunŠha parh`udinsĀ. N`thvhtntan ufnjĀ, `n birfĀ ea axhstajȜĀ n pshgh`uduh, raprazhjtĀ i radnȜha êjtra ironjhsf Șh faehu, êj `nra nra di` uj `ijsuf ajaroath`, nvíje i bhjndhtnta nenptnthvĀ. Bhjndhtntan, s`ipud n`thvhtĀȜhh asta hzvirít ehjtr-i fithvnȜha parsijndĀ snu si`hndĀ `nra asta asajȜhndĀ pajtru mujn ah easbĀȘurnra Șh `nra ja`ashtĀ axhstajȜn ujuh supirt ajaroath`. PhtunȜhhda-sthfud prasupuj i ran`Ȝha bnȜĀ ea n`Ȝhujan bn`tirhdir parturmntirh, `aan `a ja`ashtĀ n`thvnran ntít n ujir fhcdin`a hjtada`tunda enr Șh n`thvnran, stru`turnran, ehstrhmuhran ajaroath`Ā n ironjhsfuduh, tajshijnran snu eatajshijnran `u ncutirud pri`asadir nba`thva. Êj radnȜhn `u faehud sĀu, ifud ju sa rnpirtanzĀ hjehbarajt dn randhtnta3 imha`tada, bajifajada, avajhfajtada `nra n`ȜhijanzĀ nu uj a`iu, i razijnjȜĀ êj `ijȘthhjȜn ufnjĀ, trazas` dn vhnȜĀ tramuhjȜa, stnmhdhjeu-sa rnpirturh ea `ij`irenjȜĀ snu ja`ij`irenjȜĀ nda `Ārir aba`ta sujt pri`asada nba`thva. UrĀhrhda nba`thva sa `ijsthtuha `n bhhje nspa`tud sumha`thv nd pri`asadir nba`thva hnr nspa`tud imha`thv birfanzĀ radnȜhhda nba`thva3 fnjhbastĀrh ironjh`a, `ifpirtnfajtud afiȜhijnd Șh axprashhda afiȜhijnda. Ppa`hbh`ud pri`asadir nba`thva asta bnptud `Ā êj radnȜhn ifuduh -sumha`t `u imha`tud, pa prhf pdnj ju sujt ntít êjsuȘhrhda imha`tuduh `ít vndinran snu safjhbh`nȜhn pa `nra i nra n`astn pajtru sumha`t. Imha`tud ju nra vndinra nba`thvĀ êj shja, ad `npĀtĀ vndinra jufnh êj rnpirt `u fithvnȜhhda sumha`tuduh3 ujudêjȘhfifajta n`adnȘh imha`t prieu`a trĀhrh nba`thva dn fnhparsinjĀ. fudta parsinja, n`adnȘh imha`t prieu`a, ehbarhta, ehbarhta, stĀrh nba`thva nb a`thva ehbarhtaehbarhta dn n`aanȘh Bha`nra hjehvhe rabda`tĀ êj fie priprhu shtunȜhhda ea vhnȜĀ. Qj ndt adafajt spa`hbh` pri`asadir nba`thva, spra eaisamhra, ea axafpdu ea pri`asada `iojhthva, asta bnptud `Ā nba`thvhtntan, `n njsnfmdu nd pri`asadir nba`thva, asta i vhmrnȜha n sumha`tuduh êj dufan sn, vhmrnȜha `ij`ifhtajt ironjh`Ā, `iojhthvĀ `i ojhthvĀ Șh `ifpirtnfajtndĀ. [ri`asada nba`thva nu `npn`htntan ea n sa axtarhirhzn prhj prhj fiehbh`Ārh ironjh`a, `ijeuhtĀ afiȜhijndĀ, axprashh afiȜhijnda pra`uf Șh javihn ea n `ifujh`n trĀhrhda nba`thva. Fiehbh`Ārhda ironjh`a `nra nu di` êj pri`asada nba`thva sujt êj spa`hnd fiehbh`Ārh ea jnturĀ vaoatnthvĀ3 nfpdhbh`nran snu ehfhjunran rhtfuduh rasphrnȜhah, vnsi`ijstrh`Ȝha, vnsiehdntnȜha, tngh`nreha, `raȘtaran `ijeu`thmhdhtĀȜhh ada`trh`a n phadhh, ghpitijha snu ghpartijha fus`udnrĀ, trafurud, `raȘtaran sa`raȜhah sueirhpnra Șh dn`rhfnda, fiehbh`Ārh nda `ifpizhȜhah `ghfh`a n síjoaduh, fiehbh`Ārh girfijnda. 0= Nba`thvhtntan `ijsthtuha tajshujanba`thva n êjtraouduh ironjhsf `u aba`ta rasphjoara, ea `Āutnrasasnu avhtnra. `n [ri`asada `ijsthtuha ‚razijnjȜn dufhheaêjntrnoara sumha`t‖snu , nrfijhznran snu `ijbdh`tud hjehvheuduh `u dufan snu `u shja, `u nfmhnjȜn axtarhinrĀ, `u ironjhsfud sĀu priprhu, `u avajhfajtada prazajtuduh enr Șh `u `ada nfhjthta snu hfnohjnta. ‚ [rn`th`, ju axhstĀ bajifaj pshgh` `u `nra pri`asada nba`thva sĀ ju sa nbda êj hjtarn`Ȝhuja snu hjtareapajeajȜĀ‖00. [rhj `nrn`tarud sĀu praojnjt sumha`thv nba`thvhtntan asta nspa`tud pshgh` `ad fnh daont ea parsijndhtnta, prhj hjtarfaehud `Āruhn ifud êȘh fnjhbastĀ fnjhbastĀ `nrn`tarud sĀu parsijnd, ujh`htntan sn.
>.5 Uairhhda nba`thvhtĀȜhh
0= Javanju, 00
=0
[.[., [shgidioha, Mu`uraȘth Mu`uraȘth,, AE[, >88, p. >;7.
Hmheaf
>1
AfiŠhhda05 nu `ifpijajta pshgidioh`a, shtunŠhijnda řh `iojhthva. ‚Uairhn `ifujĀ êj daoĀturĀ `u afiŠhhda asta n`aan `ijbirf `Ārahn sa êjtífpdĀ `avn (npnra i shtunŠha), `nra asta par`aputĀ êjtr -uj njufht bad (hjtarpratntĀ) ea parsinjn raspa`thvĀ, `n fnh npih sĀ npnrĀ stnran afiŠhijndĀ (i `ifmhjnŠha êjtra ea`dnjřnra řh oíjeurh).‖01 @ijbirf tairhah duh Cnfas-Dnjoa, afiŠhhda ju sujt i `nuzĀ `h uj rĀspujs dn njufhta avajhfajta3 njufhŠh sthfudh ea`dnjřanzĀ êj fie hjsthj`thv njufhta fieada ea ax`htnŠhh pajtru n bn`a bnŠĀ dn eiuĀ fiendhtĀŠh ea npĀrnra- buon snu duptn. Nstbad, jh sa bn`a br h`Ā h`Ā pajtru `Ā buohf. [rhj urfnra, par`apŠhn ntrnoa eupĀ shja fiehbh`Ārh bhzhidioh`a, hnr `ijřthhjŠn n`astirn `ijsthtuha `aan `a jufhf afiŠha, afiŠhhda bhhje einr raprazajtĀrh `iojhthva nda rĀspujsurhdir pshgidioh`a řh `ifpirtnfajtnda nutifnta. N`anstĀ tairha ntrhmuha i safjhbh`nŠha binrta fh`Ā `iojhŠhah `n buj`Šha enr sa nbdĀ êj `ij`irenjŠĀ `u hpitazn baae- mn`luduh mn`luduh bn`hnd řh suoaranzĀ bnptud `Ā sujtaf `npnmhdh sĀ ja s`ghfmĀf sajthfajtada prhj fiehbh`nran `ifpirtnfajtuduh Uairhn @njij-Mnre `ijshearĀ `Ā afiŠhhda n`ifpnjhnzĀ rĀspujsud bhzh`, uj njufht avajhfajt ea`dnřanzĀ uj rĀspujs bhzh` (ax`htnra řh n`Šhuja) řh trĀhran ujah afiŠhh êj n`adnřh thfp. Ntuj`h `íje uj avajhfajt asta par`aput (pri`asnt ea `rahar), `rahar `raharud ud shfudanzĀ n`thvhtnt n`thvhtntan an nutijifĀ řh fus`udnrĀ (ax`htnr (ax`htnraa řh n`Šhuja) enr řh n`thvhtntan `iojhthvĀ (trĀhran (trĀhran afiŠhah). Bnpt Bnptud ud `Ā rĀspujsud bhzh` řh afiŠhn sa fnjhbastĀ shfudtnj raprazhjtĀ uj puj`t sdnm nd n`astah tairhh. Uairhhda `iojhthvhsta nsuprn afiŠhhdir sa `ij`ajtranzĀ nsuprn pri`asuduh ea trn jsfhtara n hjbirfnŠhah3 avajhfajtud hjeu`tir asta fnh êjtíh ra`aptnt hnr fnh npih hjtarpratnt. EupĀ `a n bist hjtarpratnt, adhjtarjĀ asta `iehbh`nt řh trnjspus êjtr -i birfĀpajtru ea raprazajtnra Êj buj`Šha ea n`anstĀ raprazajtnra sa neiptĀ uj pdnj ea praoĀthra n n`Šhijn hjtarjĀ. êjtr -uj -uj njufht bad urfíje `n eupĀ n`anstn sĀ sa bn`Ā i avndunra n nenptĀrhh dn shtunŠhn raspa`thvĀ. Uairhhda `iojhthvhsta n``ajtuanzĀ ridud bn`tiruduh `iojhthv3 hjtarpratnran shtunŠhah nra ridud ea n eatarfhjn nspa`tud sumha`thv řh thpud ea afiŠha hfpdh`nta. P. P`gn`gtar susŠhja `Ā afiŠhhda nu bha`nra uj fiead oajarnd ea ax`htnŠha bhzh`Ā hnr ath`gatn `nra asta ntrhmuhtĀ ujah stĀrh afiŠhijnda eaphjea êj fnra pnrta ea fiendhtntan priprha ea par`apara n shtunŠhah, ehj puj`t ea vaear a `iojhthv. Avndunran `iojhthvĀ sa mnzanzĀ pa fnh fudŠh bn`tirh3 fieud priprhu ea par`apŠha nsuprn avajhfajtadir, fieud êj `nra nd ndŠh Šh infajh rĀspuje dn n`adanřh avajhfajta. 02 ]imart Sncij` `ijshearĀ `Ā afiŠhn asta i ajthtnta hjeapajeajtĀ, nutijifĀ `nra ju p inta bh raeusĀ dn shfpdn `iojhŠha, `iojhŠha, hnr afiŠhn nra i dnturĀ ehbarhtĀ ehbarhtĀ `ifpdat ea n`anstn. Nroufajtada `u `nra řh-n susŠhjut tairhn3 -ran`Šhhda nba`thva sa prieu` êjtr -uj -uj thfp fnh s`urt ea`ít ran`Ȝhhda `iojhthva, `nra prazhjtĀ stĀrh dntajta fnh - ran` Šhhdadujoh< nba`thva i`upĀ uj rid fnh hfpirtnjt êj aviduȜhn spa`hah ea`ít êj aviduȜhn hjehvheuduh3 afiȜhn pra`aeĀ `iojhȜhn> =;>0, gttp3//www.pjns.iro/`ijtajt/>>>/=/252.budd.peb, www.pjns.iro/`oh/eih/>;.>;?0/pjns.>0=>225>>>, www.pjns.iro/`oh/eih/>;.>;?0/pjns.>0=>225>>>, NJAWN 0. 01 NjhȜah, F., Bujenfajtada pshgidiohah , Mu`uraȘth, Aehturn QjhvarshtnrĀ, =;>;, p. 080. 02 NjhȜah, F., Bujenfajtada pshgidiohah , Mu`uraȘth, Aehturn QjhvarshtnrĀ, =;>;
>2
L. P`garar asta nutirud ujuh fiead `iojhthvhst ,,Fieadud prisasadir `ifpijajta‖, êj `nra susŠhja `Ā ,,trĀhran afiŠhjndĀ asta i stnra ea `ijřthajthznra n ujir birfa ea sstnra‖, tnra‖, nda ujah sarhh ea sumshstafa ea3 nshstajŠĀ, n`Šhuja, hjbirfnra, raodnra řh fijhtirhznra. Dn uj fifajt ent, tinta bnŠatada prazajtnta ea uj sumshstaf sujt trntnta ea i buj`Šha avndunthvĀ, hnr razudtntud eatarfhjĀ jnturn řh hjtajshtntan afiŠhah. J. Brhcen n ajujŠnt `n prhj`hphh prhj`hphh nda afiŠhhdir3 - prhj`hphud n`thvhtĀŠhh radnŠhijnda - n`thvhtntan radnŠhijndĀ stnmhdařta, ehfhjuanzĀ snu janoĀ radnŠhhda bhzh`a řh `iojhthva nda sumha`tuduh řh faehuduh êj `nrta n`astn trĀhařta, pajtru a`astn uthdhzíje di`ifiŠhn, fiehbh`Ārhda `irpirnda řh nenptĀrhda sajzirhnda. - prhj`hphud abh`n`htĀȜhh hjtarn`thva - i sarha ea `ifpirtnfajta axprashva pit bh êjȜadasa `n n`Ȝhujh nda sumha`tuduh `nra nu `n s`ip fiehbh`nran radnȜhhdir pa `nra da nra `u faehud êj `nra trĀhaȘta, prhj n`Ȝhijnran nsuprn `ifpirtnfajtadir ndtir hjehvhzh< - prhj`hphud n`thvĀrhh - ujada `ifpirtnfajta axprashva pit bh êjȜadasa `n fnjhbastĀrh ea n`thvnra `ifpirtnfajtndĀ snu ea ehfhjunra n n`astah n`thvĀrh, `n irhajtnra Șh praoĀthra hjtajȜhijndĀ pajtru nȜhuja, abirt snu rĀspuj< - prhj`hphud hjghmhȜhah - ujada `ifpirtnfajta sujt razudtnt nd hjghmhȜhah snu nd n`Ȝhujhh. Axprashhda bn`hnda rabda`tĀ stĀrhda afiȜhijnda trĀhta, stĀrh `nra enu jnȘtara ujir fieada ea n`thvhtnta ada`trh`Ā, hj hjtarhirud fuȘ`ghdir bn`hndh Șh êj `rahar. Hpi tazn baae- mn`luduh mn`luduh bn`hnd susȜhja `Ā radnȜhn `nuzndĀ ehjtra afiȜhh Șh axprashvhtntan baȜah pit buj`Ȝhijn Șh êj sajs ipus.
Axprashhda bn`hnda`Ānbarajta `Ā shfȜhf afiȜhh pajtru oíjehf.trĀhrhh afiȜhhdir nu `nrn`tar ujhvarsnd, `iojhthvhȘthh `ijshearíje >.1.
F ithvnȜha ithvnȜha Șh nba`thvhtnta
FithvnȜhn asta uj fa`njhsf pshgh` raodntir nd `ifpirtnfajtuduh `a stĀ dn mnzn `ifpirtnfajtuduh. ]Āspujzíje êjtramĀrhh ea `a n`ŠhijanzĀ `hjavn êjtr -uj -uj njufht fie, `ujis`êjeu-h sbarn fithvnŠhah asta pishmhdĀ praeh`Šhn `ifpirtnfajtuduh sĀu vhhtir. FithvnŠhn ja parfhta n``asud dn parsijndhtntan hjehvheuduh. FithvnȜhn npnra `n uj pri`as `ifpdax, `nra vhzanzĀ i `ntaoirha ea sthfudh hjtarjh, ea jnturĀ mhidioh`Ā, bhzhidioh`Ā snu pshgidioh`Ā, `nra n`ȜhijanzĀ ehj hjtarhir êj vhrtutan ujah stĀrh ea ja`ashtnta hjehbarajt `ít ea sibhsth`ntĀ asta asta tramuhjȜn raspa`t raspa`thvĀ. hvĀ. Ptnran ea tramuhjȜĀ sa axprhfĀ prhj n`thvhtĀȜh ea n`thvnra, sajshmhdhznra sada`thvĀ, axpa`tnjȜa Șh hfmide. Gajry Furrny0? `ijshearn `Ā stĀrhda hjtarja ea eaza`ghdhmru sujt `ada `nra eatarfhjĀ `ifpirtnfajtud řh `Ā parsijndhtntan asta eatarfhjntĀ ea javihda sa`ujenra. ]h`gnre Pidifij n eazvidtnt i tairha n fithvnȜhah Șh afiȜhah (tairhn pri`asadir ipijajta) prhj `nra eas`rhn afiȜhhda `n nbdíjeu-sa êj para`gh ipusa (tanfĀ -radnxnra, pdĀ`ara-eurara) Șh `ijshearn `Ā ntuj`h `íje i afiȜha sa fnjhbastĀ, `andndtĀ asta suprhfntĀ. Nstbad i ran`Ȝha afiȜhijndĀ asta urfntĀ ea ipusn ah ntuj`h `íje `ijehȜhhda `nra da-nu ea`dnjȘnt sa s`ghfmĀ. Uairhn sthfudĀrhh (E.A.Mardyja) nra dn mnzĀ heaan `Ā bha`nra parsinjĀ nra priprhud sĀu jhvad ea sthfudnra dn `nra sa shfta mhja Șh dn `nra pinta parbirfn, hnr sthfudnran tramuha sĀ sa prieu`Ā dn uj jhvad ipthf pajtru nbh majabh`Ā hjehvheuduh. Fieadud fithvnȜhah pripus ea M. Sòroò axpdh`Ā tra`aran ea dn tramuhjȜĀ dn fithv. Pthfudhh hjtarjh `nra safjndhzanzĀ npnrhȜhn ujuh eabh`ht êj radnȜhn ironjhsfuduh `u faehud eamutanzĀ prhjtr
0?
Npue NjhȜah, F., Bujenfajtada pshgidiohah, Mu`uraȘth, Aehturn QjhvarshtnrĀ, =;>;
>?
i tramuhjȜĀ. N`anstĀ tramuhjȜĀ sa axprhfĀ prhjtr -uj hfpuds (stnra ea ax`htnmhdhtnta nfpdĀ, ehbuzĀ, oajarndhzntĀ, `u aba`t ea ndnrfnra) `nra raprazhjtĀ uj safjnd ea n`thvnra. Pafjndud asta pradunt ea hjtajȜha Șh npnra i prhfĀ birfĀ ea `ijȘthajthznra prhj varmndhznra, sumha`tud randhzanzĀ `nra asta `nuzn ndnrfĀrhh ironjh`a. Êj `ijthjunra sa hfpuja vndajȜn, `n êj`Ār`ĀturĀ nba`thv -`iojhthvĀ pa `nra i nra imha`tud, stnran fajhtĀ ȘĀ snthsbn`Ā tramuhjȜn sa avnduanzĀ safjud vndajȜah (pizhthv snu jaonthv) Șh sa ea`hea easpra snthsbn`aran tramuhjȜah. Qdthfud sthfud hjtarj asta tajehjȜn, êj `nra sumha`tud fnjhbastĀ i irhajtnra spra snthsbn`aran tramuhjȜah, dn `npĀtud pri`asuduh nbdíjeu -sa fithvud. [rhj fithv, tramuhjȜn asta `ijȘthajthzntĀ Șh sa adnmiranzĀ s`ipud. Fieadud `adir pntru shstafa fithvnȜhijnd - nba`thva, `ijshearĀ urfĀtinrada3 burhn, mu`urhn, trhstaȜan Șh brh`n. [it bh fajȜhijnta `ítavn parspa`thva ea `ijshearnra n brh`hh3 - ]an`Ȝhhda bhzh`a ea spnhfĀ raprazhjtĀ uj shstaf ea nvarthznra fajht sĀ ja ntrnoĀ ntajȜhn nsuprn faehuduh Șh sĀ ja bn`Ā fnh vhohdajȜh (`urajtud `ifpirtnfajtndhst)< - Brh`n nra s`ipud ea n ja pritacn Șh ea n ja ibarh fnh fudtĀ shournjȜĀ, prhj njth`hpnran Șh nfpdhbh`nran afiȜhah Șh n nspa`tadir ja`ujis`uta, javĀzuta Șh `ghnr hfpar`apthmhda pajtru n ja puja êj onreĀ Șh pajtru n ja nshourn. @ajtrud ea `iireijnra bujenfajtndĀ pajtru tanfĀ asta shtunt êj ju`daud nfhoendhnj, êj dimud tafpirnd ehj zijn dntarndĀ n `irtaxuduh `aramrnd< axthrpnran n`astah zija bn`a hfpishmhdĀ npnrhȜhn brh`hh. asta i afiȜha spa`hbh`Ā prhfacehah par`apȜhah nsuprn nfajhjȜĀrhh. Brh`n asta êjsiȜhtĀ Brh`n ea fiehbh`Ārh bhzhidioh`a hjeusa ea `Ātra Șh shstafud jarvis shfpnth` (`nra êfpraujĀ `u shstafud pnrnshfpnth` `ijsthtuha shstafud jarvis nutijif, hjeapajeajt ea vihjȜn jinstrĀ) Șh ea `Ātra nerajndhjĀ Șh jirnerajndhjĀ, `nra n`ȜhijanzĀ nsuprn êjtraouduh ironjhsf êj prazajȜn brh`hh. [rhj urfnra, buj`Ȝhhda nenptnthva ran`Ȝhah ea spnhfĀ sujt3 -Avhtnran snu dhftnran pnoumadir< -[raoĀthran pajtru n ran`Ȝ ran`Ȝhijn hijn êj bnȜn `nuzah ea`dnjȘĀrhh br brh`hh h`hh prhj buoĀ buoĀ snu prhj razidvnran primdafah (bhogt, bdhogt ir braaza). AxhstĀ trah thpurh ea tafarh3 êjjĀs`uta, jnturnda Șh `udturnda. Midh nsi`hnta brh`hh n. Bimhhda sujt fndnehh pshgidioh`a nsi`hnta brh`hh Șh sa fnjhbastĀ `n i brh`Ā hj`ijtridnmhdĀ bnȜĀ ea uj du`ru snu bnȜĀ ea i shtunȜha. Bimhhda pit bh êj`nernta êj trah `ntaoirhh3 bimhh spa`hbh`a, bimhn si`hndĀ Șh ntn`urhda ea pnjh`Ā. [njh`n (ea dn zaud [nj) easafjanzĀ uj pusau mrus` Șh n`ut ea tarinra. [shgipntidiohh `ijshearĀ `Ā njxhatntan, bimhhda Șh ntn`urhda ea pnjh`Ā raprazhjtĀ brh`h `u `nrn`tar hrnȜhijnd. m. Ptrasud pist-trnufnth` ([UPE pisttrnufnth` strass ehsirear) eimíjeht êj urfn ujah axparhajȜa trnufnthznjta< fnh asta `ijshearnt Șh `n i bimha axparhfajtndĀ eainra`a parsinjn trnufnthzntĀ eazvidtĀ i brh`Ā hjtajsĀ bnȜĀ ea i shtunȜha `nra êh ranfhjtaȘta ea `hr`ufstnjȜada Și`uduh pshgidioh` subarht. Êj vhnȜn parsijndĀ Șh pribashijndĀ, infajhh êj`anr`Ā sĀ êȘh `ijtridaza afiȜhhda êj s`ipurh nenptnthva. Hjabh`n`htntan snu aȘa`ud fa`njhsfadir ea npĀrnra snu ea nenptnra oajaranzĀ njxhatntan snu njoinsn, hnr en`Ā n`asta stĀrh nu i hjtajshtnta pran fnra snu sa `rijh`hzanzĀ ntuj`h sa pinta n cujoa dn i ndtĀ stnra, strasud.
>7
>.2.@ífpud bajifajidiohah njxhinsa
‚AfiȜhn brh`hh tramuha ehbarajȜhntĀ ea njxhatnta‖073 brh`n asta i ran`Ȝha eatarfhjntĀ ea i shtunȜha ea randĀ prhfaceha, êj thfp `a njxhatntan sa rabarĀ dn njth`hpnran ujah prhfacehh prasupusĀ snu hfhjajtĀ< brh`n nra uj imha`t `dnr `nra i eatarfhjĀ, njxhatntan ju nra uj imha`t axn`t nsuprn `Āruhn sa `ij`ajtranzĀ Șh nra fnjhbastĀrh pshgidioh`a (orhchda Șh jadhjhȘtan). Njxhatntan bn`a pnrta ehj `ntaoirhn stĀrhdir thfarh`a (ndĀturh ea njoinsĀ, brh`Ā, tanfĀ, spnhfĀ, jadhjhȘta, tarinra, spnhfĀ at`.) nvíje êj `ifuj trĀhran ea jnturĀ pshgibhzhidioh`Ā. N`asta stĀrh sa eaisamas` prhj prhj hjtajshtntan ehbarhtĀ Șh prhj êfpracurĀrhda êj `nra sa fnjhbastĀ. Njoinsn asta i birfĀ ea njxhatnta fncirĀ, `nra sa fnjhbas fnjhbastĀ tĀ sifnth`, `u shfptifa vaoatnthva, spra eaisamhra ea njxhatnta `nra asta ea jnturĀ pshgh`Ā. P-n `ijshearnt, ea titeanujn, `Ā njxhatntan asta uj bajifaj afiȜhijnd j aonthv, `nra npnra bra`vajt ntít êj vhnȜn jirfndĀ `ít Șh êj pntidiohn sifnth`Ā Șh pshgh`Ā. Ehj `ífpud bajifajidiohah bajifajidiohah njxhinsa, Braue n eadhfhtnt ‚javrizn njxhinsĀ, nvíje erapt `ifpijajtĀ pshgh`Ā hfh hfhjajȜn jajȜn ujuh 08 parh`id, nfajhjȜnran, hrhtnmhdhtntan, s`Āearan `npn`htĀȜhh ea `ij`ajtrnra‖ . Ea nsafajan sa ntrĀoan ntajȜhn nsuprn pishmhdhtĀȜhh `n njxhatntan `rijh`Ā sĀ ean jnȘtara dn bimhh Șh imsashh, `u `ijehȜhn `n ‚trnjspizhȜhn stĀrhh nba`thva‖ 5; sĀ parfhtĀ njxhatĀȜhh sĀ sa `updaza `u bn`tirh spa`hbh`h axtarjh (shtunȜhijndh) snu hjtarjh (heantirhh). Njxhatntan `n axprasha pshgipntidioh`Ā sa ehbarajȜhnzĀ `n `njthtnthv jthtnthv ea njxhatntan jirfn jirfndĀ, dĀ, prhj hjtajshtntan, eurntn, bra`vajȜn Șh ax`asud sĀu enr êj spa`hnd prhj fieud êj `nra n`anstn hjtarbaranzĀ `u parbirfnjȜn ujuh hjehvhe. Njxhatntan, bhhje easprhjsĀ ea `ij`rat, asta priha`tntĀ êj fie pashfhst spra uj vhhtir `ijshearnt n bh êj`Ār`nt ea surprhza jaonthva, `u safjhbh`nȜhh hfpdn`nmhda Șh nstbad njxhatntan asta fnh fudt pitajȜhndĀ en`ít n`tundĀ Șh ujairh ujai rh fnh fudt oíjehtĀ ea`ít trĀhtĀ. Pa `ijshearĀ `Ā ‚njxhatntan nthjoa hjtajshtnta `dhjh`Ā bha `íje s`ne rnjenfajtud Șh `npn`htntan ea nenptnra (êj javriza), bha `íje eazironjhzanzĀ `ijeuhtn, `ijsthtuhje bujendud priph`a pajtru eazvidtnran ujir adafajta pshgith`a.‖5> Êj spa`trud ea hpistnza jirfnda Șh pntidioh`a êj `nra njxhatntan npnra `n ujn ehjtra trĀhrhda `ada fnh bra`vajta nda vhaȜhh, êj ‚@dnshbh`nthij ib Njxhaty‖ 5=, pajtru shstafnthznra, [. Uyrar n pripus phrnfhen ehj bhourn =.
07
NjhȜah, F., Bujenfajtada pshgidiohah , Mu`uraȘth, Aehturn QjhvarshtnrĀ, =;>;, p. 080 [raeas`u, R., [shghntrha, Mu`uraȘth, Aehturn Aehturn Faeh`ndĀ,>878, p.>7?. 5; 0; Hmheaf 5> Hmheaf 0;, p.>77. 5= Aehturn Faeh`ndĀ,>878, p.>77. Npue [raeas`u, R., [shghntrha, Mu`uraȘth, Aehturn
08
>8
[shgiza eazhjtaornthva, hj`dushv s`ghzibrajhn [shgiza hjtaornthva(jaehsi`hnthva) fnjhn`i-eaprashva, pnrnjihea Eaprashh (japshgith`a) Bimhh, imsashh, hstarha, ghpi`ijerha, tudmurĀrh sifntibirfa
Njxhatnta
Bho. =. [hrnfhen njxhatĀȜhh `dhjh`a >.7 @ dnshbh`Ārhda dnshbh`Ārhda njxhatĀȜhh
AxhstĀ eiuĀ shstafa ea ehnojisth` uthdhznta êj êjtranon dufa êj ehnojisth`nran tudmurĀrhdir pshgh`a, hfpdh`ht n tudmurĀrhdir njxhinsa3 - Fnjundud ea Ehnojisth` Șh Ptnthsth`Ā n UudmurĀrhdir Fajtnda `ujis`ut sum jufada ea EPF, adnmirnt ea Nsi`hnȜhn Nfarh`njĀ ea [shghntrha< EPF-R, `an fnh jiuĀ aehȜha n npĀrut êj =;>0. - @dnshbh`nran HjtarjnȜhijndĀ n Midhdir (Hjtarjnthijnd @dnsshbh`nthij ib Ehsansas) shstaf adnmirnt ea IronjhznȜhn FijehndĀ n PĀjĀtĀȜhh, mhja `ujis`utn ), H@E< Bha`nra tudmurnra njxhinsĀ nra `rhtarhh ea ehnojisth` `nra tramuha êjeapdhjhta pajtru `n ehnojisth`ud sĀ pintĀ pintĀ bh pus. E.P.F. HHH-], ehsthjoa eiuĀ birfa ea mnzĀ nda tudmur Ārhh njxhinsa3 n) Ptnrhda njxhinsa< . m) Uudmur Ārhda Ārhda ea thp bimha3 bimha sshfpdĀ, hfpdĀ, bimha si`hndĀ< Ptnrhda njxhinsa `uprhje3 • tudmurnrh ea thp pnjh`n< • tudmurnrh njxhinsa oajarndhznta< • tudmurnrh imsashv-`ifpudshva< • tudmurnra pist-trnufnth`Ā ea strass. @ijbirf EPF-R3 Njxhaty Ehsirears3 Papnrnthij Njxhaty Ehsirear< Pada`thva Futhsf< Ppa`hbh` [gimhn, Pi`hnd Njxhaty Ehsirear (Pi`hnd [gimhn)< [njh` Ehsirear< [njh` Nttn`l (Ppa`hbhar)< Noirnpgimhn< Oajarndhzae Njxhaty Ehsirear Imsasshva-@ifpudshva nje ]adntae Ehsirears Urnufn- nje Ptrassir-]adntae Ehsirears Pifnth` Pyfptif nje ]adntae Ehsirears (Phfptifa sifnth`a Șh tudmurĀrh nsi`h nta) =;
Hddjass(mindn) Njxhaty Ehsirear IentĀ `u npnrhȜhn EPF-1 êj =;>0, Nsi`hnȜhn Nfarh`njĀ ea [shghntrha n adhfhjnt shstafud fudthnxhnd pajtru tudmurnrh pshgh`a. @rhtarhhda ea ehnojisth` ehj EPF-1 sujt hj fnra pnrta jas`ghfmnt jas`ghfmntaa bnȜĀ ea EPF-HR. Qjhh infajh ncujo dn uj stnehu êj `nra axhstĀ uj ax`as ea njxhatnta sum birfn ujir prai`upĀrh axnoarnta s snu nu tafarh ehspripirthijnta< n`astan sujt tudmurĀrhda njxhinsa. Ehbarajtharan njxhatĀȜhh jirfnda ea `an pntidioh`Ā sa pinta bn`a prhj imsarvnran njxhatĀȜhh êj `aan `a prhvaȘta hjtajshtntan, eurntn, bra`vajȜn Șh fieud êj `nra n`anstn hjtarbaranzĀ `u parbirfnjȜn ujuh hjehvhe pra`uf Șh nea`vnran fithvnȜhijndĀ. Êj njxhatntan pntidioh`Ā orhchda sujt fudt fnh hjtajsa ea`ít `ada pra`ijhznta pajtru fncirhtntan infajhdir êj `ijehȜhh shfhdnr aa,, hnr bha`nra tudmurnra ea njxhatnta sa ehsthjoa, prhjtr-i nrha priprha ea `uprhjeara Șh i sarha ea `nrn`tarhsth`h ehj eifajhud `io `iojhthv. jhthv. [arsinjada `u bimha si`hndĀ nu uj ehs`ijbirt fudt fnh fnra ea`ít faehn êj n`adanȘh `ijtaxta si`hnda, ada sujt fudt fnh sajshmhda dn safjada afiȜhijnda, `iojhthva Șh bhzh`a nda njxhatĀȜhh oajarnta ea shtunȜha. shtunȜha. Ea nsafajan, eurntn ea ehs`ijbirt asta fudt fnh fnra ea`ít `an imsarvntĀ dn sumha`Ȝhh sĀjĀtiȘh. Bimhn si`hndĀ asta `nrn`tarhzntĀ ea oíjeurh prhvhje ra`ajzhhda jaonthva pa `nra ndta parsinja da-nr putan bn`a. [rhj urfnra, eaȘh asta jirfnd `n infajhh sĀjĀtiȘh fhjtnd ju sa shft hfaehnt êj dnroud dir êj faehh pa `nra ju da Șthueamhja, n`ast ehs`ijbirt hjhȜhnd sa ntajuanzĀ ntasta ajuanzĀ `u thfpud. Dn ea parsin jada ea `u bimha si`hndĀ sajthfajtud prhfaceha êj shtunȜhh `n n`astan pradujoht Șh êjsiȜht sajznȜhn hfpishmhdhtnta ea n sa adhmarn ea tajshuja prhj si`hndhznra, sa ea`hea pajtru avhtnra, `aan `a hjtarbaranzĀ `u parbirfnjȜn dir si`hndĀ, `u `ijsa`hjȜa ornva pajtru `ijstru`Ȝhn radnȜhhdir dir si`hnda Șh afiȜhijnda. Êj fie shfhdnr, parsinjada `nra subarĀ ea tudmurĀrh njxhinsa oajarndhznta ( ONE Oajarndhzae Njxhaty Ehsirear ) sujt `ijthjuu earnjcnȜh ea heah ea vhhtir easpra i dufa pitajthnd parh`udinsĀ Șh nu ea subarht ea pa urfn aba`tadir fieuduh dir ea vhnȜĀ `rijh` tajshijnt, tafĀtir, pa bijeud hrhtnmhdhtĀȜhh Șh baduduh ea n bh jafudȜufhȜh3 sĀ sa pdíjoĀ ea n ju putan sĀ sa `ij`ajtraza nsuprn fuj`hh Șh ea n bh êj hfpishmhdhtntan ea n ra radnxn< dnxn< ah nu raputnthn ea n bh ‚tajshijnt‖, ‚strasnt‖, ‚pdh`thshtir‖, "brh`is", ‚pashfhst‖ snu ‚firi`Ājis‖ bnȜĀ ea bnfhdha Șh prhatajh. N`aȘth sumha`th sujt ghparsajshmhdh dn radnȜhhda hjtarparsijnda Șh neasan sa taf sĀ ju `ifhtĀ vrai arinra. a rinra. ‚Uudmur Ārhda njxhinsa oajarndhznta sa `nrn`tarhzanz Ā prhj prazaj Ȝ n ujah tr Āhrh njxhinsa `rijh`a (`u eurntn ea `ad puthj i duj ), ehbuza, `u tr hran npragajshujhh vnoĀ, jaeasduȘhtĀ ) ujuh parh`id hfhjajt. N`anstnĀ stnra pinta bh Āfnr`ntn ea aphsinea(tanfĀ njxhinsa `u 50 `nrn`tar fnh n`ut Șh eaznptnthv.‖ Eainra`a n`asta stĀrh ju nu daontur Ā `u i nfajhjȜnra ehra`t Ā , n`anstn njxhatnta asta `nrn`tarhznt Ā `n bhhje i njxhatnta `nra pdutaȘta. Jhvadud rheh`nt nd êj`irenrhh sa rabda`tĀ êj suprnêj`irenran pisturndĀ Șh oasturndĀ, êj ghparran`thvhtntan dn sthfudhh survajhȜh mrus` snu janȘtaptnt Șh êj fhȘ`nrhda `nra trĀeanzĀ jarvizhtntan. Pumha`thh `nra sub subarĀ arĀ ea tudmurĀrh nnjxhinsa jxhinsa oajarndhznta sa pdíjo bra`vajt ea tajshuja êj zijn oítuduh, `abah, ufarhdir Șh pĀrȜhh suparhinra n spntaduh< ah pit subarh ea ghpartajshuja nrtarhnd n rtarhndĀ, puds n``adarnt, tudmur Ārh rasphrntirhh snu pndphtnthh bnrn vrauj fithv ea jntur Ā bhzhidioh`Ā. Uafarhda Șh bnjtazhhda dir vnoh, `ifmhjnta `u ghparsajshmhdhtntan êh bn` sn sa shftĀ trhȘth Șh eas`urncnȜh. N`aȘth sumha`Ȝh nu ehbh`udtĀȜh êj dunran ea`hzhhdir, hnr eupĀ n`aan sa brnfíjtĀ sĀ ju bh oraȘht. 50
Gideavh`h, H., [shgidiohn tudmurĀrhdir njxhinxa, aehturn @aras, Mu`uraȘth, >887, >887 , p.8
=>
@nje ju rufhjanzĀ primdafada tra`uta, njth`hpanzĀ orautĀȜh Șh primdafa `a nr putan npnran êj vhhtir. Dn `ah `nra nu nvut uj ntn` ea pnjh`Ā sa eazvidtn tanfn `u prhvhra prhvhra dn rhs`ud ea n nvan ndta ntn`urh êj shtunȜhh ehbh`hda. Njxhatntan ehbuzĀ asta puj`tntn ea ntn`urh ea pnjh`Ā `nra euranzĀ ea dn `ntavn sa`ujea píjĀ dn i irĀ snu `ghnr fnh fudt. Uudmurnran ea thp pnjh`Ā sa fnjhbast fnjhbastĀĀ prhj ntn`urh `nra npnr mr mrus`, us`, nu i hjtajshtnta binrta fnra Șh npih ehspnr. Ntít npnrhthn `ít Șh ehspnrhthn dir ju nu i `nuzĀ avheajtĀ. Phfptifntidiohn vnrhnzĀ ea dn hjehvhe dn hjehvhe, hj`duzíje3 pndphtnthh, rasphrntha rnpheĀ Șh sn`nentĀ, trnjsphrnȜhh nmujeajta, nfatadh, pndinran baȜah, javihn ea n urh jn, sajznȜhh ehvarsa êj zijn nmeifhjndĀ. Ea imh`ah, ntn`ud euranzĀ `ítavn fhjuta Șh sa rafhta. Uudmur Ārhda imsashv-`ifpudshva (I@E, Imsasshva @ifpudshva Ehsirear) - n`anstĀ tudmurnra pshgh`Ā `ijstĀ êj oíjeurh imsashva Șh n`Ȝhujh rapaththva, `ifpudshva. Imsashn raprazhjtĀ prai`upnran parshstajtĀ pajtru `avn, uj oíje snu i tr Āhra nba`thvĀ. @ifpudshn asta uj hfpuds spra `avn, pa `nra sumha`tud êH tr ĀhaȘta ĀhaȘta `n hrazhsthmhd. Êj `nzud tudmur Ārhh imsashv-`ifpudshva sumha`Ȝhh sa shft bir ȜnȜh sĀ sa oíjeans`n dn `avn dn `nra ju eiras` s Ā sa oíjeans`Ā, snu sĀ êjtraprhjeĀ n`Ȝhujh pa `nra ju eiras` sn da randhzaza. Ah shft `n `ifpirtnfajtud dir asta hrnȜhijnd enr ju sa pit `ijtridn. Oíjeurhda imsashva sujt oíjeurh `nra sa rapatĀ (ea axafpdu n`adnȘh oíje `Ā asta furenr pa fíhjh,binrta irh`ítvnrhnta3 ea fudtprai`up s-nr spĀdn, ravhjastnran êj fhjtan Heahda imsashva npnrȜhj ujah tafnth`h Ārh pajtru ea sĀujah jĀtntaparsinja). priprha, `ifhtaran ujir n`ta hfirnda, suh`he snu `Āutnran ujir siduȜhh dn primdafa hjsidvnmhda. EaȘh oíjeurhda imsashva ju sujt ea raoud Ā eusa dn êjeapdhjhra, ada raprazhjt Ā i parfnjajtĀ sursĀ ea tirtur Ā pshgh`Ā pajtru hjehvhe. Êj `nzud npnrhthah oíjeurhdir imsashva, pn`hajthh prn`th`Ā rhtundurh imsashva pajtru n praêjtnfphjn prieu`aran avajhfajtuduh. N`tada `ifpudshva pit bh fhjira snu earnjcnjta. ]andhznran n`tuduh `ifpudshv, ea raoudĀ, pinta prieu`a i eas`Ār`nra n tajshujhh pshgh`a (@nrr, >8?>< Gieosij & ]h`gfnj, >8?=)55. En`Ā sumha`tud êj`anr`Ā sĀ razhsta `ifpudshujhh, njxhatntan `raȘta binrta fudt. Uudmurnran imsashv-`ifpudshvĀ asta `ijshearntĀ eaznenptnthvĀ pajtru `Ā sumha`tud easbnȘinrĀ `ifpirtnfajta jarnȜhijnda `nra raeu` bdaxhmhdhtntan `ijeuhtah Șh `npn`htntan ea nuti`ijtrid. Êj `ijbirfhtnta iphjhhda `iojhthva n`tunda eh ehjêj j jauripshgidioha, n`astanutifnta, oíjeurh sujt`nrn`tarhsth`a ea`dnjȘnta, êj njxhatnta, ea njufhta`us`gafa `ursud ujir n`Ȝhujh rĀspujsurhdir priprhh stĀrhdir stĀrhdir thfarh`a ((stnran stnran ea hfimhdhtnta ssnu nu ea ax`htnȜha, `ifpirtnfajtud ea duptĀ snu buoĀ).
55
Gideavh`h, H., [shgidiohn tudmurĀrhdir njxhinxa, aehturn @aras, Mu`uraȘth, >887, >887 , p.>0
==
@N[HUIDQD =. NJWHAUNUAN-U]čPčUQ]č EA
[A] IJNDHUNUA
[arsijndhtntan pinta bh stuehntĀ dn fnh fudta jhvadurh, pirjhje ea dn trĀsĀturh oajarnda píjĀ dn jhvadud oajath` bujenfajtnd, êj`apíje `u axtrnoaran trĀsĀturhdir snda bujenfajtnda ehj `ifpirtnfajtada si`hnda řh axprashhda afiŠhijnda, urfĀrhje fa`njhsfada `ifpirtnfajtnda řh `iojhŠhhda `a faehnzĀ êjvĀŠnran `ifpirtnfajtuduh `imiríje píjĀ dn eatarfhjnjŠhh pshgibhzhidioh`h, mhi`ghfh`h, jauridioh`h řh oajath`h nh si`hnd n`astirřhfa`njhsfa. fa`njhsfa. Nmirenran mhidioh`Ā n parsijndhtĀȜhh nra dn mnzĀ bnptud `Ā mhidioh`ud raprazhjtĀ uj sat `ijshstajt ea bn`tirh `nra ‚bujenfajtanzĀ npnrhȜhn pnttarjurhdir `ifpirtnfajtnda oajarnd-ufnja enr Șh n `adir spa`hbh`-hjehvheunda.‖51 Asta hfpirtnjt ea fajȜhijnt bnptud `Ā êjȜadaoaran pri`asadir jarvi nsa suparhinra (`iojhthva, vidhthva Șh nba`thva), `nra tra` ornjhȜn bhzhidiohah êj eifajhud pshgidiohah, ju asta pishmhdĀ prhj fatiea `urajta nda bhzhidiohah axparhfajtnda Șh n`anstn eainra`a `ada fnh êjndta buj`Ȝhh nda `raharuduh ju nu i di`ndhznra njufa, hnr, shfptifud Șh buj`Ȝhn nsi`hntĀ ujah stru`turh `aramrnda pit sĀ bha du`rurh ehbarhta. Ea nsafajan, `nuzndhtntan ehjtra jhvadurh pinta bh mhehra`ŠhijndĀ3 - stĀrhda `rijh`a sa pit sifnthzn `aan `a vn nba`tn ran`Šhhda `ifpirtnfajtnda udtarhinra< udtarhinra. Njxhatntan- trĀsĀturĀ ea parsijndhtnta =.>.>.
Fieadada trĀsĀturhdir
AsajŠn nmireĀrhh trĀsĀturh trĀsĀturhdir dir n `ijstnt êj prasupujaran `Ā uj `ifpirtnfajt asta eatarfhjnt, êj prhfud ríje, ea trĀsĀturh oajarndhznta stnmhda - praehspizhŠhh pajtru uj njufht `ifpirtnfajt. [arsijndhtntan ujuh sumha`t pinta bh prhvhtĀ `n uj pnttarj ea trĀsĀturh. 51
@raȜu, ].S, @ar`atĀrh n`tunda êj pshgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh, aehturn QjhvarshtnrĀ, Mu`uraȘth, =;>=, p.8 02 Hmheaf
52
=0
@ifpirtnfajtud prazhjtĀ i vnrhnmhdhtnta shtunŠhijndĀ, enr êjtr -uj -uj thfp fnh êjeadujont sa hfpuja imsarvnŠhah i njufhtĀ `ijshstajŠĀ hjtarjĀ3 `ifpirtnfajtud ujuh hjehvhe radavĀ hjvnrhnjta, i njufhtĀ `iarajȜĀ. Ntít vnrhnmhdhtntan shtunŠhijndĀ n `ijeuhtah (`n ja`ashtnta nenptnthvĀ hfpusĀ ea faehu), `ít řh ndtarjnjŠn êj thfp n ridurhdir ujah parsinja sa êjs`rhu êjtr -uj `neru ea radnthvĀ stnmhdhtnta řh `ijshstajŠĀ, `nra `ijbarĀ `ifpirtnfajtuduh, radnŠhhdir snda `u dufan i njufhtĀ heajthtnta, i nfprajtĀ `ifpirtnfajtndĀ. N`anstn trhfhta dn heaan ea parsijndhtnta. I trĀsĀturĀ pshgh`Ā asta i êjsuřhra snu pnrth`udnrhtnta radnthv stnmhdĀ n ujah parsin ja snu n ujuh pri`as pshgh`. [a pdnj `ifpirtnfajtnd, i trĀsĀturĀ asta hjeh`ntĀ ea praehspizhŠhn ea n rĀspujea êj n`adnřh bad dn i vnrhatnta ea sthfudh. [shgidiohh parsijndhtĀŠhh nu bĀ`ut abirturh pajt pajtru ru n stnmhdh fieada nda trĀsĀturhdir řh řh ea n da daon ea pri`asa mhidioh`a spa`hbh`a. Heajthbh`nran ujuh supirt mhidioh` pajtru trĀsĀturhda ea parsijndhtnta nu `ijeus dn adnmirnran ujir fieada pshgimhidioh`a nda parsijndhtĀŠhh3 fieadada pripusa ea Aysaj`l (>821,>88>), Uaddaoaj (>871), @istn & F`@rna(>88=), Su`larfnj (>88>, >885) řh raspa`thv @dijhjoar (>87?,>885). @ij`aptud ea trĀsĀturĀ n parsijndhtĀŠhh n bbist ist pripus ea `Ātra Oireij _. Nd Nddpirt dpirt hnr ]nyfije M. @nttadd n randhznt i njndhzĀ n n`astir trĀsĀturh Șh n heajthbh`nt >2 trĀsĀturh -sursĀ, bn`tirh nh parsijndhtĀŠhh, bha`nra trĀsĀturĀ trĀsĀturĀ nvíje i stru`turĀ mhpidnrĀ ((tastud tastud @nttadd >2 [.B. ). @nttadd fnh randhzanzĀ řh ehsthj`Šhn êjtra trĀsĀturhda ea suprnbnŠĀ řh trĀsĀturhda, bn`tirhhsursĀ. Ehbarhtada parsijndhtnta tnta sujt `ifpdafajtnra entirhtĀ supr npujarhh npujarhh ujir hjbduajŠa ehbarhta. trĀsĀturh ea parsijndh @nttadd virmařta dn ifud jirfnd ea trĀsĀturh ea suprnbnŠĀ, hnr dn midjnvhh pshgh`h ea shjerinfa. Nstbad, njxhatntan, hjea`hzhn řh bimhhda pit sĀ `iradaza êêjtra jtra ada řh sĀ birfaza i trĀsĀturĀ ea suprnbnŠĀ `nra asta javrithsfud. @nttadd nrntĀ `Ā trĀsĀturhda ehjnfh`a sujt ehra`t daonta ea nspa`tada fithvnŠhijnda nda parsijndhtĀŠhh. Êj urfn ujir `nd`uda stnthsth`a `ifpdaxa @nttadd n avheajŠhnt řh prazajŠn ujir bn`tirh ea irehjud HH3 njxhatnta řh hjtrivarsha - axtrnvarsha. @nttadd n`ireĀ i hfpirtnjŠĀ eaisamhtĀ njxhatĀŠhh `n ehfajshuja fncirĀ n parsijndhtĀŠhh, entirhtĀ `ijsa`hjŠadir jaonthva pa `nra n`anstn da pinta nvan nsuprn buj`ŠhijĀrhh bhzh`a řh pshgh`a n hjehvheuduh Șh `ijshearĀ `Ā njxhatntan asta ntít i stnra n sumha`tuduh, `ít řh i trĀsĀturĀ. Njxhatntan-trĀsĀturĀ sa rabarĀ dn n`ah sumha`Šh `nra trĀhas` i njxhatnta `rijh`Ā, êj n`ast `nz an eavajhje bn`tir ea parsijndhtnta. Hj urfn njndhzah bn`tirhnda n razudtnt bnptud `Ā njx njxhatntan hatntan sa `ifpuja ehj bn`tirhh I Șh ^. Bn`tir I3 P`irurh s`Āzuta3 Phour ea shja, P`irurh rheh`nta3 Êjorhcirnt, pdn`he, dhjhřtht, sa `ifpdn`a êj shtunŠha. parfnjajt rapriřurh, jashour, tudmurnt.
êřh
bn`a
Bn`tir ^3 P`irurh s`Āzuta3 ]adnxnt, `ndf, neujnt, jabrustrnt
P`irurh rheh`nta3
Êj`irent, brustrnt, nohtnt, tajshijnt.
I parsinjĀ `u njxhatnta `rijh`Ā vn bh nba`tntĀ `u uřurhjŠĀ ea priprhhda sajthfajta, susph`hinsĀ bnŠĀ ea `ahdndŠh, vn trĀh i parfnjajtĀ npragajshuja n ujir parh`ida, vn nvan tajehjŠn ea n sa `udpnmhdhzn, vn bh suprnêj`irentĀ, hrhtnmhdĀ řh vn nvan i hfnohja ea shja janea`vntĀ.
=5
Asta ja`asnr ea imsarvnjt `Ā trĀsĀturn ea parsijndhtnta `ijsthtuha mnzn ea hjbarajŠa, hj`dushv ea praeh`Šha, nsuprn hjehvhzhdir `nrn`tarhznŠh prhj trĀsĀturn raspa`thvĀ. Eainra`a jufĀrud ath`gatadir `nra easafjanzĀ trĀsĀturh ea parsijndhtnta êj ehbarhta dhfmh asta ea irehjud sutadir, fieadud Mho Bhva ‐ raeu`a vnrhatntan `ij`aptadir eas`rhpthva nda parsijndhtĀŠhh dn 1 bn`tirh. @ada 1 `ijstru`ta suprnireijnta eajufas` orupnca ea trĀsĀturh ea parsijndhtnta ujhvarsnda, enr `u pijearh ehbarhta êj spnŠhh si`hi -`udturnda ehbarhta. N`ařth tarfajh , `ijeu` dn adnmirnran ujir `ijstru`ta ea parsijndhtnta `ijshearnta nspa`ta mnznda řh bujenfajtnda nda irh`Ārah parsijndhtĀŠh. [ajtru n sa `ijsthtuh `n pishmhda fa`njhsfa axpdh`nthva nda ehvarsadir nspa`ta `ifpirtnfajtnda, eabhjhran `ijstru`tadir ea parsijndhtnta ja`ashtĀ bujenfajtnran dir jauribhzhidioh`Ā/jauri`ghfh`Ā< `hr`ufs`rharan jauribhzhidioh`Ā n `ijstru`tadir ea parsijndhtnta npnra ja`asnrĀ fnh ndas êj `nzud `ijstru`tadir ujea pijearan bn`tiruduh bn`tiruduh oajath` asta fnra Șh `nra hdustranzĀ `ifpirtnfajta shfpda, raspa`thv bnŠata ehsthj`ta nda parsijndhtĀŠhh. Gnjs C. Aysaj`l n ntrns ntajŠhn nsuprn ja`ashtĀŠhh ea n eazvidtn tagjh`h nea`vnta ea fĀsurnra n trĀsĀturhdir řh nsuprn hfpirtnjŠah stnmhdhrhh bujenfajtadir mhidioh`a nda bha`Ārah trĀsĀturh. Aysaj`l n `ij`ghs `Ā fhazud parsijndhtĀȜhh asta birfnt ehj trah supartrĀsĀturh3 hjtrivarsha -axtrnvarsha, javrithsf-a`ghdhmru Șh pshgithsf.5? Aysaj`l n stnmhdht, êj `ar`atĀrhda snda, i `iradnŠha `dnrĀ êjtra axtrnvarshuja/hjtrivarshuja řh birŠn pri`asadir jarvinsa. Su`larfnj (>881) stnmhdařta `iraspijeajŠa jauribhzhidioh`a/ jauri`ghfh`a pajtru `ijstru`ta ea parsijndhtnta `uf sujt3 `Āutnran ea sajznŠhh, javrithsf - a`ghdhmru afiŠhijnd, si`hnmhdhtnta, n`thvhsf57. Pa pinta fajȜhijn uj stuehu58 êj `nra nu bist bist iparnŠhijndhznta 2 `ijstru`ta ea parsijndhtnta, dn `nra s-n neĀuontĀ `npn`htntan ea hjghmhŠha 3 >) Axtrnvarshujan/hjtrivarshujan< =) EifhjnjŠn, tajehjŠn ea nbhrfnra/supujara< 0) Pi`hnmhdhtnta, `nrn`tarud noranmhd/isthdhtnta, jitĀ norashvĀ êj `ijeuhtĀ=, p .=? 58 ]neu, H., Eafarsurh thph`a êj nmirenran parsijndhtĀȜhh , êj ‚Jih tajehjȜa êj pshgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh‖ - Ipra, N.< 1; 5; Hmheaf
57
=1
Nutirud pra`hzanzĀ `Ā nu bist sada`tnta trĀsĀturh ea parsijndhtnta `nra êjtrujas` `ad puŠhj puŠhj eiuĀ ehj trah `arhjŠa3 eas`rhara `ifpirtnfajtndĀ pra`hsĀ, radavnjŠĀ trnjs`udturndĀ řh bujenfajtnra jauribhzhidioh`Ā/jauri`ghfh`Ā. @dijhjoar n eazvidtnt uj shstaf `u ? bn`tirh-trĀsĀturh nh parsijndhtĀȜhh3 `Āutnran jiutĀŠhh, avhtnran subarhjŠah, eapajeajŠn ea ra`ifpajsĀ, parsavarajŠn, `n ehfajshujh nda tafparn fajtuduh, hnr `n ehfajshujh nda `nrn`taruduh `iiparnran, nutieatarfhjnran (nutiehra`Ȝhijnra) řh sphrhtundhtntan (trnjs`ajeajȜn).1> Pa pinta spuja `Ā jufĀrud bn`tirhdir eaphjea ea jhvadud ea njndhzĀ. =.>.=.
Fieadud bn`tirhnd
Êj stueharan parsijndhtĀŠhh hn `n jiŠhuja -phvit jiŠhujan ea bn`tir hnr eafarsud `ijstĀ êj n raeu`a ehvarshtntan razudtntadir mruta dn njufhŠh bn`tirh `ifujh. Qj bajifaj `ifpdax - rauřhtn dn êjvĀŠĀturĀ, axprhfntĀ êjtr -i ehvarshtnta ea razudtnta, asta axpdh`ntĀ nrĀtíje `Ā an asta razudtntud ujir bn`tirh ea irehj hjtada`tund (hjtadhoajŠĀ, npthtuehjh), n ujir bn`tirh jij-hjtada`tundh (fithvnŠha, sírouhjŠĀ), pra`uf řh n ujir `ijehŠhh ax axtarja tarja (fatien ea praenra) `nra pnrth`hp pnrth`hpĀĀ dn prieu`aran razudtntuduh `ijshearnt `u i njufhtĀ pijeara.. [irjhje ea`h ea dn i hjbirfnŠha hjhŠhndĀ - entĀ êj birfĀ jufarh`Ā - sa npdh`Ā uj npnrnt stnthsth`i-fntafnth` (`nd`udud ea `iradnŠha řh njndhzn bn`tirhndĀ) `u tajehjŠn ea n nsi`hn, ea n puja êj daoĀturĀ bnpta `nra npnr řh aviduanzĀ pnrndad. @iabh`hajŠhh ea `iradnŠha hjeh`Ā einr pnrndadhsfud (`ivnrhnŠhn) hnr ea dn uj jhvad daoĀturn êjtra vnrhnmhda, bĀrĀ n putan pra`hzn jnturn `nuzadir, raspa`thv bn`tirhdir, `nra eatarfhjĀ `iradnŠhn. Êjtranon hjbirfnŠha bhjnd bhjndĀĀ bhhje entĀ êj bi birfĀ rfĀ jufarh`Ā -bad `n řh `an hjhŠhndĀ - urfanzĀ n bh hjtarpratntĀ pshgidioh` pa mnzn hpitazadir ea stnrt. @ifmhjnran fieadududuh fieadududuh trĀsĀturhdir řh n fieaduduh bbn`tirhnd n`tirhnd n eavajht i raoudĀ.
=.=. Jauripshgidiohn trĀsĀturhdir trĀsĀturhdir
Uagjh`h pra`uf tifiornbud `u afh afhsha sha ea pizhtrijh snu razijnjŠn fnojath`Ā ju`danrĀ parfht imsarvnran ehra`tĀ n zijadir `nra sa n`thvanzĀ êj `rahar ntuj`h `íje sumha`tud asta sum hjbduajŠn ujuh sthfud řh `íje afhta uj rĀspujs. Aysaj`l n pripus uj shstaf jarvis `ij`aptund nbdnt dn mnzn axtrnvarshujhh, javrizhsfuduh řh pshgithsfuduh `nra `ijŠhja eiuĀ fnrh sshstafa hstafa jauribhzhidioh`a. Hfpudsurhda jarvinsa prhfhta ea dn njndhzntirh sujt `ijeusa ea `Ātra shstafud rath`udnt n`thvntir ns`ajeajt (P]NN), `nra ‚prieu`a i ax`htnȜha ehbuzĀ n s`inrȜah `aramrnda, sthfudíje nstbad jaspa`hbh` tinta buj`Ȝhhda jai`irtaxuduh Șh pndai`irtaxuduh‖. 1= Êj buj`Šha ea jnturn sthfududuh `nra n n`Šhijnt nsuprn njndhzntiruduh, `irtaxud trhfhta uj baaemn`l `Ātra P]NN, parfhŠíje trnjsfhtaran ax`htnŠhah (nriusnd) snu hjghmíje-i. [rhj n`asta `ijaxhujh mhehra`Ȝhijnda, `irtaxud pinta `ijtridn jhvadud buj`Ȝhijnd nd birfnȜhujhh rath`udnta Șh, hfpdh`ht, priprhud sĀu jhvad buj`Ȝhijnd. N`anstĀ mu`dĀ `irth`i-rath`udnrĀ asta hfpdh`ntĀ êj pri`asnran hjbirfnŠhah, hnr n`thvhtntan ah asta nsi`hntĀ `u i `rařtara snu s`Āearan jhvaduduh ea ax`htnŠha `irth`ndĀ (DIN ‐ davad davad 1>
‚Jih tajehjȜa Su`larfnj, F., QFI]H MQJA Śd ]ADA3Mnzada mhi`ghfh`a nda parsijndhtĀŠhh řh nda tudmurĀrhdir snda, êj ‚Jih êj pshgid iohn iohn parsijndhtĀȜhh ‖, ‖, Ipra, N. 1= Nvrnf, A., Jauripshgidioha, aehturn P[A], Mu`uraȘth, =;>;, p.?>.
=2
ib nriusnd). Ehj puj`tud ea vaeara nd duh Aysaj`l, DIN asta raspijsnmhd pajtru ehbarajŠada hjtarparsijnda êj `aan `a prhvařta jhvadud ea axtrnvarsha3 jhvadud ehbarht asta `ijshearnt n bh hjbduajȜnt ea satnran jnturndĀ n P]NN< hjtrivarthȜhh nu uj prno sajzirhnd fnh s`Āzut, i n`thvnra `aramrndĀ fnh fnra hnr ah vir axparhfajtn ax parhfajtn sthfudhh fudt fnh hjtajs. N eiuĀ mu`dĀ n shstafuduh jarvis `ij`aptund nd duh Aysaj`l `ijŠhja shstafud dhfmh` řh daoĀturhda n`astuhn `u `irtaxud `aramrnd řh `u P]NN. Phstafud dhfmh` 10 (ghpi`nfpud, nfhoendn, raohujan saptndĀ), `ija`tntĀ `u ghpitndnfusud, trhfhta hfpudsurh `Ātra `Ātra P]NN, `nra vir nvan aba`t ax`htntir nsuprn `irtaxuduh. EntirhtĀ daoĀturhdir snda `u shstaf ud jarvis nutijif, prhj shstafud dhfmh`, n`anstĀ mu`dĀ vhs`ari-`irth`ndĀ asta, hfpdh`ntĀ êj ran`Šhhda afiŠhijnda řh axpdh`Ā ehbarajŠada hjtarhjehvheunda êj `aan `a prhvařta ehfajshujan Javrithsfuduh. Dn parsinjada `u uj jhvad fnh rheh`nt nd javrithsfuduh, axhstĀ primnmhd i ax`htnmhdhtnta `ras`utĀ n mu`dah vhs`ari `irth`nda. Orny `ijshearĀ `Ā ehfajshujhda bujenfajtnda nda parsijndhtĀŠhh sujt njxhatntan řh hfpudshvhtntan (uj jhvad êjndt nd axtrnvarshah) hnr njxhatntan asta spa`hbh`Ā ujuh hjtrivartht javrith`. Orny `ijshearĀ `Ā pshgithsfud asta daont ea buj`Šhijnran shstafuduh duptĀ/buoĀ. Dn mnzn ehfajshujhdir njxhatnta řh hfpudshvhtnta sa nbdĀ eiuĀ fnrh shstafa `aramrnda hfpdh`nta êj êjtĀrhran snu sthjoaran `ifpirtnfajtuduh3 shstafud ea n`thvnra `ifpirtnfajtndĀ (magnvhirnd n`thvnthjo systaf ‐ MNP) řh shstafud ea hjghmhŠha `ifpirtnfajtndĀ (magnvhirnd hjghmhthjo systaf ‐ MHP). MNP eatarfhjĀ `ít ea sajzhthv asta uj hjehvhe dn safjnda ea ra`ifpajsĀ Șh jij - paeanpsĀ, paeanpsĀ, bhhje spa`hbh` axtrnvarthȜhdir. MHP asta nd`Ātuh t ehj ehvarsa `ifpijajta nda shstafuduh dhfmh`, ghpi`nfpud, nfhoendn, saptud Șh dimhh brijtndh. Dn nnpnrhŠhn pnrhŠhn ujir njufhŠh sth sthfudh fudh nvarshvh (nfajhjŠĀtirh), (nfajhjŠĀtirh), n`ast shstaf nra ridud ea n hjghmn `ifpirtnfajtud `urajt nd ironjhsfuduh řh ea n rairhajtn ntajŠhn `Ā tra sthfudhh nvarshvh. MHP privin`Ā einr i hjghmhŠa n `ifpirtnfajtuduh `urajt, dn jhvad `aramrnd sthfudíje DIN řh, ea nsafajan, uj jiu `ifpirtnfajt. MHP asta nsi`hnt `u ehfajshujan njxhatnta n parsijndhtĀŠhh, parsinjada njxhinsa (hjtrivarthŠhh javrith`h) ju nu DIN janpĀrnt fnh rheh`nt `h i sajshmhdhtnta fnh rheh`ntĀ n shstafuduh MHP, `nra êh bn`a fnh pra`nuŠh, fnh ntajŠh nta jŠh dn nfajhjŠĀrh. Qj nd trahdan shstaf jauri`ifpirtnfajtnd pripus ea Orny - shstafud duptĀ/buoĀ (bhogt/bdhogt), ran`ŠhijanzĀ dn sthfudhh parh`udiřh ehj faehu řh `ijtridanzĀ ran`Šhhda ea brh`Ā řh pnjh`Ā. Êj bnŠn ujuh parh`id, uj ironjhsf pinta duptn, en`Ā sa shfta eastud ea putarjh`, hnr êj `nz `ijtrnr, vn buoh snu êêjogaŠn jogaŠn `íje jh`h i vnrhnjtĀ ju pnra ipthfĀ pajtru avhtnr avhtnran an sthfududuh parh`udis. N`ast shstaf asta daont ea ehfajshujan pshgithsfuduh n duh Aysaj`l, ea `ijtridud afiŠhijnd. Pumstrntud jauribhzhidioh` nd n`astuh shstaf hj`duea stru`turh nda shstafuduh dhfmh` řh sumstnjŠn `ajuřha `ajtrndĀ n fazaj`abnduduh. Fnrvhj Su`larfnj15 asta ea pĀrara `Ā i trĀsĀturĀ ea parsijndhtnta pinta bh daontĀ ea fnh fudta zija `aramrnda, hnr i shjourĀ zijĀ `aramrndĀ pinta eatarfhjn fnh fudta trĀsĀturh ea parsijndhtnta. Ea n`aan, Su`larfnj s-n `ij`ajtrnt fnh eaornmĀ nsuprn jauritrnjsfhŠĀtirhdir řh girfijhdir êj stuehud trĀsĀturhdir. Su`larfnj `ijshearĀ `Ā ax`htnmhdhtntan raprazhjtĀ ran`Šhn hfaehntĀ thph`Ā n ujah pĀrŠh n shstafuduh jarvis dn uj sthfud `u njufhta `nrn`tarhsth`h spa`hbh`a. Su`larfnj pripujan fieadud `adir pntru suparbn`tirh,3 axtrnvarshuja (A), javrizhsf (J), pshgithsf [ (hfpudshvhtnta snu `Āutnra ea sajznŠhh) řh norashvhtnta, ehfajshujh `nra nu bist 10
NJAWN 7.
Jaurimhidiohn njxhatĀȜhh njxhatĀȜhh33
gttps3//www.`jsbiruf.`if/aeu`nthijndrasiur`as/hfnoamnjl/mrnhjYstru`Ynjxhaty/jauriYmhidYpnjY= 15
Su`larfnj, F., QFI]H MQJA MQJ A Śd ]ADA3Mnzada mhi`ghfh`a nda parsijndhtĀŠhh řh nda n da tudmurĀrhdir snda, êj ‚Jih tajehjȜa êj pshgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh,‖ Ipra, Ipra, N.
=?
njndhznta dn pntru jhvadurh ea njndhzĀ3 ax`htnmhdhtnta (nutijifĀ snu `aramrndĀ), `njthtntan ea nfhja (`nta`idnfhjada -eipnfhjn Șh jiraphjabrhjĀ- řh saritijhjĀ), `njthtntan fijinfhjixhenzah řh `njthtntan ea girfijh11 (tastistarij, `irthsid). Su`larfnj asta ea pĀrara `Ā pajtru n êjŠadaoa `ira`t mnzada jauri`ghfh`a nda ujah trĀsĀturh, tramuha duntĀ êj `ijshearnra n`thvhtntan tuturir jauritrnjsfhȜĀtirhdir pra`uf řh hjtarn`Šhujan `a nra di` êjtra n`asta sumstnjȜa. Fijinfhjada sujt hfpdh`nta êj shstafada afiŠhijnda řh `iojhthva< prhj`hpndada fijinfhja ehj `rahar sujt eipnfhjn, jiraphjabrhjn (`nta`idnfhja) řh saritijhjn. Phstafada fijinfhjaroh`a ju sujt hjeapajeajta ujada ea ndtada, n`thvhtntan ujuhn ehj ada hjbduajŠíje n`thvhtntan `adirdndta. Ea axafpdu, saritijhjn pinta nvan aba`ta njtnoijh`a nsuprn `nta`idnfhjadir (da hjghmĀ n`Šhujan). Njxhatntan `n stnra pshgidioh`Ā, bhzhidioh`Ā, Șh `ifpirtnfajtndĀ hjeusĀ prhjtr-i nfajhjȜnra pajtru mujĀstnra snu suprnvhaȜuhra, bha n`tundĀ bha pitajȜhndĀ, asta `nrn`tarhzntĀ prhj ax`htnra `ras`utĀ, prhj n`thvnra vaoatnthvĀ Șh jauriajei`rhjĀ, pra`uf Șh fieada ea `ifpirtnfajt spa`hbh`a12. Ptuehhda nu nrĀtnt `Ā JA1? jiraphjabrhjn6jirnerajndhjn (ehj shstafud ns`ajeajt jirnerajaroh`, irhohjnt êj di`us `iarudaus) ast astaa prhj`hpndud jauritrnjsfhŠĀtir raspijsnmhd pajtru javrithsf-njxhatnta, jhvadurh rheh`nta pnr sĀ bha hfpdh`nta êj hjghmhŠhn `ifpirtnfajtndĀ spa`hbh`Ā njxhatĀŠhh. Ea nsafajan, jhvadurh rheh`nta Paritijhjn nda saritijhjah hfpdh`nta`aêj‚faehnzĀ‖ hjghmhŠhn `ifpirtnfajtndĀ spa`hbh`Ā njxhatĀŠhh, asta pnr pnrtasĀ n bha shstafuduh snj`Ȝhujan‖ dn jhvadud `raharuduh snu shstafud ea hjghmhȜha `ifpirtnfajtndĀ. Fijinfhjixhenzada (FNI) sujt ajzhfa `nra hjn`thvanzĀ fijinfhjada. N`Šhujan FNI nsuprn eipnfhjah sa `ij`rathzanzĀ êj fnjhbastĀrh `ifpirtnfajtnda ehbarhta3 nstbad uj jhvad rheh`nt nd FNI, ea`h uj jhvad s`Āzut ea eipnfhjĀ n bbist ist nsi`hnt `u hzidnran si`hndĀ, hnr uj jhvad s`Āzut nd FNI, `u si`hnmhdhtntan, nfmada bhhje hjeh`h nh trĀsĀturhh axtrnvarsha -hjtrivarsha. Uastistarijud asta prhj`hpndud girfij (`n oaj ea jauritrnjsfhŠĀtir `nra n`ŠhijanzĀ dn ehstnjŠĀ fnra) `nra `iradanzĀ `u trĀsĀturhda ea parsijndhtnta. p arsijndhtnta. Êj oajarnd, tastistarijud n bist `iradnt pizhthv `u axtrnvarshn řh jaonthv `u javrithsfud Șh ea`h Șh `u njxhatntan. @irthzidud, eajufht řh ‚girfijud strasuduh‖ asta `iradnt pizhthv `u javriths javrithsfud fud duh Su`larfnj. @u ttinta inta n`astan, jhvadud `irt `irthziduduh hziduduh npnra `n Șh hjeh`ntir nd tudmurĀrhdir njxhinsa , bĀrĀ n bh `ijeu` i `nuzĀ dn ehra`t n n`astahn7>27>/,.. gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@0>7>27>/, 1? Njaxn ?3 JAQ]ND [NUG_NXP3 BHOGU I] DHOGU ]AP[IJPA
12
=7
=.5. Nspa`ta tafparnfajtnda hfpdh`nta êj njxhatnta
=.5.>. Uafparnfajtud `n dnturĀ ehjnfh`i-ajaroath`Ā n parsijndhtĀȜhh
I `ar`atnra pshgimhidioh`Ā randĀ, ja`ashtĀ iparnŠhijndhznran ehs ehsthj`Šhah thj`Šhah êj tarfajh nh ehbarajŠadir hjehvheunda rabda`tnta rabda`tnta êj pri`asada jaurinenptnthva. Nstbad, ‚tafparnfajtud pinta bh eabhjht ran`Šhhda nba`thva, nsi`hnthvapa nutifnta hjeusasaearabarĀ n`ahdnsthfudh afiŠhijndh `nraeaeatarfhjĀ imh`ahurhprhj řh ehspizhŠhh `íje `nrn`tarud `ij`aptada `ijřthhjŠah shja `nra 17 jr hjbduajŠanzĀ hjtajŠhhda řh nthtuehjhda vidujtnra.‖ Axprashn dnturhh ehjnfh`i-ajaroath`a, ran`thva Șh raodntirhh n parsijndhtĀȜhh sa `ij`rathzanzĀ êj jiȜhujan ea tafparnfajt, prhj`hpndada nspa`ta tafparnfajtnda bhhje axtrnvarshn, javrithsfud, pshgithsfud Șh norashvhtntan18. Uafparnfajtud asta eabhjht `n fĀsurĀ n ehbarajȜada hjtarhjehvheunda êj ran`thvhtnta Șh nutiraodnra< sa nsufĀ `Ā n`asta ehbarajȜa nu i mnzĀ `ijsthtuȜhijndĀ, enr pajtru nutiraodnra sa nsufĀ Șh hjtarvajȜhn bn`tirhdir ajvhrijfajtndh/ aeu`nȜhijndh. Asta ja`asnrĀ pra`hznran `Ā mhidioh`ud ju asta a`ghvndajt `u êjjĀs`utud3 `ghnr en`Ā axhstĀ mnza oajath`a pajtru `nra s -n eatarfhjnt `Ā axar`htĀ uj `ijtrid nsuprn pnttarjurhdir axprashva nda hjehvheuduh, êj fie `art, bn`tirhh ajvhrijfajtndh, `ijehȜhijĀrhda Șh fieadĀrhda si`hnda `ijtrhmuha n`thv dn birfnran nfprajtah eabhjhtirhh n bha`Āruh hjehvhe.
=.5.=. @iradntada pshgimhidioh`a nda tafparnfajtuduh Șh `nrn`taruduh
Uafparnfajtud asta putarjh` nj`irnt êj pdnjud mhi`ghfh` nd ironjhsfuduh< ehbarajȜada hjtarhjehvheunda êj ran`thvhtnta sa rabarĀ dn jhvadud ea ax`htnmhdhtnta, nriusnd snu raspijshvhtnta n shstafadir bhzhidioh`a Șh `ifpirtnfajtada ironjhsfuduh (`ij`rathznta êj rĀspujsurh fitirhh Șh afiȜhijnda). EhbarajȜada hjtarhjehvheunda êj nutiraodnra sa rabarĀ dn pri`asada jaurijnda (ax`htnȜha hjghmhȜha), dn pri`asada ntajȜhijnda Șh `ifpirtnfajtnda `nra raodanzĀ snu fieudanzĀ ran`thvhtntan. Ehfajshujan raodntirha n tafparnfajtuduh sa fiehbh`Ā orneund pa pn r`ursud ijtioajazah `n urfnra n hjtarn`Ȝhujhh `u bn`tirhh ehj faehud si`hnd. ‚Rhzhujan fiearjĀ nsuprn tafparnfajtuduh hjtrieu`a heaan birfĀrhh traptnta n ehfajshujhh nutiraodncuduh nutiraodncuduh pajtru `nra heajthbh`Ā i mnzĀ jauridioh`Ā suparpizntĀ `u `an n shstafadir ntajȜhijnda.‖2; ‚ Qjhh nutirh `ijshearĀ `Ā nutiraodnran `n ehfajshuja tafparnfajtndĀ eavhja phdijud ea daoĀturĀ ehjtra tafparnfajt Șh parsijndhtnta (Majon, =;;=), hjvi`íje `iradnȜhhda eas`iparhta êjtra `ijtridud tafparnfajtnd Șh bn`tirud `ijȘthhj`hizhtnta ehj fieadada ea thp Mho Bhva.‖2> Ptuehh ra`ajta nrntĀ `Ā tinta ehfajs ehfajshujhda hujhda ta tafparnfajtuduh, fparnfajtuduh, eab eabhjhta hjhta `n ehbarajŠa hjehvheunda radnthv dn pntarjurhda eaprhjearhdir bujenfajtnta afiŠhijnd sujt faehu arhtnmhda, sujt
17
Ipra, N., Jih tajehjȜa êj pshgidiohn pshgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh, Aehturn NP@], @duc Jnpi`n, =;;=
18
@raȜu, ].S. @ar`atĀrh n`tunda êj pshgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh , Aehturn QjhvarshtnrĀ, Mu`uraȘth, =;>=, p.51. @raȜu, ].S. @ar`atĀrh n`tunda êj pshgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh, Aehturn QjhvarshtnrĀ, Mu`uraȘth, =;>=, p.28. =;>=, p.28. 2> 1> Hmheaf 2;
=8
stnmhda ea-n dujoud ijtioajazah řh `ijstnjta stru`turnd êj ehbarhta orupurh `udturnda snu atjh`a. ‚Nprixhfnthv 1; % ehj vnrhnŠhhda ea tafparnfajt ehjtra hjehvhzh sujt fiřtajhta řh stnmhda.‖2= Hj `ijtrnst, `nrn`tarud nra i pijeara araehtnrĀ raeusĀ, enr asta fnh sajshmhd hjbduajŠnt ea fieadada si`hi-`udturnda. ‚Uafparnfajtud hfpdh`Ā ehbarajŠa hhjehvheunda jehvheunda êj êjvĀŠnran imh`ahurhdir (pri`aeurndĀ), êj thfp `a `nrn`tarud hfpdh`Ā ehbarajŠa êj pri`asnran `iojhthvĀ‖ 20. I primdafĀ fncirĀ, êj`Ā n`tundĀ, ehj eifajhu, asta daontĀ ea hfpirtnjŠn bn`tirhdir mhidioh`h řh si`hndh êj eazvidtnran ehbarajŠadir hjehvheunda. Braue, pshgidio Șh jauridio řh -n `ijshearnt tairhhda pshgidioh`a `n i strntaoha axpaehthvĀ êj nřtaptnran eazvidtĀrhh jauriřthhjŠadir fntura.(Ja nfhjthf `Ā dn Braue rabudnran řh raprashn arnu `ijstru`ta `ajtrnda). Eas`iparhran ujir faeh`nfajta abh`hajta pajtru trntnran tudmurĀrhdir ea njxhatnta, ehspizhŠhijnda, `ar`atĀrhda nsuprn mnzadir jauri`ghfh`a nda buj`Ȝhhdir `raharuduh řh npih eadhfhtnran `Āhdir jauri`ghfh`a faehnta ea jauritrnjsfhŠĀtirh spa`hbh`h nu neíj`ht êjŠadaoaran `ghfhah buj`Ȝhhdir `aramrnda řh n radnŠhhdir dir `u afiŠhn, `iojhŠhn řh `ifpirtnfajtud. ]a`ajt, uj jufĀr fnra ea `ar`atĀrh, sstuehh tuehh hjtarjnŠhijnda nu bist aba`tunta, bidish bidishje je U[^ (Uafparnfajt [arsijndhty ^uasthijjnhra) řh U@H (Hjvajtnrud ea Uafparnfajt řh @nrn`tar), `aan `a n `ijeus dn `nrn`tarhznran jaurinjntifhah, jaur jauripshgidiohah, ipshgidiohah, jauri`ghfhah řh jaurioajath`hh parsijndhtĀŠhh ufnja. nu bist êjtiteanujn nmirenta ehj fnhparspa`thvn fudta parspa`thva, `n ea axafpduBajifajada , parspa`thvnpshgidioh`a `ifpirtnfajtndĀ, parspa`thvn `iojhthvĀ, mhidioh`Ā řh parspa`thvn hjtarn`ŠhijhstĀ. @ijbirf parspa`thvah pshgimhidioh`a, eazvidtnran `nrn`taruduh pinta bh iparnŠhijndhzntĀ prhj pri`asa shfmidh`a nmstrn`ta, `n `nra ra sujt fnh eazvidtnta dn infajh, `uf nr bh `ifpirtnfajtud nutiehra`Šhijnt, `iiparnran si`hndĀ afpnth`Ā řh hjvajŠhn shfmidh`Ā `ranthvĀ. BirfnŠhujan ghpi`nfph`Ā25 (ghpi`nfpud priprhu-zhs Șh nrgh`irtaxud) řh jai`irtaxud `aramrnd sujt asajŠhnda pajtru aj`ienran ujir nsafajan raprazajtĀrh `ij`aptunda, shfmidh`a nda axparhajŠah. [ar`apȜhn `ifpdaxĀ n faehuduh axtarj Șh n safjhbh`nȜhhdir ehbarhtadir sajznȜhh Șh par`apȜhh sa randhzanzĀ êj nrhhda nsi`hnthva nda jai`irtaxuduh3 pradu`rnran (suparhznran) hjbirfnȜhhdir, heahda, fieadud `ijȘthajt nd dufhh, `ijȘthhjȜn priprhah axhstajȜa, ea`hzhhda (vidujtnra snu nutifnta). [rhj`hpndada ehfajshujh tafparnfajtnda, `ijbirf parspa`thvah pshgimhidioh`a3 n`thvnran `ifpirtnfajtndĀ (`Āutnran jiutĀȜhh), hjghmhȜhn `ifpirtnfajtndĀ (avhtnran subarhjȜah), ntnȘnfajt
si`hnd (eapajeajȜn ea ra`ifpajsĀ) Șh êjtĀrhran pnrŠhndĀ (parsavarajȜn). EavhnŠhhda tafparnfajtuduh sujt nsi`hnta `u njufhŠh `dustarh ehj EPF-HR, ea axafpdu, `dustarud tudmurĀrhdir njxhinsa (@), `u avhtnra fnra n subarhjŠah. Avhtnran subarhjŠah asta i tajehjŠĀ faehu arhtnmhdĀ ea n bh êjorhcirnt, njxhis, thfhe řh bnthonmhd hfpdh`íje `n jaurifieudntirh ONMN Șh saritijhjn. Êj tarfajhh êjvĀŠĀrhh pri`aeurnda, hjehvhzhh `u avhtnran subarhjŠah sa prasupuja `Ā sujt praehspuřh sĀ birfaza safjnda ea paeanpsĀ snu jijra`ifpajsĀ brustrnjtĀ `ijehŠhijnta ( sa êjorhciranzĀ řh sujt uřir ea sparhnt) řh sĀ bha sajshmhdh dn êjvĀŠnran avhtĀrhh pnshva, `nra asta hjghmhŠhn n`thvhtĀŠhh `n rĀspujs dn safjnda `ijehŠhijnta. Hjehvhzhh `nra nu uj s`ir rheh`nt dn avhtnran ssub ub arhjŠah arhjŠah rĀspuje hjtajs dn safjnda nvarshva `ijehŠhijnta (sujt uřir ea hjghmnt, pashfhȘth, bnthonmhdh, thfhzh, tajshijnȜh řh dnmhdh)< ‚priha`Šhhda 2=
=;>= @raȜu, ].S. @ar`atĀrh n`tunda êj pshgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh , Aehturn QjhvarshtnrĀ, Mu`uraȘth, =;>= tajehjȜa êj pshgidiohn pshgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh, Aehturn NP@], @duc Jnpi`n, =;;= 25 >;1 Nvrnf, A., Jauripshgidioha, aehturn P[A], Mu`uraȘth, =;>;, p. >;1 20 Ipra, N., Jih
0;
saritijhjaroh`a ns`ajeajta ea dn ju`daud eirsnd nd rnbauduh spra sumstnjŠn janorĀ hjghmĀ jaurijhh eipnfhjaroh`h nh `irphdir strhnŠh řh sujt asajŠhnda pajtru hjghmhŠhn `ijehŠhijntĀ n n`thvhtĀŠh êj safjnda ea paeanpsĀ řh jijra`ifpajsĀ brustrnjtĀ.‖21 Paritijhjn asta uj jauritrnjsfhȜĀtir - ‚pnrta n shstafuduh `nra faehnzĀ snj`Ȝhujan dn jhvadud `raharuduh snu shstafud ea hjghmhȜha `ifpirtnfajtndĀ.‖22 Avhtnran eurarhh (Gnrf nvihenj`a) asta daontĀ ea saritijhjĀ Șh rabda`tĀ i tajehjȜĀ ea hjghmnra n `ifpirtnfajtuduh (ea pri`asnra sad sada`thvĀ a`thvĀ n sthfudhdir). Majziehnzaphjada eazhjghmĀ (n`thvanzĀ) `ijehŠhijnran ea avhtnra pnshvĀ prhj hjghmhŠhn faehntĀ ea n`heud ONMN n jaurijhdir saritijhjaroh`h `u irhohja êj ju`daud eirsnd nd rnbauduh. HjghmhŠhn `ifpirtnfajtndĀ ax`ashvĀ (i avhtnra putarjh`Ā n subarhjŠah) praehspuja hjehvhzhh dn njxhatnta, eaprasha řh sthfĀ ea shja s`ĀzutĀ . EapajeajŠn ea ra`ifpajsĀ sa prasupuja `Ā asta i praehspizhŠha garhtnmhdĀ pajtru bn`hdhtnran eazvidtĀrhh safjndadir ea ra`ifpajsĀ `ijehŠhijnta, êj pnrth`udnr, n nfirsadir si`hnda. Ptuehh jauribhzhidioh`a nrntĀ `Ā dimud tafpirnd njtarhir asta spa`hndhznt pa jtru ea`ienran safjndadir si`hnda (hfnohjh bn`hnda snu oasturh si`hnda), Șh ea`h hjehvhzhh `u eapajeajŠĀ ea ra`ifpajsĀ fnra sa nȘtanptĀ sĀ bha sajshmhdh êj `ifujh`nran si`hndĀ, `ah `u eapajeajŠĀ ea ra`ifpajsĀ fh`Ā sa nřtanptĀ sĀ bha tijh`h si`hnd. [arsavarajȜn asta i n pntrn ehfajshuja garhtnmhdĀ n tafparnfajtuduh, hfpdh`íje `n jaurifieudntirh odutnfntud Șh saritijhjn 1GU. Hjehvhzhh parshstajŠh sujt eirjh`h, nfmhŠhiřh řh gitĀríŠhPtuehhda sĀ imŠhjĀjauripshgidioh`a parbirfnjŠa suprnfaehh. `ijbhrfĀ `Ā avhtnran subarhjŠah asta nsi`hntĀ `u ehbarajŠa hjehvheunda êj `ijehŠhijnran `dnsh`Ā ea avhtnra, êj thfp `a ndta ehfajshujhnda parsijndhtĀŠhh ju sujt `iradnta. Avhtnran subarhjŠah asta nsi`hntĀ, êj `ghp rapdh`nmhd, `u pitajŠnran rĀspujsuduh `ntntijh` dn bduxurh ea nar, `n sthfud nvarshv npdh`nt spra bnjtada pndpamrnda (pdainpada). Ea axafpdu, avhtnran subarhjŠah asta nsi`hntĀ `u aba`tud ea vndhehtnta [isjar (snr`hjn [isjar uthdhzanzĀ pnrnehofn thfpuduh ea ran`Šha nd eata`Šhah dn prazajtnran ehs`ratĀ, dn parhbarh a, n ujir sthfudh vhzundh shfpdh). Hjehvhzhh `nra nu imŠhjut i avhtnra fnh fnra n ssubarhjŠah ubarhjŠah nu nbhřnt i raeu`ara fnh rnpheĀ rnpheĀ n ran`Šhah dir dn nfirsa javndhea (`nra ehra`ŠhijanzĀ ntajŠhn `Ātra di`nŠhh hj`ira`ta) snu uj majabh`hu fnh fh` ea`ít dn ndŠhh ea pa pa urfn nfirsadir vndhea (`nra ehra`ŠhijanzĀ `ira`t ntajŠhn spra di`nŠhn spnŠhndĀ ujea vn npĀran sthfudud ŠhjtĀ). Uifiornbhn `u afhsha ea pizhtrijh ([AU), uthdhzíje B-bduirieaixhodu`izĀ řh npdh`nran řh n U[^, nu `ijbhrfnt `Ā avhtnran subarhjŠah n bist nsi`hntĀ `u n`thvhtnta `ras`utĀ êj `hr`uhtud pnrndhfmh` njtarhir, fnh spa`hbh`, nfhoendn eranptĀ řh hjsudn, `irtaxud irmhtibrijtnd erapt řh `irtaxud prabrijtnd faehnd stíjo.2?N`ast fiead ea n`thvnra `iraspujea mhja `u tarfhjndada eitnta `u ra`aptirh 1-GU nda priha`Šhhdir rnbauduh eirsnd. Jhvadurh pdnsfnth`a fnh fnrh ea ONMN nu bist `iradnta `u avhtnran raeusĀ n subarhjŠah. ONMN pdnsfnth` n bist, ea nsafajan, `iradntĀ `u ndta fĀsurh nda praehspizhŠhah dn njxhatnta řh `iradanzĀ binrta fudt `u jhvadurhda `aramrn da ea ONMN. P-n eas`iparht ea nsafajan `Ā i oajĀ ea pa `r `rifizifud ifizifud >?qd= `nra `ijtridanzĀ axprashn axprashn trnjspirtiruduh saritijhjah, custhbh`Ā 5-8% ehj vnrhnjtn titndĀ n avhtĀrhh subarhjŠah. N`asta eas`iparhrh susŠhj uj rid ntít nd ONMN, `ít řh nd priha`Šhhdir saritijhjaroh`a saritijhjaroh`a ea dn rnbaud eirsnd êj ehbarajŠada hjehvheunda nda hjghmhŠhah `ifpirtnfajtnda, nřn `uf n`anstn asta fĀsurntĀ prhj trĀsĀturn ea avhtnra n subarhjŠah. 21
Ipra, N., Jih tajehjȜa êj pshgidiohn pshgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh, Aehturn NP@], @duc Jnpi`n, =;;= A., Jauripshgidioha, aehturn P[A], Mu`uraȘth, =;>;, p. 5?. 2? Hmheaf 1? 22 Nvrnf,
0>
Fieadud `adir řnpta bn`tirh nd parsijndhtĀŠhh ibarĀ uj `neru uthd pajtru êjŠadaoaran fnh `ifpdatĀ n pshgimhidiohah jufarinsadir ehfajshujh nda parsijndhtĀŠhh. Ad pinta custhbh`n `dustarurh řh `ntaoirhh ea ehnojisth` êj tarfajhh ujir pribhdurh fudthehfajshijnda `nra sujt radnthv stnmhda êj eazvidtnra, dn bad `uf pinta ibarh fĀsurh `njthtnthva uthda, ntít êj `ar`atnran pshgimhidioh`Ā, `ít řh `dhjh`Ā. ]apdh`Ārhda ra`ajta nda eas`iparhrhh `Ā fieadud `u řnpta bn`tirhnd parsijndhtĀŠhh prazh`a ehbarajŠada hjehvheunda ran`thva dn njtheaprashva sujt ea i eaisamhtĀ safjhbh`nŠha prn`th`Ā. N`anstĀ eas`iparhra parfhta êjŠadaoaran pshgimhidiohah parsijndhtĀŠhh pajtru oghenran prn`th`hh `dhjh`a, pajtru sada`Šhn ujir faeh`nfajta řh `ifmhjnŠhh ea faeh`nfajta nsi`hnta `u pshgitarnphn. Fatiea řh fatieidiohh tit fnh sibhsth`nta sujt npdh`nta `u i bra`vajŠĀ `ras`íjeĀ, êj êj`ar`nran ea n eas`iparh supirturhda mhidioh`a nda `ifpirtnfajtadir `nra `ijsthtuha parsijndhtntan řh tudmurĀrhda ah. =.0.0. Njndhzn njxhatntĀȜhh prhj prhsfn jauriȘthhjȜadir jauriȘthhjȜadir =.0.0.>. Ptru`turh `aramrnda
Njxhatntan asta eabhjhtĀ `n i tanfĀ jaspa`hbh`Ā, bnrĀ daonturĀ `u sshtunȜhhda htunȜhhda axtarja Șh `nra ju asta nsi`hntĀ `u `ifpirtnfajtud ea avhtnra shstafnth`Ā n njufhtir shtunȜhh, `uf sa êjtífpdĀ êj `nzud bimhhdir. @u tinta n`astan, hjtarvhurhda randhznta nsuprn ujir sumha`Ȝh subarhje ea njxhatnta nu `ijeus dn `ij`duzhn `Ā ju asta virmn `ghnr ea i tanfĀ bnrĀ imha`t, pajtru `Ā raspa`thvhh sumha`Ȝh par`ap faehud êj`ijcurntir `n bhhje nfajhjȜĀtir Șh njxhioaj. njx hioaj. Njxhatntan npnra nstbad, `n uj rĀ rĀspujs spujs dioh` dn i hjtarprat hjtarpratnra nra arijntĀ n randhtĀȜhh. Dn jhvad `if pirtnfajtnd, jauriȘthhjȜn `ifpirtnfajtuduh sa i`upĀ `u stuehud fieuduh êj `nra ehvarsada shstafa `ijtrhmuha dn ‚raodnran ehspizhȜhah nba`thva Șh `ifpirtnfajtuduh‖ 27 pra`uf Șh fieud êj `nra sumstnjȜada `ghfh`a hjbduajȜanzĀ fhjtan ufnjĀ. Dn jhvad `iojhthv, jauriȘthhjȜada `iojhthva urfĀras` êjȜadaoaran fa`njhsfadir jaurijnda Șh stuehnzĀ ‚fieud êj `nra n`thvhtntan `raharuduh `raanzĀ pshgh`ud‖. 28 Jauripshgidiohn nra `n imha`t stuehud ‚radnȜhah ehjtra stru`turn- buj`Ȝhijndhtntan shstafuduh jarvis Șh stru`turn- buj`Ȝhijndhtntan pshgi`ifpirtnfajtndĀ.‖?; [ri`asada nba`thv-afiȜhijnda nu rid ea êjtĀrhra n shstafadir ea raodnc jarvis. @ada fnh hfpirtnjta stru`turh pnrth`hpĀ`ifpir dn oajazn pri`asadir nba`thva sujt shstafud Șh ghpitndnfusud, enr êj`nra prieu`aran tnfajtadir tnfajtadir nba`thva sujt hfpdh`nta Șh ndtadhfmh` stru`turh hjtar`ija`tnta (tndnfusud jaspa`hbh`, birfnȜhujan rath`udntĀ, nrhhda `irth`nda nsi`hnthva). @ada eiuĀ `ifpijajta stru`turnda nda shstafuduh jarvis, shstafud jarvis `ajtrnd Șh shstafud jarvis parhbarh` sa nbdĀ êjtr -i parfnjajtĀ `ifujh`nra ujud `u `adĀdndt. Phstafud jarvis parhbarh`, prhj hjtarfaehud `ifpijajtadir snda - shstafud jarvis sifnth` Șh shstafud jarvis vaoatnthv(shfpnth` Șh pnrnshfpnth`) hjbirfanzĀ shstafud jarvis `ajtrnd easpra avajhfajtada ` nra nu di` êj faehu Șh `ijeu` `ifajzhda ea dn n`astn dn `irp. Phstafud jarvis vaoatnthv nra rid êj raodnr raodnran an buj`Ȝhhdir ironjadir hjtarja, n`Ȝhujhda snda jabhhje `ijȘthajthznta< shstafud jarvis vaoatnthv shfpnth` asta hfpdh`nt êj n`thvhtĀȜh `u `ijsuf ea ajaroha. Ironjhsfud asta praoĀtht pajtru n`Ȝhuja prhj n`thvnran shstafud jarvis vaoatnthv 27
p.>0 Auoaj Nvrnf, Jauripshgidioha, aehturn P[A], Mu`uraȘth, =;>;, p.>0 pshgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh, Aehturn NP@], @duc Jnpi`n, =;;=. N., Jih tajehjȜa êj pshgidiohn Hmheaf
28 Nerhnj Ipra, ?; 2;
0=
shfpnth`, `nra eatarfhjĀ fimhdhznran ajarohah ja`asnra pajtru npĀrnra, buoĀ snu ran`Ȝha pshgidioh`Ā prhj3 `raȘtaran eamhtuduh Șh prashujhh p rashujhh snjouhja, `raȘtaran mĀtĀhdir hjhfhh, n trnjsphrnȜhah enr Șh i ehfhjunra n ehoasthah Șh n dhmheiuduh. Phstafud jarvis vaoatnthv pnrn pnrnshfpnth` shfpnth` asta ns nsi`hnt i`hnt `u radnxnran, nvíje rid êj `ijsarvnran ajarohah, êj fĀrhran razarvah `irpirnda ea ajaroha. aj aroha. Fncirhtntan ironjadir hjtarja nu i eumdĀ hjarvnȜha shfpnth`Ā Șh pnrnshfpnth`Ā hnr n`Ȝhujhda jarvhdir vaoatnthvh sujt faehnta ea jauritrnjsfhȜĀtirh. Ironjud `nra `iireijanzĀ `ada eiuĀ hjarvnȜhh vaoatnthva nda ironjhsfuduh asta ghpitndnfusud. N`astn asta shtunt êj prisaj`abnd (biramrnhj), fnh axn`t êj ehaj`abnd ((`raharud `raharud hjtarfaeh hjtarfaehnr)< nr)< ax`htnran ghpitndnfusuduh njtarhir eatarfhjĀ `raȘtaran `raȘtaran tijusuduh pnrnshfpnth` hnr ax`htnran ghpitndnfusuduh pistarh pistarhir ir eu`a dn `raȘtaran tijusuduh shfpnth`. Dn jhvadud s`inrȜah `aramrnda axhstĀ i stríjsĀ daoĀturĀ êjtra ran`Ȝhhda vaoatnthva Șh n`thvhtntan pshgisifnth`Ā3 hfprashhda hjtari`apthva ea dn jhvadud vhs`aradir ‚pit fiehbh`n tijusud `ith`nd, hnr n`tada pshgh`a afiȜhijnda snu n`thvhtntan fitirha vidujtnrĀ sujt êjsiȜhta ea fiehbh`Ārh `iraspujzĀtinra êj n`thvhtntan npnrntuduh `nrehivns`udnr, ehoasthv at`., raprazajtíje axprashn vaoatnthvĀ n afiȜhhdir.‖ ?> Dn jhvad fh`ris`iph`, `adudada jarvinsa stnmhdas` `ijaxhujh, êj vaearan trnjsfhtarhh hjbirfnȜhah, prhj hjtarfaehud shjnpsadir< êj dufan njhfndĀ axhstĀ eiuĀ thpur h prhj`hpnda ea shjnpsa3 shjnpsa `ghfh`a Șh shjnpsa ada`trh`a?=. Phjnpsada ada`trh`a sujt `nrn`tarhznta ea `njnda (cij`Ȝhujh `ifujh`njta stríjsa ‐ cij`Ȝhujh cij`Ȝhujh onp) `nra `ijeu` ehra`t hfpudsud ada`trh` ea dn i `adudĀ dn ndtn. shstafud jarvis `ajtrnd nu bist heajthbh`nta puȜhja cij`Ȝhujh onp n `Ārir safjhbh`nȜha ju asta êj`ĀÊj`ujis`utĀ. [ajtru shjnpsada `ghfh`a, fasncada `ghfh`a sujt purtnta ea `Ātra jauritrnjsfhȜĀtirh. JauritrnjsfhȜĀtirhh pit nvan aba`ta ax`htntirhh (odutnfntud) snu hjghmhtirhh (n`heud ƕ-nfhji muthrh`, ONMN, neajizhjtrhbistntud, NU[). ‖Jaurifieudnran `ijstĀ êj fiehbh`nran êj sajs n`thvntir snu hjghmhtir a aba`tadir jauritrnjsfhȜĀtirhdir dn jhvad pistshjnpth`.‖ ?0, Șh sa npdh`Ā pajtru n`athd`idhjĀ, jirnerajndhjĀ, saritijhjĀ, eipnfhjĀ. eipnfhjĀ. Binrta hfpirtnjt, eaȘh nfmada sujt fieudnta ea n`thvhtntan nfhoendnrĀ, njxhatntan sh brh`n nu `nh jaurijnda hjeapajeajta (Envhs at nd =;>;)?5. [rhj urfnra, asta primnmhd `n sumstrnturhda oajath`a ea njxhatnta Șh tanfĀ sĀ prazhjta adafajta `ifuja enr Șh oaja ujh`a. Eadhfhtnran êj `ijthjunra ntít n nrghta`turhh oajath`a `ifuja Șh n ehbarajȜadir ehjtra njxhatnta Șh tanfĀ (`nra sujt êj `ij`irenjȜĀ `u entada njntifh`a) vn ibarh i êjȜadaoara fnh `dnrĀ n fa`njhsfadir fida`udnra `nra stnu dn mnzn ntnt trnsnturhdir `ít Șh dn heajthbh`nran imha`thvadir tarnpauth`a pitajthnda heanda pajtru tudmurnrhda ea njxhatnta njx hatnta spa`hbh`a dn if. =.0.0.=.
EhbarajŠa hjtarhjehvheunda Șh ehbarajȜa êjtra saxa saxa
‚Nshfatrhn afhsbarh`Ā afhsbarh`Ā sa rabarĀ ehbarajȜharan firbidioh`Ā Șh bhzhidioh`Ā ehjtra afhsbarada ?1 eranptĀ Șh stíjoĀ.‖ Afhsbarada `aramrnda, eařh ehspuj ea daoĀturh êjtra ada, nu buj`Šhh spa`hbh`a, bajifaj eajufht nshfatrha buj`ŠhijndĀ. ?>
p.0= Nvrnf, A. Jauripshgidioha, aehturn P[A], Mu`uraȘth, =;>;, p.0= Jauripshgidioha , aehturn P[A], Mu`uraȘth, =;>; Nvrnf, A. ?0 2= Hmheaf , p.52
?=
?5
Njaxn >;3 Envhs F>, _ndlar ED, Fhdas D, Orhddij @., [gnsh` vs sustnhjae banr hj rnts nje gufnjs3 rida ib tga axtajeae nfyoendn hj banr vs njxhaty , gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@0?1270=/[F@/ ?1 p.>>5 Nvrnf, A., Jauripshgidioha, aehturn P[A], Mu`uraȘth, =;>;, p.>>5
00
[raeifhjnjȜn buj`ȜhijndĀ n ujah afhsbara êjsanfjĀ `Ā ‚cin`Ā uj rid prhfnr snu fncir êj randhznran ujah buj`Ȝhh.‖?2 N`thvhtntan afhsbarah stíjoh eifhjĀ n`thvhtntan êjtraouduh `rahar pajtru buj`Ȝhhda `iojhthva Șh fitirhh dn fncirhtntan infajhdir (eraptn`hh). Dntarndhznran `aramrndĀ sa rabarĀ dn ehbarajȜa nsi`hnta `u thpud `ijȜhjutuduh, `u `nrn`tarhsth`hda `ijȜhjutuduh snu nda buj`Ȝhhdir fajtnda. EhbarajȜada hjehvheunda ea dntarndhznra n buj`Ȝhhdir sujt bra`vajt êjtídjhta< ehbarajȜa êj pri`asada fajtnda Șh afiȜhijnda, entirnta axhstajȜah ujir ehbarajȜa êj buj`Ȝhijnran afhsbaradir afhsbaradir `aramrnda, nu bist eivaehta êjtra bafah Șh mĀrmnȜh??. Bafahda Șh mĀrmnȜhh bidisas` strntaohh ehbarhta êj pri`asnran ea `ijȜhjuturh shfhdnra< bafahda nu nvnjtnc êj nmhdhtĀȜhda varmnda, mĀrmnȜhh êj nmhdhtĀȜhda vhzui-spnȜhnda. Dn bafah, parbirfnjȜn êj iparnȜhhda ea ritnȜha fajtndĀ asta bnvirhzntĀ ea sthdud orhcudhu ea razidvnran n snr`hjhdir, pa `íje dn mĀrmnȜh ea axparhajȜĀ. Êj pri`asnran afiȜhhdir, bafahda hfpdh`Ā fnh fudt raohujan dhfmh`Ā ea fhcdi`, hnr mĀrmnȜhh n`thvanzĀ `irtaxud brijtnd hjbarhir stíjo Șh `irtaxud pistarhir, `aan `a nr putan hjeh`n bnptud `Ā bafahda nrntĀ i fnh fnra eas`gheara dn ran`Ȝhhda afiȜhijnda êj thfp `a mĀrmnȜhh nr bh fnh `ajtrnȜh pa pri`asnran nspa`tadir sajzirhnda nda sthfudhdir afiȜhijndh. [rhj urfnra, êj buj`Ȝhijnran fajtndĀ Șh afiȜhijndĀ, uj rid hfpirtnjt êd nu hjbduajȜada si`hi-`udturnda Șh pshgidioh`a, nvíje uj aba`t `ijcuont `i jcuont `u praehspizhȜhhda jauribhzhidioh`a. UudmurĀrhda ea njxhatnta sujt êj oajarnd fnh bra`vajta dn bafah.?7 Envhesij řh Puttij nu pripus tairhn sthdurhdir nba`thva `nra nrntĀ `Ā fieud oajarn d ea n ran`Šhijn nba`thv dn sthfudhh ehj faehu sa entiranzĀ Șh nshfatrhah n shfatrhah buj`Šhijnda. =.0.5. Urnjsfhtaran Urnjsfhtaran oajath`Ā n njxhatĀȜhh
UudmurĀrhda njxhinsa, ju majabh`hnzĀ ea n`adnȘh `irp ea enta `dhjh`i-oajath`a Șh fida`udnr oajath`a pra`uf ndta tudmurĀrh3 `u `ít i trĀsĀturĀ snu i stnra eavhnzĀ fnh puȜhj bnȜĀ ea faeha `u ntít eavhja fnh ehbh`hd ea eatarfhjnt en`Ā axhstĀ bn`tirh oajath`h `nra i hjbduajȜanzĀ. Êj `nzud tudmurĀrhdir njxhinsa adu`henran fa`njhsfadir oajath`a asta fnh `ifpdh`ntĀ Șh entirhtĀ hfpirtnjtah `ijtrhmuȜhh n axparhajȜah hjehvheunda êj ea`dnjȘnran n`astir tudmurĀrh. Qj ndt bn`tir `nra êfphaeh`Ā adu`henran fa`njhsfadir oajath`a nda tudmurĀrhdir njxhinsa êd raprazhjtĀ `ifirmhehtntan tudmurĀrhdir njxhinsa (`iaxhstajȜn ujir tudmurĀrh ehbarht a, ea axafpdu, njxhatnta oajarndhzntĀ Șh ntn`urh ea pnjh`Ā) Șh `u ndta tudmurĀrh. Entada easpra oajath`n midhdir njxhinsa sujt ent entaa imȜhjuta `u fatieada apheafhidiohah oajath`a3 stuehhda pa oafajh, stuehhda bnfhdhnda, stuehhda pa `iphh `u rhs`. Njxhatntan `n trĀsĀturĀ stnmhdĀ ea parsijndhtnta nra i `ifpijajt oajath`Ā nehthvĀ asthfntĀ dn 0;% êj stuehud pa oafajh nd n d duh Phdiva at nd. (>881) . ?8 Javrithsfud eabhjht êj sajsud hjvajtnruduh ea parsijndhtnta Aysaj`l (êj `nra njxhatntan nra i `iradnȜha êj cur ea ;,=;) nra êj pipudnȜhn jasada`ȜhijntĀ ea oafajh i `ifpijajtĀ oajath`Ā nehthvĀ `nra nthjoa =2% dn mĀrmnȜh Șh 2?% 2? % dn bafah êj stuehud duh Fn`Lhjjij ( >88;). >88; ).7; ?2
=;>; , p.>>5 Nvrnf, A., Jauripshgidioha, aehturn P[A], Mu`uraȘth, =;>;, Nvrnf, A., Jauripshgidioha, aehturn P[A], Mu`uraȘth, =;>;
?? ?7
Gattafn, C. F., [ras`itt, @. N., Fyars, C. F., Janda, F. @., & Lajedar, L.P. UgaYstru`turaYibYoajath`YnjeYajvhrijfajtndYrhslYbn`tirsYbirYnjxhatyYehsirearsYhjYfajYnjeYwifaj, gttp3//www.rasanr`gonta.jat/pumdh`nthij/7;05;;;Y (=;;1). gttp3//www.rasanr`gonta.jat/pumdh`nthij/7;05;;;Y ?8 Npue @dnrl, E.N., U. Ma`l, N.U. @iojhthva Ugarnpy ib Njxhaty Ehsirears. P`haj`a nje [rn`th`a , Uga Ouhdbire [rass =;>;
05
Êj `aan `a prhvaȘta `itrnjsfhshn tudmurĀrhdir njxhinsa Șh `ifirmhehtntan,`ij`duzhhda stuehhdir nrntn `Ā3 - ntn`urhda ea pnjh`Ā Șh njxhatntan oajarndhzntĀ nu bist fnh bra`vajta dn rueada ea orneud H nda primnjzhdir `u tudmurĀrh njxhinsa, `aan `a `ijbhrfĀ trnjsfhshn dir bnfhdhndĀ< bnfhdhndĀ. Ppa`hbh`ud nmireĀrhdir `iojhthvhsta
[shgidiohn `iojhthvĀ stuehnzĀ fa`njhsfada ea pradu`rnra n hjbirfnȜhah - êjtra hjputud sajzirhnd Șh iutputud fitir snu `ifpirtnfajtnd - Șh hfpn`tud dir nsuprn njsnfmduduh parsijndhtĀȜhh, `ijshearíje shstafud `iojhthvi ufnj shstaf nea pri`asnra n hjbirfnȜhah. Phjtnofn ‚pshgidioha `iojhthvĀ‖ easafjanzĀ njufhtĀ`nnmirenra tuturir bajifajadir pshgh`a Șh `ifpirtnfajtnda ehj parspa`thvn fa`njhsfadir hjbirfnȜhijnda nehn`ajta. EaȘh `ifpijajtn hjbirfnȜhijndĀ asta umh`uĀ, `ifpijajtn `iojhthvĀ ju apuhzanzĀ `ifpdaxhtntan bajifajadir pshgh`a, `ifpirtnfajtud ufnj ju asta raeu`thmhd dn pri`asnran hjbirfnȜhah. HjbduajȜn hjtarn`Ȝhujhdir ehjtra `ifpijajtada shstafuduh pshgh` Șh ehjtra shstafud pshgh` Șh faehu nsuprn `ifpirtnfajtuduh, axprashvhtntan afiȜhhdir, fithvnȜhn, vihjȜn, radnȜhhda hjtarparsijnda ju pir bh raeusa hjtaornd dn stru`turh Șh pri`asĀrh `iojhthva. Axpdh`nran ujuh `ifpirtnfajt êj fnjharĀ `iojhthvĀ ra`dnfĀ i njndhzĀ fudthjhvadnrĀ3 >. Hjvasthonran mnzah ea `ujiȘthjȜa ea `nra ehspuja shstafud `iojhthv pra`uf Șh n s`ipuduh snu hjtajȜhhdir (`ijshearnta `n Șh `ntaoirhh npnrȜhjíje sbarah fithvnȜhah) ea `nra asta njhfnt. ]abarhtir dn `ujiȘthjȜada sumha`tuduh asta ja`asnr `n njndhzn sĀ ehbarajȜhaza `nra ehjtra fa`njhsfada hfpdh`nta êjtr-uj njufht `ifpirtnfajt sujt `iojhthv- pajatrnmhda Șh `nra sujt hfpajatrnmhda `iojhthv. @ujiȘthjȜada privhj ehj3 avndunran Șh `ntaoirhznran shtunȜhhdir, ehj axparhajȜĀ, ehj ntrhmuhrhda bĀ`uta, ehj `ijvhjoarh Șh `ij`apȜhh priprhh, ehj saehfajtĀrhda hjtarn`Ȝhujhdi r hjtarparsijnda. Jhvadud `ujiȘthjȜadir, eajufht Șh jhvad safnjth`, hjbduajȜanzĀ pri`asnran hjbirfnȜhah snu `ifpirtnfajtud3 `ujiȘthjȜada ea `nra ehspuja sumha`tud bn` imha`tud ujir pri`asĀrh ns`ajeajta (pirjhje ea dn `nrn`tarhsth`h ea suprnbnȜĀ spra `ada safnjth`a snu buj`Ȝhijnda) enr Șh eas`ajeajta. =. Jhvadud `ifputnȜhijnd sa rab rabarĀ arĀ dn heajthbh`nran heajthbh`nran pri`asĀrhdir hjbirfnȜhah ea dn hjput spra iutput, dn heajthbh`nran buj`Ȝhah hjput ‐ iutput. Njndhzn `ifputnȜhijndĀ n shstafuduh `iojhthv `iojhthv ufnj puja êj avheajȜĀ3 - pri`asĀrh pri`asĀrh fieudnra, hfpajatrnmhda `iojhthv Șh `nra ju pit bh hjbduajȜnta ea mnzn ea `ujiȘthjȜa ea `nra ehspuja sumha`tud< n`astan sujt prantajȜhijnda, nutifnta Șh nu i di`nȜha njntifh`Ā pra`hsĀ 7>
Fh`dan,F., [shgidioha `iojhthvĀ, ae, [idhrif, >888, p. 00
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[ri`asud ea pradu`rnra n hjbirfnȜhah hfpdh`Ā trah jhvada. [rhfud asta `ad hjbrn-safnjth` Șh `ijstĀ `ijstĀ êj njndhzn safjnduduh, `iehb `iehbh`nran h`nran sajzirhndĀ Șh `ijeu`aran n`astuhn. Pupirtud trnjsbaruduh nutifnt asta ea jnturĀ mhi`ghfh`Ā Șh `ijsthtuha imha`tud ea stuehu nd ȘthhjȜadir jauri`iojhthva. Nd eihdan jhvad asta `ad safnjth` - heajthbh`nran imha`tadir bhzh`a snu shfmidh`a, `uf sujt `uvhjtada Șh/snu raprazajtĀrhda, êj nbnrn `ijtaxtuduh jntur jnturnd nd snu nd taxtuduh. N`ast jhvad prhvaȘta par`aparan imha`tadir bhzh`a snu raprazajtĀrhdir ornbh`a, par`apar an an `uvhjtadir Șh n``asud daxh`nd . Fa`njhsfada spa`hbh`a hjtaoranzĀ hjbirfnȜhn privajhje ea dn hjputud sajzirhnd enr Șh hjbirfnȜhn shfmidh`Ā privajhje ea dn hjbirfnȜhn safnjth`Ā eacn pri`asntĀ. Pa pit ehsthjoa fa`njhsfa ea n`thvnra n hjbirfnȜhhdir sti`nta Șh fa`njhsfa ea adhfhjnra n hpitazadir `njehenta, nvíje `n aba`t n``asnran fafirhah, n jieuduh ehj raȜanun safnjth`Ā Șh n safjhbh`nȜhhdir safjhbh`nȜhhdir nsi`hnta n`astuhn. Nd trahdan jhvad ea njndhzĀ asta jhvadud safnjth` ea trntnra n safjhbh`nȜhhdir Șh ea adnmirnra n ea`hzhhdir.7=Hjtaornran sa randhzanzĀ prhj sada`Ȝhn Șh adnmirnran safjhbh`nȜhhdir. Bnzada pri`asĀrhh sujt raprazajtnta ea jhvadurhda su``ashva dn `nra sa bn`a hjtaornran. [ri`asada eas`rhsa nu oajarnt i sarha ea fieadhzĀrh. Êj bu`Ȝha ea thpud raprazajtĀrhdir, nd birfntuduh êj `nra sujt `ienta `ujiȘthjȜada Șh fiendhtĀȜhda ea trntnra n dir, `ar`atnran shstafuduh `iojhthv ufnj asta oghentĀ ea eiuĀ pnrnehofa3 - [nrnehofn shfmidh`Ā `dnsh`Ā `ij`apa shstafud `iojhthv ufnj `n uj shstaf bhzh`i -shfmidh`3 `ujiȘthjȜada Șh stĀrhda stĀrhda ea du`rurh `iraspujzĀtinra, `iraspujzĀtinra, sujt raprazajtnta prhj shfmidurh snu stru`turh stru`turh shfmidh`a(axprashh dhjovhsth`a, cuea`ĀȜh, hfnohjh)< `raharud, `ieanzĀ `ujiȘthjȜada êj axprashh shfmidh`a pajtru n putan iparn `u ada. Fieadud pripuja i trntnra sa`v ajȜhndĀ n hjbirfnȜhah prhj êjdĀjȜuhrh fieudnra nda buj`Ȝhhdir ea bhdtrnra, `ienra, sti`nra, at`. - [nrnehofn jai`ijaxhijhstĀ `ijshearĀ `Ā pri`asnran hjbirfnȜhah (jhvadud ndoirhtfh` raprazajtnȜhijnd) pinta bh fieadntĀ prhj raȜada sumshfmidh`a, ea hjsphrnȜha jaurijndĀ. Jai`ijaxhijhsfud `ijshearĀ `Ā hjbirfnȜhn asta raprazajtntĀ ea shstafud `iojhthv ufnj Șh `hr`udĀ prhj vndirh Șh pnttarjurh ea n`thvnra nda ujir ujhtĀȜh `iojhthva shfpda, hjtar`ijaxnta sum birfn ujir raȜada, eajufhta jaurijnda. Fieadud pripuja heaan pri`asĀrhh pnrndada n ehvarsadir hjbirfnȜhh ([nrnddad Ehstrhmutae [ri`asshjo70), raoudhda ea pdnsth`htnta shjnpth`Ā parfhȜíje fiehbh`nran `ijaxhujhdir êj buj`Ȝha ea `hr`ufstnjȜada axtarhinra Șh ea n`thvhtntan dir hjtarjĀ. [ajtru nmirenran pri`asadir `iojhthva `ifpdaxa sujt prabarnmhda tairhhda shfmidh`a, `n nprixhfĀrh nda nda tairhhdir jai`ijaxhijhsta.
=.5.=. AfiȜha Șh `iojhȜha Adnmirnran ujah ran`Ȝhh `ifpirtnfajtnda nenptnthva `ir `iraspujzĀtir aspujzĀtir sthfudhdir ehj faehu, ja`ashtĀ n`thvnran ujir `ujiȘthjȜa ea `nra sumha`tud ehspuja Șh n ujir fa`njhsfa ea pri`asnra, mnzn ea `ujiȘthjȜa nvíje uj hfpn`t eatarfhjnjt nsuprn fieuduh ea pri`asnra n hjbirfnȜhah. Daont ea n`anstn npnra hfpirtnjt ea pra`hznt3 `ujiȘthjȜada `idirnta nba`thv ju sa ironjhzanzĀ eupĀ radnȜhh pur safnjth`a `h sa nodifaranzĀ êj curud ujir ,,jieurh afiȜhijnda‖. [rhj urfnra fieadada `iojhthva ju pit hojirn nspa`tada nba`thva, afiȜhijnda nda pshghsfuduh bhhje ja`asnrĀ êjȜadaoaran radnȜhah ehjtra afiȜhh Șh `ujiȘthjȜa snu fa`njhsfada ea pri`asnra. [íjĀ êj sa`idud =;-dan, stuehud afiȜhah sh `iojhȜhah bist êj fnra fĀsurĀ i `gasthuja bhdisibh`Ā, udthfada `ítavn ea`ajhh nu nshstnt dn npnrhȜhn ujuh putarjh` `urajt ea `ar`atnra pajtru n 7=
Fh`dan, F., [shgidioha `iojhthvĀ, aehturn [idhrif, >8 88 Fh`dan, F., [shgidioha `iojhthvĀ, aehturn [idhrif, >888, p. 07.
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adu`hen hjtarn`Ȝhujan ehjtra afiȜha Șh `iojhȜha ([assin, =;>05< Eid`isnje Eajlivn, =;>5)75. P`ipud n`astir `ar`atĀrh n bist hjtadaoaran fieuduh êj `nra pri`asada afiȜhijnda Șh `iojhthva hjtarn`ȜhijanzĀ Șh `uf sujt ada hjtaornta êj `rahar, pra`uf Șh hfpdh`nȜhhda pajtru êjtadaoaran fhjȜhh Șh tudmurĀrhdir snda. I `ujiȘthjȜĀ asta uj `ijȜhjut safnjth` `nra pinta bh neavĀrnt snu bnds (putaf sĀ êh ntrhmuhf i vndinra ea neavĀr) Șh `nra razudtĀ ehj pradu`rnran hfnohjhdir fhjtnda snu par`apthva. @ujiȘthjȜada ju birfanzĀ i fnsĀ pnshvĀ ea hjbirfnȜhh, tinta pradu`rĀrhda eas`ajeajta bhhje hjhȜhnta Șh oghenta ea `ujiȘthjȜada sumha`tuduh. ‚Fieud ea ironjhznra n `ujiȘthjȜadir eaphjea ea raprazajtĀrhda `u `nra iparanzĀ shstafud `iojhthv.‖71 [ajtru raprazajtnran imha`tadir, shstafud ufnj ra`uroa dn `ij`apta Șh pritithpurh. [ajtr u raprazajtnran stĀrhdir ea du`rurh, n s`ajadir `ifpdaxa sa npadanzĀ dn hfnohjh fhjtnda snu s`gafa `iojhthva hnr pajtru raprazajtnran n`Ȝhujhdir sujt uthdhznta s`ajnrhh `iojhthva snu sa`vajȜa ea raoudh. Ma`l `ijshearĀ `Ā njxhatntan asta razudtntud n`thvĀrhh ujir s`gafa `iojhthva `nra prieu` i ehstirshuja parfnjajtĀ êj pri`asud ea trntnra n hjbirfnȜhhdir bnvirhzíje nutiêjtraȜhjaran shtunȜhhdir pntidioh`a. ]abarhtir dn radnȜhn ehjtra afiȜhh Șh `iojhȜha, eazmntarhda entanzĀ ea pa vrafan duh Cnfas Șh Dnjoa< @njjij nrĀtn `Ā uj fa`njhsf bhzh` ju asta subh`hajt pajtru n axpdh`n npnrhȜhn afiȜhhdir 3 êj n`asta pri`asa fiehbh`Ārhdir bhzhidioh`a dh sa ntrhmuha i safjhbh`nȜha razudtntĀ ehj pri`asĀrh `iojhthva. Sncij` `ijshearĀ `Ā afiȜhhda sujt `ifpdat ehbarhta Șh `iraspuje ujir `iojhȜhujh pnrth`udnra `nra sujt pri`asnta hjeapajeajt ea hjbirfnȜhn safnjth`Ā. HfpirtnjȜn pri`asadir `iojhthva asta radavntĀ ea P`gn`gtar Șh Phjoar `nra nrntĀ `Ā êj prazajȜn ujah n`thvĀrh bhzhidioh`a pajtru `nra sumha`tud ju nra i axpdh`nȜha avheajtĀ, ad vn heajthbh`n n`anstĀ stnra bidishje `ujiȘthjȜada ea `nra ehspuja< en`Ā uj sumha`t ehspuja ea i axpdh`nȜha avheajtĀ Șh pdnuzhmhdĀ pajtru i stnra ea n`thvnra bhzhidioh`Ā, ad ju vn êj`ar`n sĀ fnh oĀsans`Ā i ndtn. ]azudtntada axparhfajtnda72 nu eafijstrnt `Ā ntrhmuhran ea safjhbh`nȜha afiȜhah , `ijstruhran raprazajtĀrhdir nsuprn shtunȜhah, êh ravhja bn`tiruduh `iojhthv, hnr n`thvnran hjtarvhja êj stnmhdhran hjtajshtĀȜhh. Fnjedar 7? n pripus uj fiead êj `nra nsi`haran s`gafadir `iojhthva avnduntirhh `u axparhajȜn vhs`arndĀ `ijeu`a dn axparhajȜn ujhtnrĀ Șh odimndĀ `nra asta afiȜhn < n`thvnran jauri-
bhzhidioh`Ā nr bh `ifujĀ tuturir thpurhdir ea afiȜhh Șh s-nr entirn êjtraruparhh ujah n`thvhtĀth imhsjuhta, `aan `a ndartanzĀ sumha`tud Șh `ij`ifhtajt nra di` i n`thvhtnta `iojhthvĀ ea avndunra (axnfajud `ijthjuu Șh nutifnt dn `nra irh`a hjehvhe supuja faehud hjtarj Șh axtarj ). [rhj n`asta pri`asĀrh razudtĀ i safjhbh`nȜha, prieus nd hjtarn`Ȝhujhh ehjtra avajhfajt Șh pnrth`udnrhtĀȜhda priprhh sumha`tuduh.
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Gnens Ilij-Phjoar, G., G., Gajedar, U, [assin, D., C.Pgn`lfnj,N.C., Uga jaurimhidioy ib afithij ‐ `iojhthij `iojhthij hjtarn`thijs3 bujenfajtnd quasthijs nje strntaohas bir butura rasanr`g, rasanr`g, Brijthars hj Gufnj Jau Jauris`haj`a, ris`haj`a, www.brijtharshj.iro 71 Fh`dan, F.,[shgidioha `iojhthvĀ, ae, [idhrif, >888, p. =0? 72 NjhȜah, F., Bujenfajtada pshgidiohah, Aehturn 7? Dnznrus, ].P., ].P., ‚B]IF ‚B]IF [PX@GIDIOH@ND [PX@GIDIOH@ND PU]APP U I UGA AFIUHIJP" N Ghstiry ib @gnjohjo Iutdiils Iutdiils gttp3//`iffijwam.ujhbr.`g/nrtseanj/pum/oastajs/b/ns/bhdas/522;/>7===Y>;12>8.peb
07
Fieadud duh Dnznrus77 pripuja axhstajȜn ujir pri`asa `iojhthva avndunthva `nra sa easbĀȘinrĀ êj pnrndad3 -avndunran prhfnrĀ `nra parfhta easprhjearan ujah safjhbh`nȜhh Șh fĀsurnran `ijsa`hjȜadir ujuh avajhfajt< - avndunran sa`ujenrĀ pajtru njndhzn rasursadir pa `nra sumha`tud da pinta fimhdhzn pajtrun bn`a bnȜĀ (fa`njhsfa ea `iphjo). =.5.0. [ri`asĀrh `iojhthva êj njxhatnta - ea dn pri`asnran parh`iduduh dn buj`Šhijnran ntajŠhijndĀ ntajŠhijndĀ oajarndĀ
=.5.0.>. [ri`asa ntajȜhijnda Êj eifajhud njxhatĀȜhh nspa`tada `ada fnh hjtajs `ar`atnta nu bist `ada daonta ea pri`asada ntajȜhijnda. Phtunt êjtr-uj faehu ghpar`ifpdax `nra aviduanzĀ hfpraeh`thmhd oajaríje shtunȜhh `rhth`a, sumha`tud ufnj asta javiht sĀ hn ea`hzhh ea`hz hh nenptnthva rnphea. [ri`asada ntajȜhijnda sujt `ada `nra iparanzĀ i sada`Ȝha n sthfudhdir `nra nu i vndinra fiȜhvnȜhijndĀ snu nenptnthvĀ safjhbh`nthvĀ Șh `nra urfanzĀ sĀ bha supuȘh ujir pradu`rĀrh udtarhinra. N`anstĀ sada`Ȝha raprazhjtĀ i strntaoha nenptnthvĀ eimíjehtĀ ea ironjhsf pajtru n-Șh nshour n `iarajȜn Șh `ijtridud `ifpirtnfajtuduh. Êj buj`Ȝha ea `rhtarhhda pa mnzn `Ārirn `nra sa randhzanzĀ pri`asnran sada`thvĀ n hjbirfnȜhah, Ȝhjíje `ijt ea fieud Șh di`nȜhn ehj shstafud `iojhthv ujea sa randhzanzĀ saoraonran hjbirfnȜha h sa ehsthjo fieada ntajȜhijnda3 bhdtrncud thfpurhu (fafirhn sajzirhndĀ), bhdtrncud ‚tírzhu‖, bhdtrada ntajunjta (su``ashva). Fieadada jai`ijaxhijhsta `ij`ap sada`thvhtntan `n razudtnt nd fieuduh ea oasthuja n rasursadir `iojhthva, rasursa rasursa `nra sujt, ea bnpt, eatarfhjnta ea jhvadud ea n`thvnra. Entada ehj jauribhzhidioha nrntĀ78 `Ā 3 -ntajȜhn sa ehstrhmuha pa fnh fudȜh fieudh `iojhthvh< -sada`thvhtntan sa fnjhbastĀ eupĀ `ijsthtuhran hfnohjhh 0E (`u ax`apȜhn eata`tirhdir ea trĀsĀturh);>;5). PtĀrhda ea njxhatnta pnr n bh i n`ghzhȜha aviduth aviduthvĀ vĀ Șh nstb nstbad ad (shfhdnr ``uu tanfn), ada `ijbarĀ i vndinra nenptnthvĀ3 êj faehh jabnfhdhnra Șh jashoura avhtnran prueajtĀ, vhohdajȜn spirhtĀ Șh ea `npn`htntan ea ran`Ȝha rnpheĀ bnȜĀ ea sthfudh ea parh`id hfhjajt êfmujĀtĀȜaȘta Șnjsada ea suprnvhaȜuhra. Êj `nzud êj `nra n`ast `ifpirtnfajt asta eabhjhthv neiptnt ad pinta eavajh eaznenpthv. >;5
Envhs,F.,_ndlar,E.D.,Fhdas,D.,nje Orhddij,@.(=;>;). Orhddij,@.(=;>;).[gnsh` [gnsh` vs sustnhjae banr hj rnts nje gufnjs3rida ib tga axtajeae nfyoendn hj banr vs njxhaty. Jauripsy`gipgnrfn`idioy 01, >;1 ‐>01.
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UudmurĀrhda ea njxhatnta nu `n adafajt bujenfajtnd "ehbh`udtĀȜh ea `ij`ajtrnra", `n uj shfptif `gaha. [ribhdud aba`tadir nenptnthva êj njxhatnta. Êj njxhatnta, stuehhda bbĀ`uta Ā`uta êj mnzn pnrnehofah nfajhjȜĀrhh ``uu Și` hjeh`Ā i pradu`rnra sajzirhnd- par`apthvĀ par`apthvĀ spirhtĀ, pajtru fnh fudta thpurh ea sthfudh3 asta virmn ea i s`ghfmnra bujenfajtndĀ prhj `nra shstafada sajzirhnda-par`apthva sujt ra`ijbhournta ehjnfh` êj thfpud stĀrhdir ea njxhatnta, pajtru n eainra`a bh fnh sajshmhda dn parturmĀrh Eata`tnran thfpurhaenr n nfajhjȜĀrhdir asta nenptnthvĀ, bn`hdhtanzĀ praoĀthransajzirhnda. pitajȜhnduduh pajtru parh`id, pinta bh eaznenptnthvĀ `íje sthfudhh hjibajshvh sujt `iehbh`nȜh `n parh`udiȘh Șh `íje êj fie `ijstnjt `ifpirtnfajtud neiptnt asta parturmnt. [ri`asĀrh sajzirhnd-par`apthva êj njxhatnta Êj oajarnd, njxhatntan sajshmhdhzanzĀ shstafada sajzirhnda `irth`nda bnȜĀ ea sthfudh hjibajshvh faehu. Ei`ufajtada custhbh`nthva pajtru n`anstĀ nbhrfnȜha sujt razudtntada ujir tasta `ij`aputa pajtru n surprhjea fiehbh`Ārhda êj eata`Ȝhn prantajȜhijndĀ. Eivazhda suoaranzĀ `Ā pradu`rĀrhda par`apthv -sajzirhnda êfmujĀtĀȜhta ehj njxhatnta pra`ae hfpdh`nran `irth`ndĀ3 êjraohstrĀrhda êjraohstrĀrhda suoaranzn bnptud `Ā êj njxhatnta jhvadud rĀspujsuduh dn sthfudh asta `ras`ut êjtr-i bnzĀ binrta thfpurha (~ >; fs), ntít êj tarfajh ea nfpdhtuehja n rĀspujsuduh `ít Șh `n rnphehtnta n dntajȜah ea rrĀspuj Āspujs >;1. Nu bist imȜhjuta Șh eivazh `ijtrneh`tirhh êjsĀ pajtru orupurh `u njxhatnta faeha `urajtĀ, `nra pnraÊjn njsnfmdu, bh bn`tirud stĀrhdir fnh radavnjt êj fieudnran sajzirhnda-par`apthva. ea njxhatnta pnr sĀ shstafadir dh sa nsi`haza fiehbh`Ārh bujenfajtnda nda `Āhdir sajzirhnda `ajtrnda Șh nda stru`turhdir ea safjndhznra thp mittif-up, pajtru n spirh eata`tnran `ghnr Șh pajtru irh`a fh`h vnrhnȜhh nd ndaa faehuduh. Aba`tud ea suprhfnra n bns`h`ududuh sajzirhnd sa rabarĀ dn fa`njhsfada ea bhdtrnra `nra su prhfĀ pradu`rnran safjndhzĀrhda nbarajta, pajtru n parfhta pri`asnran adnmirntĀ n njufhtir sthfudh. Pajshmhdhtntan par`apthv- sajzirhndĀ rheh`ntĀ êj njxhatnta pinta raeu`a prnourhda ea eata`Ȝha pajtru sthfudh ea nfajhjȜnra, enr nr putan pu tan Șh suprnêj`Ār`n shstafada sajzirhnda. Fa`njhsfada ea bhdtrnra sajzirhndĀ sa pit êjsĀ eatarhirn ientĀ `u `raȘtaran par parshstajtĀ shstajtĀ n sajshmhdhtĀȜhh sajzirhnd- par`apthva, par`apthva, `aan `a, pa tarfaj dujo, `ijeu`a dn raeu`aran hjghmĀrhh.
afiŠhijndĀ 0.=. Uafparnfajt řh strntaohh ea raodnra afiŠhijndĀ 0.=.>. Uafparnfajtud `n praeh`tir nd njxhatĀŠhh
Nmirenran hjhŠhntĀ ea Fnry L. ]itgmnrt>;2, eabhjařta tafparnfajtud `n fĀsurĀ n ehbarajŠadir hjehvheunda, `u i mnzĀ mhidioh`Ā, dn jhvad ea ran`thvhtnta (afiŠhijndĀ, `iojhthvĀ, `ifpirtnfajtndĀ) řh nuti-raodnra (bhhje nsafĀjĀtir `u Bhva-Bn`tir Fiead). N`asta eiuĀ bnŠata nda tafparnfajtuduh sa rabda`tĀ êj ehbarajŠa dn jhvadud ujuh sat ea ehfajshujh (snu `nrn`tarhsth`h) hjehvheunda ea mnzĀ, orupnta êj trah bn`tirh prhj`hpndh3 >;1
Pgn`lfnj, N. C., Fnxwadd, C. P., F`Fajnfhj, M. _., Orahs`gnr, D. D., nje Envhesij, ]. C. (=;>>n). Ptrass pitajthntas anrdy nje nttajuntas dnta dnta stnoas ib vhsund pri`asshjo. pri`asshjo. C. Jauris`h. 0>, >>12 ‐>>2>, >;2 gttp3//www.cjauris`h.iro/`ijtajt/0>/0/>>12.dijo gttp3//www.cjauris`h.iro/`ijtajt/0>/0/>>12.dijo
gttp3//www.miweihj. gttp3//www.miweihj.aeu/~sputjnf/ritgmnrt-tafparnfajt-quasthijjnhr aeu/~sputjnf/ritgmnrt-tafparnfajt-quasthijjnhras/peb/tafp-parsjdty-irhohjsas/peb/tafp-parsjdty-irhohjsiut`ifas.peb
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Axtrnvarshuja, Nba`thvhtnta JaonthvĀ (`nra sa suprnpuja pnrŠhnd pasta Jaurith`hsf) řh @ijtrid Ridujtnr (Abbirtbud @ijtrid, shfhdnr `u @ijřthhj`hizhtntan). [rhfhh eih bn`tirh rabda`tĀ nspa`tud ran`thv nd tafparnfajtuduh (jhvadud ea n`thvhsf, hfpudshvhtnta, tajehjŠn ea n trĀh afiŠhh pizhthva řh ea n bh si`hnmhd varsus tajehjŠn ea n trĀh řh ea n fnjhbastn afiŠhh jaonthva, rnphehtntan řh uřurhjŠn `ndfĀrhh n`astirn, snu ehs`ijbirtud sajzirhnd). @ijtridud vidujtnr sa rabarĀ dn `npn`htntan ea n hjghmn n`Šhujh eifhjnjta (nutifnta) enr japitrhvhta êjtr-ujarirhda. njufht `ijtaxt řh ea n hjhŠhn n`Šhujh fnh puŠhj nutifnta enr fnh nea`vnta, ea n eata`tn řh `ira`tn @ijtridud vidujtnr ‚ja parfhta sĀ razhstĀf hjbduajŠah hfaehnta n nba`thvhtĀŠhh řh bha sĀ ja npriphaf ea shtunŠhh `nra ja hjsphrĀ tanfĀ, bha sĀ razhstĀf ujir n`Šhujh pa `nra eirhf sĀ da randhzĀf, êjtr -i fnjharĀ bdaxhmhdĀ‖>;?, rabda`tĀ nmhdhtntan oajarndĀ n ujah parsinja ea n hfpdafajtn nuti-`ijtridud êj vhnŠn ea zh `u zh. @ar`atĀrhda n`tunda nu heajthbh`nt radnŠhh `ijshstajta êjtra nba`thvhtntan jaonthvĀ rheh`ntĀ řh njxhatntan rheh`ntĀ. @ijtridud vidujtnr prazhjtĀ pitajŠhndud ea n n`Šhijn `n bn`tir prita`tir, entirhtĀ nspa`tadir nuti-raodntirhh ea dn jhvadud `ifpirtnfajtuduh řh nd ntajŠhah, Șh pinta `ijeu`a dn i ehfhjunra n rhs`uduh ea eazvidtnra n njxhatĀŠhh `ghnr řh êj `nzud parsinjadir `u jhvada rheh`nta ea nba`thvhtnta jaonthvĀ. @ar`atĀrhda `nra nu hjvasthont n`anstĀ pishmhdhtnta nu `ij`aptundhznt `ijtridud vidujtnr `n
bhhje i `ifmhjnŠha n ehfajshujhdir ea `ijtrid ntajŠhijnd (bi`ndhznra řh `ifutnra ntajŠhijndĀ) raspa`thv `ijtrid hjghmhtir. EhbarhŠh nutirh nu suoarnt `Ā hfpdh`nran nba`t nba`thvhtĀȜhh hvhtĀȜhh jaonthva řh n `ijtriduduh vidujtnr êj êj njxhatnta s-nr putan fnjhbastn êj fie nehthv snu hjtarn`thv. 0.=.=. Nba`thvhtntan jaonthvĀ, raodnran afiŠhijndĀ Șh `ijtridud vidujtnr
]aodnran afiŠhijndĀ sa rabarĀ dn i sarha ea pri`asa axtrhjsa`h řh hjtrhjsa`h, `nra `ijtrhmuha dn fieudnran `nrn`tarhsth`hdir rĀspujsurhdir afiŠhijnda (hjtajshtntan řh aviduŠhn n`astirn êj thfp), `u aba`ta fnh fudt snu fnh puŠhj nenptnthva3 prhj hjtarfaehud raodĀrhh afiŠhijnda, rĀspujsurhda afiŠhijnda pit bh hjhŠhnta, iprhta snu fiehbh`nta, prhj sada`tnran snu fiehbh`nran shtunŠhah, prhj bi`ndhznran pa ehbarhta nspa`ta nda n`astahn, prhj fiehbh`nran hjtarpratĀrhh n`astah shtunŠhh, snu prhj fieudnran rĀspujsurhdir `ifpirtnfajtnda nsi`hnta `u afiŠhn. Eazvidtnran raodĀrhh afiŠhijnda hfpdh`Ā uthdhznran ujir strntaohh ea nutiraodnra hjtarjndhznta, `iojhthva (`uf nr bh rahjtarpratnran shtunŠhah, ehstrnoaran, snu `ghnr rufhjnran řh `ntnstribnran). Hjtarasud ra`ajt nsuprn radnŠhah ehjtra raodnran afiŠhijndĀ řh njxhatnta asta fithvnt ea pitajŠhndud pa `nra êd prazhjtĀ nmhdhtĀŠhda ea raodnra afiŠhijndĀ `n bn`tirh ea fajŠhjara snu r aeu`ara aeu`ara n njxhatĀŠhh>;7, `n řh ea pishmhdhtntan ea n `ran hjtarvajŠhh pajtru njxhatntan `dhjh`Ā pa mnzn raodĀrhh afiŠhijnda.
>;?
gttp3//www.miweihj. gttp3//www.miweihj.aeu/~sputjnf/ritgmnrtaeu/~sputjnf/ritgmnrt-tafparnfajt-quasthijjnhras tafparnfajt-quasthijjnhras/peb/tafp-parsjdty-irhohjs/peb/tafp-parsjdty-irhohjs-
>;7 iut`ifas.peb @hsdar, C. F., nje Listar, A. G. (=;>;). Fa`gnjhsfs ib nttajthijnd mhnsas tiwnres tgrant hj tga njxhaty ehsirears3 nj hjtaornthva ravhaw. @dhj. [sy`gid. ]av. 0;, =;0.
1;
]azudtntada `ar`atĀrhdir >;8 nrntĀ `Ā parsinjada `u njxhatnta `dhjh`Ā `ijshearĀ afiŠhhda jaonthva `n bhhje fnh puŠhj n``aptnmhda Șh sujt fnh praehspusa dn uthdhznran suprashah êj raodnran nba`thvhtĀŠhh jaonthva. Ptuehh `nra s-nu bi`ndhznt nsuprn strntaohhdir ea raodnra afiŠhijndĀ nu heajthbh`nt `iradnŠhh êjtra strntaohh `uf nr bh nuti- mdnfnran, rufhjnran řh `ntnstribnran řh s`irurh rheh`nta dn njxhatnta. Pumha`Ȝhh `u njxhatnta fnh rheh`ntĀ nu tajehjŠn ea n npadn êjtr -i fnh fnra fĀsurĀ dn nuti -mdnfnra, rufhjnra řh `ntnstribnra, řh fnh dn rahjtarpratnran pizhthvĀradnŠhijntĀ n shtunŠhah.`u eazvidtnran ntajŠhah @ijtridud vidujtnr astapuŠhj i vnrhnmhdĀ tafparnfajtndĀ axa`uthva Șh raprazhjtĀ nmhdhtntan ea n hjghmn uj rĀspujs eifhjnjt pajtru n parfhta axa`utnran ujuhn sumeifhjnjt. Njndhzn `ijtriduduh vidujtnr parfhta êjŠadaoaran hjbduajŠah pa `nra i axar`htĀ tafparnfajtud nsuprn `ifpirtnfajtuduh. @ijtridud vidujtnr pnra sĀ fieudaza nba`thvhtnt an jaonthvĀ řh, prhj hjtarfaehud n`astahn, shfptifada ea njxhatnta. @ijtridud vidujtnr asta hjvars radnŠhijnt `u nba`thvhtntan jaonthvĀ `n řh bn`tir tafparnfajtnd. N`anstĀ radnŠha jaonthvĀ raprazhjtĀ bnptud `Ā eaprhjearhda ntajŠhijnda pit ntajun nba`tada jaonthva. ]aodnran afiŠhijndĀ eaznenptnthvĀ hjbduajŠanzĀ njxhatntan hjehra`t, prhj fieudnran nba`thvhtĀȜhh jaonthva.
0.0. Hfpn`tud njxhatĀȜhh nsuprn fafirhah Fafirhn `uprhjea pri`asada hfpdh`nta êj `ienran, sti`nran, pra`uf Șh ra`uparnran hjbirfnȜhhdir par`aputa. EaȘh axhstĀ uj nvnjtnc aviduthv `dnr pajtru n bn`hdhtn eata`tnran nfajhjȜĀrhdir Șh n rĀspujsuduh sajzirhnd rnphe êj faehh hfpravhzhmhda, n`asta fiehbh`Ārh imsarvnta êj njxhatnta>>; pit vajh ea bnpt, êj eatrhfajtud pri`asadir `iojhthva irhajtnta `Ātra s`ip, `nra sujt asajȜhnda ntít êj fafirhn ea dujoĀ eurntĀ `ít Șh `an ea s`urtĀ eurntĀ (ea du`ru). Njxhatntan hjeusĀ ea i nfajhjȜnran hfpravhzhmhdĀ, nra uj aba`t sada`thv nsuprn fafirhah, `nra asta eapajeajtĀ ea fiendhtntan (spnȜhndĀ snu varmndĀ), ea ehbh`udtnta Șh ea thpud ea n`thvhtnta -ea fafirhn ea dujoĀ eurntĀ snu ea s`urtĀ eurntĀ. Fncirhtntan `ijstntĀrhdir eafijstranzĀ `Ā fafirhn ea du`ru spnȜhndĀ spnȜhndĀ asta partur parturmntĀ mntĀ êj tudmurĀrhda ea njxhatnta hnr fafirhn aphsieh`Ā ea dujoĀ eurntĀ (fnh ndas pajtru sthfudh afiȜhijndh jaonthvh) asta êfmujĀtĀȜhtĀ. Njxhatntn hjeusĀ ea nfajhjȜnra eatarfhjĀ ehs`rapnjȜa êj pra`hzhn fafirhah ea s`urtĀ eurntĀ. Êj njxhatntan trĀsĀturĀ axhstĀ jufnh eabh`hta ea `npn`htnta. Êj oajarnd, eabh`hajȜada ea parbirfnjȜĀ sujt ea imh`ah nsi`hnta `u stnran njxhatntan rheh`ntĀ, spra eaisamhra ea njxhatntan trnsĀturĀ rheh`ntĀ. N`ast bnpt suoar anzĀ anzĀ `Ā axparhajȜn njxhatĀȜhh pinta bh fa`njhsfud prhfnr ea eapra`hara, fnh eaornmĀ e aornmĀ ea`ít sus`ap thmhdhtntan dn stras. Ppra eaisamhra ea fafirhn pa tarfaj dujo, fafirhn ea du`ru sa rabarĀ êj fie spa`hbh` dn eapizhtnran pa tarfaj s`urt ea hjbirfnȜhh, Șh axhstĀ eivazh `nra suoaranzĀ n`asta eiuĀ thpurh ea fafirha sa mnzanzn pa shstafa jaurijnda pnrȜhnd sapnrnmhda. >;8
Oriss, C. C., & Ugifpsij, ]. N. (=;;?). Afithij raoudnthij3 @ij`aptund biujenthijs. biujenthijs . gttp3//spd.stnjbire.aeu/pebs/=;>5/Oriss.peb >>;
C., Datlhawh`z, N. F., Ivarstraat, @., Arjst, F., nje Orhddij, @. (=;>>). ij ]imhjsij, `iojhthij3 I. tgrant ib sgi`l ajgnj`as nvarshva pri`asshjo hj gandtgy hjehvheunds, hjehvheunds, Uga abba`t ib hjeu`ae njxhaty gttp3//dhjl.sprhjoar.`if/nrth`da/>;.0?17%=Bs>05>1-;>>-;;0;-1 gttp3//dhjl.sprhjoar.`if/nrth`da/>;.0?17%=Bs>05>1-;>>-;;0;-1
1>
Njxhatntan trĀsĀturĀ asta bra`vajt nsi`hntĀ `u i `npn`htnta raeusĀ n fafirhah ea du`ru, enr ju `u parbirfnjȜn.>>> Êj njxhatntan hjeusĀ, nfajhjȜnran parturmĀ ntít fafirhn varmndĀ `ít Șh fafirhn spnȜhndĀ ea s`urtĀ eurntĀ, enr eapra`haran asta fnh rimust Ā pajtru fafirhn spnȜhndĀ< axhstĀ Șh eivazh `nra hjeh`Ā bnptud `Ā nfajhjȜnran ju nba`tanzĀ parbirfnjȜn varmndĀ. Eapra`haran fafirhah pinta bh razudtntud `ij`urajȜah pajtru rasursa ea pri`asnra `iojhthv Ā Șh ea sajzirhnd -par`apthv Ā Șhfnh eainra`a rasursada jaurijnda axthjsa pnrtncnta ntajȜhijnd êjtra njxhatnta Șh fafirhn du`ru spnȜhndĀ sujt puȜhj sus`apthmhda ea n bh supusa `ijtriduduh tipeiwj ea`ít rasursada pnrtncnta êjtra njxhatnta Șh pri`asada fafirha h ea du`ru varmnda. Êj njxhatnta ju asta nba`tntĀ fafirhn ea dujoĀ eurntĀ>>=, enr axhstĀ i primnmhdĀ hjsubh`hajȜĀ êj fafirhn aphsieh`Ā ea dujoĀ eurntĀ >>0. Êj fie spa`hbh`, uj `ijtaxt privi`ntir ea njxhatnta êj thfpud `ijsthtuhrhh fafirhah aphsieh`a nr putan bh bn`hdhtnjt, enr êj thfpud ea ra`uparĀrhh asta eĀujĀtir. [arsinjada `u njxhatnta ehspizhȜhijndĀ rheh`ntĀ thje sĀ nhmĀ i fnh mujĀ ranfhjthra n hjbirfnȜhhdir nfajhjȜĀtinra. I pishmhdn axpdh`nȜha asta stnran afiȜhijndĀ n sumha`Ȝhdir êj thfpud `ieĀrhh.
0.5. ]adnȜhn `iojhȜha ‐afiȜha êj njxhatnta
Fnh fudta eivazh `ij`dueajta `Ā njxhatntan `raȘta pri`asnran par`apthv - sajzirhndĀ privhj ehj stuehh `nra hj`due hj `due sthfudh hjtrhjsa`h hfpirtnjȜh. [razajtnran ujir axprashh afiȜhijnda n bist uthdhznta binrta fudt êj n`anstĀ prhvhjȜĀ. [ipudnȜhhda `dhjh`a nrntĀ mhnsĀrh pripirȜhijnda `u nvarshujan snu ntrn`Ȝhn bnȜĀ ea axprashn bhourhh ea -n dujoud ehfajshujhdir `ifpirtnfajtnda Șh jaurijnda, `n Șh parsinjada `u njxhatnta ehspizhȜhijndĀ rheh`ntĀ. Êj oajarnd, êj njxhatntan ehspizhȜhijndĀ sa fnjhbastĀ i mhnsnra êj par`apȜhn Șh pri`asnran hjbirfnȜhhdir afiȜhijnd jaonthva. Qj fnra jufĀr ea hjvasthonȜhh ehj udthfada ea`ajhh nu bist eaeh`nta hjtarpratĀrhh afiȜhhdir, stuehuduh vhaȜhh nba`thva, radavĀrhh fieuduh êj `nra stĀrhda afiȜhijnda hjbduajȜanzĀ `ndhtntan `iojhȜhah enr Șh avnduĀrhh aba`tadir pri`asĀrhdir `iojhthva nsuprn `ndhtĀȜhh rĀspujsurhdir afiȜhijnda. N`asta stuehh raprazhjtĀ ea bnpt n``aptnran heahh `Ā fieadnran buj`ȜhijĀrhh `iojhthva tramuha sĀ hn hj `ijshearnra ehfajshujan nba`thvĀ n pshgh`uduh ufnj. Hjtarpratnran `ira`tĀ n razudtntadir axparhfajtnda ehj dhtarnturn ea spa`hndhtnta `ijsn`rntĀ radnȜhah afiȜha-`iojhȜha prasupuja iparnran ujir ehsthj`Ȝhh. [a ea i pnrta, `ada eiuĀ n``apȜhujh nda jiȜhujhh ea afiȜha3 >>>
Aysaj`l, F., [nyja, P., nje Earnlsgnj, J. (=;;1). Urnht njxhaty, vhsuispnthnd pri`asshjo, nje wirlhjo fafiry, fafiry, gttp3//www.tnjebijdhja.`if/eih/nms/>;.>;7;/>;2>17;;?;>75?7=09urdYvar6S08.77=;;0&rbrYhe6irh3rhe3`rissrab.iro&rbrYent6`rYpum%0epumfae >>= Lhzhdmnsg, N. G., Rnjearpdiao, ]. E., nje @urthss, O. (=;;=). Uga abba`ts ib eaprasshij nje njxhaty ij fafiry parbirfnj`a,, parbirfnj`a gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pumfae9Em6pumfae&@fe6PgiwEatnhdRhaw&UarfUiPanr`g6>5178?10 gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pumfae9Em6pumfae&@fe6PgiwEatnhdRhaw&UarfUiPanr`g6>5178?10 >>0
Nhrnlshjaj, A., Dnrssij, F., nje Birsadd, X. (=;;1). Jauripsy`gidioh`nd buj`thijs hj njxhaty ehsirears hj pipudnthij-mnsae snfpdas3 avheaj`a ib aphsieh` fafiry eysbuj`thij, gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pumfae9Em6pumfae&@fe6PgiwEatnhdRhaw&UarfUiPanr`g6>11781?;
1=
-afiȜhn `ijshearntĀ `ij`apt ufmradĀ prhj `nra asta `hr`ufs`rhsĀ irh`a axparhajȜĀ `u êj`Ār`ĀturĀ nba`thvĀ>5, avndunran nba`thvĀ n sthfudhdir bhhje uj pri`as mnznd hjeapajeajt ea pri`asnran `iojhthvĀ, eaȘh afiȜhn Șh `iojhȜhn buj`ȜhijanzĀ êj hjtarradnȜha, hnr afiȜhn pinta survajh bĀrĀ i `iojhȜha prandnmhdĀ. [rhj `ijtrnst, Dnznrus `ijshearĀ pri`asnran `iojhthvĀ `n bhhje i prara`ghzhtĀ asajȜhndĀ êj ea`dnjȘnran ran`Ȝhhdir nba`thva ‚avndunran `iojhthvĀ susȜhja Șh asta pnrta hjtaornjtĀ n tuturir stĀrhdir afiȜhijnda‖, `ndhtntan Șh hjtajshtntan rĀspujsuduh afiȜhijnd eaphjzíje ea razudtntud avnduĀrhh `iojhthva. Dnznrus n hjvasthont ntít aba`tud `iojh `iojhȜhah Ȝhah `ijȘthajta enr Șh ridud pr pri`asĀrhh i`asĀrhh `iojhthva hj`iȘthajta êj adnmirnran rĀspujsuduh afiȜhijnd. Ehsputn nsuprn prhfntuduh `iojhȜhah êj afiȜhh ju asta i primdafĀ pa eapdhj êj`gahntĀ. I `ijtrhmuȜha hfpirtnjtĀ daontĀ ea n`anstĀ primdafĀ i raprazhjtĀ `ar`atĀrhda >>1
axparhfajtnda randhznta `ijȘthajthznra ea [rntti 3 Șh n`astn eafijstranzĀ avndunran `iojhthvĀ sthfudhdir ju ra`dnfĀ êj pdus, sthfudhh `u`ĀvndajȜĀ jaonthvĀ sujt prhfnrĀ pri`asnȜhn prhirhtnr êj mnzn ujah praehspizhȜhh n hjehvhzhdir ea n bh fnh ra`apthvh pajtru n`ast thp ea sthfudh putarjh` `iradnȜh `u bhjndhtntan nenptnthvĀ n `ifpirtnfajtuduh. [ajtru n`anstĀ ra`apthvhtnta prhvhje sthfudhh `u radavnjȜĀ nenptnthvĀ, [rntti n pripus eajufhran ea ‚vhohdajȜĀ nutifntĀ‖< nroufajtnran sn sa rabarĀ dn razudtntada stuehhdir axparhfajtnda `nra nu urfĀrht njndhzn `ifpirtnfajtuduh êj snr`hjh ea avndunra n ujir shtunȜhh, uthdhzíje neca`thva ibarhta ea axparhfajtnt axparhfajtntir ir (Șh nfirsnta êj prandnmhd prhj ssthfudĀrh thfudĀrh sumdhfhjnda)3 shfpdn avndunra pdĀ`ut/japdĀ`ut sa prieu`a nutifnt hnr n`anstĀ avndunra prandnmhdĀ vn fijhtirhzn udtarhir irhajtnran prabarhjȜadir spra htafhh `a nu vndajȜĀ `ijoruajtĀ avnduĀrhh pradhfhjnra. Lhtnynfn>>2susȜhja `Ā pra`hzhn `u `nra asta par`aput uj `uvíjt `u nbhȘnra s`urtĀ eaphjea ntít tijud nba`thv nd `uvíjtuduh `ít Șh ea n`thvnran `ieuduh ea fafirha `iraspujzĀtir< nstbad i n`thvnra pra`ijȘthajtĀ n ujuh `ie par`aptund asta subh`hajtĀ pajtru hjeu`aran ujah afiȜhh nsi`hnta `ieuduh raspa`thv. N`asta nba`ta pra`ijȘthajta vir nfpdhbh`n pri`asada ntajȜhijnda `a vir bh irhajtnta spra `ieud par`aptund. Ndi`nran ea rasursa `iojhthva supdhfajtnra vn axar`htn bha uj aba`t hjghmhtir bha ujud bn`hdhtntir (êj buj`Ȝha ea thpud sthfuduh -hjsarnt êjtr-uj `ifpdax ea sthfudh snu `n sthfud hzidnt) nsuprn pradu`rĀrhdir par`apthva sumsa`vajta n`thvĀrhh. @ijbirf n`astah radnȜhijĀrh ehjtra ehfajshujan nba`thvĀ Șh uj njufht `ie par`aptund, uj sthfud jautru pinta sĀ eavhjĀ afiȜhijnd `n urfnra n nsi`harhh snda rapatnta `u i njufhtĀ axparhajtĀ snu sthfud. Êj `aan `a prhvaȘta sthfudhh afiȜhijndh, n`aȘthn hjeu` i n`thvnra safnjth`Ā `nra pra`aea heajthbh`nran>>? `aan `a eajitĀ pradu`rnran prantajȜhijndĀ, nutifntĀ n safjhbh`nȜhah
>>5
Ipra, N., Hj`ijȘthajtud `iojhthv, aehturn NP@], @duc -Jnpi`n, =;;=, p.>5;.
>>1
Ipra, N., Hj`ijȘthajtud `iojhthv, aehturn NP@], @duc-Jnpi`n, =;;=, p.>5>. [sy`gid. >88; Bam? Lhtnynfn P, P, Hjtarn`thij matwaaj nbba`t nje `iojhthij hj wire par`apthij , C [ars Pi` [sy`gid. Fnr`ad npue Ipra, N., Hj`ijȘthajtud `iojhthv , aehturn NP@], @duc-Jnpi`n, =;;=, p.>5;.
>>2 Npue >>?
10
(`ad puȜhj dn jhvad ea `ntaoirha) n`astirn, bnpt `nra bn`a hfpishmhdĀ `ijbhrfnran varmndĀ n n`astir sthfudh. Bajifajud eajufht ‚npĀrnra par`aptundĀ‖ sa rabarĀ dn shtunȜhhda êj `nra sumha`Ȝhh êjtírzha ra`ujinȘtaran sthfudhdir afiȜhijndh (`ifpnrnthv `u `ah jautrh) êj s`ipud avhtĀrhh njxhatĀȜhh `a n`ifpnjhnzĀ, ea raoudĀ, `ijȘthajthznran prazajȜah sthfudhdir afiȜhijndh. Axpdh`nȜhn oĀshtĀ ea [istfnj pajtru n`ast bajifaj n bist i pishmhdĀ s`Āeara s`Āeara n sajshmhdhtĀȜhh sajzirhnda pajtru sthfudh afiȜhijndh, npnran`astan êj fieujada imhȘjuht dn nuhjehvhzh ( `n njufhȜh uj fa`njhsf ea `nra pritaceafijstranzĀ nra n Auduh eai tajshujh). @u`a tinta stuehh heajthbh`nt sumha`Ȝh `raȘtara n n`astah sajshmhdhtĀȜh sajzirhnda pajtru sthfudh afiȜhijndh, bajifaj eajufht ‚vhohdajȜĀ par`aptundĀ‖. Su`larfnj n hjvasthont bajifajud npĀrĀrhh/vhohdajȜah par`aptunda radavíje fiendhtĀȜhda prhj `nra njxhatntan pinta hjtarvajh nsuprn fa`njhsfadir eabajshva. Aeardy n randhznt i njndhzĀ n razudtntadir imȜhjuta ea stuehh prhvhje par`apȜhn hj`ijȘthajtĀ Șh ntajȜhn sh n `ij`duzhijnt `Ā sada`thvhtntan iparanzĀ ea-n dujoud pri`asĀrhdir `iojhthva ea dn hjput dn iutput. Avndunran `iojhthvĀ hj`ijȘthajtĀ n hjputurhdir afiȜhijnda (`nra a rĀspujzĀtinra Șh ea npnrhȜhn ujir ran`Ȝhh nba`thva `a `a pit hjtarbarn `u iparnȜhhda `iojhthva Șh Șh da pit pnrnzhtn), prhjtr uj fa`njhsf ea ea`hzha nra `n razudtnt njufhta prhir prhirhthzĀrh hthzĀrh êêjj pri`asnra Șh nd ndi`nran i`nran `iraspujzĀtinra ea rasursa `iojhthva. 0.1. [nrth`udnrhtĀȜhda par`apȜhah par`apȜhah êj njxhatnta njxhatnta
Njxhatntan, `n stnra nba`thvĀ nsi`hntĀ brh`hh, prhj ehfajshujan sn `iojhthv -sumha`thvĀ, asta daontĀ ea parturmĀrh êj buj`Ȝhijnran `iojhthvĀ (par`apȜhn, ntajȜhn, fafirhn - `n mnzĀ ea `ujiȘthjȜa). Qj jhvad `ras`ut nd njxhatĀȜhh `n trĀsĀturĀ asta nsi`hnt `u i sajshmhdhtnta `ras`utĀ êj heajthbh`nran par`apthvĀ pajtru sthfudhh nfajhjȜĀtirh- bajifajud ea vhohdajȜĀ par`aptundĀ, pajtru vndirh raeusa nda njxhatĀȜhh hjtarvajhje bajifajud ea npĀrnra par`aptundĀ. Aysaj`l >>7n `ij`duzhijnt `Ā êj njxhatnta sa fnjhbastĀ ehstirshijĀrh sada`thva nda pri`asĀrhh hjbirfnȜhah, êj`Ā ehj stnehud prantajȜhijnd `aan `a `ijeu`a dn pradu`rnran prabarajȜhndĀ n sthfudhdir njxhioajh êj eatrhfajtud `adir jautrh afiȜhijnd. Fieadud ,,npĀrĀrhh par`aptunda‖ pinta axpdh`n pradujohran thfphdir ea ran`Šha êj `nzud `ijbrujtĀrhh `u sthfudh `u vndajŠĀ afiŠhijndĀ jaonthvĀ, êj tarfajhh sada`thvhtĀŠhh pri`asuduh par`apthv (sada`thvhtntan putíje iparn dn irh`a jhvad nd `ijthjuufuduh pri`asund hjput-iutput). Êj pdus, axhstĀ avheajŠa nsuprn pri`asĀrhh nutifnta, hj`ijřthajta nda hjputuduh hjbirfnŠhijnd `aan `a pinta eu`a řh dn n`thvnran, `ad puŠhj pnrŠhndĀ, `nrn`tarhsth`hdir safnjth`a nda sthfuduh.>>8 Avndunran `iojhthvĀ n n`astir hjputurh pinta bh `nuzn `nra oajaranzĀ i ran`Šha nba`thvĀ `nra, dn ríjeud sĀu, vn pnrnzhtn par`apŠhn (fĀrhje prnourhda ea heajthbh`nra n sthfudhdir řh thfpud ja`asnr pajtru razidvnran snr`hjhh daonta ea pri`asnran ujir sthfudh `u vndajŠa jaonthva). Njxhatntan Șh hjghmnran sujt hfpdh`nta êj npĀrnran par`aptundĀ enr aba`tud fncir nd n`astir vnrhnmhda pnra n bh fnh eaornmĀ daont ea pri`asnran prhfnrĀ ea`ít ea prnoud ea ra`ujinȘtara. Fieadud ‚vhohdajŠah par`aptunda‖>=; axpdh`Ā ea `a êj njxhatnta sthfudhh njxhioajh sujt pradu`rnŠh fnh rnphe ea`ít `ah jautrh afiŠhijnd. Fieadud pri`asĀrhdir hjtaornthv-adnmirnthva, >>7
gttp3//www.mml.n`.ul/psy`gidioy/iur-stnbb/n`neafh`/ei`ufajts/N@UAfithij;?.peb , Njxhaty nje @iojhthva
>>8 [arbirfnj`a3 Nttajthijnd @ijtrid Ugairy, Fh`gnad _. Aysaj`l, Jnznjhj Earnlsgnj, ]htn Pnjtis, Fnjuad O. @ndvi Fh`dan, F., [shgidioha `iojhthvĀ >=; Ipra , N., Hj`ijȘthajtud `iojhthv, aehturn NP@], @duc Jnpi`n, =;;=
15
axpdh`Ā n`asta pnttarjurh ea rĀspujs êj njxhatnta3 uj jhvad `r as`ut as`ut ea njxhatnta asta nsi`hnt `u uj fie hjtaornthv ea pri`asnra n hjbirfnŠhah trnufnthznjta. [ri`asĀrhda hjtaornthva sujt pri`asĀrh pra`nmdnta `nuznta ea i n`thvnra nutifntĀ n fudthpdadir fieuda `ifpijajta hfpdh`nta êj pri`asnran ujuh sthfud nfajhjŠĀtir. ]azudtntud n`astir pri`asĀrh hjtaornthva `ijstĀ êjtr -i êjtĀrhra n ironjhzĀrhh hjtarja n raprazajtĀrhh sthfududuh `a nra `n aba`t Șh i `raȘtara n n``ashmhdht n``ashmhdhtĀȜhh ĀȜhh n`astuhn. [rhj urfnra, sthfudhh `iraspujzĀtirh ujahfnh raprazajtĀrh êjtr fa`njhsf -uj stnehu ea -uj êjndt ea n`thvnra (hjtaornra) bh `ienȜh sada`thv Șh pri`asnȜh pri`asnȜh rnphe ea nbdnta `Ātra uj ea`hzha nba`thvĀ, êj urfnvir ujah avnduĀrh pra`ijȘthajta (parh`udis, pdĀ`ut snu jautru). N`ast fa`njhsf stnmhdaȘta prhirhtĀȜhda pajtru pri`asnran udtarhinrĀ Șh ndi`Ā rasursa `iraspujzĀtinra. Pumha`Ȝhh `u i njxhatnta rheh`ntĀ nu tajehjȜn ea n-Șh irhajtn rasursada ea pri`asnra êjspra di`nȜhn ujuh sthfud avndunt `n nfajhjȜĀtir, bnpt eivaeht prhj s`Āearan prnourhdir ea heajthbh`nra par`aptundĀ. Pa pinta npra`hn `Ā, ‚ehj parspa`thvĀ aviduȜhijhstĀ vndajȜn nenptnthvĀ n njxhatĀȜhh razheĀ ti`fnh êj abh`hajȜn fimhdhzĀrhh nutifnta n rĀspujsuduh dn shtunȜhh `a njujȜĀ parh`idud‖ >=>, vndinran buj`ȜhijndĀ n njxhatĀȜhh `ijstíje êj bn`hdhtnran eata`Ȝhah nfajhjȜĀrhdir ehj faehu. [rhj u rfnra, eaȘh buj`Ȝhn prhfnrĀ n njxhatĀȜhh asta ea n spirh Șnjsada ea nenptnra, pajtru n bh abh`hajta, pri`asada njxhatĀȜhh tramuha sĀ bha nea`vnta hjtajshtĀȜhh sidh`htĀrhdir ajvhrijfajtnda< i njxhatnta pntidioh`Ā prasupuja rĀspujsurh ehspripirȜhijnta Șh aȘa` nenptnthv prhj fimhdhznran jacusthbh`ntĀ ea rasursa. Asta hfpirtnjt ea pra`hznt bnptud `Ā brh`n Șh njxhatntan, `n afiȜhh radavnjta pajtru shtunȜhh
primdafnth`a Șh prasnjta sujt ea`dnjȘnta nutifnt, êj urfn ujir pri`asĀrh prantajȜhijnda `nra sujt prhirhtnr hfpdh`nta êj shtunȜhh `a ra`dnfĀ uj `iphjo `ifpirtnfajtnd rnphe. Êj shtunȜhh fnh puȜhj prasnjta, `ifpirtnfajtud vn bh eatarfhjnt êj urfn njndhzah `ij`aptunda n shtunȜhah. N`asta pri`asĀrh prantajȜhijnda sujt `nrn`tarhznta ea i binrta fnra nenptnmhdhtnta , ea`dnjȘíje safjnda ea nvarthznra prhvhje hfhjajȜn ujuh parh`id enr ju vir burjhzn i njndhzĀ eatndhntĀ n shtunȜhah. [da`êje ea dn n`asta pra`hzĀrh, asta ea prasupus `Ā êj `nzud njxhatĀȜhh aba`tada bn`hdhtnthva êj pri`asnran sthfudhdir njxhioajh sa fnjhbas tĀ einr êj snr`hjh `a ra`dnfĀ ax`dushv pri`asĀrh prhfnra, `uf nr bh heajthbh`nran par`aptundĀ. Êj tarfajh ea abh`hajȜĀ êj snr`hjh ea`hzhijnda, pri`asĀrhda vir bh pnrnzhtnta ea `ijitnȜhn afiȜhijndĀ n sthfudhdir. Ntuj`h `íje njxhatntan eapĀȘaȘta prnoud `ijȘthajȜah, raspijshvhtntan vn bh hjghmntĀ. [rhj urfnra, êj njxhatnta, êj atnpn pradu`rĀrhdir par`apthva npnr aba`ta bn`hdhtntinra pajtru `n êj atnpn pri`asĀrhdir safnjth`a `ijȘthajta sĀ hjtarvhjĀ aba`ta hjghmhtinra, `ghnr êjnhjtan ea`dnjȘĀrhh rĀspujsuduh fitir. @u tinta n`astan, ‚êj `ijbrujtnran ehjtra fa`njhsfada vhohdajȜah nutifnta Șh `ada ea hjghmnra n rĀspujsuduh fitir, prhfada sujt êj uȘir nvnjtnc.‖>== ]azudtntada axparhfajtnda imȜhjuta ea Ipra>=0 nrntĀ `Ā êj `nzud ujuh jhvad s`Āzut ea njxhatnta `ifpirtnfajtud radavĀ n`thvnran nutifntĀ n fa`njhsfadir eabajshva (sa randhzanzĀ i pritacnra n shstafuduh `iojhthv avhtíjeu-sa `iȘthajthznran sthfuduh njxhioaj) dn `ijbrujtnran `u sthfudh nfajhjȜĀtirh `u putarjh`Ā safjhbh`nȜha parsijndĀ. IentĀ `u spirhran jhvaduduh ea njxhatnta, pnttarjud ea rĀspujs hjeh`Ā irhajtnran rasursadir pri`asĀrhh êjspra sthfuduh nfajhjȜĀtir, sa vn randhzn i ea`ienra Șh i pri`asnra fnh rnpheĀ n parh`iduduh. >=> >==Ipra ,>>= N.,
Heaf >=0 >>= Heaf
Hj`ijȘthajtud `iojhthv, aehturn NP@], @duc Jnpi`n, =;;=
11
Qj npirt hfpirtnjt êj êjȜadaoaran njxhatĀȜhh êd raprazhjtĀ `ar`atnran `ifpirtnfajtuduh par`apthv nd sumha`Ȝhdir njxhiȘh êj `ijehȜhhda sthfudĀrhh sumdhfhjnda Șh êj ehbarhta `ijtaxta afiȜhijnda ea axpujara dn nfirsa mhsafnjth`a ( ujud ehj sajsurh nvíje `ijitnȜha njxhioajĀ) snu pidhsafnjth`a. N`asta `ar`atĀrh hn êj `ijshearnra ntít ghpar`ifpdaxhtntan faehuduh `ít Șh n shstafuduh `iojhthv ufnj, spa`hbh`a shtunȜhhdir jnturnda ea vhnȜĀ, n `Ārir `ar`atnra hfpuja i ndtĀ parspa`thvĀ ea`ít `an n ‚snvnjtuduh hjoajuu‖. >=5
Axparhfajtada randhznta ea Ipra nu eafijstrnt `Ā ea`hzha pajtru sumha`Ȝhh njxhiȘh,Ȝhjtadir êj `ijehȜh ea axpujara sumdhfhjndĀ n nfirsadir mhsafnjth`a, thfpud ea daxh`ndĀ nsuprn astah fnh fnra êjtr-uj `ijtaxt afiȜhijnd jaonthv `ifpnrnthv `u `ad jautru, ea`h i êjtírzhara êj pri`asnran Ȝhjtadir nfirsnta ea `uvhjta mhsafnjth`a ax axpusa pusa sumdhfhjnd êjtr-uj `ijtaxt par`apthv afiȜhijnd jaonthv. N`asta razudtnta nrntĀ `Ā hjbirfnȜhn ea`rhptntĀ ehj fasncud sumdhfhjnd vn n`thvn strntaohh strntaohh eabajshva `nra vir hjtarbarn ``uu pradu`rĀrhda par`aptunda, êj s`ipud mdi`Ārhh n``asuduh hjbirfnȜhah nfajhjȜĀtinra dn `ijȘthajthznra. N`asta razudtnta avheajȜhnzĀ axhstajȜn ujah sada`thvhtĀȜh n pri`asĀrhdir `iojhthva `nra iparanzĀ êj mnzn ujah njndhza safnjth`a prantajȜhijnda. Aba`tud asta fnh avheajt êj `nzud êj `nra fasncud sumdhfhjnd nra i putarjh`Ā `ijitnȜha afiȜhijndĀ parsijndĀ. Êj `ijehȜhhda sthfudĀrhh sumdhfhjnda ntít pajtru sumha`Ȝhh njxhiȘh `ít Șh pajtru `ah jij njxhiȘh n bist radavntĀ npĀrnran par`aptundĀ, `ghnr fnh hjtajsĀ êj njxhatnta, ea`h hjvars ea`ít êj `nzud sthfudĀrhh suprndhfhjnra `aan `a hjeh`Ā axhstajȜn ujir ehbarajȜa `ndhtnthva êjtra aba`tada
par`apȜhah `ijȘthajta Șh hj`ijȘthajta. N`asta ehbarajȜa `nra nu bist ea ndtbad axprhfnta ea `Ātra Pgavrhj Șh Ehlfnj(>87;) >=1 `nra nbhrfĀ `Ā ‚pri`asada hj`ijȘthajta urfanzĀ daoh ea ironjhznra ehbarhta ea `ada `a ouvarjanzĀ pri`asnran `ijȘthajtĀ‖ hnr `ujinȘtaran n`astir pri`asa pinta pi nta nvan hfpirtnjta npdh`nȜhh tarnpauth`a daonta ea uj pishmhd hfpn`t nd êjvĀŠĀrh nsi`hnthva nsi`hnthva sumdhfhjnda nsuprn tajehjŠadir pr prantajŠhijnda antajŠhijnda êj njxhatnta< npnrhȜhn ujir fiehbh`Ārh safjhbh`nthva êj tajehjŠada prantajŠhijnda nr êjsafjn `Ā n`asta tajehjŠa sujt i `nrn`tarhsth`Ā sajshmhdĀ, pajatrnmhdĀ řh parfht fiehbh`Ārh imha`thva, `ad puŠhj dn jhvad `iojhthv, `a sa iparanzĀ nsuprn sumha`tuduh njxhis. 0.2 . FithvnȜha, njxhatnta, parbirfnjȜĀ
ea `ĀtraFithvud sumha`t. ujah n`Ȝhujh asta oíjeud dn êfpdhjhran s`ipuduh, , prashujan snu ntrn`Ȝhn rashfȜhta ‚Sdnta `ijshearn tramuhjȜada erapt stru`turh fithvnȜhijnda mnznda Șh bujenfajtnda nda parsijndhtĀȜhh, birȜada ah fitrh`a `ada fnh putarjh`a.‖>=2 Fieadud radnȜhijnd nd fithvnȜhah, adnmirnt ea C. Jutthj, `ijshearĀ tramuhjȜn `n i radnȜha prabarajȜhndĀ n hjehvheuduh `u uj imha`t< entirhtĀ jnturhh `iojhthva n radnȜhah ehjtra hjehvhe Șh faehu, `ifpirtnfajtud ufnj fithvnt eavhja supdu Șh parsijndhznt. Njufhta `ijstru`Ȝhh parsijndhznta ea jnturĀ `iojhthvĀ, `uf nr bh `ijvhjoarhda, `ij`apȜhhda easpra dufa Șh vhnȜĀ nu i putarjh`Ā birȜĀ fithvnȜhijndĀ. Pa `ijshearĀ `Ā dn mnzn tramuhjȜah sa nbdĀ ehspizhthva jaurisifnth`a (ehbh`hd ea di`ndhznt `u pra`hzha) `nra ran`ȜhijanzĀ dn parturmĀrh nda stĀrhh ea a`ghdhmru. N`Ȝhijíje dn jhvadud mndnjȜah >=5
Ipra, N., Hj`ijȘthajtud `iojhthv,
>=1
Npue Farhlda,[.F., [PX@GIDIOH@ND HJRAPUHONUHIJP IB QJ@IJP@HIQP [A]@A[UHIJ [A]@A[UHIJ,, gttp3//wntnrts.uwntardii.`n/~pfarhlda/pnpars/Farhlda.C@ijsPtuehas.>887.peb >=2 Sdnta, F. Bujenfajtada pshgidiohah, ae. QjhvarshtnrĀ, Mu`uraȘth, =;;2, p. =1;
12
tarfh`a, mhi`ghfh`a, girfijnda, jaurnda Șh pshgh`a, tramuhjȜada sujt `ij`aputa `n fiendhtĀȜh sajzirhnda Șh pshgh`a ea safjndhznra Șh ea ran`Ȝha. ‚Êj oajarnd, tramuhjȜn safjndhzanzĀ uj eabh`ht snu uj ax`as prhj tajshujh, jadhjhȘta, ja`ashtĀȜh hjtarja `nra nu aba`ta pizhthva snu jaonthva nsuprn `ifpirtnfajtuduh hjehvheuduh.‖>=? Bn`tirhh Șh fa`njhsfada hjtarja `nra eatarfhjĀ Șh hjbduajȜanzĀ fithvnran n`Ȝhujhh parsijnda3 di`us-ud ea `ijtrid nd raêjtĀrhrhh, `ijȘthhjȜn priprhah abh`hajȜa (hjbduajȜntĀ ea axparhajtĀ, eantrhmuhrh. fieadnran parsunshujan si`hndĀ,ea bn`tirh bhzhidioh`h), ea fieud ea hjtarpratnr hjtarpratnraa n shtunȜhah, ea Șh parsunshujan Êj `nzud êj `nra tramuhjȜada ju pit p it bh snthsbĀ`uta sa hjstndanzĀ brustrnran Șh strasud. Buj`Šhn ea ea`dnjřnra n fithvnȜhah - sa rabarĀ dn n`thvnran ironj hsfuduh dn uj njufht jhvad ja`asnr pajtru fimhdhznran ajarohah ja`asnra pajtru êj`aparan n`Šhujhh ja`asnra snthsbn`arhh tramuhjŠah. Qj rid hfpirtnjt êj ea`dnjřnran n`Šhujhh êd nu fa`njhsfada `iojhthva ea njndhzĀ avndunra řh ea`hzha< fithvud tramuha sĀ êjeapdhjans`Ā njufhta `rhtarhh pajtru n sa ea`hea êj bnvinran snthsbn`arhh snda. snda. Êj fa`njhsfada ea ea`hzha asta prazajtĀ prazajtĀ řh `ifpijajtn vidhthvĀ. Buj`Šhn ea irhajtnra ehra`Šhijnra ‐ eupĀ `a n`Šhujan asta ea`dnjřntĀ asta ja`asnr `n n`anstn sĀ bha bha irhajtntĀ `Ātra uj s`ip, sĀ nhmĀ `n bhjndhtnta snthsb snthsbn`aran n`aran stĀrhh ea ja`ashtnta. Buj`Šhn ea susŠhjara řh ajarohznra sa rabarĀ dn fajŠhjaran êj stnra n`thvĀ n ironjhsfuduh píjĀ dn nthjoaran imha`thvuduh. N`anstĀ buj`Šha asta êj daoĀturĀ `u ironjhznran sbarah fithvnŠhijnda `nra sa randhzanzĀ ju jufnh eupĀ hjtajshtntan ajaroath`Ā n fithvadir enr sh eupĀ i ehfajshuja vndirh`Ā. Êj tinta thpurhda ea n`thvhtnta infajhh eiras` sĀ nthjoĀ uj njufht jhvad ea parbirfnjŠĀ pajtru n imŠhja snthsbn`Šha parsijndĀ, pajtru êfmujĀtĀŠhran snu fajthjaran ujah hfnohjh ea shja pizhthva. [arbirfnjŠn, êj `ijtaxt fithvnŠhijnd, sa rabarĀ dn hjeapdhjhran s`ipuduh dn uj jhvad suparhir. Pa `ijshearĀ `Ā s-n nthjs parbirfnjŠn eirhtĀ jufnh eupĀ avndunran aba`tuduh bhjnd, rnpirtnt dn abirtud eapus ea sumha`t pajtru nthjoaran s`ipuduh. Daoan ipthfuduh fithvnŠhijnd, birfudntĀ birfudntĀ ea ]imart F. Xarlas řh C.E. Eiesij, axprhfĀ radnŠhn ehjtra jhvadud fithvnŠhah řh jhvadud parbirfnjŠah. [ajtru snr`hjhda shfpda, shfpda, êjtra `ad `adaa eiuĀ vnrhnmhda axhstĀ i radnŠha ea pripirŠhijndhtnta ehra`tĀ, pajtru snr`hjhda ehbh`hda sa stnmhdařta uj rnpirt ea hjvarsĀ pripirŠhijndhtnta. [nrtan ns`ajeajtĀ n `urmah hjeh`Ā npirtud ajarohznjt nd fithvnŠhah hnr pnrtan eas`ajeajtĀ avheajŠhnzĀ aba`tada eazironjhzntinra nda fithvnŠhah ax`ashva3 i fithvnŠha pran fnra, `iraspujzĀtir ujah prashujh ea razidvnra n snr`hjhh `ijeu`a dn hjstndnran strasuduh, dn ehbh`udtĀŠh êj `ij`ajtrnran ntajŠhah, êj pri`asud fafirhah řh êj `npn`htntan ea razidvnra n primdafadir. Fieud êj `nra parsinjn par`apa ehbh`udtntan snr`hjhh, aba`tuíje i avndunra fnh fudt snu fnh puŠhj `ira`tĀ3 sumnpra`hhje ehbh`udtntan snr`hjhh, razudtntud vn bh sumfithvnran, fimhdhznran hjsubh`hajtĀ n ajarohah řh rasursadir, razudtntud putíje bh uj ařa`. Êj n`ast `nz, asta majabh`Ā i uřinrĀ suprnfithvnra pajtru `ifpajsnran ehbarajŠah ea npra`hara. Puprnnpra`haran snr`hjhh `ijeu`a dn i suprnfithvnra `u aba`ta eazironjhzntinra, `nz êj `nra asta majabh`Ā i uřinrĀ sumfithvnra pajtru nshournran ujuh ipthf fithvnŠhijnd.
>=?
NjhȜah, F., Bujenfajtada pshgidiohah, Mu`uraȘth, Aehturn QjhvarshtnrĀ, =;>;
1?
Bhourn 0. Daoan Daoan Xarlas-Eiesij êj njxhatnta
Bhourn 0. prazhjtĀ uj fiead stnra-trĀsĀturĀ `nra axpdh`Ā aba`tada njxhatĀŠhh nsuprn pri`asĀrhh hjbirfnŠhah řh parbirfnjŠah parbirfnjŠah (Aysaj`l, >87=, npue Fnttgaws at nd.,=;;0) >=7 Êj nmirenran `nrn`taruduh imha`thv-sumha`thv nd parbirfnjŠah, sujt hfpirtnjta3 jhvadud ea nsphrnŠha, jhvadud ea axpa`tnjŠĀ řh vndajŠn (vndinran afiŠhijndĀ pa `nra sumha`tud i ntrhmuha ra`ifpajsah nřtaptnta êj urfn eapujarhh abirtuduh). RndajŠn asta i priprhatnta ax`dushv sumha`thvĀ prhj n`aan `Ā an Šhja ea prabarhjŠada hjehvheuduh, ea thpud fithvnŠhah (hjtrhsa`h, axtrhjsa`h), ea prhirhtĀŠhda řh stru`turn sn ea parsijndhtnta. ]abarhtir dn jhvadud ea nsphrnŠha asta hfpirtnjt `n hjehvheud sĀ nhmĀ i nthtuehja imha`thvĀ, sĀ-řh npra`haza `ira`t npthtuehjhda řh `npn`htntan. ]npirtud ea hjtareapajeajŠĀ ehjtra nsphrnŠhh řh parbirfnjŠĀ asta `uprhjs êj ehjnfh`n hjtarradnŠhijĀrhdir ehjtra parsijndhtnta řh faehud si`hnd řh `udturnd. Nthoaran parbirfnjŠah ea `Ātra uj hjehvhe hfpdh`Ā ntêt êjtranon sn stru`turĀ ea parsijndhtnta, `u `ifpijajta fithvnŠhijnda, vidhthva, `iojhthva, npthtuehjnda `ít řh hjbduajŠada faehuduh `nra nu bist hjtaornta êj `ijeuhtĀ řh `nra ` nra `ijthjuĀ sĀ êd hjbduajtaza. Brustrnran pinta bh vĀzutĀ `n razudtíje ehjtr -uj `ijbdh`t êjtra tramuhjŠa, stĀrh ea ja`ashtnta, fithva řh pishmhdhtntan imha`thvĀ ea randhznra n n`astirn, `u pra`hznran `Ā n`ast `ijbdh`t pinta nvan `nuza axtarja enr řh hjtarja (s`ipurh ehvaroajta, i hfnohja ea shja jaonthvĀ, nsphrnŠhh fnh hjndta ea`ít nmhdhtĀŠhda imha`thva ea randhznra). Brustrnran asta êjsiŠhtĀ ea fnjhbastĀrh pshgidioh`a řh bhzhidioh`a3 tajshuja fus`udnrĀ, ehbh`udtĀŠh ea radnxnra, trĀhrh `ijbdh`tunda, ehspizhŠha nba`thvĀ jaonthvĀ, njxhatnta. Ptrasud raprazhjtĀ neasan i `ijsa`hjŠĀ n ujah putarjh`a brustrĀrh. Êj dhtarnturn ea spa`hndhtnta, strasud nra trah n``apŠhujh3 -strasud `n sthfud (bn`tirh ea stras)- bn`tirh axtarjh `nra nfajhjŠĀ řh `nra pinta pin ta vĀtĀfn=7
@ghrhȜĀ, N., [shgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh ,`urs, =;;8 =;;8
17
-strasud `n ran`Šha (tajshijnra)- stnran ea tajshuja `nra npnra êj ran`Šhh ea stras, hj`duzêje ntít ran`Šhh afiŠhijnda řh `iojhthva `ít řh fiehbh`Ārh êj buj`Šhijnran ironjhsfuduh ( n``adarnran rhtfuduh `nrehn`, trnjsphrnŠha)=8. Ptuehhda nu eafijstrnt ehbarajȜa `ndhtnthva êjtra ran`Ȝhhda bnȜĀ ea ehbarhta thpurh ea sthfudh nfajhjȜĀtirh3 njoncnfajtud prabarajȜhnd, ehbh`udtĀȜh êj eaznjoncnra snu avhtnran ntajȜhijndĀ. I fnh mujn êjȜadaoara n fa`njhsfadir `nra stnu dn mnzn n`astir tajehjȜa ntajȜhijnda pinta ncutn dn êfmujntnthran tagjh`hdir ea fiehbh`nra n tajehjȜah urfĀrhje s`ghfmnran tajehjȜah êj buj`Ȝha ea nfajhjȜnra. Nstbad ea tagjh`h prazhjtĀ prifhshujh `n uj jiu trntnfajt tarnpauth` pajtru njxhatnta. AxhstĀ eivazh `Ā tajehjȜada ntajȜhijnda sujt putarjh` hjbduajȜnta êj fie parfnjajt ea bn`tirhh ea stras `ijtaxtundh>0; Șh prhj urfnra, njxhatntan-stnra asta i vnrhnmhdĀ `gaha êj fieudnran tajehjȜah. Êj ndta axparhfajta, êj `ijehȜhh ea njth`hpnra n nfajhjȜĀrhh, sumha`thh `u jhvad rheh`nt nd njxhatĀȜhh-trĀsĀturĀ, nu nvut êjtírzharh êj fnjhbastnran tajehjȜah ntajȜhijnda, primnmhd eainra`a uj jhvad rheh`nt nd njxhatĀȜhh -trĀsĀturĀ njxhatntan-stnra rheh`ntĀ Pumha`Ȝhh `u njxhatnta subarĀasta ehjnsi`hnt `nuzn oíjeurhdir eamhdhtnjta Șh.n sajthfajtadir hjtruzhva, Șh prazhjtĀ fa`njhsfa ntajȜhijnda eabh`htnra ((ehstrn`thmhdhtnta, ehstrn`thmhdhtnta, tudmurĀrh ea `ij`ajtrnra)>0>. Mhnsnran ntajŠhijndĀ daontĀ ea i nfajhjŠnra (tajehjŠn hjehvhzhdir njxhiřh ea n eata`tn řh pri`asn fnh rapaea sthfudh `nra safjndanzĀ uj parh`id) asta uj bajifaj nsi`hnt `u buj`Šhijnran
>=8
@hsdar, C. F., nje Listar, A. G. (=;>;). Fa`gnjhsfs ib nttajthijnd mhnsas tiwnres tgrant hj tga njxhaty ehsirears3 nj hjtaornthva ravhaw, ravhaw, gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@=7>5778/ gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@=7>5778/ >0; _nde, H., Eaojnj, L. N., Oirieatsly, A., @gnrjay, E. P., Bix, J. N., Bru`gtar, A., at nd. (=;>0). Nttajthij (=;>0). Nttajthij ti tgrants nje `ifmnt-radntae pisttrnufnth` strass syfptifs, syfptifs, gttp3//nr`gpsy`.cnfnjatwirl.`if/nrth`da.nspx9nrth`dahe6>1?;0?? gttp3//nr`gpsy`.cnfnjatwirl.`if/nrth`da.nspx9nrth`dahe6>1?;0?? >0>
Aysaj`l, F._., Earnlsgnj, J., Pnjtis, ]., @ndvi, F.O. F.O. Njxhaty Njxhaty nje @iojhthva [arbirfnj`a3 Nttajthijnd @ijtrid Ugairy ,gttp3//www.mml.n`.ul/psy`gidioy/iur-stnbb/n`neafh`/ei`ufajts/N@UAfithij;?.peb ,gttp3//www.mml.n`.ul/psy`gidioy/iur-stnbb/n`neafh`/ei`ufajts/N@UAfithij;?.peb
18
`iojhthvĀ êj njxhatnta, `u tajehjŠn ea n ndi`n sada`thv rasursa ntajŠhijnda sthfudhdir nsi`hnŠh `u uj parh`id (`uf nr bh `uvhjta `u `ijŠhjut nfajhjŠĀtir, axprashh bn`hnda ea burha snu tanfĀ).>0= >. @ada fnh hfpirtnjta fieada nda mhnsĀrhh ntajŠhijnda daonta ea i nfajhjŠnra3 - Fieadud _hddhnfs řh `idnm.>00 pistudanzĀ axhstajŠn ujuh fa`njhsf nba`thv ea ea`hzha `nra eatarfhjĀ jhvadud ea parh`id prazajt êj faehu, Șh n ujuh fa`njhsf ea ndi`nra n ras rasursadir, ursadir, `nra êj `nzud njxhatĀȜhh, ehstrhmuha prhirhtnr rasursada ntajŠhijnda `Ātra hjbirfnŠhn nfajhjŠĀtinra. >05
‐ Fieadud Fntgaws řh Fn`lhjtisg pistudanzĀ axhstajŠn ujuh shstaf ea avndunra n parh`iduduh. - Fieadud Fioo řh Mrneday>01 pripuj fieadud `iojhthv-fithvnŠhijnd, `nra pistudanzĀ axhstajŠn n eiuĀ shstafa ea pri`asnra prhj`hpnda3 uj shstaf ea avndunra n vndajŠah afiŠhijnda, pajtru avndunran hjhŠhndĀ, prantajŠhijndĀ n sthfudhdir ehj faehu Șh uj shstaf ea prhirhthznra n s`ipurhdir (Oind Ajonoafajt Pystaf), raspijsnmhd ea ndi`nran rasursadir êj buj`Šha ea s`ipurhda `urajta nda parsinjah. N`asta fieada nsufĀ `Ā bajifajud `ajtrnd êj njxhatnta asta tajehjŠn ea n eata`t eata`tnn fnh rapaea parh`idud. =. Uairhn @ijtriduduh NtajŠhijnd>02, heajthbh`Ā radnŠhh êjtra njxhatnta řh buj`Šhijnran `iojhthvĀ3 njxhatntan nba`tanzĀ parbirfnjŠn prhj hjtarfaehud aba`tadir jaonthva pa `nra da nra nsuprn `ijtriduduh ntajŠhijnd. @ijtridud ntajŠhijnd bn`a rabarhra dn hfpdafajtnran buj`Šhhdir axa`uthva êj thfpud snr`hjhdir `iojhthva. - njxhatntan nba`tanzĀ `ijtridud ntajŠhijnd prhj hjtarfaehud ujuh eaza`ghdhmru êjtra fa`njhsfada ntajŠhijnda ‚ns`ajeajta‖, oghenta ea sthfudh (mittif-up / sthfudus-erhvaj, fa`njhsfa ntajŠhijnda hjvidujtnra, `nra rĀspuje dn fiehbh`Ārhda mruřta ehj faehu, dn safjnda ea parh`id) Șh fa`njhsfa‚eas`ajeajta‖, oghenta ea s`ipurh (tip-eiwj / oind-erhvaj 6 fa`njhsfa ntajŠhijnda vidujtnra, oghenta ea s`ipurhda hjehvheuduh, razhstajta dn ehstrn`tirh). N@U pistudanzĀ bnptud `Ā shstafud ntajŠhijnd oghent ea sthfudh asta eifhjnjt dn hjehvhzhh njxhiřh, êj eabnvinran shstafuduh ntajŠhijnd oghent ea s`ipurh. Qj ndt sat ea hpitaza hfpirtnjta nda N@U sa rabarĀ dn buj`Šhhda axa`uthva, fnh axa`t hjghmhŠhn (hjghmhthij), `ifutnran (`iojhthvĀ, ntajŠhijndĀ< sghbthjo) Șh n`tundhznran hjbirfnŠhah êj fafirhn ea du`ru (upenthjo). Ntlhjsij řh Pghbbrhj (>827) nu eazvidtnt f fieadud ieadud fiend nd fafirhah `u trah thpurh ehsthj`ta ea fafirha, fafirhn sajzirhndĀ (FP), fafirhn ea s`urtĀ eurntĀ (FPE) řh fafirhn ea dujoĀ eurntĀ (FDE). Fieadud fafirhah ea du`ru nd duh Mneeaday řh Ght`g (>8??) radnthvhzanzĀ ehsthj`Šhn FPE ‐ FDE>0?< pda`íje ea dn pnrnehofada snr`hjhh eunda (Eund Unsl [nrnehofs) nutirhh nu eazvidtnt i `ijstru`Šha tairath`i -axparhfajtndĀ `iarajtĀ nsuprn shstafuduh fafirhah ea >0=
Fntgaws, N., Fn`lhjtisg, M. N @iojhthva Fiead ib Pada`thva [ri`asshjo hj Njxhaty, Ugarnpy nje ]asanr`g, Rid. Fntgaws, ==, Ji. 2, >887 gttp3//gifapnoa gttp3//gifapnoa.psy.utaxns.aeu/ .psy.utaxns.aeu/gifapnoa/@dnss/[sy gifapnoa/@dnss/[sy085u/Miwar/>=%=;Njxhaty% 085u/Miwar/>=%=;Njxhaty%=;Ehsirears%=;/Fnt =;Ehsirears%=;/FntgawsgawsFn`l%=0>.peb >00 Hm heaf >=0 >05 Hmheaf >=0 >01
Fioo, L., nje Mrneday, M. (=;;1). Nttajthijnd (=;;1). Nttajthijnd mhns hj oajarndhzae njxhaty ehsirear ehsirear varsus eaprasshva ehsirear , gttp3//www.rasanr`gonta.jat >02 Aysaj`l, F._., Earnlsgnj, J. J.,, ]htn Pnjtis, ]., Fnjuad O. @ndvi, F.O. F.O. Njxhaty Njxhaty nje @iojhthva [arbirfnj`a3 gttp3//www.mml.n`.ul/psy`gidioy/iur-stnbb/n`neafh`/ei`ufajts/N@UAfithij;?.peb Nttajthijnd @ijtrid Ugairy , ,gttp3//www.mml.n`.ul/psy`gidioy/iur-stnbb/n`neafh`/ei`ufajts/N@UAfithij;?.peb >0?
gttp3//www.rasanr`gonta.jat/pumdh`nt nr`gonta.jat/pumdh`nthij/=?>0115=7YNjndhznYfieaduduhYfaf hij/=?>0115=7YNjndhznYfieaduduhYfafirhahYeaYdu`ruYpajtruYnmirenranYsnYpshgifatr irhahYeaYdu`ruYpajtruYnmirenranYsnYpshgifatr gttp3//www.rasa h`nYprhjYMFD \n``assae Fny =5, =;>1V. 2;
du`ru, `ifpusĀ ehjtr -uj shstaf axa`uthv `ajtrnd (shstaf prapijearajt ntajŠhijnd, `nra nefhjhstranzĀ rasursada rasursada `iojhthva) řh eiuĀ sumshstafa nsarvhta, `nra sujt `ndan vhzui-spnŠhndĀ řh mu`dn bijidioh`Ā (biji-nrth`udntirha). Ehjtra n`asta trah buj`Šhh axa`uthva ea mnzĀ, Aysaj`l řh `idnmirntirhh nu suoarnt `Ā `ada fnh nba`tnta êj njxhatnta vir bh hjghmhŠhn řh `ifutnran. @ijtridud ntajȜhijnd jij-afiȜhijnd Ehstrn`thmhdhtntan `ras`utĀ,hjtruzhva eabh`htadanr ntajȜhijnda, hj`npn`htntan ea n fajȜhja ntajȜhn, `ij`ajtrnran sdnmĀ sh oíjeurhda sdnmĀ putan bh nsi`hnta `u uj fa`njhsf ghparn`thv ea >07 eata`Ȝha n nfajhjȜĀrhh, fa`njhsf nbdnt êj daoĀturĀ `u nfhoendn . N`asta `ifpirtnfajta eaznenptnthva npnr Șh êj nmsajȜn nfajhjȜĀrhh axtarja, axhstíje pishmhdhtntan `n njxhatntan sĀ bha nsi`hntĀ `u i eapra`hara oajarndĀ êj `ijtridud ntajȜhijnd>08. Qj fiead `nra axpdh`Ā eabh`htud êj parbirfnjȜn `iojhth `iojhthvĀ vĀ dn parsinjada njxhinsa as asta ta fieadud >5; `ifpathȜhah eunda `nra eas`rha hjtarn`Ȝhujan ehjtra `ujinȘtara Șh afiȜha . Fieadud pripuja `Ā hjbirfnȜhhda nfajhjȜĀtinra hradavnjta `ij`uranzĀ `u `iojhȜhn pajtru ndi`nran ea rasursa `ajtrnda ea pri`asnra, bnpt `nra pinta nba`tn pri`asada `iojhthva. [rhj urfnra, urfnra, snr`hjhd snr`hjhdaa `nra ja`ashtĀ rasursa ntajȜhijnda, ehj `nuzn `ijbdh`tuduh snu hjtarbarajȜah vir bh fnh nb nba`tnta a`tnta ea`ít snr`h snr`hjh jh `u `ijbdh`t snu hjtarbarajȜa raeusa snu ea`ít n`thvhtĀȜhda `nra sa mnzanzĀ pa rĀspujsurh nutifnta Șh imhȘjuhta, `nra ju sujt nba`tnta (snu sujt pitajȜhnd bn`hdhtnta).
Êj `ada ehj urfĀ, uj sdnm sdnm `ijtrid ntajȜhijnd nr putan razudtn ehj sajshmhdhznran sajshmhdhznran pri`asĀrhh par`aptunda. Êjtr-neavĀr, nfajhjȜnran nra aba`ta ehsi`hnmhda êj `aan `a prhvaȘta pri`asnran hjbirfnȜhhdir, bn`hdhtíje pri`asadir par`apthva thfpurh thfpurhhh enr nba`tíje pri`asnran avndunthvĀ >5> udtarhinrĀ . Pa susȜhja prazajȜn ujuh `ijtrid ntajȜhijnd sdnm dn sumha`Ȝhh `u s`irurh fnrh êj njxhatntan trĀsĀturĀ fnh eaornmĀ ea`ít dn pn`hajthh `u i tudmurnra `dhjh`Ā. Eabh`htada êj zijada ea `ijtrid `iojhthv nda `raharuduh nu bist ei`ufajtnta êj njxhatntan trĀsĀturĀ enr n`asta eabh`hta ju sa trneu` êjtiteanujn êj eabh`hta ea parbirfnjȜĀ, pinta pajtru `Ā hjehvhzhh njxhiȘh ra`rutanzĀ rasursa ea pri`asnra supdhfajtnra (Aysaj`l at nd ., =;;?). NtajŠhn asta êj fie `urajt axnfhjntĀ êj tarfajhh n trah buj`Šhh fncira3 irhajtnran `Ātra sthfudh sajzirhndh, buj`Šhh axa`uthva řh fajŠhjaran stĀrhh ea ndartĀ. Uagjh`hda jaurihfnohsth`a nu nrĀtnt `Ā susŠhjaran ntajŠhah, ea`dnjȘnran Șh fajŠhjaran ujah stĀrh ea ndartĀ asta daontĀ ea i raŠan (shtuntĀ êj nrhn Mrinefnjj, dimud brijtnd brijtnd erapt, dimud pnrhatnd erapt Șh di`us `iarudaus `n irhohja n jirnerajndhjah) hfpdh`ntĀ êj stnmhdhran ujah stĀrh ea vhohdajŠĀ řh fajŠhjaran `npn`htĀŠhh ea n ran`Šhijn. Faeh`nfajtada `a raeu` jhvadud ea jirnerajndhjĀ pit mdi`n `npn`htntan ea n ran`Šhijn hjeusĀ ea uj safjnd ea nvarthznra. >07
Fntgaws,N., Fn`lhjtisg, M. N M. N @iojhthva Fiead ib Pada`thva [ri`asshjo hj Njxhaty, Njxhaty, gttp3//gifapnoa.psy.utaxns.aeu/gifapnoa/@dnss/[sy085u/Miwar/>=%=;Njxhaty%=;Ehsirears%=;/FntgawsFn`l%=0>.peb >08 Ptiut, E. F., Pgn`lfnj, N. C., nje Dnrsij, @. D. (=;>0). Bnhdura ti bhdtar3 njxhius hjehvheunds sgiw hjabbh`hajt hja bbh`hajt onthjo ib tgrant brif wirlhjo fafiry . Brijt. Guf. Jauris`h. ?317. eih3 >;.0078/bjguf.=;>0.;;;17, gttp3//ciurjnd.brijtharshj.iro/nrth`da/>;.0078/bjguf.=;>0.;;;17/budd gttp3//ciurjnd.brijtharshj.iro/nrth`da/>;.0078/bjguf.=;>0.;;;17/budd >5; [assin, D. (=;;8). Giw ei afithij nje fithvnthij ehra`t axa`uthva `ijtrid9, `ijtrid9, gttp3//www.`add.`if/trajes/`iojhthva-s`haj`as/buddtaxt/P>025-22>0(;8);;;52-> gttp3//www.`add.`if/trajes/`iojhthva-s`haj`as/buddtaxt/P>025-22>0(;8);;;52-> >5>
Pgn`lfnj, N. C., Fnxwadd, C. P., F`Fajnfhj, M. _., Orahs`gnr, D. D., nje Envhesij, ]. C. (=;>>n). Ptrass pitajthntas anrdy nje nttajuntas dnta dnta stnoas ib vhsund pri`asshjo, pri`asshjo, gttp3//www.cjauris`h.iro/`ijtajt/0>/0/>>12.dijo gttp3//www.cjauris`h.iro/`ijtajt/0>/0/>>12.dijo
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]aŠanun ea `ijtrid axa`uthv (radnŠhijntĀ `u `ifpirtnfajtud ehra`Šhijnt spra uj s`ip, eata`Šhn ujah Šhjta, n ujir arirh, razidvnran `ijbdh`tadir `iojhthva řh hjghmnran rĀspujsurhdir nutifnta) hj`duea nrhh brijtnda, ohrusud `hjoudnt njtarhir (dimud dhfmh`), nrhhda fitirhh supdhfajtnra řh pĀrŠh ehj onjodhijhh mnzndh. Pnr`hjhda `nra hfpdh`Ā ntít `ijtrid `iojhthv `ít řh afiŠhijnd, prieu` n`thvnra êj nrhh>5= sapnrnta nda ohrusuduh `hjoudnt njtarhir, `ad `iojhthv êj nrhhda eirsnda, hnr `ad afiŠhijnd êj nrhhda vajtrnda. nsafajan, `nuent (onjodhijhh asta hfpdh`nt bbuj`Šhijnran uj`Šhijnran `iojhthvĀ. Ea Onjodhijh mnzndhju`daud sujt `ijshearnŠh hfpirtnjŠhmnzndh) êj randhznran `ijaxhujhhêj ehjtra ntajŠhn axa`uthvĀ řh ndta raŠada ntajŠhijnda hnr nrhhda dntarnda nda `irtaxuduh brijtnd nu bist heajthbh`nta `u ntajŠhn axa`uthvĀ. @nrn`tarhsth`hda ntajŠhah sa rabarĀ dn nspa`tada hjtajshva nda ntajŠhah (ndartn řh ntajŠhn susŠhjutĀ) řh nspa`tada sada`thva nda ntajŠhah (irhajtnran, `Āutnran, bhdtrnran řh ntajŠhn axa`uthvĀ). Fncirhtntan buj`Šhhdir ntajŠhijnda>50 sujt fieudnta ntít ea hjbduajŠa vidujtnra `ít řh ea hjbduajŠa hjvidujtnra, `ghnr en`Ā primnmhd êj pripirŠhh ehb arhta. arhta. ÊjŠadaoaran buj`ŠhijĀrhh pri`asadir ntajŠhijnda êj njxhatnta pinta `ijtrhmuh dn Șh `dnrhbh`nran ndtir bajifaja `iojhthva nsi`hnta njxhatĀŠhh (eabh`htada fafirhah ea du`ru)< `ujinřtaran `hr`uhtuduh ntajŠhah êj njxhatnta, pinta `ijtrhmuh dn êjŠadaoa ran fieuduh êj `nra npnr ehstirshujhda ntajŠhijnda, enr Șh dn eazvidtnran ujir pri`aeurh ea pravajŠha. EaȘh axhstĀ uj `ijsajs `nra hjeh`Ā bnptud `Ā êj njxhatnta sa fnjhbastĀ tajehjȜa ntajȜhijnda pajtru nfajhjȜnra Șh `Ā n`ast bajifaj nra uj aba`t jaonthv nsuprn pri`asadir ea `ijtrid, entada radavĀ i hfnohja fnh `ifpdaxĀ. AxhstĀ eivazh `ijvaroajta pajtru axhstajȜn tajehjȜah ntajȜhijnda êj tudmurĀrh ea njxhatnta, njxhatntan ehspizhȜhijndĀ, Șh njxhatntan-stnra enr ju axhstĀ eivazh `ijvaroajta prhvhje hfpn`t ud jaonthv nd njxhatĀȜhh nsuprn pri`asadir ea `ijtrid ntajȜhijnd.
0.7. Hfpn`tud njxhatĀȜhh njxhatĀȜhh nsuprn nsuprn buj`Ȝhah axa`uthva Buj`Ȝhn axa`uthvĀ Êj oajarnd, buj`thhda axa`uthva sujt eabhjhta `n bhhje `ada `nra ra`dnfĀ `ifmhjnran hjbirfnȜhhdir pradu`rnta prhj `adadndta fa`njhsfada `iojhthva< êjvĀȜnran, par`apȜhn Șh `ijtridud ntajȜhijnd sujt hjtaornta pajtru n oghen `ifpirtnfajta `ifpdaxa irhajtnta spra vhhtir. (=) Pa pinta virmh, êj tinta prhj`hpnd ea trah thpurh ea buj`Ȝhh axa`uthva3 (>) `ifpirtnfajtud ea`hzhijnd pdnjhbh`nran Șh (0) jnvhonran spnthndĀ. Êj njxhatntan stnra ju nu bist heajthbh`nta aba`ta nsuprn pdnjhbh`Ārhh< axhstĀ uj aba`t nsuprn duĀrhh ea`hzhhdir (prifivnran avhtĀ avhtĀrhh rhh ujir ea`hzhh ‖dn jiri`‖) Șh nsuprn jnvhoĀrhh spnȜhnda. Dunran ea`hzhhdir - êj njxhatnta `ifpirtnfajtud pinta eavajh fnh pra`nut Șh fnh `ijsarvntir, eaȘh pinta eaphjea ea bnptud en`Ā ea`hzhhda sujt dunta pajtru n `ra `raȘta Șta `íȘthourhda snu pajtru fhjhfhzn pharearhda. Êj njxhatntan stnra sa fnjhbastĀ tajehjȜn hjehvhzhdir ea n dun ea`hzhh rhs`njta êj eifajhud pharearhdir, enr ea`hzhh `ijsarvntinra êj `íȘtho eifajhu eif ajhu `íȘthouduh. >5=
gttp3//www.tganfyoendn.hjbi/[EBs/MusgY>888.peb , Njtarhir @hjoudnta @irtax Eysbuj`thij hj NttajthijEabh`ht/Gyparn`thvhty Ehsirear ]avandae my bF]H nje tga @iujthjo Ptriip. Ptriip. >50
@irmattn, F., & Pgudfnj, O. D. (=;;=). @ijtrid (=;;=). @ijtrid ib oind-ehra`tae nje sthfudus-erhvaj nttajthij hj tga mrnhj.gttps3//www.sn`ldarhjsthtuta.iro/`irjadd/suffarYhjsthtuta/N]@GHRA/=;;2/pnpars/@irmattn/@irmattn.Pgud mrnhj. fnj.=;;=.J]J.peb
2=
Êj njxhatntan trĀsĀturĀ s-n eafijstrnt aba`tud ipus, enr n`ast aba`t pnra sĀ prazhjta ehbarajȜa ea sax, `u i uȘinrĀ uȘinrĀ êfmujĀtĀȜhra êj dunran ea`hzhhdir êj `nzud bafahdir `u njxhatnta Șh `u eabh`hajȜa dhfhtnta êj dunran ea`hzhhdir êj `nzud mĀrmnȜhdir >55. Êj fie shfhdnr, njxhatntan trĀsĀturĀ rheh`ntĀ asta nsi`hntĀ `u cu`Ātirhh nvíje pr primdafa imdafa pntidioh`a ornva daonta ea ci`urhda ea jiri`. >51 Jnvhonran spnȜhndĀ (oĀshran trnsauduh `ira`t êjtr-uj dnmhrhjt) - êj njxhatntan stnra, sa fnjhbastĀ i spirhra n parbirfnjȜah enr êj njxhatntan ttrĀsĀturĀ, rĀsĀturĀ, aba`tud as asta ta ipus, jnvhonran spnȜhndĀNjxhatntan asta nba`tntĀ.pinta prhirhthzn jnvhonran rnpheĀ Șh uȘinrĀ sum aba`tud nfajhjȜĀrhh, enr nba`tanzn jnvhonran, `nra, ju nra daoĀturĀ `u nfajhjȜĀrhda3 dn parsinjada sĀjĀtinsa supusa ujah njxhatĀȜh hjeusa, njxhatntan Șh snr`hjn sujt daonta ea `ijtaxt, êj thfp `a dn parsinjĀ `u i tudmurnra ea njxhatnta, snr`hjn ju asta daontĀ ea njxhatntan dir. @npn`htntan ea pdnjhbh`nra (Uurjud ehj Gnjih) asta janba`tntĀ.
]aŠada ntajŠhijnda ntajŠhijnda řh nuti-raodnra êj njxhatnta 0.7. ]aŠada [isjar řh [atarsaj>52 nu `ijturnt trah raŠada jaurinjntifh`a `nra stnu dn mnzn n trah buj`Šhh ehbarhta nda ntajŠhah3 buj`Šhhda ea ndartĀ (snu vhohdajŠĀ), irhajtnra řh ntajŠha axa`uthvĀ. ]aŠanun ntajŠhah axa`uthva Buj`Šhn ea `ijtrid axa`uthv n ntajŠhah hjtrĀ êj ci` êj shtunŠhh `a ja`ashtĀ pdnjhbh`nra snu dunra ea ea`hzhh, êj shtunŠhh `nra ra`dnfĀ rĀspujsurh jih snu rĀspujsurh `a ju sujt mhja êjvĀŠnta, dn eata`tnran řh `ira`tnran arirhdir, shtunŠhh pitajŠhnd ehbh`hda snu parh`udinsa řh eapĀřhran `ifpirtnfajtadir gnmhtunda. @ghnr en`Ā n`anstĀ ajufarnra hj`duea i onfĀ eastud ea dnroĀ ea shtunŠhh ehvarsa `a hfpdh`Ā ntajŠhn axa`uthvĀ, `aan `a nu ada êj `ifuj asta axhstajŠn ujuh `ijbdh`t êjtra `ifpirtnfajta nutifnta, mhja êjvĀŠnta řh `ifpirtnfajta vidujtnra. vi dujtnra.>5? ]aŠanun ea ndartĀ ]aŠanun jaurijndĀ nbdntĀ dn mnzn n`astah buj`Šhh fieudanzĀ ndi`nran ea rasursa ntajŠhijnda êj praoĀthran eata`tĀrhh řh pri`asĀrhh sthfudhdir ehj faehu.>57 Pa ehsthjo eiuĀ thpurh ea stĀrh nda vhohdajŠah3 -vhohdajŠĀ hjtrhjsa`Ā - spa`hbh`Ā stĀrhh ea vaoga (oajarnd wnlabudjass) snu jhvadud ea nriusnd, shfhdnr ntajŠhah susŠh susŠhjuta juta (nmhdhtntan ea fajŠhja ntajŠh ntajŠhnn bi`ndhzntĀ pa i snr`hjĀ)55
vnj eaj Mis, ]., Gnrtavade, F., nje Ptiip, G. (=;;8). Ptrass nje ea`hshij-fnlhjo hj gufnjs3 parbirfnj`a hs radntae ti `irthsid ran`thvhty, ndmaht ehbbarajtdy hj faj nje wifaj, wifaj , gttp3//www.psyjauaj ciurjnd.`if/nrth`da/P;0;2-510;(;8);;>57-2/buddtaxt ciurjnd.`if/nrth`da/P;0;2-510;(;8);;>57-2 /buddtaxt >51 Pta-Fnrha, @., Ouptn, ]., nje Earavajsly, C. D. (=;;=). (=;;=). Njxhaty Njxhaty nje si`hnd strass radntae ti neidas`ajt onfmdhjo magnvhiur , gttp3//yiutgonfmdhjo.f`ohdd.`n/aj/[EB/[umdh`nthijs/=;;2/Njxhaty.peb >52 [isjar, F. H., & [atarsaj, P. A. (>88;). Uga nttajthij systaf ib tga gufnj mrnhj. mrnhj. gttp3//`jswam.mu.aeu/[ribhdas/Fhjoiddn.gtfd/`jsbtp/`j?0;-=;;?-peb/pisjarYpatarsaj8;.peb >5?
[isjar, F. H., & ]itgmnrt, F. L. (=;;?). ]asanr`g ij nttajthij jatwirls ns n fiead bir tga hjtaornthij ib psy`gidioh`nd s`haj`a. s`haj`a.gttp3//h`es.uiraoij.aeu/wp-`ijtajt/updines/=;>>/;7/Njj-ravhaw-bhjnd.peb >57 >07 Heaf
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RhohdajŠn hjtrhjsa`Ā asta raodntĀ ajeioaj pa `íje vhohdajŠn bnzh`Ā pinta bh `ijshearntĀ `n bhhje raodntĀ axtrhjsa`. ]aŠada ntajŠhijnda řh njxhatntan - i ntajŠha axa`uthvĀ fnh mujĀ pnra sĀ bha daontĀ ea i njxhatnta `ras`utĀ, êjsĀ einr êj `ijtaxta afiŠhijnda, sumha`Ȝhh `u i njxhatnta- tr ĀsĀturĀ ĀsĀturĀ rheh`ntĀ thje sĀ suprn-fijhtirhzaza >58 `ijbdh`tud. -]adnŠhn ehjtra asta irhajtnra řh `ijtaxta njxhatntajautra pnra sĀenr ea `ijtaxta uthdhznranafiŠhijnda snu ju n ujir sthfudh afiŠhijndh (irhajtnran dajtĀ êj e nreaphjeĀ rnpheĀ êj jjaonthva). aonthva). - axhstĀ i daoĀturĀ êjtra ndartĀ řh njxhatnta, hjehbarajt ea `ijtaxtud afiŠhijnd/jautru. Njxhatntan řh ehstrn`thmhdhtntan Bhdtrncud ntajŠhijnd řh êj`Ār`nran par`aptundĀ NtajŠhn sada`thvĀ / Bhdtrncud - hfpdh`Ā pri`asnran prhirhtnrĀ n ujir sthfudh řh hojirnran sthfudhdir jaradavnjŠh, neh`Ā n pitajŠhndhdir ehstrn`tirh. Uairhn êj`Ār`Ārhh par`aptunda [rhfada `ar`atĀrh nsuprn ntajŠhah nu bist fnr`nta ea `ijtrivarsn nsuprn bhdt bhdtrncuduh rncuduh >1; thfpurhu varsus tírzhu . Jhvadud ea pri`asnra dn `nra nra di` sada`Šhn npnra `n i buj`Šha n êj`Ār`Ārhh par`aptunda n snr`hjhh3 bhdtrncud thfpurhu nra di` êj snr`hjh êj `nra êj`Ār`nran par`aptundĀ a fnra (i nsafajan snr`hjĀ i`upĀ fncirhtntan rasursadir ntajŠhijnda nda ujah parsinja, sthfudhh ehstrn`tirh sujt adhfhjnŠh nutifnt êj`Ā ehj stnehhda thfpurhh ea pri`asnra, eainra`a ju fnh rĀfíj
ehspijhmhda rasursa `nra sĀ bha ndi`nta n`astir sthfudh). Êj snr`hjhda `u êj`Ār`nra par`aptundĀ fh`Ā, ehj fifajt `a ju tinta rasursada ea pri`asnra sujt njoncnta êj snr`hjĀ, rasursada jai`upnta sujt ndi`nta nutifnt sthfudhdir ehstrn`tirh. [nrnehofn axparhfajtndĀ pritithph`Ā pajtru hjvasthonran riduduh êj`Ār`Ārhh par`aptunda n bist pripusĀ ea Dnvha řh @ix (>88?), `nra nu êfmhjnt adafajta ehjtr -i snr`hjĀ ea `Āutnra vhzundĀ `u adafajta nda ujah snr`hjh `u bdnjlarh. Entada `nra susŠhj tairhn êj`Ār`Ārhh par`aptunda nrntĀ `Ā pa fĀsurĀ `a êj`Ār`nran par`aptundĀ `rařta, hfpn`tud jaonthv nd ehstrn`tirhdir hj`ifpnthmhdh s`nea. s`nea. Uairhn êj`Ār`Ārhh par`aptunda řh njxhatntan Mhsgip>1>n ehs`utnt pitajŠhndud aba`t ehstrn`tir nd sthfudhdir `u vndajŠĀ afiŠhijndĀ jaonthvĀ řh n suoarnt pishmhdhntan `n aba`tud n`astir sthfudh sĀ bha ehfhjunt snu njudnt êj snr`hjhda `u êj`Ār`nra par`aptundĀ rheh`ntĀ. [a ea ndtĀ pnrta, `ghnr řh êj `nzud ujir snr`hjh `u êj`Ār`nra par`aptundĀ raeusĀ, aba`tud ehstrn`tirhdir pinta bh raeus êj `nzud parsinjadir `u nmhdhtĀŠh ea `ijtrid eas`ajeajt (`ijtrid vidujtnr, `ijtrid ntajŠhijnd, `ijtrid hjghmhtir) fnh rheh`nta. Hfpn`tud êj`Ār`Ārhh par`aptunda nsuprn ehstrn`thmhdhtĀŠhh êj njxhatnta, n bist avheajȜh nt ea i sarha ea stuehh< Mhsgip at nd., nu nnrĀtnt rĀtnt `Ā en`Ā ehstrn`tirhh `u vndajŠĀ nfajhjŠĀtinra sa nsi`hnu `u i n`thvnra fnh hjtajsĀ n nfhoendah dn parsinjada `u njxhatnta rheh`ntĀ, n`anstĀ n`thvnra arn suprhfntĀ dn êj`Ār`Ārh par`aptunda rheh`nta. Ea nsafajan, njxhatntan rheh`ntĀ sa nsi`hnzĀ `u i n`thvnra eabh`htnrĀ n dimuduh prabrijtnd êj `ijehŠhh ea êj`Ār`nra par`aptundĀ raeusĀ (ntuj`h (ntuj` h `íje `ijtridud eas`ajeajt nr bh asajŠhnd).
>58
Eajjhs, U. N., & @gaj, @. (=;;8). Urnht (=;;8). Urnht njxhaty nje `ijbdh`t fijhtirhjo biddiwhjo tgrant. gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@=?;>027/ gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@=?;>027/ >1; >1> Fh`dan,
F., [shgidioha `iojhthvĀ, aehturn [idhrif, >888 Mhsgip, P. C., Cajlhjs, ]., & Dnwraj`a, N. E. (=;;?). Jaurnd pri`asshjo ib banrbud bn`as3 Abba`ts ib njxhaty nra ontae my par`aptund `npn`hty dhfhtnthijs. dhfhtnthijs.gttp3//`ar`ir.ixbireciurjnds.iro/`ijtajt/>?/?/>181.budd gttp3//`ar`ir.ixbireciurjnds.iro/`ijtajt/>?/?/>181.budd
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@ar`atĀrhda nu s`is êj avheajŠĀ tajehjŠn sumha`Šhdir `u s`irurh fnrh dn tas ta ea njxhatnta (njxhatntan `n trĀsĀturĀ) ea n pri`asn praehda`t řh nutifnt sthfudh vhzundh snu nuehthvh `u safjhbh`nŠha afiŠhijndĀ jaonthvĀ, fnh ndas `u safjhbh`nŠha nfajhjŠĀtinra>1=. N`ast thp ea pri`asnra n bist eajufhtĀ —tajehjŠĀ ntajŠhijndĀ êj njxhatnta‖. UajehjŠada ntajŠhijnda nu njufhta `nrn`tarhsth`h3 - Nu uj `nrn`tar nutifnt, snu ndtbad spus jijstrntaoh`, řh hjtarbaranzĀ `u snr`hjn sumha`tuduh, hjehbarajt `nra bh n`anstn< - Npnr êj snr`hjh `anr prasupuj oasthijnran —rasursadir `iojhthva‖ êj raohf r aohf `ifpaththv< - AxhstĀ i spa`hbh`htnta êj buj`Šha ea thpud tudmurĀrhh njxhinsa< nstbad, sumha`Šhh `u bimha vir fnjhbastn n`asta tajehjŠa praehda`t bnŠĀ ea sthfudhh radnŠhijnŠh `u imha`tud bimhah dir< `ah `u njxhatnta sifnth`Ā bnŠĀ ea sthfudh pra`uf —síjoa, mindĀ, eurara‖< `ah `u bimha si`hndĀ bnŠĀ ea sthfudh pra`uf —ařa`, suprnvaogara, pajhmhd‖< `aan `a `ijtanzĀ êj prhfud ríje ju asta `nrn`tarud ea —jaonthv‖ nd `uvíjtuduh `h radnŠhijnran sn `u primdafada hjehvheuduh. Ea axafpdu `uvíjtud —su``as‖ asta êj asajŠĀ uj `uvíjt —pizhthv‖ enr pajtru `hjavn `u i putarjh`Ā njxhatnta ea parbirfnjŠĀ, ad nra i `ijitnŠha nfajhjŠĀtinra10. [rhj urfnra, sada`thvhtntan asta eatarfhjntĀ êj fnra fĀsurĀ ea ja`ashtntan ujir n`Šhujh nenptnthva, abh`n`a. [ri`asnran saoraonŠhijhstĀ n hjbirfnŠhah ju asta janpĀrnt uj safj nd hj`npn`htĀŠhh jinstra ea n bn`a bnŠĀ ujuh faehu ghpar`ifpdax, `h řh i strntaoha nenptnthvĀ, eimíjehtĀ ea ironjhsf pajtru n-řh nshourn `iarajŠn řh `ijtridud `ifpirtnfajtuduh. @IJ@DQSHH Êj njxhatntan-stnra3 - asta bn`hdhtntĀ pradu`rnran sajzirhnd-par`apthva thfpurha n sthfudhdir jautrh< - sa êfmujĀtĀȜasta eata`tnran ea hjbirfnȜhhdir jaonthva< >1=
Fntgaws, N.,
nje Mujey Fn`lhjtisg, M.
N @iojhthva Fiead ib Pada`thva [ri`asshjo hj Njxhaty ,
gttp3//gifapnoa.psy.utaxns.aeu/gifapnoa/@dnss/[sy085u/Miwar/>=%=;Njxhaty%=;Ehsirears%=;/FntgawsFn`l%=0>.peb >10 Fh`dan, F., [shgidioha `iojhthvĀ, aehturn [idhrif, >888
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- asta nba`tntĀ parbirfnjȜn êj snr`hjh êjsiȜhta ea ehstrn`tirh afiȜhijndh) supr npujarhh npujarhh rasursadir jaurijnda êjtra njxhatnta Șh fafirh n ea s`urtĀ eurntĀ< (=) ridud parshstajt parshstajt pa `nra girfijhh ea sstras tras êd cin`Ā êj atn atnpn pn ea `ijsidhenra. Fafirhn ea s`urtĀ eurntĀ sh njxhatntan, nfmada njoncanzĀ fa`njhsfa prabrijtnda, `ij`urajȜn pajtru n`asta `hr`uhta jaurijnda pinta eu`a dn nba`tnran tafpirnrĀ ehj `nuzn ujir pri`asĀrh ea hjbirfnȜhh `urajta parturmnta. @ienran hjbirfnȜhhdir aphsieh`a pinta bh bn`hdhtntĀ prhj adhmarnran ea girfijh ea stras hj nfhoendn Șh truj`ghud `aramrnd `nra sarvas` p ajtru n fieudn eapizhtnran pa tarfaj dujo, prhj hjtarfaehud ghpi`nfpusuduh. Êj snr`hjh snr`hjh `iojhthva jautra afiȜhijnd sa pistudanzĀ `Ā tudmurĀrhda ea njxhatnta sujt nsi`hnta `u uj `ijtrid sdnm ntajȜhah. Hj fie spa`hbh`, pinta axhstn i neavĀrntĀ vudjarnmhdhtnta ehsbuj`ȜhijndĀ daontĀ ea `ijtridud ntajȜhah `nra3 (>) praehspuja parsinjada vudjarnmhda sĀ axparhfajtaza pracuea`ĀȜh nba`thva eimíjehta êj urfn ujir avajhfajta `a `ijeu` dn uj `ar` vh`h vh`his< is< (=) privin`Ā njxhatnta, `nra npih eu`a eu `a dn pracuea`ĀȜh nba`thva. Fa`njhsfada jaurijnda Fa`njhsfada jaurijnda, `hr`uhtada hfpdh`nta3 (n) nfhoendn Șh (m) `irtaxud prabrijtnd eirsnd faehnd / eirsnd, `irtaxud `hjoudnr njtarhir. @irtaxud prabrijtnd eirsnd (`uprhjzíje `hjoudnrud Șh eirsifaehndud) asta hfpdh`nt uj pri`asnran afiȜhijndĀ, êj spa`hnd êj avndunr avndunran an afiȜhijndĀ `aan `a nba`tanzĀ jaonthv Șh `ijtridud `iojhthv. @n ntnra, asta asta pishmhd `n n`as n`astt `hr`uht êj njxhatnta sĀ bha dn mnzn ujir êfmujĀtĀȜhrh nda buj`Ȝhhdir `iojhthva `nra prifivanzĀ avhtnran parh`iduduh. En` Ā asta ax`ashv n`thvnt, êjsĀ, n`ast `hr`uht pinta eu`a dn pracuea`ĀȜhda ehj tudmurĀrhda ea njxhatnta pntidioh`a. 22
Fafirhn ea du`ru Șh `ijtridud `iojhthv sujt nba`tnta jaonthv êj njxhatnta Șh sujt `ijshearnta n bh pri`asnta êj `nerud raohujhdir suprnpusa n`ast n`a st `hr`uht. Buj`Ȝhh `iojhthva, `uf nr bh pdnjhbh`nran, `nra sujt japarturmnt a asta pishmhd sĀ sa mmnzaza nzaza pa uj `hr`uht `ifpdat sapnrnt. @nra sujt `nuzada tra`aran ea dn nenpthva dn njxhatnta fndnenptnthv9 EhbarajȜada ehjtra njxhatntan‐stnra hjeusĀ Șh tudmurĀrhda ea njxhatnta nsuprn buj`Ȝhhdir `iojhthva pit bh prhvhta `n ehbarajȜada ehjtraujuh nenpthv Șh eaznenptnthv njxhatnta. FnhrĀspujs axn`t, stnran ea njxhatnta eatarfhjntĀ ea axhstajȜn parh`id asta `ifpdat êjrnȜhijndĀ Șh uj nenptnthv dn i nfajhjȜnra hfhjajtĀ. Uudmurnrhda ea njxhatnta sujt `nrn`tarhzntĀ prhj njxhatnta dn fifajta japitrhvhta snu dn sthfudh uȘir nvarshva, nȘn jufhtn njxhatnta eaznenptnthvĀ. Rn bh hfpirtnjt sĀ sa heajthbh`a fa`njhsfud/a prhj `nra rĀspujsud nenpthv eavhja eaznenpthv. I pishmhdhtnta asta `Ā n`adanȘh pri`asa stnu dn mnzn nfmada aba`ta, enr êj `nzud njxhatĀȜhh eaznenpthva , `hr`uhtada s-nu "mdi`nt" êj stnran ea njxhatnta. N`astn eatarfhjĀ i oajarndhznra n ujah onfa fnh dnroh ea sthfudh `nra sa `ijsthtuha `n nfajhjȜĀrh Șh nba`tanzĀ `npn`htntan ea n eafijtn n`asta nfajhjȜĀrh. @nuzada prieu`arhh n`anstah `ifutĀrh nr putan bh axhstajȜn uj aba`t ea`dnjȘntir `nra, ientĀ `a shstafud asta êfphjs pran eapnrta, sa nbdĀ êj hfpishmhdhtntan ea n rastnmhdh buj`thijnran jirfndĀ. N`ast du`ru pinta eu`a dn eabh`hajȜa ea `ijtrid `nra pnr n bh dhfhtnta dn `nzud tudmurĀrhdir ea njxhatnta. @dnrhbh`nran `nuzadir n`astah aviduȜhh pinta eazvnduh fa`njhsfada hfpirtnjta radavnjta pajtru eazvidtnran tudmurĀrhdir ea njxhatnta. @uf sa pinta bidish n`anstĀ êjȜadaoara pajtru n êfmujĀtĀth ehnojisth`ud Șh abh`n`h abh`n`htntan tntan trntnfajtuduh hj njxhatnta3 `dnrhbh`nran `dnrhbh`nran hfpn`tuduh njxhatĀȜhh nsuprn pri`asadir `iojhthva bn`a pishmhdĀ i avndunra fnh pra`hsĀ n abh`n`htĀȜhh trntnfajtadir, ja parfht sn hjtadaoaf fnh mhja sh sn sa parba`thijĀf trntnfajtada `iojhthva pajtru njxhatnta. Qj stuehu>15 n nrĀtnt `Ā i snr`hjĀ `iojhthvĀ fnra sarvaȘta pajtru n ehstrnoa ntajȜhn ea ddnn stnran ea njxhatnta, imsarvnȜha `a nr putan nvan i vndinra tarnpauth`Ā. [riorasa ra`ajta>11 nu êj`aput sĀ bidisans`Ā snr`hjhda afiȜhijnda ea birfnra `iojhthvĀ pajtru n s`ghfmn pracuea`ĀȜhda jaonthva j aonthva ehj njxhatnta. Êj nstbad ea snr`hjh "ea birfnra `i `iojhthvĀ", ojhthvĀ", ntajȜhn sumha`tuduh asta hfpdh`ht eapdnsntĀ spra hjeh`hh afiȜhijnda pizhthva (êj eatrhfajtud `adir jaonthva)< n`anstn tagjh`n pinta bh uthdhzntĀ pajtru n raeu`a pracuea`ĀȜh jaonthv eamhdhtnjta, raeu`íje nstbad stnran ea êjorhcirnra êj tudmurĀrhda ea njxhatnta. HjtarvajȜhhda `iojhthva pajtru n raeu`a shfptifada ea njxhatnta snu tudmurĀrh pit afaroa ehjtr-i `ijtiphra n tairhah `iojhthva `u priorasada jauriȘthhjtadir. Njxhatntan ndtaranzĀ êjeaisamh snr`hjhda `nra eaphje ea ntajŠha prhj3 ]aeu`aran odimndĀ n `npn`htĀŠhh ea du`ru n sumha`tuduh, n rasursadir ehspijhmhda pajtru iparnŠhhda `iojhthva ja`asnra razidvĀrhh snr`hjhh<
>15
Rytnd, L., @irjwadd, M., Nrlhj, J., nje Orhddij, @. (=;>=). Eas`rhmhjo tga hjtarpdny matwaaj njxhaty nje `iojhthij3 brif hfpnhrae parbirfnj`a ujear diw `iojhthva dine ti raeu`ae njxhaty ujear ghog dine, dine, gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@0051;18/ >11 Gnlnfntn, X., Dhssal, P., Mnr-Gnhf, X., Mrhttij, C. @., Bix, J. N., Dahmajdubt, A., at nd. (=;>;). Nttajthij mhns fiehbh`nthij trantfajt3 n fatn-njndyshs tiwnre tga astnmdhsgfajt ib jivad trantfajt bir njxhaty, gttp3//www.mhidioh`ndpsy`ghntryciurjnd.`if/nrth`da/P;;;2-0==0(>;);;?22-0/buddtaxt
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GhparvhohdajŠn êjsiŠhtĀ ea ehstrn`thmhdhtnta ax`ashvĀ (ghparvhohdajŠĀ njxhinsĀ
hjabh`n`a)< Ehfhjunran `npn`htĀŠhh fafirhah ea du`ru, n fafirhah iparntirhh.
Ptrasud řh njxhatntan sujt afaroajŠa nda avnduĀrhh `iojhthva n shtunŠhah řh n rasursadir ea n bn`a bnŠĀ êjtr -i shtunȜha. Êj razidvnran ujah shtunŠhh primdafnth`a sujt hfpdh`nta nmhdhtĀŠhda `iojhthva nda sumha`tuduh, enr řh s`gafada `iojhthva nda n`astuhn, s`gafa `nra sujt fudt fnh hfpirtnjta êj adnmirnran ea`êtshja, jhvadud n`thvĀrhh bhzhidioh`a n ironjhsfuduh. P`gafada `iojhthva hfpdh`ĀrĀspujsurhdir `iojhŠhh easpra nfmhnjŠĀ si`hndĀ, pishmhdhtĀŠhda vhhtinra nda sumha`tuduh. Qj njufht `ijŠhjut nd s`gafadir `iojhthva ju pinta bh fijhtirhznt prhj fatn`iojhŠha, `u tinta `Ā i pnrta n s`gafadir ea `iojhŠha asta n``ashmhdĀ `ijřthhŠah. @an fnh n`utĀ primdafĀ n sumha`Šhdir njxhiřh asta eazvidtnran n`astir pnttarj -urh `iojhthva axnoarnta êj radnŠha `u parh`idud, `n urfnra n hjtarpratĀrhh axparhajŠadir trĀhta `n bhhje nfajhjŠĀtinra. Uudmurnran njxhinsĀ sa hjstndanzĀ entirhtĀ bnptuduh `Ā fieadud `iojhthv nd njxhiřhdir `ijŠhja i sarha ea raoudh `nra ath`gatanzĀ avajhfajtada radnthv hjibajshva `n parh`udinsa. Ptrntaohhda njxhisuduh sujt ehsbuj`Šhijnda entirhtĀ vudjarnmhdhtĀŠhh snda. Dhtarnturn pshghntrh`Ā `htanzĀ tajehjŠn njxhisuduh dn hjbarajŠa nrmhtrnra, prazajŠn ujir pnttarj -urh ea par`apŠhh ehstirshijnta êj radnŠhn `u `ahdndŠh řh i nshfatrha `iojhthvĀ (asta virmn ea mndnjŠn êjtra `iojhŠhhda pizhthva řh `ada jaonthva), hj`npn`htntan njxhisuduh ea n njth`hpn `ifpirtnfajta abh`hajta `n rĀspujs dn sthfudhh njxhioajh. Qjhh nutirh virmas` easpra sajthfajtud hjabh`n`htĀŠhh parsijnda dn njxhiřh, sajthfajt `a nfpdhbh`Ā êj `ns`neĀ `iojhŠhhda jaonthva řh sajznŠhhda vaoatnthva, `u priha`tnra êj vhhtir n ařa`uduh dir êj radnŠha `u `ahdnŠh. GhparvhohdajŠn bnŠĀ ea buj`Šhijndhtntan priprhuduh ironjhsf, enr řh n sthfudhdir ehj cur, eavhja i vudjarnmhdhtnta `iojhthvĀ pajtru fnjhbastĀrhda `dhjh`a ea njxhatnta. N`anstĀ ntajŠha irhajtntĀ spra sthfudhh nfajhjŠĀtirh eavhja shfptifnth`Ā, eavajhje uj bn`tir `iojhthv nd vudjarnmhdhtĀŠhh afaroajŠah tudmurĀrhdir njxhinsa. Êj `ij`duzha, nf prazajtnt i hfnohja ea njsnfmdu n hfpn`tuduh pa `nra njxhatntan êd nra nsuprn pri`asadir `iojhthva Șh nba`thva3 par`apȜha, ntajȜha, fafirha, buj`Ȝhn axa`uthvĀ. Dn jhvadud `ad fnh ea mnzĀ njxhatntan thjea sĀ bha nsi`hntĀ `u par`apȜhn êfmujĀtĀȜhtĀ n s`ghfmĀrhdir ea faehu, hjehbarajt ea vndajȜĀ, enr dn jhvadurh fnh `ifpdaxa ea `ujinȘtara, `ijeu`a dn prifivnran pri`asadir `iojhthva radavnjta pajtru avhtnran nfajhjȜĀrhh êjsiȜhtĀ ea nba`tnran njufhtir buj`Ȝhh, `uf nr bh fafirhn ea du`ru, dĀsíje êjsĀ pri`asa supdhfajtnra (`uf nr bh pdnjhbh`nran) japarturmnta. Fa`njhsfada jaurijnda axn`ta `nra stnu dn mnzn n`astir n`astir aba`ta sujt eapnrta ea n bh `dnra. Nvíje êj vaeara pivnrn fnra raprazajtntĀ ea tudmurĀrhda ea njxhatnta, i nstbad ea `ar`atnra asta ea êjorhcirĀtir ea prasnjtĀ.
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@N[HUIDQD 5. NJNDHSč @IF[N]NUHRč N FAUIEADI]/NMI]Eč]HDI] EA [PHGIUA]N[HA 5.>. Uarnphn `iojhthv-`ifpirtnfajtndĀ (@iojhthva-Magnvhiurnd Ugarnpy ‐ @MU)
Uarnphn `iojhthv-`ifpirtnfajtndĀ (@MU) s-n eafijstrnt n bh i tarnpha abh`hajtĀ pajtru parsinja ea tinta vírstada, ea dn `iphh fh`h píjĀ dn neudȜh êjnhjtnȜh êj vírstĀ, `ít Șh pajtru infajh `u bujend aeu`nȜhijnd, `udturnd Șh bhjnj`hnr ehbarht. @MU asta i tarnpha hjtajshvĀ, ea s` ur tĀ tĀ eurntĀ, `nra asta irhajtntĀ pa primdafa. N bist `ij`aputĀ pajtru n bh rnpheĀ, prn`th`Ā Șh irhajtntĀ pa s`ip< an nshourĀ parsinjadir dn `nra asta npdh`ntĀ uj sat ea nmhdhtĀȜh ea dujoĀ eurntĀ `nra sĀ êh ncuta pa n`aȘthn sĀ êȘh fajȜhjĀ i stnra ea sĀjĀtnta mujĀ. N`anstĀ tarnpha sa bi`usanzĀ pa ‖nh`h Șh n`uf‖, rnpirtnt dn primdafada `ithehaja `nra npnr êj vhnȜn ea zh `u zh n ujah parsinja. @MU parfhta `dhajȜhdir i parspa`thvĀ n fieuduh êj `nra n`aȘthn hjtarpratanzĀ Șh avnduanzĀ `aan `a sa patra`a êj curud dir Șh aba`tada n`astir par`apȜhh nsuprn axparhajȜah dir afiȜhijnda. Êj `nerud sumha`tudsnu pinta êjvĀȜn sĀ sujt heajthbh`a, sĀ hjvasthogaza Șh sĀ tarnphah s`ghfma`iojhthv-`ifpirtnfajtnda n`ada oíjeurh, nthtuehjh, `raehjȜa nsufpȜh h `nra radavnjta pajtru primdafada nba`thva Șh ran`Ȝhhda `ifpirtnfajtnda primdafnth`a spa`hbh` ujir njufhta thpurh ea shtunȜhh. Ntít prhj fijhtirhznran `ít Șh prhj êjraohstrnran oíjeurhdir pa `nra infajhh da nu êj thfpud n`astir shtunȜhh `nra eu` dn ehsijnjȜa afiȜhijnda, ah êjvnȜĀ `n fieud êj `nra oíjeas` pinta `ijtrhmuh dn primdafa afiȜhijnda pra`uf eaprashn Șh njxhatntan. ]aeu`aran n`astir primdafa afiȜhijnda prhj tarnphn `iojhthva-`ifpirtnfajtndĀ sa bn`a prhj3 -heajthbh`nran ehstirshujhdir êj fieud ea oíjehra< -fieud ea n vaean oíjeurhda ehj `nerud n`astir fifajta `n Șh heah easpra `aan `a sa patra`a fnh eaornmĀ ea`ít `arthtuehjh `Ā dn nstn sa razufĀ trĀhrhda raspa`thva123 -eaprashn Șh tudmurnran mhpidnrĀ12
]a`tir, J.N. @iojhthva magnvhiurnd tgarnpy, gttp3//ljiwdaeoax.`nfg.jat/nfgspa`hndhsts/rasiur`asYbnfhdhas/Ei`ufajts/`mtYouheaYaj.peb
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@MU pinta bh majabh`Ā pajtru parsinjada `u3 pshgiza, imh`ahurh imsashv-`ifpudshva, primdafa saxunda Șh ea `updu, hjsifjha, shjerifud ea imisandĀ `rijh`Ā, e urarh (parshstajta) `rijh`a, primdafa hjtarparsijnda ea dujoĀ eurntĀ. Qj `neru nsafĀjĀtir asta uthdhznt pajtru n trntn ehbarhta primdafa afiȜ hijnda êj `nerud tarnphah `iojhthv-`ifpirtnfajtnda. @u tinta n`astan, nmirenran êj shja `ít Șh strntaohhda ah vnrhnzĀ Șh sujt nenptnta pajtru nmire nran bha`Ārah primdafa êj fie spa`hbh`. Fithvada pajtru `nra @MU asta abh`hajtĀ3 -Asta stru`turntĀ< -Asta `ajtrntĀ pa primdafĀ Șh irhajtntĀ pa s`ip< -QzanzĀ strntaohh Șh nmhdhtĀȜh eivaehta; >;;) êj buj`Šha ea `ítoíjeurhda ea fudt `raea êj ada. EupĀ heajthbh`nran dir,avndunta sumha`tuduh sa `ara sĀ eas`ipara ehstirshujhda `iojhthva `a stnu dn mnzn dir. Atnpn HR - `ifmntaran oíjeurhd ir jaonthva ehsbuj`Šhijnda3 vn bh bidishtĀ tagjh`n ehndiouduh si`rnth`. Êjtramnran stnjenre pa `nra `dhajtud tramuha sĀ řh -i nerasaza asta3 —@a eivneĀ nf au `Ā n`ast oíje asta neavĀrnt9‖. [ajtru `ifmntaran oíjeurhdir jaonthva sa bi disas` urfĀtinrada tagjh`h3 * tagjh`n ujuh `nz shfhdnr3 ujuh sumha`t `nra jutrařta oíjeurh ax`ashv ea nuti`rhth`a h sa ra`ifnjeĀ sĀ-řh nerasaza êjtramnran3 —Inra `a sbnt h-nř en ujuh prhat prhataj aj `nra sanfĀjĀ fudt `u fhja řh `nra nra i primdafĀ nsafĀjĀtinra9‖. * tagjh`n axparhfajtndĀ3 `íje npnra uj oíje jaonthv, sumha`tud nr putan bh êjvĀŠnt sĀ varhbh`a sum birfn ujuh axparhfajt êj `a fĀsurn oíjeud raspa`thv asta neavĀrnt. * sthdud ea oíjehra —junjŠa ea `ajuřhu‖3 sumha`tud asta êjvĀŠnt sĀ sa êjtrama en`Ā ju `ufvn oíjeařta êj junjŠa ea ndm řh jaoru. Npih asta êjvĀŠnt sĀ raavnduaza shtunŠhn pa i s`ndĀ ea dn ;->;;. * fatien hjtarvhuduh3 sa pinta avndun varheh`htntan oíjeuduh jaonthv êjtramíje řh ndŠh infajh `a pĀrara nu êj daoĀturĀ `u neavĀrud oíjeuduh raspa`thv. * fatien raeu`arhh dn nmsure3 pn`hajtud `nra sa `ijbrujtĀ `u uj oíje jaonthv asta hjstruht sĀ sa êjtrama3 —@a êjŠadao au prhj n`anstn9 Ju ra `uro `ufvn dn at ath`gata h`gata vnoh9"( fatien asta uthdĀ fnh ndas ndas `íje npnra ehstirshijnran e hstirshijnran jufhtĀ ath`gatnra). * fatien safnjth`Ā3 raprazhjtĀ i tagjh`Ā ea `ifmntara n nbhrfnŠhhdir `ntaoirh`a ea thpud —tramuha janpĀrnt‖. @dhajtud êjvnŠĀ sĀ êjdi`uhns`Ā n`asta nbhrfnŠh nbhrfnŠhhh `u ujada fnh puŠhj êj`Ār`nta nba`thv3 —Nr bh ea eirht sĀ hnu axnfajud axnfaju d `u jitĀ fnra‖. * rantrhmuhran3 sa pitrhvařta êj `nzud êj `nra `ijstntĀf `Ā sumha`tud uthdhzanzĀ parsijndhznran snu nutimdnfnran. @dhajtud vn êjvĀŠn sĀ heajthbh`a řh ndta `nuza pajtru shtunŠhn eaznoranmhdĀ êj nbnrĀ ea `an `ijshearntĀ ea `dhajt `n bhhje `an fnh hfpirtnjtĀ. * njndhzn `isturhdir řh majabh`hhdir3 n`anstĀ tagjh`Ā nmireanzĀ oíjeud jaonthv ju ehj parspa`thvn varheh`htĀŠhh duh, `h ehj n`aan n fithvnŠhah ea n-d fajŠhja (sumha`tud asta êjvĀŠnt sĀ sa êjtrama `a vn nvan ea `ířthont řh `a ea phareut en`Ā fajŠhja oíjeud raspa`thv). Atnpn R - ientĀ `ifmntuta oíjeurhda jaonthva, ada sujt êjdi`uhta `u oíjeurh ndtarjnthva fnh randhsta. Atnpn RH - raavndunran3 `ít ea fudt fnh `raea pn`hajtud êj neavĀrud oíjeuduh sĀu jaonthva. Oíjeurhda ndtarjnthva pit bh trnjsbirfnta řh êj suoasthh `a pit bh udtarhir bidishta êj radnxnran snu ghpjizn `dhajtuduh. EntirhtĀ n``ajtuduh eaisamht pa `nra êd puja pa tagjh`hda ea rastru`turnra nthtuehjndĀ, tarnphn `iojhthv-`ifpirtnfajtndĀ sanfĀjĀ binrta fudt `u tarnphn rnŠhijnd -afithvĀ. Uarfajud ea —tarnpha `iojhthv-`ifpirtnfajtndĀ— êřh nra irhohjhda ntít êj eifajhud pshgidiohah `iojhthva, `nra puja n``ajt pa ridud oíjeurhdir êj ea`dnjřnran stĀrhdir nba`thva řh n `ifpirtnfajtuduh, `ít řh êj `ad pshgidiohah `ifpirtnfajtnda, `nra nra tagjh`h pra`hsa e a fiehbh`nra n `ifpirtnfajtuduh. ?>
5.=. Uarnphn hjtarparsijndĀ (H[U)
Êj `nerud `ij`aptundhzĀrhh tarnphah hjtarparsijnda (H[U) nu bist heajthbh`nta trah jhvadurh3 strntaoh`, tagjh` Șh `ad nd shtunȜhah tarnpauth`a. Ptrntaohhda HU[ ja`ashtĀ trah bnza êj easbĀȘurnran pri`asuduh tarnpauth` 3 prh fn ehjtra ada hj`duea ehnojisth`ud, hstirh`ud shfptifadir Șh satanzĀ `nerud tarnpauth`. Uit ntuj`h, sujt avndunta shfptifada nba`Ȝhujhh Șh hh asta ntrhmuht ridud ea pn`hajt . N`ast rid êd s`uzĀ pa pn`hajt ea sustrnoaran ea dn imdhonȜhh si`hnda fncira, enr êd imdhon sĀ du`raza, êj thfpud trntnfajtuduh pajtru n-Șh ra`uparn, pa eapdhj, buj`Ȝhijndhtntan. Êj thfpud sashujhh hjhthnda, asta aba`tunt sh hjvajtnrud hjtarparsijnd, pra`uf Șh uj hjtarvhu nsuprn buj`ȜhijĀ rhh si`hnda `urajta Șh nd radnȜhhdir npriphnta ehj prazajt, `u pnttarjurhda Șh nȘtaptĀrhda `a sujt hj`dusa. Oarnde Ldarfnj sh Fyrjn _ahssfnj nu bist `rantirhh n`astah birfa ea tarnpha `nra n bist eazvidtntĀ hjhȜhnd pajtru trntnran eaprashah fncira. H[U n `ras`ut êj pipudnrhtnta prhjtra pribashijhȘth entirhtĀ bnptuduh `Ā 3 - asta usir ea praent Șh êjvntnt bhhje usir ea nenptnt dn ehvarsa primdafa, ehvarsa orupa ea vnrstĀ Șh ehvarsa atjhh1?
Onmmnre,I.O., Ma`l, C.P., Gidfas, C. "Ixbire taxtmiil ib [sy`ghntry", ae. =;;1
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Imha`thvud pshgitarnphah hjtarparsijnda asta n`aan ea n siduȜhijn primdafada `ifpirtnfajtnda `nra Ȝhj ea sbarn hjtarparsijndĀ, n`astan nvíje uj rid hfpirtnjt êj fajȜhjaran njxhatĀȜhh. 5.0 @ifpnrnran tarnphhdir @MU-H[U
N`asta eiuĀ birfa ea tarnpha sa nsanfĀjĀ Șh nu `n bhjndhtnta n`a dnȘh razudtnt Șh njufa `npn`htntan ea n majabh`hn ea i parspa`thvĀ .. nsuprn fieuduh êj `nra sa pinta hjtarpratn Șh avndun `aan `a sa patra`a êj curud jistru `ít Șh aba`tada n`astir par`apȜhh nsuprn axparhajȜah afiȜhijnda. Ntít tarnphn `iojhthv `ifpirtnfajtndĀ `ít Șh `an hjtarparsijndĀ sa bi`usanzĀ pa ‖nh`h Șh n`uf‖ Șh êh hj`urncanzĀ pa `dhajȜh h `nra urfanzĀ n`asta tarnphh tarnphh sĀ eavhjĀ stĀpíjhh pr priprhhdir iprhhdir afiȜhh Șh êj n`ast bad sĀ pintĀ `ijtridn êjtr -i inra`nra fĀsurĀ jhvadud njxhatĀȜhh, êj sajsud êj `nra ah vir putan êjȜadaoa fnh mhja `nuzada njx njxhatĀȜhh hatĀȜhh Șh fieurhda êj `nra sa pinta n`Ȝhijn pajtru n ncujoa dn razudtntud `ad fnh abh`hajt pajtru parsinjn êj `nuzĀ. `nuzĀ . Ptuehhda jaurihfnohsth`a pumdh`nta nda aba`tadir pshgidioh`a stru`turnta pajtru hjtarvajthh prhvhje tudmurĀrh ea ea ehspizhȜh ehspizhȜhaa Șh ea njxhatnta ( bhourn 1>17), raprazhjtĀ eivazh êj `ij`irenjȜĀ `u
eazn`thvnra `irth`ndĀ `iraspujzĀtinra ‐ pra-trantfajt, Bho. 1>18. Nrhhda ea n`thvnra n`thvnra Șh eazn`thvnra `irth`ndĀ `iraspujzĀt inra parhineadir ea pist ‐ pra-trantfajt, hjeh`nta ea buj`Ȝhijnran stuehh jaurihfnohsth`a nsuprn aba`tadir hjtarvajȜhhdir pshgidioh`a êj buj`Ȝhij nran `raharuduh pajtru tudmurĀrh ea ehspizhȜha Șh ea njxhatnta. JitĀ3 @ar`urhda hdustranzĀ di`nȜhn oajarndĀ. Ju sujt hddustrnta entada pajtru `irtaxud i``hphtnd Șh pajtru zijada jij `irth`nda (tgndnfus, mnsnd onjodhijh mnzndh). D 6 dabt, ] 6 rhogt, N@@ 6 `irtax `hjoudnt njtarhir, ED[B@ 6 `irtax prabrijtnd eirsidntarnd, RD[B@ 6 vajtridntarnd vajtridntarnd prabrijtnd `ir `irtax, tax, Hjb/Fhe/Pup 6 hjbarhir/fhe hjbarhir/fheeda/suparhir, eda/suparhir, fB@ 6 faehnd brijtnd `irtax, f[B@ 6 faehnd f aehnd prabrijtnd `irtax, [@@ 6 ``irtax irtax `hjoudnt pistarhir. >17
Brawaj, [.N. [ .N. at nd. JaurihfnohjoYstuehasYibYps JaurihfnohjoYstuehasYibYpsy`gidioh`ndYhjtarvajthijsYbirYfiie y`gidioh`ndYhjtarvajthijsYbirYfiieYnjeYnjxhatyYehsirears YnjeYnjxhatyYehsirears /
@dhjh`nd [sy`gidioy ]avhaw =7 =7 (=;;7), gttp3//www.rasanr`gonta.jat/pribhda/[nudYBrawaj/pumdh`nthij/2=05507 >18 > 6 Mriey at nd. (=;;>)< = 6 Fnrthj (=;;5) < Fnrthj at nd. (=;;>)< 0 6 Oidenppda at nd. (=;;5)< (=;;5)< 5 6 [rnŮli at nd. (=;;5)< 1 6 Burfnrl Burfnrl at nd. (=;;=)< 2 6 [nquatta [nquatta at nd. nd. (=;;0)< ? 6 Ptrnuma at nd. (=;;2)< (=;;2)< 7 6Badfhjognf 6Badfhjognf at nd. nd. (=;;?)
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hpitazn `Ā pnrth`hpnran dn hjtarvajthhda pshgidioh`a stru`turnta asta nsi`hntĀ `u fiehbh`nrh imsarvnmhda êj thfp êj buj`Ȝhijnran `raharuduh. Fieadud mhipshgisi`hn mhipshgisi`hndd prasupu prasupuja ja i hhjbduajȜĀ jbduajȜĀ mmhehra`ȜhijndĀ hehra`ȜhijndĀ `a nra ddi` i` êjtra `rahar, `ifpirtnfajt Șh faehu hnr n`anstn pinta eatarfhjn pnrȜ pnrȜhnd hnd i njufh njufhtĀ tĀ nmirenra pshg pshgitarnpauth`Ā itarnpauth`Ā ea trntnfajt snu i `ifmhjnȜha êjtra hjtarvajthhda pshgidioh`a Șh bnrfn`idioh`a. N`anstĀ parspa`thvĀ parspa`thvĀ asta êj `ij`irenjȜĀ `u heaan ``ĀĀ axparhajȜada pshgisi pshgisi`hnda `hnda sa fnjhbastĀ snu sa axprhfĀ êj `rahar prhj fiehbh`nran stru`turhh Șh `raharuduh. buj`Ȝhah snda, uj `neru oajarnd `nra n bist hjvi`nt pajtru êjȜadaoaran ab a`tadir a`tadir pshgitarnphah nsuprn Hjtarvajthhda pshgidioh`a pshgidioh`a,, `uf nr bh @MU Șh H[U fiehbh`Ā fatnmidhsfud `raharuduh êj sshta hta -urh jaurijnda `nra sujt êj `ij`irenjȜĀ `u aba`tada n`astir tarnphh. ]azudtntada imȜhjuta ea n`asta stuehh sujt êj `ij`irenjȜĀ `u fieada jaurijnda jaurijnda nda nba`thvhtĀȜhh jirfnda Șh ea nuti-raodnra, eupĀ `uf rahasa ehj fieudnran pshgitarnpauth pshgitarnpauth`Ā `Ā n n`thvhtĀȜhh fatnmidh fatnmidh`a `a n `raharuduh êj zijada eirsidntarnda, vajtridntarnda, Șh prabrijtnda nda `irtaxuduh faehnd, `hjoud nr njtarhir, `hjoudnr pistarhir/pra`uj pistarhir/pra`ujaus aus Șh `irth`nda hjsudnra. ]azudtntada afphrh`a nda ujir stuehh jauri jaurihfnohsth`a hfnohsth`a ea hjv hjvasthonra asthonra n aba`tadir aba`tadir pnrth` pnrth`hpĀrhh hpĀrhh dn hjtarvajthh pshgidioh`a stru`turnta pajtru tudmurĀrh ea njxhatnta Șh ehspizhȜha , êj `aan `a prhvaȘta buj`thijnran `raharuduh `raharuduh nu vhznt aba`tada jaurijnda nda tarnphah `iojhthv`iojhthv-`ifpirtnfajtnda (@MU) Șh nda pshgitarnphaa hjtarparsijnda (H[U). Nvíje êj vaeara aba`tada>2; n``aptnta afphrh` afphrh` nda tarnphhdir @MU Șh HH[U [U pajtru stnran ea sp sphrht hrht êj tudmur Ārhda ea njxhatnta, arn ea nȘtaptnt `n n`astan sĀ nhmĀ uj hfpn`t nsuprn buj`ȜhijĀrhh `raharuduh êj ehra`Ȝhn êfmujĀtĀȜhr hh hh sĀjĀtĀȜhh pshgidioh`a, pshgidioh`a, n`a n`asta sta nmireĀrh bhh bhhje je mnznta pa i mnzĀ tai tairath`Ā rath`Ā varhbh`ntĀ Șh pa fieada afphrh`-fndanmhda nda fa`njhsfadir pshgidioh`a hfpdh`nta êj athidiohn, êjtraȜhjaran Șh nfadhirnran n`astir nba`Ȝhujh. EaȘh i fudthtuehja ea nmireĀrh @MU nu bist nenptnta `n hjtarvajȜhh pajtru tudmurĀrhda ea ehspizhȜha Șh ea njxhatnta spa`hbh`a, `ada fnh fudta tarnphh êfpĀrtĀȘas` imha`thvada ea raodafajtnra n nba`tadir jaonthva Șh n ax`htĀrhh, ea rastru`turnra n nuti`ujinȘtarhh, ea êfmujĀtĀȜhra n `npn`htĀȜhh ea razidvnra n primdafadir, pra`uf Șh ea `raȘtara n n`thvhtĀȜh n`thvhtĀȜhhh si`hnd -`ifpirtnfajtnd -`ifpirtnfajtndaa pizhthva. Fieadada hjtarparsijnda nu dn mnzĀ hpitazn `Ā fieud êj `nra sa par`apa hjehvheud Șh êj `nra asta par`aput ea `Ātra ndȜhh êj radnȜhhda si`hnda cin`Ā cin`Ā uj rid asajȜhnd êj vudjarnmhdhtnta vudjarnmhdhtntann ehspizhȜhah sh êj tudmurnrhda ea njxhatnta. Êj `ijsa`hjȜĀ, pshgitarnphn hjtarparsijndĀ hfpdh`Ā uj abirt `ij`artnt ea n rastru`turn radnȜhhda hjtarparsijnda jaonthva, Șh ea n êj`urncn hjtarn`Ȝhujhda si`hnda pizhthva `n fhcdi` ea s`Āeara nba`thvĀtĀȜhh jaonthva jaonthva Șh `n fhcdi` ea `ujinȘtara rabarhtir dn njxhatnta. Ntuj`h `íje n `rant tarnphn `iojhthvĀ pajtru eaprasha, Ma`l n bist uju d ehjtra prhfhh pshgitarnpauȜh `nra nu uthdhznt tinta thpurhda ea hjbirfnȜhh axhstajta êj eifajhu3 mhidioh`a, oajath`a, pshgidioh`a, at`. at`. EntĀ bhhje abh`n`htntan abh`n`htntan (eivaehtĀ ea stuehh) fatieah, Ma`l Șh `idnm `idnmirntirhh irntirhh sĀh,nu parba`Ȝhij parba`Ȝhijnt nt fatien Șh nu axthjs nrhn ah ea npdh`nmhdhtnta, êj prazajt axhstíje hjtarvajȜhh spa`hbh`a Șh êj tudmurĀrhda njxhinsa. [irjhje ea dn fieada spa`hbh`a adnmirnta, `ijȜhjutud fatieah Șh vnrhatntan fieadadir s -n êfmioĀȜht binrta fudt, hjtaoríje priorashv entada ibarhta ea pshgidiohn `iojhthvĀ Șh entada afphrh`a, nstbad êj`ít s-n ncujs dn `ijsthtuhran ujah fatieidio fatieidiohh hh spa`hbh`a Șh parbirfnjta. Fieadada adnmirnta ea @dnrl pajtru tudmurnran ea pnjh`Ā Șh bimhn si`hndĀ hdustranzĀ n`ast eafars. Ad bidisaȘta entada prhvhtinra dn ehstirshujan ntajȜhijndĀ pa `nra i `ijshearĀ hfpdh`ntĀ êj fajȜhjaran tudmurĀrhh.
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Mutdar,N.@., @gnpfnj, C.A., Birfnj, A.F., Ma`l, N.U. Uga U ga afphrh`nd stntus ib `iojhthva-magnvhirnd tgarnpy3 N ravhaw ib fatn-njndysas, fatn-njndysas, gttp3//cigjcnyrasanr`g.iro/`ca/bhdas/=;>=/;7/Afphrh`
[email protected]
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Pumha`Ȝhh `nra sa `ijshearĀ nfajhjȜnȜh vir s`njn êj parfnjajȜĀ faehud êj `Āutnran hjbirfnȜhhdir `nra da pit `ijbhrfn s`gafada ehsbuj`Ȝhijnda ea parh`id. GhparvhohdajȜn njxhinsĀ eu`a dn i sada`tnra ntajȜhijndĀ nutifntĀ n sthfudhdir axtarjh snu/Șh n sthfudhdir hjtarjh. Qj ndt adafajt bujenfajtnd nd fieaduduh êd `ijsthtuha hjtarpratnran `ntnstribh`Ā. Pthfudhh sada`tnȜh sujt hjtarpratnȜh `n bhhje `u fudt fnh parh`udiȘh enr Șh `n prima nda ujuh bhjnd bntnd Șh hfaehnt. ]azudtntud vn bh uj `ar` vh`his hfpdh`íje ghparvhohdajȜn, par`aparan hjtajsĀ n sthfudhdir Șh hjtarpratnran dir. nrntĀ `Ā êj njxhatnta sumha`Ȝhh sa `nrn`tarhzanzĀ prhjtr -i tajehjȜĀ fnr`ntĀ ea n Ptuehhda hjtarpratn `ntnstribh` sthfudhh axtarjh Șh axtarjh< pri`aeurhda `nra n`thvanzĀ saturhda ea hjtarpratĀrh `ntnstribh`a nda sthfudhdir `ijeu` dn `raȘtaran njxhatĀȜhh hnr nfadhirnran Șh fajȜhjaran majabh`hhdir randhznta êj urfn ujah tarnphh vir bh êj buj`Ȝha ea `ndhtntan fiehbh`Ārhd ir `iojhthva. I prhfĀ fiendhtnta ea hjtarvajȜha êj `ar`ud vh`his spa`hbh` njxhatĀȜhh i `ijsthtuha raeu`aran hjtarpratĀrhdir `ntnstribh`a. [shgitarnpauȜhh `iojhthvhȘth nu nd`Ātuht priornfa tarnpauth`a pajtru n heajthbh`n Șh npih fiehbh`n hjtarpratĀrhda ehsbuj`Ȝhijnda `n Șh adafajtada razhstajta `nra `ijtrhmuha dn fajȜhjaran dir. Mujn `ujinȘtara Șh êjȜadaoaran primdafa primdafadir dir pn`hajtuduh raprazhjtĀ i `ijehȜha `ijehȜha asajȜhndĀ pajtru i nmirenra abh`n`a, nstbad êj`ít n`as n`astuhn tuhn sĀ h sa pintĀ axpdh`n fieud êj `nra priprhhda shfptifa sa êjdĀjȜuha Șh hdustranzĀ fieadud `iojhthv nd njxhatĀȜhh. QrfanzĀ heajthbh`nran oíjeurhdir ehsbuj`Ȝhijnda, `ijbrujtnran dir `u randhtntan Șh `u primnmhdhtntan prieu`arhh dir. Dn bhjnd nra di` raavndunran orneuduh ea `ijvhjoara Șh n hjtajshtĀȜhh afiȜhijnda. Uafada easĀvírȘas` Șh `ijsidheanzĀ adhmarnran shfptifntidio shfptifntidioh`Ā. h`Ā. ȓhjíje `ijt ea nutifnthsfud daont ea prhfn atnpĀ, Ma`l `ijshearĀ `Ā hjtarvajȜhhd hjtarvajȜhhdaa tarnpauth`a êȘh oĀsas` di`ud êj bnzn n HH -n Șh fnh ndas êj bnzn HHH-n, snr`hjn dir bhhje sĀ raeu`Ā hjbduajȜn prhfah bnza Șh sĀ `rans`Ā hfpn`tud pri`asadir ea oíjehra fatn`iojhthva. Heaan ea dn `nra sa pirjaȘta, asta n`aan `Ā êj njxhatnta sa fnjhbastĀ tajehjȜn ea n rĀspujea `u tanfĀ dn tanfn bhrans`Ā, jirfndĀ (privi`ntĀ `ghnr Șh ea sthfudh hjibajshvh snu `ad fudt nfmhouh). N`anstĀ tajehjȜĀ npnra `n i sajshmhdhtnta spa`hbh`Ā njxhatĀȜhh. Fithvud n`astah brh`h ea brh`Ā pinta bh pus pa sanfn ujir fa`njhsfa3 hjtarpratnra oraȘhtĀ `ntnstribndĀ snu/Șh i vnrhnmhdĀ ehspizhȜhij ehspizhȜhijndĀ ndĀ eurnmhdĀ, `uf nr bh sajshmhdhtntan spa`hbh`Ā spa`hbh`Ā êj njxhatnta. N`ast fiead pshg pshgidioh` idioh` nr nrĀtĀ ĀtĀ i daoĀturĀ êj êjtra tra praehsp praehspizhȜhn izhȜhn (sajsh (sajshmhdhtntan mhdhtntan spa`hbh`Ā njxhatntĀȜhh trĀsĀturĀ) ea n par`ap par`apaa njxhatnta njxhatntann `n ji ji`hvĀ `hvĀ Șh píj píjĀĀ dn stnran nthjoíje brh`n ea brh`Ā êêjj njxhatntan rheh`ntĀ. Eupn uj trntnfajt `iojhthv-`ifpirtnfajtnd ea su``as, sajshmhdhtntan sa jirfndhzanzĀ.
[a bijeud sajshmhdhtĀȜhh spa`hbh`a njxhatntĀȜhh trĀsĀturĀ, axparhajȜada ea êjvĀȜnra thfpurha pit hjbduajtn eazvidtnran ea njxhatnta. AxhstĀ Șh fieada fieada `nra pistudanzĀ `Ā orneud ea tanfĀ `u `nra sa rĀsp rĀspujea ujea dn tanfĀ tanfĀ eaphjea ea `ijcuonran ehjtra pribhdud ea sajshmhdhtnta ehspizhȜhijnd nd parsinjah Șh radavnjȜn nfajhjȜĀtinra n `ijtaxtuduh (pitajȜhndud (pitajȜhndud rand snu ju ea parh`udizhtnt parh`udizhtntaa ntrhmuht `ijtaxtuduh shtu shtunȜhijnd). nȜhijnd). Êjtr-uj axparhfajt axparhfajt ea privi`nra n pnjh`hh ut uthdhzíje hdhzíje `ib `ibahjn, ahjn, n bist fnjhpu fnjhpudnt dnt uj bn`tir `ijtaxtund (ehspijhmhdhtntan ujuh njtheit pajtru `nbahjĀ, prazajȜn snu nmsajȜn uj eabhmrhdntir `nrehn`) `aan `a n hjbduajȜnt putarjh` ttanfn anfn rĀspujs ea tanfĀ dn sumha`Ȝhh `u sajshmhdhtnta fnra dn njxhatnta. N`aȘth sumha`Ȝh nu ent `raznra hjstru`Ȝhujhdir hjstru`Ȝhujhdir prhfhta, bĀrĀ n `Āutn ndta avajtunda hjeh`hh. Ehjtra axafpdada axparhfajtnda, nefhjhstrnran ea mhixhe ea `nrmij >2> ujir pn`hajȜh njxhiȘh n nvut `n razudtnt npnrhȜhn safjhbh`nthv fnh bra`vajtĀ n ntn`uduh ea pnjh`Ā dn sumha`Ȝhh jahjbirfnȜh >2>
Uad`gn, F.C., Gnrrhjotijn, [.C., Cnspar N., Pfhts C., [iwars, F.M. Qjaxpa`tae nriusnd, njxhaty sajshthvhty, nje tgahr hjtarn`thij ij @I=-hjeu`ae pnjh`3 Burtgar avheaj`a bir tga `ijtaxt-sajshthvhty vudjarnmhdhty fiead, Ciurjnd ib Njxhaty Ehsirears, =;>> =;>>
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nsuprn aba`tadir onzuduh. N`ast bnpt n `ijbhrfnt pravhzhujhdir fieaduduh duh @dnrl3 sumha`Ȝhh hjbirfnȜh (`u jhvad rheh`nt snu s`Āzut nd njxhatĀȜhh) ju nu prazajtnt ntn`urh ea pnjh`Ā. HfpirtnjȜn hjstru`Ȝhujhdi hjstru`Ȝhujhdirr êj raeu`aran njxhatĀȜhh nnpnra pnra `n uj adafajt birta nd pshgitarnphah pshgitarnphah `iojhthva. HjbirfnȜhhda ibarhta pn`hajȜhdir vir tramuh sĀ hj`dueĀ bnptud `Ā tajehjȜn dir ea n sa nȘtaptn dn npnrhȜhn parh`iduduh asta ujn n`ghzhȜhijn n`ghzhȜhijntĀ tĀ ssnu nu êjtĀrhtĀ êj `ursud ujir axparhajȜa tra`uta êj `nra pn`hajȜhh bist surprhjȘh brh`n par`aputĀ. N`ast du`ru n bist pishmhd pa bijeud sajshmhdhtĀȜh sajshmhdhtĀȜhhh afiȜhijndanurheh`nta spa`hbh`aea êj njxhatnta. N`asta enta sumdhjhnzĀ ridud `ijtaxtuduh êj avndunran sthfudhdir . [rhj `ijȜhjutud sĀu fatieidio fatieidioh` h` spa`hbh`, tarnphn `iojhthvĀ Șh-n eivaeht abh`hajȜn êj fie hj`ijtastnmhd< sa pnra sĀ tarnphn `iojhthvĀ asta abh`n`a ju jufnh êj trntnfajtud nba`Ȝhujhdir njxhinsa enr Șh êj pravajhran ranpnrhȜhah shfptifadir. Phjtazn pshgidiohah `u nmireĀrh jaurimhidio jaurimhidioh`a h`a dn stuehud njxhatĀȜhh asta ea fnxhfĀ hfpirtnjȜĀ pajtru i êjȜadaoara `uprhjzĀtinra n athidiohah Șh abh`hajȜah trntnfajtuduh n`astir tudmurĀrh. Nstbad ea abirturh hjtarehs`hpdhjnra hjtarehs`hpdhjnra nu bist bn`hdh bn`hdhtnta tnta Șh ea eazvidtnran fatieadir fatieadir jij -hjvnzhva pajtru eaphstnran pri`asĀrhdir jaurijnda `nra stnu dn mnzn buj`ȜhijĀrhh pshgidioh`a dn if, hj`dushv pajtru parsinjada `u tudmurĀrh pshgh`a. N`asta nmireĀrh hj`due tagjidiohh tagjidiohh jaurihfnohsth`a nvíje dn mnzĀ tifiornbhn `u afhsha ea pizhtrijh ([AU sh hfnohsth`n prhj razijnjtn fnojath`n buj`thijndn (bF]H). AvnduĀrhda [AU Șh bF]H fĀsinrĀ tijusud Șh / snu n`thvhtĀȜhda n`thvhtĀȜhda daonta ea avajhfa avajhfajta jta fatnmidh`a ehs`rata `n vnrhnmhda êj raohuj raohujhh ehsthj`ta nda `raharuduh dn ehbarhta fi fifajta fajta ea thfp. Nvíje êj vaeara aba`tada n``aptnta afphrh` nda tarnphah `iojhthv- `ifpirtnfajtnda (@MU) Șh pshgitarnpha hjtarparsijndn (H[U) pajtru tudmurnrhda ea njxhatnta >2= arn ea nȘtaptnt `n n`astan sĀ nhmĀ uj hfpn`t nsuprn nsuprn buj`ȜhijĀrhh ``raharuduh raharuduh êj ehra`Ȝhn êfmujĀtĀȜhr hhhh sĀjĀtĀȜhh pshgh`a. Ptuehhda aba`tunta píjĀ hj prazajt suoaranzĀ `Ā @MU Șh H[U fiehbh`Ā êj fie abh`hajt buj`Ȝhijnran `raharuduh dn parsinjada `u tudmurĀrh tudmurĀrh njxhinsa.
arnphn hjtaornthvĀ êj njxhatnta 5.5. U arnphn Uarnphn hjtaornthvĀ asta i birfĀ ea tarnpha binrta nsafĀjĀtinra tarnphhdir fajȜhijnta fnh sus Șh `nra êjsufanzĀ `ij`aptada ehj pshgitarnphn `iojhthv-`ifpirtnfajtndĀ Șh `an hjtarparsijndĀ. [shgitarnphn hjtaornthvĀ Šhja sanfn ea fudta fieurh ea n vaean buj`Šhijnran ufnjĀ3 pshgiehjnfh`Ā, `ajtrntĀ pa `dhajt, `ifpirtnfajtndĀ, t arnpha ea bnfhda, tarnpha Oastndt, pshgitarnpha n trupuduh hjbduajŠntĀ ea ]ah`ghnj, tairhh nda radnŠhhdir êjtra sumha`ta (Šhjta) řh pshgidio pshgidioha ha pshginjndhth`Ā n shjaduh êj êj pdus bnŠĀ ea njndhzn ttrnjzn`Šhijnd rnjzn`ŠhijndĀ. Ā. Bha`nra ehjtra thp thpurhda urhda ea psh pshgitarnpha gitarnpha sumir eijnta eijnta ehvarsadir ‚ř`idh‖ ibarĀ i axpdh`nŠha vndheĀ n `ifpirtnfajtuduh řh buj`Šhah pshgidioioh`a řh bha`nra asta spirhtĀ ntuj`h `íje asta sada`thv hjtaorntĀ `u ndtada. Uarfajud ‚hjtaornthv— sa rabarĀ Șh dn pri`asud ea hjtaornra n parsijndhtĀŠhh, `nra hj`du ea ncutirnran `dhajŠhdir sĀ eavhjĀ `ijřthajŠh řh sĀ nshfhdaza `ijŠhjutud stĀrhdir dir brnofajtnta řh bhxnta nda shjaduh êjtr-uj aoi jaipshgh`, sĀ-řh eazvidta uj sajs nd shjaduh `a eas`rařta javihn ujir fa`njhsfa ea npĀrnra řh n ujuh s`rhpt ea vhnŠĀ, řh sĀ -Șh ranjoncaza dufan řh radnŠhhda nvíje uj `ijtn`t eapdhj. Asta uj pri`as ea randhznra n ujuh êjtrao3 dunran nspa`tadir rajaonta, hj`ijřthajta, hj`ijřthajta, jarazidvnta nnda da aoiuduh řh trnjsbirfnran dir êj pnrta n ujuh shja `iazhv.
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Mutdar, @gnpfnj, Birfnj, Șh Ma`l , Uga afphrh`nd stntus ib `iojhthva-magnvhirnd tgarnpy3 N ravhaw ib fatn-njndysas, gttp3//cigjcnyrasanr`g.iro/`ca/bhdas/=;>=/;7/Afphrh`
[email protected] fatn-njndysas, gttp3//cigjcnyrasanr`g.iro/`ca/bhdas/=;>=/;7/Afphrh`
[email protected]
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Êj `aan `a prhvaȘta strntaohn pshgi tarnpauth`à hjtaornthvĀ, n`anstn hj`duea fnh fudta jhvadurh `ijshearnta safjhbh`nthva ntít êj eazvidtnran `dhajtuduh, `ít Șh êj hjtarvajȜhn nsuprn njxhatĀȜhh3 `ijtaxtud-axparhajȜada ea vhnȜĀ, jhvadurhda `iojhthv, afiȜhijnd, bhzhidioh` Șh `ifpirtnfajtnd, hjtarn`Ȝhujan ehjtra n`astan putíje ntít ea`dnjȘn `ít Șh axpdh`n tudmurĀrhda fajtnda, bhzh`a Șh pshgisifnth`a, pra`uf Șh stnran jirfndĀ. Birfnran ntajȜhah asta i birfĀ ea hjtarvajȜha hjtarvajȜha `iojhthv `iojhthvĀĀ `nra nra `n s`ip axarsnran raȜadadir ea `ijtrid spa`hbh`a Șh ppinta intafaehtnȜhn êfmujĀtĀȜh parbirfnjȜn stras< ras< ns nstbad tbad eeaa birfa ea praoĀthra ntajȜhah sujt Șh ghpjizn. ntajȜhijndĀ Șh rĀspujsud dn st @npn`htĀȜhda ntajȜhijnda ntajȜhijnda sujt fnda fndanmhda nmhda hnr ntajthn pit bh njtrajnt njtrajntĀĀ êj fnh fudta fieurh. HjtarvajŠhh shfhdnra pit bh uthdhznta pajtru n ehfhjun uthdhznran strntaohhdir pnshva snu eaznenptnthvaa ea raodnra afiȜhijndĀ řh pajtru n prifivn strntaohh eaznenptnthv strntaohh ea raodnra afiȜhijndĀ abh`h abh`hajta ajta řh nenptnthva (Afithij ]ao ]aoudnthij udnthij Ugarnpy (A]U, Fajjhj, =;;5) pajtru trntnfajtud trntnfajtud tudmurĀrh tudmurĀrhhh ea njxhatnta oajarndhzntĀ. Urnhjhjoud bi`ndhznt pa eaz eazvidtnran vidtnran ujir nmhd nmhdhtĀŠh htĀŠh ea `ijtri `ijtridd vidujtnr fnh muj mujaa pinta sĀ ncuta `iphh `u njxhatnta rheh`ntĀ řh sĀ s`neĀ rhs`ud pajtru njxhatnta. njxhatnta. Êj `nzud `iphhdir, trnhjoud ujir strntao strntaohh hh ea raodnra afiȜhijndĀ nenptnthva pinta dun birfn ujah hjtarvajŠhh pravajthva. pravajthva. Eabh`htud oajarnt ea njxhatnta êj buj`Šhijnran ntajŠhijndĀ hjeh`Ā pitajŠhndud uthdhzĀrhh hjtarvajŠhhdir pshgitarnpau pshgitarnpauth`a th`a eh j eifajhud trnhjhjouduh ntajŠhijnd. Nstbad ea birfa ea trnhjhjo eacn axhstĀ pajtru pajtru mhnsĀrhda ntajŠhijnda hnr i sarha ea stuehh s-nu bi`ndhznt pa birfa fnh oajarnda ea trnhjhjo ntajŠhijnd, uthdhzíje uthdhzíje bha priornfa pa `ifputar snu ci`urh . Êj nmirenran hjtaornthvĀ (`nra sumsufanzĀ êjtr -i inra`nra fĀsurĀ ntít nmirenran @MU Șh hjtarparsijndĀ), sa raoĀsas` ea nsafajan Șh fudta nsafĀjĀrh `u nmireĀrhda ufnjhsta 3 an êj`apa prhj heajthbh`nran nspa`tadir `ijȘthajthznta `ijȘthajthznta Șh n `adir `iojhthv `ifpirtnfajtnda urfíje , `n pa pnr`urs, sĀ sa avheajȜhaza Șh nspa`ta hj`ijȘthajta radavnjta pajtru imha`thvad imha`thvadaa pshgitarnpau pshgitarnpauth`a. th`a. HjtarvajȜhn pshgitarnpauth`Ā hjtaornthvĀ asta i strntaoha `ifpragajshvĀ, shstafnth`Ā Șh bdaxhmhdĀ `nra ibarĀ pshgitarnpautuduh pishmhdhtnt pishmhdhtntan an ujah nmireĀrh fudthjhvadnra n primdafnth`hh Șh `ijbarĀ uj `neru ea npdh`nra n tagjh`hdir ea hjtarvajȜha êjtr -i -i fnjhar Ā ncustntĀ javihdir spa`hbh`a `dhajtuduh. Ptrntaohn pripusĀ pajtru tudmurnran ea njxhatnta oajarndhzntĀ asta `nrn`tarhsth`Ā pshgitarnpauȜhdir pshgitarnpauȜhd ir `nra sujt `npnmhdh sĀ nmireaza, fijhtirhzaza, avnduaza Șh sĀ tastaza `ada fnh ra`ajta tairhh ȘthhjȜhbh`a `u priprhh `dhajȜh. Êj prn`th`n asta ja`asnrĀ ntít nmirenran, êj fie parsijndhznt, tuturir jhvadurhdir spa`hbha pri`asuduh h jtaornthv (`ijtaxt, `iojhȜhh, afiȜhh, fiehbh`Ārh bhzhidioh`a Șh `ifpirtnfajta) enr Șh ehs`r hfhjnran hfhjnran êjtra ada, êj buj`Ȝha ea javihda `dhajtuduh.
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@N[HUIDQD 1. @IJ@DQSHH ȗH N[]A@HA]H BHJNDA Njxhatntan raprazhjtĀ i tafĀ ea n`tundhtnta bbhhje hhje asta ujn ehjtra `ada fnh bra`vajta tudmurĀrh pshgh`a. Eas`iparhrhda ehj eifajhud oajath`hh, nd jauriȘthhjȜadir, tarnphn Șh nspa`tada `iojhthva nu fiehbh` fiehbh`nt nt sumstnjȜhnd êjȜadaoaran nsuprn bbajifajuduh ajifajuduh njxhatĀȜhh. Du`rnran ‚Njxhatntan Șh hfpn`tud sĀu nsuprn stĀrhh ea sĀjĀtnta‖ nra `n s`ip avheajȜharan hfpn`tuduh njxhatĀȜhh ns nsuprn uprn n`astuh stĀrh stĀrhhh eas`ip, sĀjĀtnta prhj heajthbh`nran aba`tadir njxhatĀȜhh nsuprn parbirfnjȜah. [ajtru nthjoaran imha`thvada stnmhdhta nu bist 3 - heajthbh`nran praeh`tirhdir pitajȜhndh nh njxhatĀȜhh0 ,
gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pumfae/==?7>578, [F@ 1. MĀh`anju, D., Eh`Ȝhijnr hdustrnt ea pshgidioha, Mu`uraȘth, Aehturn Uagjh`Ā, =;;5 2. Mhsgip, P.C. Jauri`iojhthva fa`gnjhsfs ib njxhaty3 nj hjtaornthva n``iujt, gttp3//mhsgipdnm.marladay.aeu/mhsgipth`s.peb ?. Mhsgip, P. C., Cajlhjs, ]., & Dnwraj`a, N. E. (=;;?). Jaurnd pri`asshjo ib banrbud bn`as3 Abba`ts ib njxhaty nra ontae my par`aptund `npn`hty dhfhtnthijs.
gttp3//`ar`ir.ixbireciurjnds.iro/`ijtajt/>?/?/>181.budd 7. Miwar, O.G. Fiie nje Fafiry, gttp3//www.`iffujh`nthij`n`ga.`if/updines/>/;/7/7/>;77?=57/fiieYnjeYfafiry.peb 8. Mutdar, @gnpfnj, Birfnj, Șh Ma`l , Uga Ug a afphrh`nd stntus ib `iojhthva-magnvhirnd tgarnpy3 >;. N ravhaw ib fatn-njndysas, fatn-njnd ysas, gttp3//cigjcnyrasanr`g.iro/`ca/bhdas/=;>=/;7/Afphrh`nd-Ptntusgttp3//cigjcnyrasanr`g.iro/`ca/bhdas/=;>=/;7/Afphrh`
[email protected] >>. @ghrhȜĀ, N., [shgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh, @urs, =;;8 >=. @hsdar, C. F., nje Listar, A. G. (=;>;). Fa`gnjhsfs ib nttajthijnd mhnsas tiwnres tgrant hj tga njxhaty ehsirears3 nj hjtaornthva ravhaw, gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@=7>5778/ >0. @dnrl, E.N., U. Ma`l, N.U. @iojhthva Ugarnpy ib Njxhaty Ehsirears. P`haj`a nje [rn`th`a, Uga Ouhdbire [rass =;>; >5. @igaj, C. @ifputnthij nje tga Nfmhouhty ib [ar`apthij, gttp3//nnrevnrl.u`se.aeu/par`apthij/shtuntaeYnddraevid.peb >1. @irmattn, F., & Pgudfnj, O. D. (=;;=). @ijtrid ib oind-ehra`tae nje sthfudus-erhvaj nttajthij hj tga
7=
mrnhj..gttps3//www.sn`ldarhjsthtuta.iro/`irjadd/suffarYhjsthtuta/N]@GHRA/=;;2/pnpars/@ mrnhj
irmattn/@irmattn.Pgudfnj.=;;=.J]J.peb >2. @isfivh`h, N., [shgidioha oajarndĀ, aehturn [idhrif, =;;1 >?. @raȜu, ].S, [arspa`thva `dnsh`a êj pshgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh, ae. QjhvarshtnrĀ, Mu`uraȘth, =;>=, p. 22 >7. Envhs F>, _ndlar ED, Fhdas D, Orhddij @., [gnsh` vs sustnhjae banr hj rnts nje gufnjs3 rida ib tga axtajeae nfyoendn hj banr vs njxhaty, gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@0?1270=/[F@ >8. Eajjhs, U. N., & @gaj, @. (=;;8). Urnht njxhaty nje `ijbdh`t fijhtirhjo biddiwhjo tgrant. gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@=?;>027/ =;. Ehns,M.O., Mnjarcaa, P.M., Cnrae R Oiiefnj, C.R., Larry C ]assdar,L.C. Uiwnres jaw npprin`gas ti ehsirears ib banr nje njxhaty.
=>. Awaj, ].M., Hjtrieu`ara êj tairhhda parsijndhtĀȜhh, aehturn U]AH, Mu`uraȘth =;>=, p.08? ==. Aysaj`l, F._., Earnlsgnj, J., ]htn Pnjtis, ]., Fnjuad O. @ndvi, F.O. Njxhaty nje @iojhthva [arbirfnj`a3 Nttajthijnd @ijtrid Ugairy ,gttp3//www.mml.n`.ul/psy`gidioy/iur-
stnbb/n`neafh`/ei`ufajts/N@UAfithij;?.peb =0. Brawaj [.N., , E. C.N. Eizihs, Dnjhus, ].N. Jaurihfnohjo stuehas ib psy`gidioh`nd hjtarvajthijs bir fiie nje njxhaty ehsirears3 Afphrh`nd nje fatgieidioh`nd ravhaw,
Nvnhdnmda ijdhja nt www.s`haj`aehra`t.`if, @dhjh`nd [sy`gidioy ]avhaw =7 (=;;7) =5. Onmmnre,I.O., Ma`l, C.P., Gidfas, C. "Ixbire taxtmiil ib [sy`ghntry", ae. =;;1 =1. Gnlnfntn, X., Dhssal, P., Mnr-Gnhf, X., Mrhttij, C. @., @ ., Bix, J. N., Dahmajdubt, A., at nd. (=;>;). Nttajthij mhns fiehbh`nthij trantfajt3 n fatn-njndyshs tiwnre tga astnmdhsgfajt ib jivad trantfajt bir njxhaty, gttp3//www.mhidioh`ndpsy`ghntryciurjnd.`if/nrth`da/P;;;20==0(>;);;?22-0/buddtaxt =2. Gattafn, C. F., [ras`itt, @. N., Fyars, F yars, C. F., Janda, F. @., & Lajedar, L.P. L.P .
UgaYstru`turaYibYoajath`YnjeYajvhrijfajtndYrhslYbn`tirsYbirYnjxhatyYehsirearsYhjYfaj YnjeYwifaj, gttp3//www.rasanr`gonta.jat/pumdh`nthij/7;05;;;Y (=;;1).
=?. Gideavh`h, H., [shgidiohn tudmurĀrhdir njxhinxa, aehturn @aras, Mu`uraȘth, >887, p.8 =7. GIDDIJ, P.E. NN]IJ U. MA@L3 UGA @IOJHUHRA ]ARIDQUHIJ HJ UGAI]X NJE UGA]N[X, gttp3//cigjcnyrasanr`g.iro/`ca/bhdas/=;>=/;7/Nnrij-Ma`l-`gnptar-.peb UGA]N[X,
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=8. Lhgdstrif, C.B. @iojhthij, uj`ijs`hius pri`assas, gttp3//mnnrsonoa.`if/burtgarranehjohjstru`tirs/@gnptar;7/@gnptar7Y@iojhthvaYQj`ijs`hius.peb 0;. Gipa, E.N., Cnfas N. Murjs, Pnrng N. Gnyas, Cnfas E. Garmart , Fh`gadda E. _nrjar, F.E. Nutifnth` Ugiuogts nje @iojhthva ]astru`turhjo hj @iojhthva Magnvhirnd Oriup Ugarnpy bir Pi`hnd Njxhaty Ehsirear,
bhda3///E3/Eiwjdines/GipaY=;;?YnutiYtgiuogtsY@U].peb 0>. Dnznrus, ].P., ‚B]IF [PX@GIDIOH@ND PU]APP UI UGA AFIUHIJP" N Ghstiry ib @gnjohjo Iutdiils
gttp3//`iffijwam.ujhbr.`g/nrtseanj/pum/oastajs/b/ns/bhdas/522;/>7===Y>;12>8.peb 0=. Dheeadd MC>, Mriwj LC, Lafp NG, Mnrtij FC, Ens [, [aeuti N, Oireij A, _hddhnfs D.F. N ehra`t mrnhjstaf-nfyoendn-`irth`nd 'ndnrf' systaf bir bir sumdhfhjnd shojnds ib banr,
Jaurihfnoa. =;;1 Cnj >)3=01-50. gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pumfae/>11772>1 00. Fnrl, C., _hd _hddhnfs, dhnfs, O., Fntgaws, N., Fn`Daie Uga Afithijnd Ptriip Unsl nje [sy`gipntgidioy,
gttp3//`htasaarx.hst.psu.aeu/vhawei`/eiwjdine9eih6>;.>.>.0=>.>;10&rap6rap>&typa6peb 05. Fntgaws, N., Fn`lhjtisg, M. N @iojhthva Fiead ib Pada`thva [ri`asshjo hj Njxhaty gttp3//gifapnoa.psy.utaxns.aeu/gifapnoa/@dnss/[sy085u/Miwar/>=%=;Njxhaty%=;Ehsir ears%=;/Fntgaws-Fn`l%=0>.peb 01. Fh`dan, F., [shgidioha `iojhthvĀ, aehturn [idhrif, >888 02. Fhtribnj, D., Eufhtrn`ga, P.E., @ifpajehu ea bimhh, Mu`uraȘth, AehturnP[A], =;>;, p.>> 0?. Fioo, L., nje Mrneday, M. (=;;1). Nttajthijnd mhns hj oajarndhzae njxhaty njx haty ehsirear varsus eaprasshva ehsirear, gttp3//www.rasanr`gonta.jat 07. . Aysaj`l, F._., Earnlsgnj, J., ]htn Pnjtis, ]., Fnjuad O O.. @ndvi, F.O. Njxhaty nje @iojhthva [arbirfnj`a3 Nttajthijnd @ijtrid Ugairy,gttp3//www.mml.n`.ul/psy`gidioy/iurstnbb/n`neafh`/ei`ufajts/N@UAfithij;?.peb Javanju, [.[., [shgidioha, Mu`uraȘth, AE[, >88, p. >;7 08. Javanju,
5;. Ilij-Phjoar G., Gajedar, U. , [assin, D., NdaxnjearC.Pgn`lfnj, N.C. Uga jaurimhidioy ib afithij ‐ `iojhthij `iojhthij hjtarn`thijs3 bujenfajtnd quasthijs nje strntaohas bir butura rasanr`g,
www.brijtharshj.iro, pumdhsgae3 www.brijtharshj.iro, pumdhsgae3 >?Bamrunry=;>1 eih3 >;.0078/bjguf.=;>1.;;;17 5>. Ipra, N., Jih tajehjȜa êj pshgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh, Aehturn NP@], @duc Jnpi`n, =;;= 5=. Ipra, N., Hj`ijȘthajtud Hj`ijȘthajtud `iojhthv, Aehturn NP@], @duc Jnpi`n, =;;=
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50. [assin, D. (=;;8). Giw ei afithij nje fithvnthij ehra`t axa`uthva `ijtrid9, gttp3//www.`add.`if/trajes/`iojhthva-s`haj`as/buddtaxt/P>025-22>0(;8);;;52-> 55. [harij, G., Ri`nmudnrud pshgidiohah, Mu`uraȘth, Aehturn Qjhvars aj`h`dipaeh`, =;;>, p.01. 51. [isjar, F. H., & [atarsaj, P. A. (>88;). Uga nttajthij systaf ib tga gufnj mrnhj. mrnhj.gttp3//`jswam.mu.aeu/[ribhdas/Fhjoiddn.gtfd/`jsbtp/`j?0;-=;;?-peb/pisjarYpatarsaj8;.peb 52. [isjar, F. H., & ]itgmnrt, F. L. (=;;?). ]asanr`g ij nttajthij jatwirls ns n fiead bir tga hjtaornthij ib psy`gidioh`nd s`haj`a. s`haj`a.gttp3//h`es.uiraoij.aeu/wp-
`ijtajt/updines/=;>>/;7/Njj-ravhaw-bhjnd.peb 5?. [raeas`u, R., [shghntrha, Mu`uraȘth, Aehturn Faeh`ndĀ,>878, p.107. 57. ]neu, H., Eafarsurh th ph`a ph`a êj nmirenran parsijndhtĀȜhh, êj ‚Jih tajehjȜa êj pshgidiohn
parsijndhtĀȜhh‖, êj Ipra, N. 58. ]a`tir, J.N. @iojhth @iojhthva va magnvhiurnd tgarnpy, gttp3//ljiwdaeoax.`nfg.jat/nfgspa`hndhsts/rasiur`asYbnfhdhas/Ei`ufajts/`mtYouheaYaj. gttp3//ljiwdaeoax.`nfg.jat/nfgspa`hndhsts/rasiur`asYbnfhdhas/Ei`ufajts/`mtYouheaYaj. peb 1;. ]itgmnrtYAddhsY[isjar. Y Y UafpY&YPadb-]aoY UafpY&YPadb-]aoY gttp3//www.miweihj.aeu/~sputjnf/ritgmnrtgttp3//www.miweihj.aeu/~sputjnf/ritgmnrttafparnfajt-quasthijjnhras/peb/=;;5
1>. Pgn`lfnj, N. C., Fnxwadd, C. P., F`Fajnfhj, M. _., Orahs`gnr, D. D., nje Envhesij, ]. C. (=;>>n). Ptrass pitajthntas anrdy nje nttajuntas dnta stnoas ib vhsund pri`asshjo, gttp3//www.cjauris`h.iro/`ijtajt/0>/0/>>12.dijo 1=. P`gjahear, _., ]h`gnre F. Pghbbrhj, ].F. @ijtriddae nje Nutifnth` Gufnj Hjbirfnthij [ri`asshjo3 H. Eata`thij, Panr`g, nje Nttajthij
gttp3//`htasaarx.hst.psu.aeu/vhawei`/eiwjdine9eih6>;.>.>.5?;.=?>7&rap6rap>&typa6peb 10. Pghbbrhj, ].F. @ijtriddae nje Nutifnth` Gufnj Hjbirfnthij [ri`asshjo3 H. Eata`thij, Panr`g, nje Nttajthij _ndtar P`gjahear ,gttp3//`htasaarx.hst.psu.aeu/vhawei`/eiwjdine9eih6>;.>.>.5?;.=?>7&rap6rap>& ,gttp3//`htasaarx.hst.psu.aeu/vhawei`/eiwjdine9eih6>;.>.>.5?;.=?>7&rap6rap>&
typa6peb 15. Pta-Fnrha, @., Ouptn, ]., nje Earavajsly, C. D. (=;;=). Njxhaty nje si`hnd strass radntae ti neidas`ajt onfmdhjo magnvhiur, gttp3//yiutgonfmdhjo.f`ohdd.`n/aj/[EB/[umdh`nthijs/=;;2/Njxhaty.peb 11. Ptahfar,U., Uga mhidioy ib banr- nje njxhaty-radntae magnvhirs gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@0>7>27>/
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12. Ptiut, E. F., Pgn`lfnj, N. C., nje Dnrsij, @. D. (=;>0). Bnhdura ti bhdtar3 njxhius hjehvheunds sgiw hjabbh`hajt onthjo ib tgrant brif wirlhjo fafiry. Brijt. Guf. Jauris`h. ?317. eih3 >;.0078/bjguf.=;>0.;;;17, gttp3//ciurjnd.brijtharshj.iro/nrth`da/>;.0078/bjguf.=;>0.;;;17/budd 1?. Uad`gn, F.C., Gnrrhjotijn, [.C., Cnspar N., Pfhts C., [iwars, [ iwars, F.M. Qjaxpa`tae nriusnd, njxhaty sajshthvhty, nje tgahr hjtarn`thij ij @I=-hjeu`ae pnjh`3 p njh`3 Burtgar avheaj`a bir tga `ijtaxt-sajshthvhty vudjarnmhdhty fiead, Ciurjnd ib Njxhaty Ehsirears, =;>> 17. Uudvhjo, A., nje Oireij G . Miwar, O.G. UGA DIOH@ IB FAFI]X ]A[]APAJUNUHIJP gttp3//ndh`alhf.`n/Miwar?5.peb gttp3//ndh`alhf.`n/Miwar?5.peb
18. vnj eaj Mis, ]., Gnrtavade, F., nje Ptiip, G. (=;;8). Ptrass nje ea`hshij-fnlhjo hj gufnjs3 parbirfnj`a hs radntae ti `irthsid ran`thvhty, ndmaht ehbbarajtdy hj faj nje wifaj, gttp3//www.psyjauaj-ciurjnd.`if/nrth`da/P;0;2-510;(;8);;>57-2/buddtaxt 2;. _nde, H., Eaojnj, L. N., Oirieatsly, A., @gnrjay, E. P., Bix, J. N., Bru`gtar, A., at nd. (=;>0). Nttajthij ti tgrants nje `ifmnt-radntae pisttrnufnth` strass syfptifs, gttp3//nr`gpsy`.cnfnjatwirl.`if/nrth`da.nspx9nrth`dahe6>1?;0?? 2>. _hddhnfs DF, Dheeadd MC, Lafp NG, Mrynjt ]N, Fanras ]N, [aeuti NP, Oireij A. Nfyoendn-prabrijtnd ehssi`hnthij ib sumdhfhjnd nje suprndhfhjnd banr, gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pumfae/>2=7>=78 2=. Rytnd, L., @irjwadd, M., Nrlhj, J., nje Orhddij, @. (=;>=). Eas`rhmhjo tga hjtarpdny matwaaj njxhaty nje `iojhthij3 brif hfpnhrae parbirfnj`a ujear diw `iojhthva dine ti raeu`ae njxhaty ujear ghog dine, gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@0051;18/ 20. Su`larfnj, F., QFI]H MQJA Śd ]ADA3Mnzada mhi`ghfh`a nda parsijndhtĀŠhh řh nda tudmurĀrhdir snda, êj ‚ Jih tajehjȜa êj pshgidiohn parsijndhtĀȜhh‖- Ipra, N. 25. Sdnta, F. Bujenfajtada pshgidiohah, ae. Qjhvarshtnr Qjhva rshtnr Ā, Ā, Mu`uraȘth, =;;2, p. =1; gttp3//www.rasanr`gonta.jat/pumdh`nthij/=?>0115=7YNjndhznYfieaduduhYfafirhahYeaYd u`ruYpajtruYnmirenranYsnYpshgifatrh`nYprhjYMFD \n``assae Fny =5, =;>1V. gttp3//www.rasanr`gonta.jat/pribhda/[nudYBrawaj/pumdh`nthij/2=05507YJaurihfnohjoYst uehasYibYpsy`gidioh`ndYhjtarvajthijsYbirYfiieYnjeYnjxhatyYehsirearsYafphrh`ndYnjeYfatgie idioh`ndYravhaw/dhjls/;b0>?1008n0e`eenn8;;;;;;.peb gttp3//www.widbrnfndpgn.`if/hjput/9h6njxhaty gttp3//pndiusafhjebudjass.`if/ei`s/njntify-ib-njxhaty.peb gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@02?=0>?/bhoura/B0/ gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@02?=0>?/bhoura/B>/Ptru`turnd Fida`udnr [ntgwnys Hjvidvae hj Banr nje Njxhaty
nje
72
gttp3//www.snoapum.`if/upf-entn/5;1;5Y>8.peb Hjtaornthva [sy`gitgarnpy- `gnptar >8 gttp3//nr`gpsy`.cnfnjatwirl.`if/nrth`da.nspx9nrth`dahe6>>;?5>? ww.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@5;021==/ EA[]APPHIJ NJE NJWHAUX 0>30>2 ‐ 0=1 0=1 (=;>5) gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@5>>7?22/ gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@5>>7?22/bhoura/B>/ gttp3//www.tganfyoendn.hjbi/[EBs/MusgY>888.peb, Njtarhir @irtax Eysbuj`thij hj NttajthijEabh`ht/Gyparn`thvhty Ehsirear ]avandae my bF]H@hjoudnta nje tga @iujthjo Ptriip.
7?
NJAWA NJAWN >. Uga tip =;; s`hajthbh` tarfs usae hj tga Ppa`hnd ]asanr`g Uiph`>20.
Uga bhoura wns oajarntae ushjo ushjo gttp3//www.wireda.jat gttp3//www.wireda.jat..
Uga typa bn`a hs s`ndae pripirȜhijnd hijnd `u bra`vajȜn bha`Āruh tarfaj.
>20
Ilij-Phjoar G., Gajedar, U. , [assin, D., Pgn`lfnj, N.C. Uga jaurimhidioy ib afithij ‐ `iojhthij `iojhthij hjtarn`thijs3
bujenfajtnd quasthijs nje strntaohas bir butura rasanr`g, rasanr`g , Brijthars hj Gufnj Jauris`haj`a, www.brijtharshj.iro,, pumdhsgae3 >?Bamrunry=;>1 eih3 >;.0078/bjguf.=;>1.;;;17 www.brijtharshj.iro gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@5055>>0/, gttp3//www.j`mh.jdf.jhg.oiv/pf`/nrth`das/[F@5055>>0/, [F@HE3 [F@5055>>0
77
Enta stnthsth`a>25 prhvhje pravndajȜn stĀrhh ea njxhatnta Șh n tudmurĀrhdir
NJAWN =. njxhinsa Ptnta ib njxhaty
H@E-8 `iea | 0;;.;
Njxhaty nje jarviusjass (syfptif) | fnda | bafnda
brn`thij ib QP pipudnthij | > hj >>1 ~~ ;.7?%
| > hj 7? ~~ >.>%
| ndd | > hj 8? ~~ >%
jufmar ib QP pnthajts
| >.111 fhddhij par yyanr anr | =.702 fhddhij par yanr | 5.08> fhddhij par yanr
nvarnoa pnthajt noa
| 5> yanrs
| 55 yanrs
| 50 yanrs
syfptif snfpda shza
| ?;? vhshts
| >=>0 vhshts
| >8=; vhshts
| 0?%
| 00%
| 01%
aphsieh` fiie ehsirears | >;%
| >5%
| >0%
eaprasshva ehsirear
| ?.2%
| 1.8%
njxhaty, ehssi`hnthva, nje sifntibirf ehsirears
| =.?%
(asthfntas mnsae ij >0>?57 pnthajt vhshts ti gandtg`nra privhears p rivhears brif JNF@P nje JGNF@P, wahogtae bir QPN gandtg`nra eafiornpgh`s, =;;2 ti =;;?)
>25
N`ast tnmdiu
stnthsth` stnthsth` n bist oajarnt oajarnt bidishje priornfud _idbrnfndpgn,
gttp3//www.widbrnfndpgn.`if/hjput/9h6njxhaty
78
NJAWN 0. Uipiornbhn>21 afiŠhhdir nsi`hnta `u ath`gatada dhjovhsth`a.
Fnjhbastnran afiŠhhdir prhj —ntdnsud `irpirnd‖ `irpirnd‖ sa rab rabar arĀĀ dn êj`ar`nran ea n di`ndhzn di`ndh zn fiendhtĀŠhda fiendhtĀŠ hda prhj `nra afiŠhhda afiŠhhd a ja nba`tanzĀ `irpud, `irpud, vndajŠada afiŠhijnda afiŠhijnda ehbarhta rashfȜhta rashfȜhta pajtru ehbarhta stĀrh afiȜhijnda oajarnta prhj fiendhtĀȜh `uf nr bh3 `uvhjta, pivařth, bhdfa řh axprashh ufnja. @iraspijeajȜn ehjtra hjtajshtntan afiȜhah Șh `udinran nsi`hntĀ3 sajznŠhh hjtajsa - riřu, ondmaj - afiŠhh putarjh`a< sajznŠhhda sdnmasdnma - junjŠa ea ndmnstru. ndmnstru. Nutirhh stuehuduh jitanzĀ `Ā fncirhtntan afiŠhhdir axar`htĀ einr i s`ghfmnra bhzhidioh`Ā fhjirĀ êj `irp < razudtntada stuehuduh rabda`tĀ nsi`hara pur `ij`aptundĀ `ujiȘthjȜada `udturndĀ‖ safnjth`a nnda staraithpurhdir mnznta pa ‐ `uf řh suoaranzĀ `Ā axhstĀêjtra i —ujhvarsndhtnta fieuduh êj `nra afiŠhhda ja dhfmnc ‐ dhfmnc `uf nr bh bduturhh hj stifn`, stiifn`, nba`tanzĀ `irpud. Gnrtn `irpirndĀ nrntĀ raohujhda n `Ārir n`thvnra n `ras`ut (`udirh `ndea) snu n s`Āzut (`udirh ra`h) pajtru bha`nra afiŠha. Mnrn ea `udirh hjeh`n fĀr hfan hfan vndirhh tastuduh t. ]azudtntada stuehuduh ntastĀ bnptud axhstĀ i mnzĀ mhidioh`Ā n afiȜhhdir, afiȜhhdir, `u rĀspujsurh bhzh`a, `irpirnda uuȘir Șir n``ashmhda `ijȘthhjȜah. `ijȘthhjȜah. Eařh hjbduajŠn bhzhidioh`Ā n afiŠhhdir asta binrta fh`Ā, sujtaf sdnm a`ghpnȜh sĀ ehbarajȜhaf êjtra sajznŠhhda fus`udnra, vhs`arnda řh jarvinsa. s`gadati-fus`udnra, s`gadatiN`asta sajznȜhh s-nr putan nbdn dn mnzn axparhajȜada jinstra `ijȘthajta afiȜhijnda. Fijhtirhznran tipiornbh`Ā n sajznȜhhdir `irpirnda pinta `ijsthtuh `ijsthtuh uj hjstrufajt paj pajtru tru `ar`atnran afiȜhhdir Șh nr putan ibarh `ghnr uj mhifnrlar pajtru tudmurĀrh afiȜhijnda. afiȜhijnda.
>21
Juffajfnn, D., Odaranjn, A., Gnrhm,]., Ghatnjaje, C.L. Miehdy fnps ib afithijs, afithijs , [ri`aaehjos ib tga Jnthijnd
N`neafhas ib P`haj`as, Cuja P`haj`as, Cuja >> =;>0, =;>0, gttp3//www.pjns.iro/`ijtajt/>>>/=/252.budd.peb , www.pjns.iro/`oh/eih/>;.>;?0/pjns.>0=>225>>> www.pjns.iro/`oh/eih/>;.>;?0/pjns.>0=>225>>>
8;
NJAWN 5. NJNUIFHN NJWHAUčȓHH>22 (nenptnra eupĀ UHFA EHNO]NFA>2?, Cia Dartidn, taxt [nrl, N.) HjbirfnȜhhda sajzirhnda sujt pri`asnta dn = jhvadurh3 N. [a `ndan ehra`tĀ, nutifntĀ, hj`ijȘthajt, prhj nfhoendĀ< n`anstn ientĀ n`thvntĀ, trhfhta safjnda dn stru`turhda `aramrnda `a vir ea`dnjȘn rĀspujsurhda rĀspujsur hda bhzhidioh`a `dnsh`a spa`hbh`a brh`hh (girfijnd3 ghpitndnfus, @]B-- neajighpibhzn, N@UG-- suprnrajndĀ, @I]UHSID). M. Bduxud hjbirfnȜhhdir sajzirhnda ncujo dn ghpitndnfus Șh ea nh`h dn `irtax. @irtaxud randhzanzĀ pri`asĀrhda eas`ajeajta nda hjbirfnȜhhdir, `ijȘthajt, Șh ea`hea en`Ā jnturn sthfudhdir ra`dnfĀ ran`Ȝhn ea tanfĀ. Êj n`ast `nz, safjndud ea dn `irtax dn nfhoendĀ vn fajȜhja stnran ea ndartĀ .
]Āspujsurh bhzhidioh`a (njxhaty fiea)
B/B/B
PU]Q@UQ]H @A]AM]NDA HF[DH@NUA ÊJ NJWHAUNUA 0. UNDNFQP (ehaj`abnd)- buj`Ȝhn ea radau (prhfaȘta hjbirfnȜhh sajzirhnda hnr prhj shjnpsada hjghmhtirh h sa pinta raodn hjtajshtntan sthfudhdir)< buj`Ȝhn ea nsi`hnȜha< buj`Ȝhn jaspa`hbh`Ā(ju`dahh sĀh jaspa`hbh`h npnrȜhj birfnȜhujhh rath`udnta), adnmirnra pri`asa nba`thv -afiȜhijnda< 5. @I]UAW -- tarhtirhud prabrijtnd6fa`njhsfada a`ghdhmrĀrhh `ifpirtnfajtnda pa mnzn hjghmhȜhah3 `ifpirtnfajtndĀ (`ijtrid hjtajȜhijnd) Șh `iojhthvĀ (stipnra snu eapĀȘhra n ujuh pri`as fajtnd, ntajȜha, fafirha)< --`irtaxud irmhtibrijtnd ( asta stru`turĀ pnrndhfmh`Ā, ndĀturh ea hjsudĀ, pidud tafpirnd, ohrus pnrnghpi`nfph`, `irtax `hjoudnt) 6 n`thvnt êj thfpud hjeu`arhh ujah ehspizhȜhh jaonthva, hfpdh`nt hj hjtaornran hjputurhdir sajzirhnda Șh dhfmh`a pajtru raodnran stĀrhh nba`thva< 1. NFHOENDN 2. MJPU ?. DI@QP @IA]QDAQP 7. GH[I@NF[-npnrȜhja shstafuduh dhfmh` ( stru`turhda dhfmh`a6 ghpi`nfp+ju`daud nfhoendihe+raohujan saptndĀ+strhnt dhfmh`+ `ndan idbn`thvĀ, dn `nra sa nsi`hnzĀ3 ju`dahh tndnfh`h jaspa`h`h+ghpitndnfusud+ nrhn taofnjtndĀ fazaj`abndh`Ā)< birfnȜhujan ghpi`nfph`Ā ( `ifpusĀ ehj ghpi`nfp Șh nrgh`irtax6ohrus ehjȜnt+ sumh`uduf) asta hfpdh`ntĀ êj fafirha Șh êjvĀȜnra< GH[IUNDNFQPQD6@ajtru GH[IUNDNFQPQD 6@ajtru hfpirtnjt nd vhaȜhh nba`thva ]aȜanun hjtarn`thvĀ3 truj`gh `aramrnd (orupada `a prieu` jauritrnjsfhȜĀtirh)― shstafud shstafud jarvis `ajtrnd ― ― nfhoendn nfhoendn >22
gttp3//pndiusafhjebudjass.`if/ei gttp3//pndiusafhjebudjass.`if/ei`s/njntify-ib-njxhaty.peb `s/njntify-ib-njxhaty.peb
>2?
Piur`a3 Eajhs P.@gnrjay, F.E., Jnthijnd Hjsthtuta ib Fajtnd Gandtg, Uhfa Fnonzhja, Hnj. >;, =;;=
8>
NJAWN 1. Raeara s`gafnth`Ā n `hr`uhtadir `aramrnda fncira hfpdh`nta hfpdh`nta êj brh`Ā ȘȘhh njxhatnta>27.
N@UG, girfijud neraji`irth`itrip< NJP, shstafud jarvis nutijif, vaoatnthv< nfhjimuthrh` (hjghmhtir)< M[, tajshujan nrtarhndĀ< ONMN, n`he ƕ nfhjimuthrh` (hjghmhtir)< rajndhjĀ (jaurifieudntir) (jaurifieudntir) snu ju`daud nfmhouu (stru`turĀ)