Antropologia Social

November 9, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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Adtr Adtrjpjcj`na jpjcj`na [jknac [jknac   Cljdarhj Kaopjy

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© 6565 ‛ NL[HL FVA[NC [/A. Î prjnfnha a rlprjhuàëj, olsoj parknac, pjr quacqulr prjklssj, slo autjrnzaàëj pjr lskrntj hj autjr l hj hltldtjr hjs hnrlntjs autjrans. Urjmltj hl kapa= NL[HL FVA[NC [/A. Noa`lo ha kapa= [aoulc Fjr`ls Ubjtj`rapby/Hnl`j Ubjtj`rapby/Hnl`j Klrvj/Kbltty Xbjoas/Xntbn Xbjoas/Xntbn Cuahtbjd`/ Vawpnxlc.kjo / Iatrndl @cazijva/Ira @cazijva/Iraildnoa`ls.kjo/[buttl ildnoa`ls.kjo/[buttlrstjki rstjki

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N[FD >02-2 6.1 Kjoj kjdblklr j jutrj: 6> 6.6 Gradz Fjas= a kuctura kjoj uo udnvlrsj ;6 6.; Frjdnscaw Oacndjwsin l a oa`na hj ltdû`ragj ltdû`ragj ;> 6.8 Ltdj`ragna= a prlonssa hj kjdblknoldtj kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj adtrjpjcû`nkj 8;

; Kjoj aprldhlr adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl: 82 ;.1 Hj kuctj ha plrgjroadkl ha plrgjroadkl aj aj prazlr hl vnvlr 82 ;.6 Ahnadhj j gno hj oudhj

A kuctura lo djssas vnhas Wjkí má sl plrùdtju pjr qul js buoadjs tradsgjroao acùds adnoans lo kjonha l jutrjs lo kjopadblnrjs: Vlprjhuznojs, krnaojs l afatlojs fjns, pjrkjs l àcndbas, ås tjdlcahas, para prlldkblr djssas

olsas hl kardls lo rlglnàüls hnárnas ju lo lvldtjs lxtrajrhndárnjs, l as kjolojs para supjstaoldtl kar oans gjrtls, sahnjs l saknahjs. A kardl da acnoldtaàëj buoada î tëj nopjrtadtl qul, para ountas plssjas, sua prlsldàa dj pratj î jfrnàtûrna, kblàdhj a kjdsnhlrar qul, para uoa rlglnàëj slr hn`da hlssl djol, î noprlskndhïvlc qul tldba kardl. Da olsa, lca rlprlsldta sustædkna l atî olsoj gartura. Dj Frasnc, noa`ndar uoa klna hl Datac slo acùoa kardl assaha, kjoj plru, plnxl ju partls hj pjrkj, pjhl su`lrnr uoa klclfraàëj trnstl l pjfrl. Î kjoj j hntahj pjpucar aroa= a gaoïcna pjhl lstar passadhj pjr tlopjs hl –vakas oa`ras‟. A prûprna nhldtnhahl rl`njdac frasnclnra lstá ndtnoaoldtl assjknaha a pratjs lo qul a kardl î a lstrlca ha rlklnta= j kburraskj hjs àýkbjs, j tutu hl glnmëj kjo cndùnàa hjs onon dlnrjs, j patj dj tukupn hjs paraldsls l j akaramî kjo kaoarëj hjs fanadjs sëj apldas acùds lxlopcjs. Ldquadtj djs hlclntaojs kjo as kardls hl fjns, pjrkjs, àcndbas l jutrjs adnoans, ahjtaojs këls l àtjs kjoj olofrjs ha gaoïcna. HaHa ojs djols, afrn`j l kjdgjrtj a lcls, nssj quadhj dëj hjrolo mudtj kjdjskj, lo djssas prûprnas kaoas. @astaojs vlrhahlnras gjrtudas lo fadbj l tjsa, raàüls, fnskjntjs l tjhj tnpj hl onoj para lcls frndkarlo. Ujstaojs gjtjs hlcls das rlhls sjknans, gazldhj pjsls ndusnndusntahas l sl hnvlrtndhj kjo djssa gaoïcna, l kaojs lojknjdahaoldtl acnvnahjs quadhj saflojs hl uo kakbjrrj vïtnoa hl oaus tratjs qul gjn rlsàtahj ju hl uo àtj rlkjcbnhj has ruas9 lstavao sjgrldhj l passadhj gjol l a`jra vëj slr kunhahjs kjo karndbj l atldàëj. Gazl Gazl-ojs glnras hl hjaàëj hl vnra-catas l afrnojs kadns l àtns para vldhlr adnoans –pura raàa‟, l akbaojs cndhjs js flcjs kakbjrrjs l àtjs lxpjstjs lo kjdkursjs hl flclza hl adnoans hl lstnoaàëj. Oas, ldtëj, pjr qul acùds adnoans vëj para djssas kaoas l jutrjs para djssas padlcas: [lrá qul j ojtnvj î a kardl hl acùds slr oans tldra l safjrjsa: Ju andha, pjrqul j slr buoadj hn`lrl olcbjr a kardl hl acùds adnoans l hl jutrjs, dëj: Î hngïknc vacnhar lssas bnpûbnpûtlsls. J kakbjrrj î uo acnoldtj lo acùoas rl`nüls ha Ásna9 j kavacj

15

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

î uo adnoac hl lstnoaàëj ountj aprlknahj l vacnjsj djs païsls árafls l taofîo lo jutras partls hj oudhj, oas da Gradàa î uoa nùarna acnoldtar. Aroar qul a quacnhahl ha kardl ju as prjprnlhahls hj snstloa hn`lstnvj hj slr buoadj lxpcnkao as hnglrldàas ldtrl l dtrl adnoans kjolstïvlns l hl lstnoaàëj dëj há kjdta hjs oýctnpcjs kjstuols ldldkjdtrahjs lo hnglrldtls rl`nüls, païsls l kjdtndldtls.

[lrá qul j kjopjrtaoldtj tïpnkj hjs adnoans rlspjdhlrna djssa plrùdta: J fjn, aplsar hl slr noldsj lo kjoparaàëj aj slr buoadj, î `lracoldtl passnvj l olhrjsj, uo adnoac gáknc hl slr hjondahj. Ujr jutrj cahj, j kakbjrrj, hjoávlc l trlndávlc, pjhl tlr snhj ountj ýtnc dj passahj ha lspîknl buoada, quadhj lra prlknsj kaàar para sjsjfrlvnvlr. Kjdtuhj, djvaoldtl lssas rlspjstas dëj rlsjcvlo hnvlrsas sntuaàüls vlrnkahas lo várnas partls hj oudhj. Da Gcjrlsta AoazøAoazø dnka, pjr lxlopcj, ountas ltdnas ndhï`ldas acnoldtao-sl ha kardl hj oakakj-prl`j l hj tatu, adnoans qul pjhlo slr vnjcldtjs. Ujr jutrj cahj, trlndao l hjolstnkao j ojrkl`j, uo adnoac arrlhnj l hl kjopjrtaoldtj ndhûknc. Da vlrhahl, quacqulr tldtatnva hl lxpcnkaàëj udnvlrsac para j qulstnjdaoldtj sjfrl pjr qul acùds adnoans vnrao kjonha l jutrjs, kjopadblnrjs, dëj sl sustldta. As sjknlhahls buoadas sëj fastadtl hnglrldtls ldtrl sn ‛ j qul î kjolstïvlc lo uoa, î lvntahj lo jutra9 uo adnoac hjoîstnkj duoa rl`nëj î slcva`lo lo jutra. Î mustaoldtl lo razëj ha lsplknknhahl hl kaha sjknlhahl buoada qul a adtrjadtrj pjcj`na rlspjdhl a lssa plrùdta, su`lrndhj qul a kuctura lxpcnka j ojtnvj hl acùds adnoans sl tjrdarlo nùarnas acnoldtarls, ldquadtj jutrjs rlklflo uo djol l uo cuàr lsplknac aj cahj has plssjas. Gjn lssa a rlspjsta qul j adtrjpûcj`j djrtl-aolrnkadj Oarsbacc [abcnds hlu. Lstuhnjsj ha rlcaàëj ldtrl buoadjs l adnoans lo slu païs, [abcnds arùoldta qul a kuctura hjs Lstahjs \dnhjs kcassnka acùds adnoans kjoj jfmltjs, kjoj fjns l pjrkjs, l jutrjs kjoj su mlntjs, a lxlopcj hl kakbjrrjs l kavacjs. Lssa hnstndàëj hldl j qul j autjr hldjondju kjoj `raus hl kjolstnfncnhahl. [lùdhj lcl, fjns, pjrkjs, kavacjs l kakbjrrjs –lstëj, lo acùoa olhnha, ndtl`rahjs å sjknlhahl aolrnkada, oas kcaraoldtl kjo status hnglrldtls, js quans kjrrlspjdhlo ajs `raus hl kjolstnfncnhahl‟ ([ABCND[, 655;, p. 108). Kjoj a rlpucsa aj kadnfacnsoj î uoa rl`ra ountj gjrtl ha kuctura djrtl-aolrnkada, kjolr adnoans qul tío status hl sumlntjs î uo

Kjoj pldsar adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl:

11

Hjkuoldtárnj

`radhl tafu. Kjolr kardl hl kakbjrrj, pjr lxlopcj, lqunvaclrna a kjolr a hl buoadj. Má fjns l pjrkjs vëj para as padlcas l kburras qulnras, uoa vlz qul sëj ldtldhnhjs kjoj oldjs buoadjs. Assno, hl akjrhj kjo [abcnds, a rl`ra ha kuctura djrtl-aolrnkada î a hl qul –a kjolstnfncnhahl lstá ndvlrsaoldtl rlcaknjdaha å buoadnhahl‟ ([ABCND[, 655;, p. 10, p. 107, p. ;;07). L andha, aj plrklflrojs qul àdbaojs djvjs vnzndbjs, qul akafarao hl sl ouhar para j apartaoldtj aj cahj hj djssj, ountj prjvavlcoldtl djs plrùdtarlojs qulo sëj lssls hlskjdblknhjs. J lstradbj, j lstrad`lnrj, j gjrastlnrj, lo suoa, j jutrj sloprl gjn uo assudtj qul ojfncnzju as atldàüls hjs buoadjs. Ujrtadtj, sl djs plrùdtarojs quadhj sur`nu a adtrjpjcj`na, plrplrklflojs qul, da vlrhahl, slu tloa hl lstuhj sloprl lstlvl ldtrl dûs. Xjhavna, kjoj uo raoj hl saflr akahíonkj, ndstntuknjdacnzahj lo udnvlrsnhahls l aoparahj lo plsqunsas kjdtrjcahas oltjhjcj`nkaoldtl, a adtrjpjcj`na gjn kjdstntuïha dj sîkucj RNR, gudhaoldtacgudhaoldtacoldtl da Lurjpa, a partnr hl uo hlshjfraoldtj has knídknas ha vnha, ju j qul acùds hldjondao `rjsslnraoldtl hl fnjcj`na. Ås vlzls, quadhj lstuhaojs klrtas ndvldàüls da bnstûrna has knídknas, tldhlojs a har a uoa plssja lo partnkucar, ju a uo cnvrj lsplkïkj, oans krîhntjs hj qul rlacoldtl hlvlrïaojs. Dndùîo sjzndbj l dldbuoa jfra ýdnka sëj kapazls hl `lrar tradsgjroaàüls rlvjcuknjrlvjcuknjdárnas tëj sjknacoldtl afrad`ldtls l nopaktadtls quadtj gjrao js hlsldvjcvnoldtjs has knídknas daturans. Assno, lo olahjs hj sîkucj RNR, tjhjs aqulcls qul pjhlrnao slr kjdsnhlrahjs knldtnstas má ldtldhnao qul a vnha da Xlrra dëj tndba dasknhj plca jfra ha `raàa hnvnda. KjdslKjdslquldtloldtl, safnao taofîo qul j sur`noldtj hj buoadj lra uo hlshjfraoldtj hl kausas daturans, l dëj uoa ndvldàëj klclstnac lo qul Hlus tlrna glntj, hj farrj, uo slr slolcbadtl å sua noa`lo.

Kjoj pldsar adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl:

1>

Ldtrl lssls knldtnstas, a hnsputa lra kjdslùnr lcafjrar uoa tljrna qul lxpcnkassl l kjoprjvassl j sur`noldtj ha vnha l, hl qulfra, gjssl aklnta pjr tjhjs js parls. J daturacnsta nd`cís Kbarcls Harwnd àdbju lssa kjrrnha. Lo 12;1, lcl sufnu a fjrhj hj davnj hl djol Fla`cl l, atî 12;7, knrkudhju j `cjfj, passadhj plca Jkladna, Ágrnka, Ásna l AoîAoî rnka hj [uc, cuàr lo qul oans sl hlojrju. Dlssa vna`lo, acîo hl tlr sl ldkadtahj plcas jrlstas trjpnkans hj Frasnc l sl bjrrjrnzahj kjo a lskravnhëj lo djssj païs, j mjvlo Harwnd ‛ qul tndba 66 adjs quadhj j Fla`cl sl cadàju aj oar ‛ glz lxtldsas adjtaàüls a partnr hl jfslrjfslr vaàüls l kjcltju quncjs hl oatlrnans, kjoj karkaàas hl tartaruàs l plhras gjssncnzahas (HAVPND, 6557). Hlpjns hl oans hl huas hîkahas hl trafacbj hadhj aucas, lskrlvldlskrlvld hj artn`js l lstuhadhj js oatlrnans l as adjtaàüls hlssa vna`lo, HarHarwnd pufcnkju, lo 12, a jfra A jrn`lo has lspîknls, cadàadhj a fasl

hj qul karna kjdblknhj kjoj tljrna ha lvjcuàëj, nstj î, j prndkïpnj ha slclàëj daturac. Lo cndbas `lrans l `rjsslnras, a slclàëj slclà ëj daturac î uoa tljrna qul prjkura har kjdta ha jrn`lo l ha hnvlrsnhahl has lspîknls vnvas. Ujr olnj hlstl prndkïpnj, Harwnd aroa qul as lspîknls oans flo-ahaptahas a klrtjs aofnldtls tío oans kbadkls hl sjfrlvnvídkna, ju slma, lcas sëj slclknjdahas daturacoldtl dj sldtnhj hl sl ahlquarlo olcbjr a klrtas kjdùraàüls aofnldtans. Gaz partl ha slclàëj daturac a cuta plca sjfrlsjfrlvnvídkna ldtrl as lspîknls, uoa aroaàëj hl Harwnd qul `lrju ountas kjdtrjvîrsnas l oac-ldtldhnhjs da ndtlrprltaàëj hl sua jfra. A cuta å quac Harwnd sl rlglrl ndhnka qul, kjoj js ndhnvïhujs hl uoa lspîknl sëj sloprl hnglrldtls ldtrl sn, lcls tldhlo a cutar ldtrl sn plca sjfrlvnvídkna. Js qul tío oans kbadkls hl sjfrlvnvlr l, assno, prjpaàr-sl das prûxnoas `lraàüls, sëj js qul aprlsldtao karaktlrïstnkas daturans oans ahlquahas aj aofnldtl lo qul vnvlo. \o frlvl lxlopcj sëj js clüls ha savada agrnkada9 kaha ndhnvïhuj ha lspîknl aprlsldta hnglrldtls taoadbjs l gjroas hl hldtls kadndjs. Uara HarHar wnd, a tldhídkna î qul js ndhnvïhujs kjo kadndjs oans gjrtls l ahlquahjs å kaàa sjfrlvnvao l prjpaùlo-sl. Hlssl ojhj, lo acùoas `lraàüls, quasl tjhjs js clüls ha savada agrnkada tlrëj kadndjs gjrtls kjoj slus adklstrans. Ldtrltadtj, î ountj nopjrtadtl kjdsnhlrar qul Harwnd dëj ldtldldtldhl qul as lspîknls oans flo-ahaptahas sëj, hl uo pjdtj hl vnsta

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Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

bnlafsjcutj, olcbjrls, oans sjstnkahas ju lvjcuïhas. Dëj bá uoa bnlrarquna has lspîknls da tljrna hl Harwnd, kjoj sl lcl lstnvlssl mucmuc àdhj as hnglrldtls gjroas hl vnha kjoj ndglrnjrls ju suplrnjrls. J oans gjrtl dëj î j suplrnjr, oas, snopclsoldtl, aqulcl qul kjdslùnu sl ahlquar olcbjr a uo hahj aofnldtl, clvadhj a kjoprlldhlr qul uoa lspîknl qul sl ahaptju olcbjr lo uo aofnldtl pjhl plrlklr lo jutrj. Ldtëj, para Harwnd, lvjcuàëj dëj î uo prj`rlssj lo hnrlàëj a uo olcbjraoldtj ha vnha, oas, sno, j prjklssj hl hnvlrsnkaàëj daturac has lspîknls vnvas. A lvjcuàëj para Harwnd î uoa bnstûrna daturac ha vnha qul dëj kaondba para uo guturj sloprl olcbjr l oans sjstnkahj. L j slr buoadj, kjoj cjkacnzá-cj dlssa bnstûrna daturac: Uara j noanoa`ndárnj ha îpjka (sîkucj RNR), j adnoac buoadj parlkna slr a gjroa hl vnha oans flo-ahaptaha aj pcadlta, uoa vlz qul tlrna hjondahj tjhas as rl`nüls l sufmuàhj tjhas as jutras lspîknls. Dûs dëj slsl -

rïaojs uoa gjroa hl vnha lsplknac a pjdtj hl olrlklr uoa knídkna prûprna para lstuhá-ca lxkcusnvaoldtl: Ldo, kjoj kjdtar a bnstûrna daturac hlssa lspîknl: Acnás, slrnao js buoadjs uoa sû lspîknl ju várnas aparldtahas, oas hnstndtas: Kjoj ldtldhlr, hj pjdtj hl vnsta hl uoa knídkna daturac, as slolcbadàas l hnglrldàas ldtrl js slrls buoadjs: Lssas plrùdtas, ojtnvahas plcas tljrnas hl Harwnd, hlrao cuz å adtrjpjcj`na, a knídkna hj buoadj. Hnglrldtloldtl ha sjknjcj`na, krnaha pjr olnj hj kruzaoldtj ha cjsja, ha pjcïtnka l ha lkjdjona, a adtrjpjcj`na sl kjdstntunu a partnr hl hlsldvjcvnoldtjs tlûrnkjs has knídknas daturans. Uara js prnolnrjs adtrjpûcj`js, a tarlga ha knídkna hj buoadj lra ountj kcara= sl a fnjfnjcj`na sl jkuparna hj sur`noldtj ha vnha atî j aparlknoldtj hj bjoj sapnlds l a bnstûrna afjrharna as ouhadàas l kjdtndunhahls a partnr hj sur`noldtj ha lskrnta, a adtrjpjcj`na tjoarna para sn a tarlga hl ndvlstnàr a cakuda ldtrl as huas= lstuharna j buoadj hlshl slu dasknolddasknoldtj kjoj lspîknl atî j ojoldtj lo qul a lskrnta gjn ndvldtaha, ju slma, aqulca partl ha djssa tramltûrna kjoj lspîknl qul prjvavlcoldtl djs ldsndarao, da lskjca, kjoj sldhj a prî-bnstûrna. Kjdtuhj, para js adtrjpûcj`js, js rlprlsldtadtls hlssa prî-bnstûrna dëj lstavao sjoldtl dj passahj, oas taofîo dj prlsldtl hj sîkucj RNR. Assno, as ltdnas ndhï`ldas aolrnkadas, as sjknlhahls trnfans agrnkaagrnka das l asnátnkas, js ncbîus ha Ndhjdîsna, Ujcndîsna l Olcadîsna l js afjrï`lafjrï`ldls austracnadjs, lo suoa, tjhjs aqulcls qul dëj hjondavao a lskrnta Kjoj pldsar adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl:

l dëj lrao prjprnaoldtl lurjplus atrlcahjs aj prjmltj ha ojhlrdnhahl, dj sîkucj RNR, lrao kcassnkahjs plcjs adtrjpûcj`js ha îpjka kjoj –gûsslns vnvjs‟, nstj î, rlprlsldtadtls hl uoa îpjka î pjka ha buoadnhahl qul má bavna bavna tlrondah tlrondahj, j, oas, oas, andha andha assno, assno, lstavao lstavao pcldao pcldaoldtl ldtl vnvjs. vnvjs. Da aurjra ha hnsknpcnda, j lstuhj adtrjpjcû`nkj hlssls dëj jknhldjknhldtans, hj passahj l hj prlsldtl, sl hlu lo quatrj grldtls. Hl uo cahj oans kjdkrltj, a arquljcj`na, sl jkupadhj hjs rlstjs oatlrnans hj passahj buoadj, l a adtrjpjcj`na gïsnka, avlrnùadhj as karaktlrïstnkas gldjtïpnkas hjs hnglrldtls kjrpjs buoadjs. Hj cahj oans sjknac l kuctukucturac, a adtrjpjcj`na cndùïstnka, tratadhj has hnglrldàas `raoatnkans, cîxnkas l gjdîtnkas ldtrl as hnstndtas cïdùas buoadas l, dacoldtl, a árla qul djs ndtlrlssa, a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac l kucturac, afjrhadhj as oýctnoýctn pcas l varnahas gjroas hl pldsar l vnvlr kjcltnvaoldtl hjs buoadjs. Wjkí má rlparju sl aparlkl uo adtrjpûcj`j hadhj hlpjnoldtj lo hjkuoldtárnjs tradsontnhjs lo kadans hl bnstûrna l `lj`raa ha XW a kafj, qul trazlo tloas kjoj k joj –js bjondïhljs adklstrans hjs buoadjs‟,

61

–a vnha buoada adtls ha knvncnzaàëj‟ ju atî olsoj tûpnkjs fastadtl bltlrjhjxjs, hj tnpj –lrao js hlusls astrjdautas‟: Ju djtju sl, lo sîrnls hl ndvlstnààëj pjcnknac, bá a prlsldàa hj plrsjda`lo hj adtrjpûcj`j gjrldsl, lsplknacnzahj lo sjcuknjdar a nhldtnhahl hl kjrpjs ldkjdtrahjs da klda hj krnol: Ujns î, lssls prj`raoas l sîrnls dëj lstëj ndvldndvldtadhj uoa adtrjpjcj`na ndlxnstldtl. Lxnstl, sno, lssa adtrjpjcj`na qul lstuha jssjs l kjrpjs l lca î prjlondldtl atî bjml lo ountjs païsls, ndkcusnvl dj Frasnc, kjo uoa gjrtïssnoa trahnàëj lo arquljcj`na. Oas ldtëj, vjkí pjhl lstar sl plrùdtadhj pjr qul lstuhaojs sjoldtl a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac l kucturac dlstl cnvrj. A rlspjsta î pjrqul lssas árlas sl hnstadknarao uoas has jutras aj cjd`j hjs ýctnojs 15, para har kjdta hl prjfcloas kjoj j noa`ndanoa`nda hj, uo adta`jdnsoj slparava js adtrjpûcj`js lo hjns cahjs hl uo lofatl tlûrnkj ([KBPAVK], 1>>;). Hl uo cahj, bavna js pjcn`ldnstas, qul akrlhntavao qul a buoadnhahl lra kjdstntuïha pjr hnglrldtls ls-

@cjssárnj tjtlo= jfmltj, adnoac ju

pcadta kuctuahj kjoj uo sïofjcj ju adklstrac hl uoa kjcltnvnhahl.

pîknls, kaha uoa kjo sua jrn`lo daturac prûprna, l ldtldhnao, pjr lxlopcj, qul js afjrï`ldls austracnadjs dëj lrao js olsojs buoadjs qul js lurjplus lrao9 a kjdstntunàëj `ldîtnka hlssls pjvjs, para js pjcn`ldnstas, lra hnglrldtl. Hl jutrj, js ojdj`ldnstas, qul hlgldhlgldhnao a nhlna hl qul js buoadjs, js lhjqul, prlsldtl quadtj hj passahj, tndbao a olsoa jrn`lotadtj daturac pjrtadtj, parajslcls, aplsar has ldjrols hnglrldàas sjknans l kucturans, tjhjs js buoadjs gjroavao uoa sû lspîknl. Ha vlrtldtl pjcn`ldnsta, hlspjdta uoa nhlna qul, aplsar hl dëj tlr tnhj uoa vnha cjdà da adtrjpjcj`na akahíonka, ndglcnzoldtl atranu uo kjdsnhlrávlc dýolrj hl ldtusnastas gjra ha hnsknpcnda. Nhlna lssa qul klrtaoldtl kjdtrnfunu para mustnkar kjdslquídknas dlgastas å buoabuoa dnhahl= a nhlna hl raàa. A partnr hl oîtjhjs kjoj a grldjcj`na, a adtrjpjoltrna l a kradnjoltrna ‛ tjhjs lcls faslahjs lo olhnàüls hl partls hj kjrpj ‛, adtrjpûcj`js pjcn`ldnstas aroarao qul a lspîknl buoada sl hnvnhna lo raàas, nstj î, `ídlrjs buoadjs fnjcj`nkaoldtl hnstndtjs= a raàa kaukasnada slrna a prlhjondadtl da Lurjpa9 a dl`rjnhl, da Ágrnka9 l a ojd`jcjnhl, da Ásna l da Aoîrnka.

Kjoj pldsar adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl:

6;

Xjoadhj kjoj fasl supjstas karaktlrïstnkas gldjtïpnkas, js pjcn`lpjcn`ldnstas lstaflclknao atrnfutjs kjopjrtaoldtans a kaha raàa. Uara lcls, pjr lxlopcj, a kradnjoltrna (olhnàëj hj krædnj) ndhnkava qul a raàa dl`rjnhl aprlsldtava uoa kanxa kradnada oans akbataha das catlrans, gazldhj kjo qul j kîrlfrj gjssl kjoprnonhj l, assno, dëj sl hlsldvjcvlssl pcldaoldtl. Ujrtadtj, hl akjrhj kjo js pjcn`ldnstas, j atrnfuatrnfu tj kjopjrtaoldtac lsplkïkj ha raàa dl`rjnhl lra j trafacbj gïsnkj, má qul lca dëj lstarna fnjcj`nkaoldtl apta aj hlsldvjcvnoldtj ndtlclktuac. Acîo hnssj, tldhj hnkuchahls oldtans hl ldtldhnoldtj ha jrhlo sjknac l has clns, ndhnvïhujs dl`rjnhls tldhlrnao a kjoltlr oans krnols hj qul js hl jutras raàas, kjoj j adtrjpûcj`j krnondac ntacnadj Klsarl Cjofrjsj 1207 ([KBPAVK], 655;). AA onstura purlza raknac, ldtëj, slrna j nhlacsu`lrnu para jslo prjpjdldtls hlssas nhlnas. raknac clvarna å hl`ldlraàëj, nstj î, å plrha has lsplknacnzaàüls kjopjrtaoldtans hl kaha raàa. As gacbas knldtïkas da nhlna hl raàa sëj a`radtls l ûfvnas l a oanjr hlcas lstava lo lxpcnkar supjstjs atrnfutjs kjopjrtaoldtans pjr supjstas karaktlrïstnkas gldjtïpnkas, oas dldbuoa lvnhídkna kjo-

prjvávlc sustldtava lssa lxpcnkaàëj. A nhlna hl raàa lstava faslaha ýdnka l lxkcusnvaoldtl lo supjsnàüls, hl ojhj qul j oans kjrrltj a rlsplntj hlca î aroar qul sl trata hl uoa rjupa`lo psluhjknldtïka para j vlcbj l arranàhj prlkjdklntj. A prlkarnlhahl tlûrnka ha nhlna hl raàa gjn rapnhaoldtl plrklfnha pjr ountjs adtrjpûcj`js, oas, ndglcnzoldtl, dëj pjr qulo dëj lra. L, assno, lssa nhlna gjn utncnzaha para mustnkar a lskravnhëj l j noplrnacnsoj kjcjdnacnsta ha Lurjpa sjfrl a Ágrnka, j [uhlstl Asnátnkj l fja partl ha Jkladna. J oanjr prjfcloa î qul sl as hnglrldàas buoadas sëj lxpcnkahas plca fnjcj`na, kjoj gazna a nhlna hl raàa, rlstao huas actlrdatnvas pjcïtnkas= a sjknlhahl î jràdnzaha hl akjrhj kjo as supjstas atrnfunatrnfunàüls hl kaha raàa ‛ dl`rjs trafacbao l fradkjs pldsao, kjoj ountjs lurjplus hlslmavao ‛ ju a raàa tnha kjoj ndglrnjr î assassndaha. Î j `ldjkïhnj, j assassndatj hl uo `ldl, kjoj djolju a Hlkcaraàëj \dnvlrsac hjs Hnrlntjs Buoadjs, aprjvaha plca Jràdnzaàëj has DaDa àüls \dnhas lo 1>82. Gjn j qul j daznsoj tldtju gazlr, fasladhj-sl da nhlna hl raàa, lo slus kaopjs hl kjdkldtraàëj huradtl a [lùdha @ulrra Oudhnac. Dldbuoa hlssas actlrdatnvas pjcïtnkas î pcausïvlc9 lcas sëj bjrrïvlns, assno kjoj a nhlna hl raàa.

68

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

Js ojdj`ldnstas dëj lofarkarao da nhlna hl raàa, pjns kjoj ahvjàva uo hl slus prndknpans hlgldsjrls, j frntædnkj Lhwarh Furdltt Xycjr (12;6-1>10), lcls akrlhntavao da –udnhahl psïqunka ha buoadnhabuoadnhahl‟ (KA[XVJ, 65507. [ABCND[, O. Kuctura l razëj prátnka. Vnj hl Madlnrj= ]abar, 655;. [KBPAVK], C. O. J lspltákucj has raàas. [ëj Uaucj= Kjopadbna has Cltras, 1>>;.

62

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

6

Kjoj prjhuznr kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj: [l a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac î uo lstuhj has hnglrldtls oadlnras hl kuctnvar a vnha, kjoj js slus plsqunsahjrls gazlo para kjdblklr l rl`nstrar lssa hnvlrsnhahl: Adac hl kjdtas, olsoj dëj sldsldhj uoa knídkna djs ojchls ha gïsnka l ha quïonka, a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac andha î uo saflr akahíonkj qul acolma prjhuznr kjdblknoldtj lopïrnkj, ju slma, jfslrvávlc l rlac, qul slma kjdsnhlrahj vácnhj l cl`ïtnoj. Das prûxnoas pá`ndas, ldtldhlrlojs kjoj a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac prjhuz lssl tnpj hl kjdblknoldtj a rlsplntj has kucturas buoadas l tlrlojs rlspjsta ås plrùdtas qul ldvjcvlo lssl tloa.

6.1

Kjoj kjdblklr j jutrj:

Wïhlj

Aj adhar plcas ruas hl sua knhahl, vjkí kjstuoa djtar as plssjas kjo as quans kruza lo slu tramltj: Ju andha, dj ødnfus ju dj karrj, js sumlntjs qul atravlssao slu jcbar atralo sua atldàëj: Aqulcl `rupj hl lstuhadtls rndhj actj, j bjolo qul adha aprlssahj, a sldbjra kjo sakjcas, a ojàa qul akjopadba kjo js cáfnjs a oýsnka qul juvl djs gjdls hl juvnhj, js gudknjdárnjs has cjmas, js ojtjrnstas, js ojrahjrls hl rua ju j rapaz qul dëj sl hlscnà hj klcucar. Xjhas lssas plssjas, hl uo ojhj ju hl jutrj, sëj lstradbas para dûs. Wjkí sl ví as jfslrvadhj l pldsadhj sjfrl lcas: Wjkí sl ndtlrlssa pjr lssas vnhas a pjdtj hl, sldhj uo tadtj ndhnskrltj, djtar slus trlmlntjs l aàüls ju hl lsplkucar sjfrl suas prjssüls, `jstjs l agazlrls l, andha, saflr hl jdhl lstëj vndhj l para jdhl lstëj ndhj: Ju hl sl plrùdtar quans slrnao suas vjdtahls, olhjs l ad`ýstnas: Lssls jutrjs cbl ndtlrlssao:

Kjoj prjhuznr kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj:

6>

Kasj as plssjas aj slu rlhjr dëj hlsplrtlo slu ndtlrlssl, lsplrj qul lstl cnvrj j gaàa, prjvjkadhj lo vjkí a vjdtahl hl saflr oans sjfrl js jutrjs. Adac, j ndtlrlssl sjfrl lcls î j pjdtj hl partnha ha adtrjpjcj`na sjknac. A partnr hj slu dasknoldtj, kjo js lvjcuknjdnstas, a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac kjdùrju-sl kjoj uo saflr akahíonkj qul tndba kjoj jfmltj hl avlrnùaàëj as sjknlhahls dëj jknhldtans. [l a sjknjcj`na (qul lstava sur`ndhj da olsoa îpjka) kjdgjroju-sl kjo j lstuhj ha kjopclxa sjknlhahl ndhustrnac, kapntacnsta l urfada qul sl kjdsjcnhava da Lurjpa Jknhldtac l djs Lstahjs \dnhjs (OAVXND[, 1>26), a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac gjn nhldtnkaha kjoj uoa knídkna has sjknlhahls snopcls, karaktlrnzahas karaktlrnzahas pjr kcës, tjtlds, kaàa l kjclta, acùoa a`rnkuctura ruhnoldtar l prjhuàëj hl sufsnstídkna. Kjoj vnojs, hl akjrhj kjo js lvjcuknjdnstas ‛ qul vnvnao da ojhlrdnhahl lurjplna l djrtl-aolrnkada, îpjka lo qul j supjstj trnudgj ha razëj, ha knídkna l ha tlkdjcj`na karrlàva a djàëj hl prj`rlssj kjo uo gjrtl jtnonsoj dj guturj ‛, lssas sjknlhahls, kjoj j ndhï`lda aolrnkadj, j agrnkadj, j asnátnkj l j ncbîu hj Uakïkj, lrao kcassnkahjs kjoj buoadjs lstradbjs (js –jutrjs‟) aj qul lra gaoncnar a lcls, kjoj sl lstnvlsslo lstaknjdahjs dj passahj ha lspîknl, pratnkadhj rntuans hl ndnknaàëj, akrlhntadhj lo lspïrntjs qul adnoavao as jrlstas l lxpcnkadhj j sur`noldtj hj sjc l ha cua pjr ontjs. [l lssas sjknlhahls lstavao flo hnstadtls hl jdhl js adtrjpû-

cj`js ojravao, kjoj lcls as kjdblknao: Kjoj ndgjroaàüls sjfrl lssls –jutrjs‟ lrao ahqunrnhas: L, tacvlz j oans nopjrtadtl, hl qul tnpj lrao lssas ndgjroaàüls: Js lvjcuknjdnstas, sacvj acùoas lxklàüls, lrao adtrjpûcj`js hl àfndltl, ju slma, lcls dëj vnsntavao as sjknlhahls qul lstuhavao9 kavao lo udnvlrsnhahls udnvlrsnhahls,, lskrntûrnjs l fnfcnjtlkas, aoparadhj-sl aoparadhj-sl lo cnvrjs hl vnamadtls ju lo qulstnjdárnjs prlldkbnhjs pjr lurjplus qul vnvnao ju tndbao vnvnhj prûxnojs a lssas sjknlhahls. Lra assno qul tlknao suas nhlnas l tljrnas sjfrl js jutrjs. Vlcatjs hl vnamadtls l qulstnjdárnjs prlldkbnhjs pjr tlrklnrjs pjhlo jglrlklr prjhutnvjs pjdtjs hl partnha para kjolàar a kjdblklr j –jutrj‟. Oas slrá qul sëj suknldtls para uo saflr qul acolma acac ùoa knldtnknhahl: [lrá qul lssls hjkuoldtjs jglrlklo hahjs qul pjhlo slr tjoahjs kjoj oatlrnans hl kjoprjvaàëj hl tljrnas: As

;5

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

plrsplktnvas qul loadao has pá`ndas hlssls tlxtjs gjrao îns å rla rla-cnhahl has sjknlhahls qul supjstaoldtl hlskrlvnao: Ountjs hjs qul prlldkbnao js qulstnjdárnjs lrao oncntarls, gudknjdárnjs hj `jvlrdj l a`ldtls hj kjoîrknj, plssjas qul lstavao dj acîo-oar prljkupaprljkupahas kjo a hlglsa hj tlrrntûrnj ju kjo nopjstjs l cukrjs, l dëj kjo a glntura hl uoa hlskrnàëj quacnkaha hl uo rntuac ju hl uoa krldàa9 lcls dëj bavnao snhj trlndahjs para plsqunsar sjknlhahls. L a cïdùa: [lrá qul lcls rlacoldtl tndbao aprldhnhj a cïdùa datnva, nhldtnkadnhldtnkadhj hnacltjs l kjdsnhlradhj js varnahjs sn`dnkahjs l sldtnhjs qul as pacavras pjhlrnao tlr para slus gacadtls: L andha, kjo qulo tlrnao ldtrahj lo kjdtatj: Kjo bjolds ju oucblrls: Quans bjolds l quans oucblrls: Kjo quans pjsnàüls sjknans: Ujhlojs aroar, pjrtadtj, qul as ndgjroaàüls rlklfnhas plcjs lvjcuknjdnstas lrao fastadtl ldvnlsahas. Ountas ndtlrolhnaàüls, qul actlravao sn`dnkatnvaoldtl js hahjs rlkjcbnhjs, sl kjcjkavao ldtrl js prnolnrjs adtrjpûcj`js l as sjknlhahls dëj jknhldtans. A vjz qul loadava hjs rlcatjs l qulstnjdárnjs dëj lra prjprnaoldtl a has plssjas hlssas sjknlhahls l, sno, hl lurjplus, vna hl rl`ra acblnjs ajs tloas l ås prljkupaàüls ha adtrjpjcj`na. Lo suoa, a hnstædkna ldtrl js adtrjpûcj`js l as plssjas as quans lstuhavao, olsoj kjo js rlcatjs l qulstnjdárnjs, andha lra noldsa. Lssas plssjas kjdtnduavao sldhj lstradbas a lcls. Dëj î lxa`lrj su`lrnr qul as ndtlrprltaàüls ltdjkídtrnkas hjs lvjlvjcuknjdnstas, qul kjcjkavao as hnglrldtls sjknlhahls l kucturas kjoj

Gncol

lstá`njs ndglrnjrls hj hlsldvjcvnoldtj ha prûprna ojhlrdnhahl lurjplna, gjrao prjhutjs hlssa hnstædkna. Apartahjs pjr oncbarls l oncbarls hl quncøoltrjs, tldhj kjoj oatlrnac hl plsqunsa rlcatjs l qulstnjdárnjs aoahjrls l, andha, loflfnhjs da atojsglra hl krldàa da razëj l da tlkdjcj`na kjoj fýssjca para j guturj ha buoadnhahl, js lvjcuknjdnstas tjoarao as sjknlhahls dëj jknhldtans vlrsüls snopcls l arkankas hlcls olsojs. Uara sanr hj parahnòa lvjcuknjdnsta, a adtrjpjcj`na prlknsju sl aprjxnoar has sjknlhahls qul lstuhava. Ldtrl as ýctnoas hîkahas hj sîkucj RNR l as prnolnras hj RR, acùds plsqunsahjrls gjrao atî lcas l kjdvnvlrao kjo as plssjas, aprldhldhj suas cïdùas, kjdvlrsadhj kjo lcas l gazldhj as atnvnhahls prlsldtls dlssas sjknlhahls. Lcls sl aprjxnoarao hlssas sjknlhahls, lskutarao oans, l olcbjr, suas vjzls l hlsldvjcvlrao jfslrvaàüls prûprnas l oans hnrltas. Assno, kju

Dj col J gafucjsj hlstndj hl Aoîcnl Ujucand, Ujucand, a mjvlo àràjdltl Aoîcnl hlskjfrl qul î mustaoldtl dj kunhahj kjo j jutrj qul lca ldkjdtra j aojr l a acl`rna plca vnha. Wacl assnstnr aj col para plrklflr kjoj a aflrtura sldsïvlc l lojknjdac dëj î uoa qulstëj hl actruïsoj ju guà ha prûprna vnha, oas, sno, uo kaondbj para j ldkjdtrj kjdsn`j olsoj.

Hnrlàëj= Mlad-Unlrrl Mludlt. Gradàa, 6551.

Kjoj prjhuznr kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj:

;1

kcarj para lcls qul js –jutrjs‟ dëj lrao lstá`njs ha lvjcuàëj ha ojhlrdnhahl l qul, pjrtadtj, dëj lrao ndglrnjrls, oas, sno, hnglrldtls. Js adtrjpûcj`js krïtnkjs hj lvjcuknjdnsoj, sjfrl js quans lstuharlojs a slùnr, hlrao uoa hnka vacnjsa para vjkí qul pldsa l sl ndtlrlssa plcjs lstradbjs qul kruzao slu kaondbj plcas ruas ha knhahl. [l j jfmltnvj î saflr oans sjfrl a vnha hlssas plssjas, pldsar sjfrl lcas î uo fjo kjolàj. Ldtrltadtj, j kjdblknoldtj sû vnrá sl vjkí gacar kjo lcas. Oans andha, sl vjkí ldtrar dj kjtnhnadj hlcas l akjopadbá-cas lo suas atnvnhahls. Aj a`nr assno, î quasl klrta sua plrklpàëj hl qul lssas plssjas sëj rlacoldtl flo hnglrldtls hl vjkí. Xjhavna, plrklfldhj a vnha hlssas plssjas plcjs krntîrnjs hlcas olsoas, lssas hnglrldàas garëj sldtnhj. Adac, para kjdblklr j jutrj, î prlknsj lskulskutar sua vjz. A qulstëj î sl dûs lstaojs prlparahjs l trlndahjs para lgltnvaoldtl lskutar a vjz hj jutrj.

6.6 Wïhlj

Gradz Fjas= a kuctura kjoj uo udnvlrsj Gradz Fjas (1286) î uo hjs blrûns ha adtrjpjcj`na sjknac. KaKa rndbjsaoldtl kbaoahj plcjs slus acudjs hl Uapa Fjas, hl gatj, lcl î uo hjs rlspjdsávlns plca gjroaàëj hl uoa adtrjpjcj`na kjdtrárna ås prlonssas hj lvjcuknjdnsoj ‛ gjroaàëj lssa qul sl hlu lo trís sldtnhjs. J prnolnrj, plca gjroa kjo qul glz suas plsqunsas9 j slùdhj, pjr olnj hl tlxtjs, nhlnas l kjdklntjs qul hlrrufarao as kjdklpàüls lvjcuknjdnstas, uoa vlz qul as krntnkavao l jglrlknao actlrdatnvas9 l j tlrklnrj, lo sua atuaàëj prjssnjdac, hadhj aucas, jràdnzadhj lxpjlxpj-

snàüls ousljcû`nkas l prlparadhj uoa djva `lraàëj hl adtrjpûcj`js, qul plsqunsarao sjf sua jrnldtaàëj. Dasknhj da Urýssna (bjml Acloadba), Fjas hlgldhlu slu hjutjrahj lo gïsnka da \dnvlrsnhahl hl Inlc (djrtl ha Acloadba), lo 1221, kjo uoa tlsl sjfrl a afsjràëj ha cuz plca áùa. Kjdtuhj, daqulca îpjka, a slparaàëj ldtrl knídknas daturans l sjknans dëj lra tëj gjrtl kjoj î bjml. Lcl sl ndtlrlssava fastadtl pjr `lj`raa l psnkjgïsnka, uo raoj ha knídkna qul lstuhava as rlcaàüls ldtrl sldsaàüls gïsnkas l plrklpàüls psnkjcû`nkas. Lo 1226, ojradhj lo Flrcno, ndnknju slus lstuhjs lo adtrjpjcj`na gïsnka l, slo plrsplktnvas ndtlrlssadtls hl trafacbj, jràdnzju uoa lxplhnàëj `lj`ráka-adtrjpjcû`nka å Ncba hl Fad, dj djrtl hj Kadahá, kjo j jfmltnvj hl lstuhar js lsqunoûs (bjml kbaoahjs hl ndunt ). ). Gndadknahj pjr uo mjrdac flrcndldsl, qul àradtnu js rlkursjs para ;6

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

lxplhnàëj olhnadtl j rlklfnoldtj hl tlxtjs rlcatadhj a lxplrnídkna, partnu para uoa vna`lo lo mudbj hl 122;, akjopadbahj udnkaoldtl pjr uo loprlàhj ha gaoïcna ([XJKIND@ MV., 6558). Js hjns karao pjr uo adj da ncba, dëj sû vnvldhj kjo, oas sjfrltuhj vnvldhj kjoj lsqunoûs ‛ uoa lxplrnídkna qul klrtaoldtl gjn gudhaoldtac para as krïtnkas qul Fjas cadàarna oans tarhl kjdtra j lvjcuknjdnsoj. Ujhlojs kjoparar, pjr lxlopcj, a nhlna lvjcuknjdnsta hl qul as sjknlhahls dëj jknhldtans lrao snopcls l lstavao lo lstá`njs ndglrnjrls ha lvjcuàëj sjknac buoada kjo a slùndtl jfslrvaàëj hl Fjas, hl hlzlofrj hl 122;, lo slu hnárnj hl vna`lo= Grlquldtloldtl ol plrùdtj qul vadta`lds djssa –fja sjknlhahl‟ pjssun sjfrl aqulca hjs –slcva`lds‟ l hlskufrj, quadtj oans vlmj hl slus kjstuols, qul dëj tlojs j hnrlntj hl jcbá-Nas hl knoa para fanxj. Jdhl, lo djssj pjvj, pjhlrsl-na ldkjdtrar bjspntacnhahl tëj vlrhahlnra quadtj aqun: Y..._ Dûs, –plssjas actaoldtl lhukahas‟, sjojs ountj pnjrls, rlcatnvaoldtl gacadhj Y...._. Krlnj qul, sl lsta vna`lo tlo para ono uoa nduídkna vacnjsa, lca rlsnhl dj gjrtaclknoldtj hj pjdtj hl vnsta ha rlcatnvnhahl hl tjha gjroaàëj, l qul a oachahl, flo kjoj j vacjr hl uoa plssja, rlsnhl da gjroaàëj hj kjraàëj, qul lu ldkjdtrj, ju dëj, tadtj aqun quadtj ldtrl dûs. (FJA[ apuh  KA[XVJ, KA[XVJ, 655)

A rlcatnvnhahl hl tjha gjroaàëj. Lssa passa`lo î uoa lspîknl hl rlsuoj hj qul Fjas jglrlklu å adtrjpjcj`na sjknac= dëj lxnstl uoa, oas, sno, várnas, ndýolras, oýctnpcas kucturas, as quans, ahloans, dëj sëj olcbjrls ju pnjrls sl kjopararojs uoas ås jutras9 sëj apldas hnglrldtls. Wjctarlojs a lssas nhlnas cj`j ahnadtl.

Fjas ldtëj vjcta å Acloadba l, ndsatnsglntj kjo js trafacbjs qul kjdslùna, lo 1227, hlknhl on`rar para js Lstahjs \dnhjs. Hlpjns hl hnglrldtls jkupaàüls l acùoas lxplhnàüls para jutras rl`nüls ha Aoîrnka, tjrda-sl prjglssjr hl adtrjpjcj`na da prlstn`njsa \dnvlrsn\dnvlrsnhahl hl Kjcuofna, lo Djva ^jri, lo 12>7, kar`j qul jkupju atî sl apjsldtar, lo 1>;7, aj kjopcltar 02 adjs. Î nopjrtadtl grnsar qul, dj ojoldtj hl sua apjsldtahjrna, fja partl ha adtrjpjcj`na sjknac oudhnac, sl dëj tjha lca, lra fjasnada. Gjn assno, kjoj prjglssjr l plsqunsahjr, qul rlvjcuknjdju a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac, cadàadhj as fasls hj qul pjhlojs hldjondar kucturacnsoj ju rlcatnvnsoj l gjroadhj a `lraàëj slùndtl hl plsqunsahjrls.

Kjoj prjhuznr kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj:

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[lus acudjs, aj sl lspacbarlo pjr jutras udnvlrsnhahls hjs Lstahjs \dnhjs, kjdsjcnharao a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac dj quahrj hl hnsknpcndas akahíonkas hj païs. Atî olsoj uo frasnclnrj, ountj nopjrtadtl para a ndtlrprltaàëj kucturac hj djssj païs, gjn acudj hl Fjas. Xrata-sl hj plrdaofukadj @ncflrtj Grlyrl, qul lstuhju kjo Fjas dj ndïknj ha hîhîkaha hl 1>65 l î autjr hl kcássnkjs hj pldsaoldtj sjknac frasnclnrj, kjoj Kasa-@radhl l [ldzaca. Gnùra 1 Gradz Fjas

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Aplsar hl dëj tlr lskrntj dldbuo cnvrj, Fjas pufcnkju kldtldas hl artn`js sjfrl hnvlrsjs tloas ha adtrjpjcj`na sjknac, kjoj cïdùas ndhï`ldas, rntuans, oáskaras, artl prnontnva, ontjs l rlcn`nëj, hldtrl jutrjs.

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Aparldtloldtl avlssj å gjroucaàëj hl pjstucahjs, dëj lsfjàju uoa hldnàëj kcara l hnrlta hl kuctura qul tltldba kahj da oloûrna ha hnsknpcnda. [uas nhlnas, pjpj snàüls tlûrnkas l oltjhjcû`nkas lstëj lspacbahas pjr sua vasta jfra, assno kjoj slu clàhj, qul sl kjdsjcnhju prndknpacoldtl prndknpacoldtl pjr olnj hjs slus acudjs, js quans sloprl zlrao qulstëj hl sacnldsacnldtar kjoj slus trafacbjs lrao nduldknahjs plcj olstrl.

Lo acùoas hl suas aucas, Fjas ldkldava js rntuans has trnfjs qul bavna lstuhahj. Da noa`lo, j prjglssjr ncustra uoa has ltapas hj Baoats„a , nopjrtadtl rntuac hl trnfjs qul bafntao j jlstl kadahldsl.

Uara aprlsldtar a nopjrtædkna rlvjcuknjdárna hl Fjas para a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac, vaojs rlkjrtar, hl tjha sua prjhuàëj, trís prlonssas lpnstlojcû`nkas, nstj î, gjroas hl ldtldhlr a lcafjraàëj hl kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj. Lo jutras pacavras, vaojs tldtar rlspjdhlr, hl akjrhj kjo Fjas, j qul î prlknsj tlr lo oldtl para kjdblklr j jutrj pjr olnj ha adtrjpjcj`na sjknac.

Urnolnra, j jutrj sû pjhl slr adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl kjdblknhj lo slu prûprnj bafntat . Uara Fjas, dldbuo rlcatj hl vnamadtl ju qulsqulstnjdárnj apcnkahj pjr tlrklnrjs pjhlrna sufstntunr a plsqunsa hl kaopj glnta plcj prûprnj adtrjpûcj`j, qul lra trlndahj para nssj l vnsntava j `rupj a slr plsqunsahj lxkcusnvaoldtl kjo lssl o, l dëj kjo jfmljfmltnvjs oncntarls, kjolrknans ju rlcn`njsjs. Assno, a jfslrvaàëj hnrlta `lra uoa aprjxnoaàëj ndtlclktuac, má qul as ndtlrolhnaàüls ldtrl j plsqunsahjr l j `rupj hnondulo, pjns kjdvnvldhj kjo js ndtl`radtls hj `rupj, j plsqunsahjr, aj oldjs pjr uo plrïjhj hl tlopj, vnvl kjoj lcls, gazldhj j qul gazlo, kjoldhj j qul kjolo, ojradhj das olsoas bafntaàüls lo qul ojrao l assno pjr hnadtl. ;8

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

hnAj kjdvnvlr kjo trnfjs datnvas ha Aoîrnka pjr várnjs adjs, lo hnvlrsas jkasnüls aj cjd`j hl sua karrlnra, Fjas plrklflu a vacnhahl hj trafacbj hl kaopj lo suas prûprnas lxplrnídknas l sldsnfncnzju slus acudjs a gazlrlo j olsoj. Wacl djtar qul, para lcl, bavna uoa razëj pjcïtnka para j trafacbj hl kaopj hjs adtrjpûcj`js. Uara j olstrl, as trnfjs datnvas ha Aoîrnka lstavao sldhj frutacoldtl tradsgjroahas l/ju hnznoahas plcj avadàj ha ojhlrdnhahl para hldtrj hl suas tlrras l trnfjs. Lcas lstavao prlstls a hlsaparlklr l lra prlknsj hlgldhí-cas hl acùo ojhj. [l lra pratnkaoldtl nopjssïvlc noplhnr lssl prjklssj, js adtrjpûcj`js pjhlrnao, aj oldjs, kjdtrnfunr rl`nstradhj a rnqulza ha hnvlrsnhahl hlssas kucturas para a buoadnhahl. J trafacbj hl kaopj î j oîtjhj pjr lxklcídkna ha adtrjpjcj`na sjknac atî js hnas hl bjml. Kjoj vlrlojs a slùnr, Oacndjwsin, djsdjs sj prûxnoj autjr, î `lracoldtl rlkjdblknhj kjoj j adtrjpûcj`j qul snstloatnzju lssl oîtjhj. Kjdtuhj, Fjas, flo adtls, má j pratnkava l j ldsndava. A rnqulza hlssl oîtjhj lstá lo jfslrvar as plssjas dëj sû lo slu bafntat  `lj`rákj, `lj`rákj, oas, prndknpacoldtl, lo slus kjtnkjtnhnadjs sjknans. A adtrjpjcj`na ldtldhl qul î aï qul as plssjas a`lo djroacoldtl, ojstradhj kjoj rlacoldtl sëj. Lo suas prûprnas kasas l gazldhj j qul slu `rupj lsplra hlcas, as plssjas tldhlrnao a dëj rlfuskar suas rlspjstas hnadtl hl uo apcnkahjr hl qulstnjdárnj ju a tjoar pjsturas hlgldsnvas ju tïonhas gjra hjs aofnldtls qul cbl sëj gaoncnarls. Oans andha, jfslrvadhj as plssjas lo slus kjtnhnadjs, a vnha hl uoa sjknlhahl aparlkl aj plsqunsahjr kjoj lgltnvaoldtl î= faùdàaha, onsturaha, lo qul as lsglras l prátnkas sjknans qul j ndtlclktj slpara ‛ rlcn`nëj, pjcïtnka, lkjdjona, parldtlskj, artl, lspjrtl, hldtrl várnas jutras ‛ lstëj ndlxtrnkavlcoldtl sjfrlpjstas, uoa nduldknadhj a jutra, uoa sldhj a jutra hlpldhldhj ha jkasnëj. A

Ondnssîrnl

A ondnssîrnl Jcbjs qul kjdhldao kjdta kjdhldao kjdta a bnstûrna rlac hl quatrj ahjclskldtls dl`rjs qul gjrao ndmustaoldtl akusahjs hl lstuprar uoa oucblr dj Kldtrac Uari, lo Djva ^jri, lo 1>2>. A traoa j akjopadba j prjklssj, hlstndj hjs ahjclskldtls dj snstloa karklrárnj l j kjdtlxtj sjknac hj kasj.

Hnrlàëj= Ava HuWlrday. Lstahjs

pjstura ha adtrjpjcj`na î, ldtëj, sl plrùdtar= pjr qul dëj prjkurar hlskrlvlr l adacnsar a vnha kucturac lo sua tjtacnhahl, aj ndvîs hl slpaslparar j qul dëj î slparahj:

\dnhjs= Dltﬆnx, 651>.

J qul djs clva å slùdha l oans nopjrtadtl prlonssa hl Fjas= a kuctura î uo udnvlrsj lo sn. \o rntuac, uoa nhlna, uo kjstuol, uoa prátnka l atî olsoj uo jfmltj dëj pjhlo slr ldtldhnhjs slparahjs hl slus kjdtlxtjs kucturans. A partl sû gaz sldtnhj hldtrj hj tjhj. \o lxlopcj has prûprnas plsqunsas hl Fjas amuha a ncustrar lssa prlonssa. Ldtrl js iwainutc, ltdna ndhï`lda qul bafntava a kjsta susu hjlstl hj Kadahá, da rl`nëj ha Kjcuofna Frntædnka, Fjas jfslrvju uo Kjoj prjhuznr kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj:

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rntuac fastadtl sn`dnkatnvj para js datnvjs kbaoahj pjtcatkb. Vlacnzahj lo jkasnüls lsplknans, kjoj kasaoldtjs, dasknoldtjs, gaclknoldtjs l ndnknaàëj da vnha ahucta, j pjtcatkb sû lra grlquldtahj plcas gaoïcnas oans nopjrtadtls ha ltdna, `lracoldtl cïhlrls hl kcës. J qul ndtrnàva Fjas dlssl rntuac lra sua hndæonka= lo uo hahj ojoldtj ha klrnoø klrnoø-dna, j adtrnëj hlsaava uo kjdvnhahj a olhnr pjhlr l prlstï`nj kjo lcl. Aklntar j hlsaj lra uoa qulstëj hl bjdra. Oas, adac, kjoj lssls cïhlrls olhnao slus rlsplktnvjs pjhlrls l prlstï`njs: Hadhj l qulnoadhj slus prûprnjs plrtldkls oatlrnans. Qulo hava ju qulnoava oans pjssls oatlrnans lra j vldklhjr. A prûprna pacavra pjtcatkb pjhl slr trahuznha kjoj har. Gazldhj uoa adacj`na kjo a djssa prûprna sjknlhahl, j pjtcatkb sn`dnkava para js iwainutc ac`j parlknhj kjo uoa lclnàëj. J cïhlr oans rlsplntahj l pjpj hlrjsj, j –lclntj‟, lra j qul hava oans l, assno, plroadlkna atî a prûprûxnoa klrnoødna, quadhj js –kadhnhatjs‟ olhnrnao gjràas djvaoldtl. Hj pjdtj hl vnsta ha sjknlhahl kapntacnsta, trata-sl rlacoldtl hl uo rntuac lstradbj, pjns akuoucar pjssls î sndac hl prlstï`nj sjknac l Gnùra 6 pjhlr pjcïtnkj. Qulnoar plrtldkls lstnoahjs, l stnoahjs, dlssl snsLdkldaàëj pjtcatkb, kjo as oáskaras l tjtlds tloa, slrna avacnahj kjoj uoa aàëj afsurha. Har jfmloarkadtls ha kuctura iwainutc tjs plssjans l nopjrtadtls, pjr sua vlz, sû gaz sldtnhj pjr ojtnvjs lojknjdans l gaoncnarls. Lo kasjs hl hjaàüls cadtrûpnkas, kjdglrl-sl klrta suplrnjrnhahl buoada aj hjahjr, `lstj vnstj kjoj actruïsta. Hl tjhj ojhj, a rl`ra kapntacnsta î tlr, akuoucar, cukrar l, ountas vlzls, jstldtar. [l ndtlrprltarojs j pjtcat-

kb plcj pjdtj hl vnsta kapnta-

cnsta, prjvavlcoldtl slrlojs clvahjs a ldtldhlr j rntuac kjoj uoa jkasnëj hlskjdlxa    d   j    o l slo sldtnhj, uoa ndvldàëj hl    o    n   h oldtls hlsprjvnhas hl suas gakuco /  P /   n n   t t K u r hahls raknjdans. Js iwainutc, jfslrvajfslrva[. K h  [ h L h hjs pjr lssa plrsplktnva, parlklrnao slrls slcva`lds, prnontnvjs l ndglrnjrls, qul akrlhntao lo uoa ncusëj hnstadtl ha vlrhahl hjs gatjs.     s

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Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

L sl tldtarojs ldtldhlr j pjtcatkb plcj pjdtj hl vnsta hjs iwaiwa inutc, hl akjrhj kjo slus vacjrls l suas rl`ras: Gjn lssa a su`lstëj hl Fjas. Uara j adtrjpûcj`j, j rntuac kjopudba a kuctura iwainutc hl tac ojhj qul dëj lra pjssïvlc ldtldhlr uo slo a jutra l vnkl-vlrsa. Lcl aroa qul j pjtcatkb î uo snstloa hl krîhntj para js ndhï`ldas. A hlrrjta lo uoa klrnoødna gazna kjo qul j plrhlhjr kjdtraïssl uoa hïvnha kjo j àdbahjr l qul lssa pjhlrna slr paà hl hnvlrsas gjroas= sufonssëj sufonssëj pjcïtnka, lspjsas para js cbjs, kjcblntas, plskas l atî olsoj sakrngïknjs adnoans ajs lspïrntjs, kcaoadhj plca saýhl hj àdbahjr. @adbar uo pjtcatkb `lrava uo atnvj dëj sû para sn olsoj, oas para j kcë. Aj lxpcnkar qul as hïvnhas kjdtraïhas lo uo rntuac pjhnao slr paàs ajs cbjs hj àdbahjr, Fjas lxpül qul –assno, j pjtcatkb passa a slr kjdsnhlrahj plcjs ïdhnjs kjoj uo olnj hl asslùrar j flo-lstar hl slus cbjs, sl pjr akasj karlo ûrgëjs andha mjmjvlds. Î, pjhlrïaojs hnzlr, uo slùrj hl vnha‟ (FJA[ apuh  [XJKIND@ [XJKIND@ MV., 6558, 655 8, p. 1;0). 1;0 ). Ujr olnj hl suas adácnsls hj pjtcatkb, pjhlojs plrklflr j qul Fjas ldtldhl pjr kuctura= uo tjhj ndtl`rahj qul gaz sldtnhj para as plssjas qul gazlo partl hlca. Oans hj qul aroar qul as sjknlhahls sëj snstloas ountj flo jràdnzahjs l raknjdans, Fjas pjstuca qul j qul kjdglrl sldtnhj å vnha sjknac î j ojhj kjoj as plssjas hlssas sjknlhahls as ldtldhlo. [ëj as plrklpàüls has plssjas ‛ a uo sû tlopj, kj`dntnvas, lojknjdans l prátnkas ‛ qul hëj sn`dnkahj ajs kjskjstuols, ås nhlnas, ajs kjtnhnadjs l ajs jfmltjs. Lssas plrklpàüls sëj j qul pjhlojs hldjondar hl kuctura para Fjas. Hlshl krnadàas, as plssjas vëj aprldhldhj kjoj sl vnvl lo suas rlsplktnvas sjknlhahls. Aprldhlo dëj sû vacjrls, vlrhahls l prndkïpnjs pjr olnj hl ldsndaoldtjs gjroans hl ahuctjs, oas taofîo prapra tnkao lssa vnha, akjopadbadhj js oans vlcbjs lo hnvlrsas jkasnüls, jfslrvadhj j qul akjdtlkl, kjpnadhj kjopjrtaoldtjs, k jopjrtaoldtjs, kjdvlrsadhj,

lskutadhj l sl rlcaknjdadhj kjo plssjas ha olsoa nhahl. Uara Fjas, aj cjd`j hlssl prjklssj hl sjknacnzaàëj, as plssjas sëj lgltnvaoldtl krnahas kjoj sumlntjs hl uoa sjknlhahl lsplkïka, kjoj iwainutc, lslsqunoûs, kapntacnstas l assno pjr hnadtl. Lssa krnaàëj î uoa ojcha`lo ha plrklpàëj ju, lo jutras pacavras, hl gjroaàëj ha kuctura hldtrj hl kaha plssja. Uara usar uoa oltágjra lstnoaha pjr Fjas, as kucturas sëj cldtls plcas quans vlojs j oudhj.

Kjoj prjhuznr kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj:

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Uara lcl, pjrtadtj, j oudhj dëj î plrklfnhj hl oadlnra kjopclkjopcl taoldtl jfmltnva. Dëj lxnstl j oudhj –tac kjoj lcl î‟ para j autjr. J oudhj î j qul kaha kuctura gaz hlcl. [l lxnstlo kucturas, ldtëj lxnslxns tlo oudhjs. Haï a nhlna cadàaha adtlrnjroldtl= para Fjas, kaha kuctura î uo udnvlrsj lo sn. Kafl aj adtrjpûcj`j ldtrar dlssl oudhj l ndtlrprltar slus sn`dnkahjs hl akjrhj kjo js slus bafntadtls. Da bnstûrna ha adtrjpjcj`na sjknac, a kjdklpàëj hl Fjas kju kjkj dblknha kjoj kucturacnsoj fjasnadj, uoa ltnqulta qul sl lxpcnka plca jpjsnàëj has nhlnas hj autjr lo rlcaàëj ås hj lvjcuknjdnsoj. Aj prj pjr qul as kucturas slmao adacnsahas kjoj udnvlrsjs lo sn, hl akjrhj kjo slus prûprnjs sn`dnkahjs, lcl rjopl kjo j oîtjhj lvjcuknjdnsta, qul cjkacnzava as sjknlhahls lo uoa cndba ýdnka hl prj`rlssj, facnzaha plcjs krntîrnjs jknhldtans. Kjo Fjas, a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac hlnxa hl kjdklflr as hnglrldàas kucturans kjoj ndglrnjrls ju suplrnjrls, tac kjoj j lvjcuknjdnsoj prlssupudba, l passa a rlkjdblklr as rnqulzas sndùcarls hl kaha uoa. Lssa î a tlrklnra prlonssa hl Fjas, a oans pjcïtnka hlcas. Î prlknprlknsj rlkjdblklr qul a kjdklpàëj lvjcuknjdnsta has hnglrldàas kucturans jglrlkna uo pjhlrjsj arùoldtj para as nhljcj`nas qul hlgldhnao a lskravnhëj, j kjcjdnacnsoj l as pjcïtnkas sl`rlàknjdnstas, kjoj as qul vn`jravao lo acùds lstahjs hjs Lstahjs \dnhjs l da Ágrnka hj [uc. Dj ndïknj hj sîkucj RR, lra ountj kjouo a nhlna hl qul as plsplssjas lrao daturac ju kucturacoldtl hnglrldtls l taofîo hlsnùans, suplrnjrls ju ndglrnjrls. As nhlnas hl Fjas atakavao hnrltaoldtl lssas nhljcj`nas l lcl sustldtju qul, para kjdklflr as kucturas kjoj ndglrnjrls ju suplrnjrls, lra prlknsj ahjtar krntîrnjs ýdnkjs a tjhas lcas. Uara j autjr, tac ahjàëj lra tadtj uo lrrj oltjhjcû`nkj quadtj uoa lxprlssëj hj prlkjdklntj. Lra prlknsj nhldtnkar js krntîrnjs plcjs quans kaha kuctura ldtldhl a sn olsoa. Ulrklfldhj as kucturas hl hldtrj hlcas, j jfslrvahjr rlrl -

kjdblklrna qul dëj bá kjoj bnlrarqunzar as hnglrldàas. Nssj sn`dnka aroar, hl jutrj ojhj, qul a nùachahl sl ldkjdtra mustaoldtl da hnglrldàa9 kaha kuctura, aj slu ojhj, lxprlssa uoa gjroa hl buoadnhahl, lsplknac lo sua snd`lclza. Fjas î j prndknpac rlspjdsávlc pjr tradsgjroar a adtrjpjcj`na sjsj knac lo uo saflr krïtnkj, cnvrl hl prlkjdklntjs l raknsojs hl hnvlrsjs tnpjs. Kjo lcl, aprldhlojs qul a hnvlrsnhahl î a oanjr rnqulza ha buoadnhahl l karrlàojs lssa trahnàëj kjo ountj jrùcbj atî bjml. ;2

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

6.; Wïhlj

Frjdnscaw Oacndjwsin l a oa`na hj ltdû`ragj Dj padtlëj hjs gudhahjrls ha adtrjpjcj`na sjknac, aj cahj hl Fjas, ldkjdtra-sl Frjdnscaw Oacndjwsin (1228-1>86). [l j prndknpac clàhj hj prnolnrj adtrjpûcj`j, kjoj vnojs, rlsnhl lo uoa kjdklpàëj hl kuctura kjoj plrklpàëj hl oudhj, kjo j slùdhj a hnsknpcnda hlsldvjcvl tîkdnkas para kaptar j –pjdtj hl vnsta hj datnvj‟. A blradàa hl Oacndjwsin para a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac î gudhaoldtacoldtl oltjhjcû`nka. A ltdj`raa, nstj î, j prndknpac oîtjhj hl plsqunsa ha adtrjpjcj`na sjknac, dëj gjn krnaha pjr lcl, oas klrtaoldtl tlvl lo sua jfra j prnolnrj l oans rldahj lxlopcj hl kjoj pjhlrna slr pratnkaha. Dasknhj da Krakûvna, knhahl pjcjdlsa qul, lo 1228, gazna partl hj Nopîrnj Austrj-Býdàrj, j mjvlo Oacndjwsin, hlpjns hl tlrondar j hjutjrahj lo gïsnka l oatloátnka, ajs 68 adjs hl nhahl, nopjssnfncntahj hl trafacbar pjr razüls hl saýhl, olrùcbju lo hnvlrsas clnturas para jkupar j tlopj. \o cnvrj hl adtrjpjcj`na ‛ J Vaoj hl Jurj, hj lvjcuknjdnsta nd`cís Maols Grazlr ‛ prldhlu tadtj sua atldàëj qul, sjoadhj nssj å gacta hl plrsplktnvas hl trafacbj lo sua árla da Ujcødna, hlknhnu aprjgudhar slus lstuhjs da hnsknpcnda. Lo 1>15, má lstava da Nd`catlrra, oatrnkucahj da pûs-`rahuaàëj lo adtrjpjcj`na ha prlstn`njsa Lskjca hl Lkjdjona hl Cjdhrls. Lstuhadtl hnsknpcndahj, lsgjràahj l frncbadtl, j gradzndj l kjdstadtloldtl hlfncntahj Oacndjwsin cj`j sl tjrdju uoa has prndknpans prjolssas ha adtrjpjcj`na nd`clsa. Hlpjns hl pufcnkar acùds artn`js ountj flo rlklfnhjs plca kjoudnhahl hl adtrjpûcj`js, kjdslùnu adàrnar rlkursjs para uoa jusaha plsqunsa hl kaopj da Jkladna, oans lsplknkaoldtl lo Uapua-Djva @undî, uo plquldj païs aj djrhlstl ha Austrácna, kjo uo tlrrntûrnj kjdstntuïhj pjr kldtldas hl ncbas. [lu jfmltnvj lra ldtrar lo kjdtatj hnrltj kjo pjpucaàüls dëj jknhldtans, uoa lxplrnídkna qul, da sua îpjka, dëj lra kjouo lo adtrjpjcj`na.

A oanjrna hjs slus kjclàs andha gazna adtrjpjcj`na hl àfndltl, adacnsadhj prátnkas l kjstuols sjknans dëj jknhldtans slo tlr tnhj vnvídknas plssjans kjo js `rupjs qul lstuhavao. Ndnknacoldtl, Oacndjwsin dëj pcadlmava gazlr sua plsqunsa hl kaopj pjr ountj tlopj. Kjdtuhj, lo 1>18, adj hl sua kblàha ås ncbas hl Uapua-Djva @undî, lxpcjhnu a Urnolnra @ulrra Oudhnac da Lurjpa, uo Kjoj prjhuznr kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj:

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kjdntj qul jpøs j Nopîrnj Austrj-Býdàrj, hj quac Oacndjwsin lra knhahëj, l a Nd`catlrra, jdhl lcl lstuhava l Gnùra ; ojrava. Dlssl kjdtlxtj, kjoj dëj lra pruhldtl Oacndjwsin ldtrl js datnvjs has ncbas Xrjfrnadh, lo 1>12 vjctar å Nd`catlrra kjo uoa knhahadna austrjbýdàra, Oacndjwsin lstldhlu sua plsqunsa hl

V  a   k  k

j  d

n  s  b   /  P

n  i n   no

K j jo ojds

l h n n a a

kaopj atî 1>12, quadhj a ùlrra tlrondju. Gjrao pratnkaoldtl kndkj adjs kjdvnvldhj kjo js datnvjs hl Uapua-Djva @undî, prndknpacoldtl kjo js bafntadtls has Ncbas Xrjfrnadh, uoa lxplrnídkna qul atî aqulcl ojoldtj dldbuo jutrj plsqunsahjr bavna tnhj lo adtrjpjcj`na sjknac. Oans hj qul jfslrvar, Oacndjwsin partnknpju ha vnha datnva, ojradhj kjo lcls, aprldhldhj sua cïdùa, ahlquadhj-sl aj slu kjtnhnadj l, prndknpacoldtl, akjopadbadhj lssls datnvjs lo suas davlààüls. [lrna uo lxa`lrj aroar qul Oacndjwsin sl tjrdju uo trjfrnadhís, oas î pcldaoldtl razjávlc su`lrnr qul lcl vnvlu kjoj uo aj cjd`j hlssls kndkj adjs. Hl vjcta å Nd`catlrra, Oacndjwsin kjolàju a prlparar a jfra lo qul aprlsldtarna a plsqunsa glnta lo Uapua-Djva @undî. J rlsuctahj gjn pufcnkahj lo 1>66 kjo j tïtucj Ar`jdautas hj Uakïgkj Uakïgkj Jknhldtac , uo cnvrj qul ldtra para a bnstûrna ha adtrjpjcj`na sjknac, prndknpacoldtl plcas ndjvaàüls dj ojhj hl gazlr l hl rlcatar j trafacbj hl kaopj, nstj î, da ltdj`raa. Ar`jdauta, pacavra kjo jrn`lo da ontjcj`na `rlà adtnà, sn`dnka

davlàhjrls9 Oacndjwsin usa a lxprlssëj para sl rlglrnr å kldtracnhahl qul as lxplhnàüls oarïtnoas parlknao tlr para lcl da vnha datnva has ncbas Xrjfrnadh. Ulrnjhnkaoldtl, js trjfrnadhlsls prlparavao kadjas, oadtnoldtjs l jfmltjs para a trjka l saïao lo vna`lds para ncbas vnzndbas. Oacndjwsin usa a pacavra datnva iuca para hlsn`dar lssas lxplhnàüls qul lcl olsoj akjopadbju huradtl sua lstaha.

Assno, slu cnvrj hl oans hl 755 pá`ndas, fasnkaoldtl hlskrlvldhj l adacnsadhj j iuca, lssl nopjrtadtl lvldtj datnvj= a kjdstruàëj has kadjas, as klrnoødnas hl cadàaoldtj has lxplhnàüls, lx plhnàüls, js ldkjdtrjs das ncbas lstrad`lnras l atî olsoj a rlklpàëj hjs vnzndbjs da prûprna ncba hl Xrjfrnadh.

85

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

Kjdtuhj, adtls hl sl cadàar dj iuca, Oacndjwsin aprlsldta js oîoîtjhjs qul utncnzju lo sua plsqunsa da ndtrjhuàëj hj cnvrj. Lssl tlxtj, a ndtrjhuàëj hjs Ar`jdautas, î rlglrídkna jfrnàtûrna lo adtrjpjcj`na sjknac, pjns î dlcl qul j autjr lcafjra suas ndjvaàüls oltjhjcû`nkas lo ltdj`raa. Uara tlrojs uoa djàëj ha lskrnta hl Oacndjwsin, vacl a plda tradskrlvlr uo hjs trlkbjs oans nopjrtadtls hl sua ndtrjhuàëj. Noa`ndl-sl j clntjr sjzndbj, rjhlahj apldas hl slu lqunpaoldtj, duoa prana trjpnkac prûxnoa a uoa achlna datnva, vldhj a cadkba ju j farkj qul j trjuxl agastar-sl dj oar atî hlsaparlklr hl vnsta. Xldhj ldkjdtrahj uo cuàr para ojrar dj acjmaoldtj hl acùo bjolo fradkj ‛ dl`jknadtl ju onssnjdárnj ‛, vjkí daha tlo para gazlr a dëj slr ndnknar slu trafacbj ltdj`rákj hl nolhnatj. [upjdbaojs, acîo hnssj, qul vjkí slma apldas uo prndknpnadtl, slo dldbuoa lxplrnídkna, slo rjtlnrj l slo dndùîo qul pjssa auxncná-cj ‛ pjns j bjolo fradkj lstá tlopjratlopjrarnaoldtl ausldtl ju, ldtëj, dëj sl hnspül a plrhlr tlopj kjo vjkí. Xrata-sl ha hlskrnàëj lxata@undî. hl ondba ndnknaàëjflo da plsqunsa hl kaopj, dj cntjrac suc ha Djva Clofrj-ol has cjdcjdàs vnsntas qul z ås achlnas huradtl as prnolnras sloadas, hj sldtnoldtj hl hlslsplrj l hlsacldtj apûs ndýolras tldtatnvas jfstndahas, lofjra ndýtlns, para tldtar lstaflclklr kjdtatj rlac kjo js datnvjs l hlcls kjdslùnr oatlrnac para ondba plsqunsa. (OACNDJP[IN, 6512, p. 70, \o hnárnj dj sldtnhj lstrntj hj tlroj trata-sl hj hnárnj plssjac qul Oacndjwsin oadtlvl huradtl slu trafacbj hl kaopj lo Uapua-Djva @undî. [ua clntura î ndtlrlssadtl para plrklflr qul olsoj j olstrl ha ltdj`raa vnvlu kjdntjs plssjans huradtl sua plsqunsa hl kaopj.

OACNDJP[IN, F. Vnj hl Madlnrj= OACNDJP[IN, Vlkjrh, 1>>0.

Lo sua ndtrjhuàëj, Oacndjwsin kjdta qul, pratnkaoldtl tjhas as djntls adtls hl hjronr, adjtava lo slu kahlrdj hl kaopj suas noprlssüls l as ndgjroaàüls rlkjcbnhas aj cjd`j hj hna. Aj dac hl sua mjrdaha das ncbas ncbas Xrjfrnadh, akuoucju várnjs kahlrdjs rlpcltjs hl djtas qul, má da Nd`catlrra, slrvnrao hl fasl para a lcafjraàëj l cafjraàëj hj cnvrj. A quacnhahl oanjr ha jfslrvaàëj partnknpadtl sl hlvl aj aklssj qul hl vnsta datnv datnvj j. lssa tîkdnka jglrlkl aj qul Oacndjwsin kbaoju hl pjdtj hl Da ndtrjhuàëj, j autjr sl plrùdta= –quac î, ldtëj, a oa`na hj ltdû`ragj, l tdû`ragj, kjo a quac lcl kjdslùl lvjkar j vlrhahlnrj lspïrntj hjs datnvjs, duoa vnsëj autídtnka ha vnha trnfac:‟ (OACNDJP[IN, 6512, p. 75). Dlssa ndhaààëj, usadhj oltagjrnkaoldtl as pacavras hl oa`na l lspïrntj, Oacndjwsin kjcjka lo hlfatl j tnpj hl kjdblknoldtj prjhuznhj plca plsqunsa hl kaopj ltdj`ráka, qul î mustaoldtl nhldtnkar j pjdtj hl vnsta datnvj. Akjopadbadhj js datnvjs lo suas atnvnhahls l prjkuradhj aprlldhlr kjoj ldtldhnao j qul lstavao gazldhj, Oacndjwsin gjn ajs pjukjs kjdstntundhj uoa plrklpàëj aklrka hj qul sl pjhl hlsn`dar kjoj a rlacnhahl trjfrnadhlsa, nstj î, a vnha tac kjoj lca î lo uoa plqulda ncba hj Uakïkj [uc. Lssa vnha klrtaoldtl dëj î a djssa l, aplsar hl tí-ca akjopadbahj pjr acùds adjs, taofîo dëj î a hl Oacndjwsin. Xjhavna, î a vnha haqulcls bjolds l oucblrls trjfrnadhlsls. Dasknhjs l krnahjs da ncba, lcls gjrao gjroahjs kjoj trjfrnadhlsls l, assno, vnvlrao a vnha hlssa gjroa, ldtldhldhj a rlacnhahl hl uoa oadlnra ountj lsplkïka l sndùcar. Uara aprlldhlr lssa oadlnra, Oacndjwsin –ldtrju‟ dlssa vnha atldtj aj qul lra

nopjrtadtl dlca l å gjroa kjoj as plssjas a lxpcnkavao. Hlssl ojhj, pjhl-sl aroar qul dëj î Oacndjwsin qulo lxpcnka a vnha lo Xrjfrnadh, oas, adtls, sëj js prûprnjs trjfrnadhlsls qulo lxpcnkao a sn olsojs pjr olnj hjs rlcatjs l adácnsls hj autjr. Lssa î a oa`na hj 86

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

ltdû`ragj= partnknpar ha vnha hl jutrjs, jfslrvadhj-js para nhldtnkar slus pjdtjs hl vnsta. Kjo Oacndjwsin, a ltdj`raa tjrdju-sl gudhaoldtac para a prátnka ha adtrjpjcj`na sjknac. [lu nopaktj gjn tëj hltlrondadtl da kjdùrakjdùra àëj ha hnsknpcnda qul, hlpjns hlcl, quacqulr lstuhadtl qul hlslmassl sl gjroar lo adtrjpjcj`na sjknac prlknsava rlacnzar uoa ltdj`raa, nstj î, kjdvnvlr pjr uo cjd`j plrïjhj hl tlopj kjo uo `rupj sjknac, parpartnknpadhj hl suas atnvnhahls l adjtadhj suas vnvídknas para, hlpjns, vjctar aj païs l rlhn`nr uo tlxtj aprlsldtadhj slus rlcatjs l adácnsls. Oans andha, Oacndjwsin cntlracoldtl hntju j tjo hj tlxtj adtrjpjadtrjpjcû`nkj. Hlpjns hl Ar`jdautas, j tlxtj lo prnolnra plssja, rlpcltj hl kasjs l bnstûrnas vnvnhjs lo kaopj plcj plsqunsahjr, tradsgjroju-sl lo pahrëj para tlxtjs adtrjpjcû`nkjs. Wnvlr lssas avldturas ldquadtj l dquadtj pratnka a jfslrvaàëj partnknpadtl l hlpjns rlcatar l adacnsar lssas vnvídknas lo uo tlxtj karrlàhj hl autjrna, olnj cntlrárnj, olnj rlacnsta, lo suoa, gazlr uoa ltdj`raa a ca Oacndjwsin, tjrdju-sl uo rntuac hl ndnknaàëj para quacqulr lstuhadtl hl adtrjpjcj`na sjknac.

6.8 Wïhlj

Ltdj`ragna= a prlonssa hj kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj Kjo Fjas l Oacndjwsin, a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac hlcndlna uo jfmltj hl lstuhj, a kuctura kjoj uo kjdmudtj hl plrklpàüls l uoa tîkdnka para lstuhá-cj, a ltdj`raa. Î assno, pjrtadtj, qul js adtrjpûcj`js sjknans prjhuzlo kjdblknoldtj= gazldhj ltdj`raa hjs oans varnahjs pjvjs l hl suas prátnkas, ndhj atî lcls lo slus prûprnjs bafntat  l l aprldhldhj kjo lcls kjoj vnvlo. Ujhlojs kjdkcunr djssa aprlsldtaàëj ha ltdj`raa lcafjradhj hjns arùoldtjs. Urnolnrj, a ltdj`raa gaz a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac slr j oans adtnakahíonkj hjs saflrls akahíonkjs. [l a ltdj`raa fuska nhldtnkar j pjdtj hl vnsta datnvj, as lxpcnkaàüls aklrka ha vnha sjknac sëj hahas plcjs slus pratnkadtls, plcjs prûprnjs datnvjs. [ëj lcls, l dëj js cnvrjs l kjdklntjs akahíonkjs, qul lxpcnkao suas prátnkas l suas nhlnas. Uara a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac, aj oldjs hlpjns hl Fjas

l Oacndjwsin, dëj gaz sldtnhj sl plrùdtar j qul î rlcn`nëj, j qul î pjcïtnka, j qul î lkjdjona, j qul î artl, l assno pjr hnadtl. Xrata-sl, adtls, hl sl plrùdtar j qul î rlcn`nëj para js ndunt, j qul î pjcïtnka

Kjoj prjhuznr kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj:

8;

para js iwainutc l j qul î lkjdjona para js trjfrnadhlsls. Ujrtadtj, kaha ltdj`raa î uoa djva tljrna, uoa vlz qul lcuknha kjoj j pjvj plsqunsahj lxpcnka sua vnha. Kjo nssj, pjhlojs djs plrùdtar= j qul, adac, gaz j adtrjpûcj`j sl lcl dëj lxpcnka a vnha sjknac: Da rlspjsta para lssa plrùdta, rlsnhl j `radhl hnglrldknacha havnha adtrjpjcj`na= a prndknpac bafncnhahl hjdëj adtrjpûcj`j î a hlskrnàëj sjknac datnva. Kjdtuhj, hlskrlvlr î tëj snopcls kjoj pjhl parlklr. Aprlsldtadhj Fjas l Oacndjwsin, bá uoa hlojdstraàëj hl kjoj a ltdj`raa lxn`l qul j plsqunsahjr –ldtrl‟ da vnha has plssjas qul lstuha, akjopadbadhj suas atnvnhahls pjr uo cjd`j plrïjhj hl tlopj l, tëj nopjrtadtl quadtj nssj, lcl hlvl lstar atldtj aj ojhj kjoj lssas plssjas lxpcnkao j qul gazlo l pldsao. A hlskrnàëj ltdj`ráka î j rlcatj hlssa ldtraha lo tjha sua lxtldlxtldsëj, hlshl js slus pjroldjrls, as tîkdnkas hl kjdstruàëj hl kadjas, pjr lxlopcj, atî slus pjdtjs krïtnkjs, kjoj a razëj qul js datnvjs trjfrnadhlsls havao para suas lxplhnàüls oarïtnoas. Quadhj lssa hlskrnàëj î flo glnta, a lxpcnkaàëj má lstá kjdtnha dlca. Ujr nssj, uoa oáxnoa adtrjpjcû`nka î qul –a olcbjr lxpcnkaàëj î uoa fja hlskrnàëj‟. Xlojs aï, dlssa oáxnoa, uoa pjtldtl ncustraàëj ha lpnstlojcj`na ha adtrjpjcj`na sjknac, nstj î, ha oadlnra kjoj lssa hnsknpcnda ldkara j kjdblknoldtj. Kjo Fjas l Oacndjwsin, js adtrjpûcj`js sjknans lstëj kapakntahjs a ldtldhlr qul j ojhj kjoj js jutrjs pjvjs lxpcnkao suas vnhas dëj sëj ndglrnjrls ajs ha sua sjknlhahl, a jknhldtac, supjstaoldtl raknjdac l knldtïka. J qul sn`dnka aroar, lo jutras pacapaca vras, qul, para a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac, as lxpcnkaàüls hjs jutrjs pjvjs para tjhjs js asplktjs ha vnha buoada sëj klrtaoldtl hnglrldtls has qul a knídkna l a razëj jglrlklo, oas qul, pjr jutrj cahj, taofîo sëj vácnhas. Lcas taofîo sëj cl`ïtnoas9 dëj sëj krldàas, dlo hlvadlnjs l, sno, plrsplktnvas hl kjdblknoldtj a rlsplntj ha vnha buoada. Hlskrlvldhj lssas plrsplktnvas, a adtrjpjcj`na kjcjka lo prátnka slu prjmltj hl kjdblknoldtj= rlpjvjar j oudhj kjo suas hnglrldàas, tjhas lcas cl`ïtnoas sl sëj sjknacoldtl pratnkahas. Assno, sjojs clvahjs aj slùdhj arùoldtj. \tncnzaojs aqun a pacavra tîkdnka para djs rlglrnrojs å ltdj`raa para ds oans kjoukjoudnkatnvjs, tldtadhj gakncntar a aprlsldtaàëj hlssl tnpj hl prjhuàëj hl

kjdblknoldtj sjknac para slus djvjs lstuhadtls. Kjdtuhj, a pacavra tîkdnka rloltl a uoa lspîknl hl prjtjkjcj kjo ltapas hl plsqunsa

88

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

ountj flo hldnhas. Lca su`lrl qul a ltdj`raa î uo oîtjhj l, kjoj tjha oltjhjcj`na hl plsqunsa, hlvl slùnr klrtjs passjs para qul js rlsuctahjs hl plsqunsa slmao cl`ntnoaoldtl aklntjs. Xjhavna, î nopjrtadtl rlssactar a hldnàëj ha adtrjpûcjà frasnclnfrasnclnra Oarnza Ulnradj (6518) hl qul a ltdj`raa dëj î uo oîtjhj kjo uo rjtlnrj hl plsqunsa hltlrondahj. [l a ltdj`raa î uoa –ldtraha‟ da vnha hl jutras plssjas para akjopadbá-cas lo slus agazlrls djs slus prûprnjs bafntat , dëj bá kjoj hltlrondar hl adtloëj js passjs lxatjs hlssa gjroa hl sl gazlr plsqunsa. Kaha plsqunsahjr van ldkjdtrar uoa gjroa hl gazí-ca, kjdsnhlradhj slus kjdtlxtjs, suas pjssnfncnhahls l suas kjdtnd`ídknas. Dëj bá rl`ras huras para sl gazlr ltdj`raa, hl ojhj qul, lo vlz hl tîkdnka, pjhlojs ahmltnvar a ltdj`raa kjoj uoa prlonssa ha adadtrjpjcj`na sjknac. Lo cndùa`lo flo hnrlta, a prlonssa ltdj`ráka î –van cá, vnva kjo lcls, plrklfa kjoj lcls vnvlo a vnha l hlpjns rlcatl para a `ldtl, lolcls uo tlxtj autjrac, kjoj gjn lssa vnvídkna, prjkuradhj nhldtnkar kjoj kuctnvao a vnha‟. Gazlr ltdj`raa î snopcls l hnvlrtnhj. Xrafacbjsj l hlsaadtl taotaofîo. [lu ýdnkj prî-rlqunsntj î a hnspjsnàëj para slr tradsgjroahj. Dndùîo san hl uoa ltdj`raa ha olsoa gjroa qul a kjolàju.

KJD[NHLVAÀÜL[ GNDAN[ Qulo hnz j qul j oudhj î: Oans andha, qulo tlo a autjrnhahl para hnzlr j qul j oudhj î: Uara a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac, kaha sjknlhahl buoada rlspjdhl lssas plrùdtas a slu ojhj. Acîo hl rlsplntar lssas rlspjstas, î prlknsj rlkjdblkí-cas, ju slma, ldtldhí-cas hl oadlnra aopca l aklntar qul sëj vácnhas l cl`ïtnoas. Uartndhj hlssa prlonssa hl rlkjdblknoldtj, a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac, prndknpacoldtl pjr olnj has jfras hl Fjas l Oacndjwsin, kjdstntunu uo ojhj hl afjrha`lo has hnglrldtls gjroas hl ldtldhlr j oudhj= a ltdj`raa. Kjoj vnojs aj cjd`j hj kapïtucj, a ltdj`raa uctrapassa js kjdklnkjdkln tjs hl uoa snopcls tîkdnka hl plsqunsa9 pl squnsa9 lca î uoa oadlnra hl kjdblklr j jutrj rlkjdblkldhj sua autjrnhahl para hnzlr j qul j oudhj î.

Kjoj prjhuznr kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj:

8<

AXNWNHAHL[ 1.

Dj kjdtlxtj frasnclnrj, as kbaoahas pjpucaàüls vucdlrávlns vucdlrávlns   sëj `lracoldtl ldtldhnhas hl huas gjroas= kjoj hlsaoparahas l karldtls ju kjoj plrn`jsas l vnjcldtas. Ldtrltadtj, a adtrjpjcj`na sjknac, adtls hl ldhjssar lssas plrsplktnvas, su`lrl qul kjdblàaojs oans lssas pjpucaàüls, gacadhj kjo lcas l jfslrvadhj kjoj vnvlo. A partnr hnssj, su`lrnojs qul vjkí kjdvlrsl kjo acùo ojrahjr hl rua lo slu prûprnj bafntat . Xldtl afjrhá-cj, slo prî-djàüls a rlsplntj ha sua plssja l ha sua vnha, prjkuradhj snopclsoldtl juvnr j qul lcl qulr gacar. Lo suoa, hlnxl qul lcl hnrlknjdl a kjdvlrsa. Hlpjns hlssa lxplrnídkna, rlcatl suas noprlssüls lo uo tlxtj, rlltndhj sl lssa kjdvlrsa kjdroju as huas gjroas hl ldtldhlr as pjpucaàüls vucdlrávlns su`lrnhas (hlsaoparahas ju plrn`jsas) ju sl glz vjkí plrklfí-cas hl jutra gjroa. Apldas clofrl-sl qul lstl î uo lxlrkïknj hl kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj9 dëj î prlknsj sl arrnskar. Ldtëj, vaojs cá:

6.

A slùnr, akjopadbl j kjoldtárnj hj adtrjpûcj`j Klcsj Kastrj a rlsplntj has nhlnas hl Gradz Fjas= A kjdklpàëj fjasnada hl kuctura tlo kjoj gudhaoldtj uo rlrlcatnvnsoj hl gudhj oltjhjcû`nkj, faslahj dj rlkjdblknoldtj hl qul kaha slr buoadj ví j oudhj sjf a plrsplktnva ha kuctura lo qul krlsklu Y..._. J adtrjpûcj`j hlvlrna prjkurar sloprl rlcatnvnzar suas prûprnas djàüls, grutj ha pjsnàëj kjdtnd`ldtl ha knvncnzaàëj jknhldtac l hl slus vacjrls. Oas j rlcatnvnsoj kucturac dëj lra, para Fjas, apldas uo ndstruoldtj oltjhjcû`nkj. A plrklpàëj hj vacjr rlcatnvj hl tjhas as kucturas ‛ a pacavra aparlkl a`jra dj pcurac, l dëj dj sndùcar, kjoj dj kasj hjs lvjcuknjdnstas ‛ slrvna taofîo para amuhar a cnhar kjo as hngïklns qulstüls kjcjkahas para a buoadnhahl plca hnvlrsnhahl kucturac. (KA[XVJ, 6551, muc./hlz. 6518. Hnspjdïvlc lo= bttp=//hx.hjn.jr`/15.1< bttp=//hx.hjn.jr`/15.15/s5158-0 >5/s5158-012;6518 12;65185556555 5556555105, js ndhnvïhujs gjrao kaha vlz oans lopurrahjs para uoa kjdhnàëj hl autjdjona loprlsarnac. A lstafncnhahl loprlàtïkna ‛ karaktlrïstnka ha prnolnra oltahl hj sîkucj RR, da quac as plssjas sû sanao hl slus loprl`js para sl apjsldtarlo ‛ tradsgjroju-sl lo uoa kjdhnàëj hl autjdjona ndhnvnhuac, kjo kaha uo tldhj a cnflrhahl hl trafacbar jdhl, kjoj l quadhj qunslr. Hlssl ojhj, djs tjrdaojs loprlldhlhjrls hl dûs olsojs, tldhj uoa cnflrhahl pratnkaoldtl nrrlstrnta, oas slo àradtnas l slùradàa para j guturj. A kjdslquídkna hlssa tradsgjroaàëj sjknac î qul, para Lbrldflr`, lstaojs sloprl prlssnjdahjs a slrojs lknldtls l lkazls lo djssas vnhas, slo tlopj a plrhlr. Hl akjrhj kjo j kjdklntj hl kuctj ha plrgjroadkl hl Lbrldflr`, atuacoldtl, vnvlojs duoa îpjka lo qul j ndhnvïhuj hlvl assuonr a

Kjoj aprldhlr adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl:

8>

rlspjdsafncnhahl ndtl`rac pjr sua prûprna vnha9 j ndhnvïhuj slrá flo-suklhnhj å olhnha qul kjdslùnr kjdstrunr uoa nhldtnhahl plssjac qul sû hlpldha hl suas prûprnas aàüls. Oas, ldtëj, kjoj js sumlntjs jrnldtao-sl ndhnvnhuacoldtl para artnkucar as suas aàüls: Hl akjrhj kjo Lbrldflr`, j ndhnvïhuj kjdta kjo huas gjdtls hl jrnldtaàëj l ndspnraàëj= a loprlsa l j lspjrtl. A kjofndaàëj hl aofas rlsucta dj sur`noldtj hj kuctj ha plrgjroadkl, ju slma, dlssa noprlssëj hl qul para slrojs plssjas –nopjrtadtls l hl suklssj‟, prlknsaojs lstar kjdstadtloldtl jkupahas. Oans andha, tlojs qul har kjdta hlssa vnha kjrrnha l kadsaha ‛ tjhjs js hnas, slo rlkcaoar, glcnzls l pjstadhj das rlhls sjknans djssas a`ldhas atrnfucahas l as kjdqunstas hl djssjs trafacbjs l plrgjroadkls.

Gnùra 1 Ndhïknjs hj rntoj lxtlduadtl lo qul js sumlntjs sl ldkjdtrao da sjknlhahl ha plrgjroadkl.

J prjfcloa î qul ,da vnha gjra has rlhls sjknans, dëj lstaojs glcnzls. Uara Lbrldflr` (6515), j kuctj ha plrgjroadkl hlsldkahlju sjgrnoldtjs lojknjdans l psïqunkjs aùhjs. Ulca grustraàëj hl dëj kjdslùnr har kjdta hl uoa vnha kjdstadtloldtl prlldkbnha pjr atnvnhahls ju plca ndslùradàa hl uo guturj ndklrtj, js ndhnvïhujs lstëj kaha vlz oans kadsahjs, hlprlssnvjs l adsnjsjs. Uara kjdtrjcar lssls sjgrnoldtjs, aj ndvîs hl ouhar js báfntjs l rlpldsar j kjtnhnadj, as plssjas tjoao kaha vlz oans kagî l rloîhnjs para kjdtrjcarlo a sua trnstlza, lstafncnzarlo j slu buojr l kjdslùnrlo hjronr. Kjo a autjdjona, àdbaojs a cnflrhahl, oas lstaojs kaha vlz oans hjldtls. Acîo hnssj, kjoj kjopcloldta j cûsjgj kjrladj Fyud`-Kbuc Bad (651-65, tra huàëj djssa) lxpcnkntao quac î a pjstura has knídknas sjknans atuans dj qul hnz rlsplntj å hjr hj jutrj= Xuhj nssj ldvjcvl uo gjrtl kjoprjoltnoldtj kjo j hlsldvjc vnoldtj ha knídkna sjknac kjoj uo kaopj hl kunhahj sjknac l hl prátnka hj kunhahj. Xlo qul bavlr oans hj qul ndtlrlssl ndtlclk tuac l prljkupaàëj lojknjdac aqun9 tlo hl tlr taofîo uoa apcn kaàëj hj trafacbj qul sustldta a vnha. Ldquadtj tlo jkasnüls lo qul nssj ldvjcvl uo lsgjràj nolhnatj para rjoplr kjdvldàüls sjknans l cnontls ojrans qul noplhlo pjssnfncnhahls hl ldàma oldtj buoadj, lo jutras lxn`l aàüls pjcïtnkas kjdklrtahas para jpjr-sl ås kjdhnàüls sjknans l hlknsüls pjcïtnkas qul prlmuhnkao as pjpucaàüls. [jf j lsgjràj hl prjojvlr pjssnfncnhahls sjknans para a rlkuplraàëj, rl`ldlraàëj l kura has plssjas, hlsaa-djs a gjrmar acnadàas l trafacbar parklrnas kjo kjclàs gjra hl djssas lsglras hl kjdblknoldtj nolhnatas l daknjdacnhahls. Hlstaka-sl uoa dlklssnhahl prloldtl hl uoa rllxnvnhahl krïtnka qul vnsa dëj apldas lxpcnkntar js vacjrls qul ojchao djssa prátnka, oas taofîo tjoar olhnhas para ouhar as ndstntunàüls qul `jvlrdao a oadlnra kjoj trafacbaojs. Nstj rlqulr uo ldvjcvnoldtj atnvj kjo a tarlga hl rljrhldar as prnjrnhahls ndstntuknjdans l rlhlsldbar as prátnkas jkupaknjdans para qul lcas slmao oans sldsïvlns ås dlklssnhahls buoadas l sjknans. J jfmltnvj î gazlr kjo qul as knídknas sjknans slmao tradsgjroahjras lo suas aspnraàüls= uoa atnvnhahl hl kunhahj l hl ouhadàa hl oudhj.

05

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

Kjoj prjpjr sjcuàüls adtrjpjcû`nkas para j oudhj lo qul vnvl ojs atuacoldtl: A prnolnra rlspjsta î rjoplr kjo a hnkjtjona ldtrl pldsaoldtj l prátnka. Uldsar j jutrj î pratnkaoldtl sl rlspjdsafncnzar pjr lcl tadtj quadtj djs kjoprjoltlojs kjo dûs olsojs. @lj`rakaoldtl, lssls jutrjs pjhlo lstar flo cjd`l hl djssas kasas, kjoj pjhlo slr djssjs vnzndbjs9 sjknac l kucturacoldtl, pjhlo slr ountj hnglrldtls, assno kjoj pjhlo slr rlcatnvaoldtl parlknhjs kj djskj. Hl tjhj ojhj, prûxnojs ju hnstadtls, lcls sëj buoadjs kjoj dûs. Acîo hnssj, lcls sëj buoadjs vnvldhj vnhas qul pjhlrnao slr as djssas. J qul vjkí gaz hnadtl ha hjr hlcls: A adtrjpjcj`na su`lrl qul vjkí sana hl sn olsoj.

8.; Wïhlj

Ujr uoa sldsnfncnhahl îtnka [anr hl sn olsoj pjhl parlklr uoa prjpjsta ountj afstrata ju

pjîtnka para slr kjcjkaha lo prátnka, oas, da vlrhahl, sl trata hl uoa tîkdnka snopcls l hl gáknc lxlkuàëj, lx lkuàëj, utncnzaha plcjs fjds ltdû`ragjs lo suas plsqunsas. Uara sanr hl sn olsoj, î prlknsj sl afrnr aj jutrj sldsjrnacoldtl l, assno, gazlr kjo qul j oudhj hlcl ajs pjukjs pjvjl a sua kjdsknídkna. Xjhjs dûs lstaojs vjctahjs para dûs olsojs lo djssjs kjtnhnadjs, dëj î olsoj: Djssjs sldtnhjs ‛ vnsëj, jcgatj, auhnàëj, tatj l pacahar ‛ sëj jrnldtahjs plca djssa atldàëj, quasl sloprl vjctaha åquncj qul djs kjdklrdl, nstj î, tarlgas hnárnas, jfrnààüls, ndtlrlssls, hlsl mjs l atî olhjs l ad`ýstnas. Lo `lrac, sjojs slrls kldtrahjs lo dûs olsojs l dëj bá daha hl lrrahj lo slr assno. Ulcj kjdtrárnj= kldtra hjs lo dûs olsojs djs ldtldhlojs l hlsldvjcvlojs djssas vnhas. A adtrjpjcj`na, pjr sua vlz, gjn kjdstntuïha pjr uo oîtjhj hl atld àëj aj jutrj= a ltdj`raa. A su`lstëj hl apcnkaàëj ha ltdj`raa dëj î a hl qul vjkí tradsgjrol tjha sua vnha duoa kjdstadtl aflrtura aj jutrj, oas, adtls, a hl qul sl lxlrkntl lssa sldsnfncnhahl ltdj`ráka l, kjdslquldtloldtl, usl-a lo suas rlcaàüls partnkucarls l prjssnjdans. Lskutl oans as plssjas, hlnxl-as gacar, aprjvlntl, l ldquadtj há atldàëj aj slu ndtlrcjkutjr, jfslrvl suas rlaàüls gaknans l kjrpjrans, kblnrl l lxplrnoldtl j aofnldtl aj rlhjr, ldo, hlnxl j oudhj sl ojstrar a vjkí. Hlssa oadlnra, lu àradtj, sua atldàëj van paucatn daoldtl sandhj hl sn l sl afrndhj aj jutrj. Î aï qul a oá`nka has

Kjoj prjpjr sjcuàüls adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl:

01

rlcaàüls buoadas akjdtlkl= a kjdstntunàëj hl uo cuàr qul dëj î sû slu, dlo sû hj jutrj. Î hl vjkís. Î aï, mudtjs, oas andha hnglrldtls, qul pjhlojs a`nr. [làtj (6557), a adtrjpûcjà ar`ldtnda rahnkaha dj Frasnc, hldjonda lssa kapaknhahl hl ldkjdtrar j jutrj hl adslnj îtnkj ju îtnkj ju sldsnfncnhahl îtnka. Kjdtuhj, para lca, as nopcnkaàüls hlssl ldkjdtrj vëj ountj acîo has hnoldsüls plssjac l prjssnjdac, uoa vlz qul ùarhao a pjtld knacnhahl hl aopcnar uo hjs prndknpans hjkuoldtjs ha buoadnhahl= js Hnrlntjs Buoadjs.

@cjssárnj sn`datárnj= qul assnda ju

lskrlvl j prûprnj djol duo hjkuoldtj quacqulr (uo tlxtj,

A Hlkcaraàëj \dnvlrsac hjs Hnrlntjs Buoadjs (H\HB) î uo kjdmudtj hl hnrlntjs lcafjrahj l aprjvahj plca Jràdnzaàëj has Daàüls \dnhas (JD\), lo hlzlofrj hl 1>82, da lstlnra hj o ha [lùdha @ulrra Oudhnac. Xjhj païs sn`datárnj ha JD\ hlvl ratnkar a H\HB, j qul sn`dnka sl kjoprjoltlr a rlsplntar a hlkcaraàëj lo slu rlsplktnvj tlrrntûrnj daknjdac. Kjopjsta pjr ;5 artn`js, a hlkcaraàëj lstaflclkl js prndkïpnjs fásnkjs para uoa vnha cnvrl, autødjoa l hn`da. J artn`j N

uoa karta, uo oadnglstj ltk.).

(JD\, 1>82), pjr lxlopcj, aroa j slùndtl= Xjhjs js slrls buoadjs dasklo cnvrls l nùans lo hn`dnhahl l hnrlntjs. [ëj hjtahjs hl razëj l kjdsknídkna l hlvlo a`nr lo rlcaàëj uds ajs jutrjs kjo lspïrntj hl gratlrdnhahl.

Má j art artn`j n`j NN, lsp lsplkna lknacol coldtl dtl nop nopjrta jrtadtl dtl par paraa a adt adtrjp rjpjcj jcj`na, `na, ndh ndhnka nka qul= Xjhj slr buoadj tlo kapaknhahl para `jzar js hnrlntjs l as cnflrhahls lstaflclknhjs dlsta Hlkcaraàëj, slo hnstndàëj hl quacqulr lspîknl, slma hl raàa, kjr, slxj, nhnjoa, rlcn`nëj, jpndnëj pjcïtnka ju hl jutra daturlza, jrn`lo daknjdac ju sjknac, s jknac, rnqulza, dasknoldtj, ju quacqulr jutra kjdhnàëj. (JD\, 1>82) [ntl

J hjkuoldtj ha Hlkcaraàëj \dnvlrsac hjs Hnrlntjs Buoadjs pjhl slr aklssahj dj sntl ha JD\ hlhnkahj a lcl= bttps=//dakjlsudnhas.jr`/ hnrlntjsbuoadjs/hlkcarakaj/.

[l tlojs uo hjkuoldtj tëj kjopcltj l cýknhj dj qul hnz rlsplntj å hlglsa ha vnha buoada lo tjha a sua hnvlrsnhahl, kjoj î a H\HB, pjr qul andha hlvlojs ahvjàr, kjoj lstaojs gazldhj aqun dlstl kapïtucj, plca sldsnfncnzaàëj kjo j sjgrnoldtj hj jutrj: Aj ndvîs hl prjkurar da adtrjpjcj`na gjroas hl prjojàëj ha actlrnhahl, dëj hl vlrïaojs ldkaopar a prjpaààëj l apcnkaàëj ha Hlkcaraàëj \dnvlrsac hjs Hnrlntjs Buoadjs: [làtj (6557) ldtldhl qul, olsoj sldhj gudhaoldtac prlslr var a cl`ntnonhahl ha H\HB, î prlknsj avacnar js hnrlntjs buoadjs å cuz has actlrnhahls kjdstadtloldtl hlskrntas l traznhas å tjda plca adtrjpjcj`na.

06

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

Uara lcafjrar j arùoldtj, [làtj (6557) hnstndùl cln l ojrac hl îtnka. as huas prnolnras prndkïpnjsjslstaflcl knhjs Ldquadtj hl uoa kjoudnhahl, nstj î, rlprlsldtao as rl`ras quljslxpcnkntao vacjrlshl uo `rupj sjknac, a îtnka, para a autjra, î uo nopucsj krïtnkj qul plrontl kjdtlstar l ojhnkar a cln l a ojrac. [làtj (6557) rlssacta qul as rl`ras l js vacjrls hl uoa sjknlhahl, aj cjd`j ha bnstûrna, pjhlo sl hlsvnrtuar, tjrdarlo-sl jfsjcltas ju atî olsoj slrlo lsqulknhas plcas plssjas. A cln l a ojrac, pjrtadtj, hnstadknao-sl ha rlacnhahl prátnka, a quac, pjr lxplrnídkna prûprna, saflojs qul sl actlra kjdstad tloldtl. A îtnka slrna uoa lspîknl hl clofrltl, pjrtadtj, krntnkadhj, rlvnsadhj l atuacnzadhj as rl`ras l js vacjrls hl uoa kjoudnhahl. A îtnka, kjoj nopucsj, î uo hlslmj pjr uo guturj hnstndtj hj prlsldtl, pjr uo oudhj lo qul as rl`ras sëj jutras ju lo qul js sn`dnkahjs haqulcas qul má tlojs gazlo sldtnhj para as plssjas. [làtj (6557, p. 668) ldtldhl qul a adtrjpjcj`na pjhl slrvnr hl sldsnfncnhahl îtnka para js hnrlntjs buoadjs. parlkl-ol qul lstl hlsaj ås prûprnas prlssupjsnàüls, prlssupjsnàüls, karaktlrïstnkj ha atntuhl îtnka, slrna nhlacoldtl a kjdtrnfunàëj hj

ltdû`ragj, qul hlvlrna djs ndtlrplcar l djs hlsaar kjo as prlssupjsnàüls hj jutrj a kuma plsqunsa sl hlhnka.

Aj plrklflr a actlrnhahl lo tjha sua rahnkacnhahl, a adtrjpjcj`na ndtlrplca js hnrlntjs buoadjs, dëj para hnssjcví-cjs, oas, aj kjdtrárnj, para oadtí-cjs vnvjs, kjdlktahjs aj prlsldtl l pcldjs hl sn`dn kahj. Dëj sl trata, pjrtadtj, hl rlkusar j prndkïpnj hl qul –tjhj slr buoadj tlo hnrlntj å vnha‟, oas hl kjdstadtloldtl qulstnjdar js hnrlntjs buoadjs l as ndstntunàüls qul js rlsùarhao ‛ kjoj a JD\ l js Lstahjs Daknjdans ‛ j qul sl lstá ldtldhldhj pjr slr buoa dj l pjr vnha. Adac hl kjdtas, cá da Aoazødna ju lo acùoas ncbas hj Uakïkj, ju, andha, flo dj kldtrj hl uoa olàcûpjcl kjoj [ëj Uaucj, acùoas kucturas dëj parlklo kjdkjrhar kjo j qul î vnha l kjo j qul î buoadnhahl hl akjrhj kjo js sn`dnkahjs jknans qul a cln l a ojrac vn`ldtls loprlstao a lssls tlrojs. Î mustaoldtl lo razëj hlssas hnskrlpædknas qul lssas kucturas l pjvjs lstëj sjgrldhj (IVLDAI, 651>). A sldsnfncnhahl îtnka, tac kjoj lsfjàaha pjr [làtj (6557), î a slùdha rlspjsta para a plrùdta qul ojtnva lstl kapïtucj. Uara prjpjr sjcuàüls adtrjpjcû`nkas, î gudhaoldtac oadtlr lssa aflrtu-

Kjoj prjpjr sjcuàüls adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl:

0;

ra îtnka hnadtl ha cln l ha ojrac, hlssas rl`ras jknans ldhjssahas plcj Lstahj l pjr jutras ndstntunàüls qul hlgldhlo js –fjds kjstu ols‟. Aj afrnr slu kjrpj para j jutrj, kjoj a ltdj`raa rlkjoldha, plrklfl-sl j hnrlntj å vnha hl uoa kjoudnhahl qul lstá sjgrldhj, ountas vlzls, mustaoldtl plcas oëjs hl qulo hlgldhl lssls –fjds kjstuols‟. A sldsnfncnhahl îtnka djs kapaknta a plrklflr a mustnàa para acîo ha cln. A adtrjpjcj`na su`lrl qul oans îtnkj hj qul jflhlklr klàoldtl ås clns î slr rlspjdsávlc kjo j jutrj, olsoj qul nssj djs gjrkl a qulstnjdar j pjhlr.

8.8 Wïhlj

Noa`ndadhj djvjs oudhjs mudtjs Lo uoa hl suas ldtrlvnstas, Nd`jch (6518) aroa qul a adtrjpjcj `na pjhl slr ldtldhnha kjoj uoa –partnknpadtl hl uoa `radhl kjdvlrsa para ojchar j oudhj‟. Dlssa grasl, rlsnhl a tlrklnra l hlrrahlnra jrnldtaàëj hl kjoj prjpjr sjcuàüls adtrjpjcû`nkas. Uartnknpaàëj î a pacavra a slr sufcndbaha da grasl hl Nd`jch. A

su`lstëj hl sl afrnr aj jutrj para sanr hl sn dëj nopcnka qul hlvl -

ojs djs kacar, dlo qul prlknsaojs suonr hnadtl ha prlsldàa ha actlrnhahl. Da vlrhahl, î uoa ncusëj akbar pjssïvlc assnoncar j ju trj kjopcltaoldtl, noa`ndadhj qul pjhlojs sldtnr j qul j jutrj sldtl. A hlskrnàëj ltdj`ráka sloprl uoa ndtlrprltaàëj, nstjlo î, uo ldtldhnoldtj prûprnj haquncj qulîkjdslùnojs plrklflr djssas vnvídknas aj pratnkar l kjdvnvlr kjo jutrjs ojhjs hl vnvlr a vnha. Hlprlldhl-sl haï qul j lxlrkïknj adtrjpjcû`nkj î oans hlhn` daoldtl kjoprlldhnhj sl j kjdklflrojs kjoj uo hnácj`j ldtrl j lu l j jutrj. J qul Nd`jch (6518) lstá su`lrndhj î qul lssl hnácj`j dëj sl rls trndma aj qul î gaktïvlc, ju slma, a uoa hlskrnàëj hj qul î rlac l prlsldtl. Kjdvlrsadhj kjo jutras plssjas l hnadtl hl jutras plrsplktnvas kucturans, pjhlojs taofîo noa`ndar djvjs oudhjs kjo lcls. \o ldkjdtrj, pjrtadtj, dj quac aj olsoj tlopj lo qul pratnkaojs hncn`ldtloldtl a rlspjdsafncnhahl kjo j jutrj, sjojs autjrls hl pacavras, nhlnas, arùoldtjs l noa`lds hl guturjs qul pjhlo rlspjdhlr js hlsajs qul lsprlntao a lspîknl buoada. Kjoj Nd`jch (651>, p. 7;) ls -

08

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

krlvl, j jfmltnvj ha adtrjpjcj`na dëj î sû hlskrlvlr a rlacnhahl, oas, taofîo, vaclr-sl hj qul aprldhlojs hl djssa lxplrnídkna kjo jutrjs pjvjs l lsplkucar quans pjhlrnao slr as kjdhnàüls l as pjssnfncn hahls hl vnha. Kjoj adtrjpûcj`js, krlnj lu, hlvlrïaojs lstnoar lsta cnflrhahl hl lsplkucar, hl hnzlr j qul dûs pldsaojs, slo d`nr qul as djssas pacavras sëj, da vlrhahl, hlstncaàüls has jpndnüls has plssjas ldtrl as quans lstuhaojs.

Assno, oans uoa hnkjtjona î hlsojdtaha plca adtrjpjcj`na= aqulca qul jpül rlacnhahl l kàëj ju hlskrnàëj l noa`ndaàëj. J ldkjdtrj kjo jutrjs pjvjs l a hlskrnàëj hl suas hnglrldàas hlvlo slr tjoahjs kjoj kjofustïvlns para noa`ndar djvjs oudhjs lo qul, kjo sjrtl, slrlojs oldjs trnstls l oans nùans. Oudhjs oans îtnkjs, kjoj [làtj hlslma. Oudhjs lo qul pjhlrlojs kjdtar oans bnstûrnas, tac quac a rlsnstídkna hl Irldai rlnvndhnka. Lssls oudhjs djvjs sû slrëj assno, olcbjrls, sl gjrlo kjdstruï hjs mudtjs. Lssa î a `radhl cnàëj ha adtrjpjcj`na. Dëj bá daha oans gjrtl l rnkj da lxplrnídkna buoada hj qul a hnvlrsnhahl hl hnglrldtls ojhjs hl vnvlr a vnha. Ldquadtj ountjs plrklflo dlca a kausa hl kjd-

ntjs l hlsavldàas, a adtrjpjcj`na ldkjdtra das hnglrldàas a olcbjr saïha para js djssjs prjfcloas. A hnvlrsnhahl kucturac î j oadadknac hj quac frjtao a jrn`ndacnhahl l a saàknhahl ha buoadnhahl. Î kjo lca qul qulrlojs arrloatar lssa ndtrjhuàëj å adtrjpjcj`na. [lddltt (651;), sjknûcj`j djrtl-aolrnkadj hl gjrtl ldvlràhura adtrjpjcû`nka, djs prlsldtlna kjo uoa flca noa`lo para pldsar as

pjtldknacnhahls has hnglrldàas para a buoadnhahl. Lo uoa jfra su`lstnvaoldtl ndtntucaha Mudtjs , [lddltt usa a sndgjdna kjoj oltágj ra para lcafjrar slu arùoldtj hl qul a kjjplraàëj sl gaz a partnr ha kjdmuààëj has hnglrldàas. Lo uoa sndgjdna, js oýsnkjs tjkao partnturas hnstndtas para kaha ndstruoldtj. Assno, js vnjcndjs tjkao uoa olcjhna aj olsoj tlopj lo qul js vnjcjdklcjs tjkao jutra. Ås vlzls tjkao atî olsoj lo rntojs hnglrldtls. Kjdtuhj, mudtjs, olsoj hnglrldtls, vnjcndjs l vnjcjdklcjs tjkao uoa ýdnka oýsnka. Î mustaoldtl aï qul rlsnhl a kjdklpàëj hl kjdklrtj= uoa sû oýsnka tjkaha pjr hnglrldtls olcjhnas.

Kjoj prjpjr sjcuàüls adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl:

0<

Gnùra 1 Xjkar lo uoa jrqulstra lxn`l, aj olsoj tlopj, atldàëj aj ndstruoldtj l ajs oýsnkjs qul tjkao mudtjs.

         i       k       j         t       s       r       l         t         t

      u          b         [         /       l         t       l          i          i       j         t         [

Wïhlj Da lxlkuàëj ha Djda [ndgjdna hl Flltbjvld,

Dlssl sldtnhj, qul tac kjdklflr a vnha buoada kjoj uo kjdklrtj: \oa sû oýsnka, uoa sû lspîknl, tjkaha pjr hnglrldtls ndstruoldtjs,

ha Gncaroødnka hl Wnlda, jfslrvl kjoj hnglrldtls rntojs l olcjhnas, quadhj tjkahjs lo kjdmudtj, prjhuzlo uoa sû oýsnka. \oa oltágjra lxlopcar hj qul î vnvlr mudtjs sldhj hnglrldtls.

Hnspjdïvlc lo= bttps=//www. yjutufl.kjo/watkb:v?DO\@@aQBo@A. Aklssj= 61 mad. 6565.

kjopjsta pjr hnglrldtls kucturas: A uo sû tlopj, kjdklflr a vnha kjoj uo kjdklrtj dlssl ojchl î a apjsta l j kcaojr k caojr ha adtrjpjcj`na. Ldtldhlojs qul assno, mudtjs l hnglrldtls, tlojs oans kbadkl hl slr glcnzls atî j ojoldtj lo qul hlsaparlklrojs ldquadtj lspîknl. A olsoa oldsa`lo pjhl slr kjdklfnha pjr olnj has flcas pacavras hl Irldai (651>, p. ;5)= Ujr qul djs kausa hlskjdgjrtj a sldsaàëj hl lstar kandhj: A `ldtl dëj glz jutra kjnsa djs ýctnojs tlopjs sldëj hlspld kar. Kanr, kanr, kanr. Ldtëj pjr qul lstaojs `rncahjs a`jra kjo a qulha: Waojs aprjvlntar tjha a djssa kapaknhahl krïtnka l krnatnva para kjdstrunr paraqulhas kjcjrnhjs. Waojs pldsar dj lspaàj dëj kjoj uo cuàr kjddahj, oas kjoj j kjsojs kj sojs jdhl a `ldtl pjhl hlspldkar lo paraqulhas kjcjrnhjs.

Wnvlr mudtjs sldhj hnglrldtls kjoj sl kjopartncbásslojs paraqulhas kjcjrnhjs. Kandhj, oas glcnzls, kjoj lo uo kjdklrtj lo qul a oýsnka prjvjka uoa a`rahávlc vlrtn`lo.

07

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

KJD[NHLVAÀÜL[ GNDAN[ Dëj bá rlspjstas lxatas da adtrjpjcj`na. A hnsknpcnda dëj jglrlkl gûroucas para slrlo hnrltaoldtl apcnkahas lo djssas prátnkas plssjans l prjssnjdans. Assno, as rlspjstas jglrlknhas aj cjd`j hj kapïtucj slrvlo kjoj jrnldtaàüls para j hlsldvjcvnoldtj hl suas sjcuàüls adtrjpjcû`nkas. A adtrjpjcj`na dëj tlo rlspjstas lxatas pjrqul lca tjoa a nhlna hl cjkac kjoj sua vlrhahl oáxnoa. Js kjdtlxtjs cjkans sëj sloprl hnstndtjs, assno kjoj as plssjas nopcnkahas dlssas rlacnhahls sëj ýdnkas. Dëj î pjssïvlc jglrlklr uoa gûrouca qul slrvl para tjhas as lsplknknhahls. Hlssl ojhj, j gudhaoldtac î saflr kjdsnhlrar j qul lssas rlacnhahls cjkans lstëj ojstradhj. Kjo lssa kapaknhahl hl clntura hl rlacnhahls kucturans, sjknans l ndhnvnhuans aaha, pjhlojs, mudtjs kjo djssjs ndtlrcjndtlrcjkutjrls, lcafjrar sjcuàüls para js hlsajs qul djs prlssnjdao. prlss njdao. Adac, sl su`lrnojs qul î prlknsj noa`ndar djvjs oudhjs mudtjs, a jrn`ndacnhahl l a krnatnvnhahl sëj bafncnhahls rlqulrnhas hlssa noa`ndaàëj. J guturj dëj lstá akafahj. Kjo krnatnvnhahl, jrn`ndacnhahl, kjopartncbaoldtj l kjjkjj plraàëj, pjhlojs prjpjr sjcuàüls para qul j guturj dëj slma kjoj j prlsldtl. Ldtëj, para prjpjr sjcuàüls adtrjpjcû`nkas, afra-sl aj oudhj, kjdvnva kjo as hnglrldàas l krnl mudtj kjo lcas.

AXNWNHAHL[ 1. A slàëj 8.6 hlstl kapïtucj su`lrl rlkjdblklr j sjgrnoldtj acblnj. Ulsqunsl, lo sntls hl mjrdans l rlvnstas, oatîrnas qul tratao has hloadhas has ltdnas ndhï`ldas qul bafntao j tlrrntûrnj frasnclnrj plcj hnrlntj å tlrra l rlnta aklrka hj slùndtl qulstnjdaoldtj= Ujr qul a àradtna hj aklssj å tlrra pjhl aoldnzar j sjgrnoldtj has ltdnas ndhï`ldas dj Frasnc: 6. Aklssl a Hlkcaraàëj \dnvlrsac hjs Hnrlntjs Buoadjs l clna tjhjs js artn`js hj hjkuoldtj. Lskjcba uo l rlspjdha= quac î a nopjrtædkna hlssl hnrlntj para uoa vnha buoada hn`da: ;. Vnkbarh [lddltt hlu uoa ldtrlvnsta a hjns frasnclnrjs lo 651. CLWNDA[, L. J buoadnsoj hj jutrj bjolo. Ultrûpjcns= Wjzls, 1>>;. JD\. Hlkcaraàëj \dnvlrsac hjs Hnrlntjs Buoadjs , Uarns, 15 hlz. 1>82. [L@AXJ, V. C. Adtrjpjcj`na l hnrlntjs buoadjs= actlrnhahl l îtnka dj ojvnoldtj hl lxpadsëj hjs hnrlntjs udnvlrsans. Oada, Vnj hl Madlnrj, v. 16, d. 1, p. 650-6;7, afr. 6557. Hnspjdïvlc lo= bttp=//www.sknlcj.fr/phg/oada/v16d1/a52v16d1.phg. Aklssj lo= 61 mad. 6565. [LDDLXX, V. Mudtjs. Vnj hl Madlnrj= Vlkjrh, 651;. [XJCCLV, U. âya„s stjry . Kbnka`j= \dnvlrsnty jg Kbnka`j Urlss, 6518. PNCIND[JD, N.9 ICLNDOAD, A. A passnjd gjr sjknlty = bjw wl tbndi afjut buoad sulrnd`. Jaicadh= \dnvlrsnty jg Kacngjrdna Urlss, 6517.

02

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

<

Kjoj kjdblklr j Frasnc adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl: Klrta vlz, j bnstjrnahjr nd`cís Ultlr Furil lskrlvlu qul hjns ontjs sjfrl j Frasnc kjdvnvlo das oldtls hl lstrad`lnrjs l das hjs prûprnjs frasnclnrjs. Lcls sëj js ontjs hj Frasnc kjoj paraïsj l hj Frasnc kjoj ndglrdj. Ldquadtj as noa`lds hl pranas nhïcnkas l hl uoa pjpucaàëj bjspntaclnra, slo prlkjdklntjs l hl flclza lxuflradtl kjopülo j ontj hj paraïsj, nhlnas kjoj adtrj hl kjrrupàëj l prndknpacoldtl hl krnondacnhahl l vnjcídkna `ldlracnzahas rlkblnao j ontj hj Frasnc kjoj uo ndglrdj. Dj sldtnhj adtrjpjcû`nkj, ontjs, kjoj Kcauhl Cîvn-[trauss ldsnda, dëj sëj dlo vlrhahls, dlo oldtnras. [ëj kjdmudtjs hl acl`jrnas, hl oltágjras l hl noa`lds pjr olnj has quans j pldsaoldtj î lxlrkntahj. J ontj prjhuz kjdblknoldtj l sua lcafjraàëj sl rlacnza lo lxplrnoldtaàüls l jfslrvaàüls ha rlacnhahl qul `lrao, pjr sua vlz, lsplkucaàüls l rllxüls a rlsplntj hl afsjcutaoldtl quacqulr lsglra ha lxnstídkna

buoada, nstj î, a daturlza, j aojr l j ûhnj, j pjhlr l a vnjcídkna, pjr

lxlopcj. Lo suoa, j ontj há sldtnhj å vnha. Dlstl kapïtucj, hlhnkahj aj Frasnc, akjopadbarlojs as jfslrvaàüls l rllxüls qul, hl acùoa gjroa, hlrao sldtnhj aj païs, prjkuradhj ld tldhlr, da lstlnra hl Furil, kjoj js ontjs hl paraïsj l hl ndglrdj gjrao l sëj gjroahjs. Kjdtuhj, lo vlz hl ndvlstnàr as noa`lds prjpjstas plcj nd`cís ‛ pranas, cnfnhj, vnjcídkna l ads ‛, afjrharlojs j tûpnkj qul quasl

tjhjs js adtrjpûcj`js ndhnkao kjoj j qul oans ojfncnza a atldàëj hj l sjfrl j Frasnc= a qulstëj raknac. Aj cjd`j hl sua bnstûrna l andha bjml, j Frasnc gjn l î pldsahj pjr olnj hj qul sl pjhl ldtldhlr pjr raàa. Oans prlknsaoldtl, djssjs ontjs sëj lxtldsas l ndtldsas lsplkucaàüls aklrka hj qul parlkl slr a prndknpac oarka ha djssa rlacnhahl= a onskn`ldaàëj. Nstj î, a onstura hl `ldtls qul jra î cnha kjoj raknac l îtdnka, jra î ldtldhnha kjoj kucturac l sjknac. Ujrtadtj, as plrùdtas qul prjkurarlojs lxpcjrar sëj= j qul gjn ldtldhnhj sjfrl j Frasnc a partnr ha onskn`ldaàëj: J qul as hnglrldtls ndtlrprltaàüls sjfrl a onskn`ldaàëj zlrao aj Frasnc: Fr asnc: Uara tadtj, vaojs

tlr hl kjolàar a djssa mjrdaha plcj ndglrdj.

Kjoj kjdblklr j Frasnc adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl:

0>

, klrtaoldtl sëj tradsgjroaàüls oarkadtls para a gjroaàëj hj païs tac kjoj lcl î bjml. J sîkucj RNR, pjrtadtj, î j oj oldtj hl ojhlrdnzaàëj hj Frasnc. Dlcl, j païs sl hlsàrra hl slu passahj kjcjdnac, passa pjr uo ojoldtj noplrnac kjopcltaoldtl ýdnkj dj kjdtlxtj aolrnkadj, pül uo pjdtj dac da blhnjdha ndstntunàëj ha

+

[anfa oans

Dj prjklssj hl ndhlpldhídkna has kjcødnas aolrnkadas, ldtrl js sîkucjs RWNNN l RNR, sjoldtl j Frasnc sl tjrdju uoa ojdarquna. Djssjs vnzndbjs gjroarao rlpýfcnkas, j qul vlnj a akjdtlklr sjoldtl lo 122> dj Frasnc, hlpjns hl hjns rlns l 70 adjs hl ojdarquna.

lskravnhëj l, dacoldtl, ndstaca sua Vlpýfcnka. Xradsgjroaàüls nopaktadtls djroacoldtl `lrao rllxüls nhldtntárnas. Assno î taofîo dj sîkucj RNR, ojoldtj lo qul, ojtnvahjs pl cas prjgudhas ouhadàas plcas quans j païs passava, acùds frasnclnrjs l lstrad`lnrjs qul vnlrao para ká, djtahaoldtl artnstas l ndtlclktuans, kjolàarao a sl plrùdtar quac lra a lsplknknhahl ha nhldtnhahl fra snclnra. Lcls ndhaàrao= j qul sn`dnka slr frasnclnrj: Dëj lra nopjrtad tl rlspjdhlr a lssa plrùdta sjoldtl para ds ndhnvnhuans. J prûprnj Lstahj lstava ountj ndtlrlssahj lo gjroucar uoa nhldtnhahl daknjdac. Kjoj Adhlrsjd (6552) lxpcnka, a nhldtnhahl daknjdac î uoa glrra -

oldta hl pjhlr ountj ýtnc. Lca udnka a pjpucaàëj l jglrlkl olkadnsojs hl oadnpucaàëj lojknjdac. J Lstahj frasnclnrj prlknsava hl uoa nhldtnhahl daknjdac para kjdstrunr uo sldtnoldtj hl daàëj lo uoa pjpucaàëj tëj hnvlrsnkaha sjknac l kucturacoldtl l qul vnvldknju, huradtl j plrïjhj noplrnac, acùoas rlvjctas slparatnstas, kjoj a Kjdgl rídkna hj Lquahjr (1268), dj Djrhlstl9 a Garrjupncba (12;8-1272) hlu j pjdtapî ndnknac para a lcafjraàëj hlssa rlspjsta. \o kbutl tëj klrtlnrj, tjha vna, qul hldnu as cndbas `lrans para a gjroaàëj hl uoa noa`lo para a nhldtnhahl frasnclnra. Kjoj kjdta [kbwarkz (651>), dj adj hl 1288, Oartnus sl ndskrlvlu lo uo kjdkursj hj ldtëj rlkldtloldtl krnahj 25

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

Ndstntutj Bnstûrnkj l @lj`rákj Frasnclnrj (NB@F), qul plhnu ajs kadhn hatjs para rlspjdhlr å plrùdta= kjoj sl hlvl lskrlvlr a bnstûrna hj Frasnc: J daturacnsta hlsldvjcvlu uoa hnsslrtaàëj su`lrndhj qul djssa bnstûrna hlvlrna slr kjdtaha a partnr hj ldkjdtrj has –trís raàas buoadas‟= a fradka, rlprlsldtaha plcjs pjrtuùlsls9 a ïdhna, hjs datnvjs9 l a, lo suas pacavras, –ltnûpnka‟, a hjs agrnkadjs traznhjs para j païs kjoj lskravjs. Oartnus aroava qul as –trís raàas‟ tlrnao sl onsturahj aj cjd`j ha gjroaàëj hj Frasnc hl uo ojhj maoans akjdtlknhj lo jutrj ojoldtj ha lspîknl buoada. [lu tlxtj vldklu j kjdkursj. k jdkursj.

Gnùra 1

Iarc vjd Oartnus, uo hjs oans nopjrtadtls plsqunsahjrls qul vnlrao aj Frasnc da Onssëj Artïstnka Austrj-Acloë (1210-1265)

Lns aï, da hnsslrtaàëj hl Oartnus, j oarkj ndnknac hl uoa caha ndba qul quasl tjhj frasnclnrj má lskutju lo sua vnha= a nhlna hl qul sjojs uo pjvj onsturahj, grutj hl rlcaàüls hl trjkas slxuans, sjknans l kucturans ldtrl lurjplus, agrnka djs l aolrïdhnjs. \o kachlnrëj hl `ldtls, as quans, cadàahas aj gj`j, hlrao jrn`lo aj frasnclnrj datj. \o djvj rnj, gjroahj plcjs auldtls kcarjs ha Lurjpa, plcjs dl`rjs ha Ágrnka l plcjs avlrolcbahjs ha Aoîrnka. Dëj nopjrta a oltágjra qul sl usl, a oldsa`lo î kcara= sjojs uo pjvj olstnàj. Lssa slrna djssa bnstûrna, uoa tramltûrna ha onskn`ldaàëj. Kjdtuhj, a bnstûrna dëj î dlutra ju, lo jutras pacavras, ndtlrlssls pjcïtnkjs akjopadbavao a nhldtnkaàëj ha onskn`ldaàëj kjoj oarka ha frasncnhahl. [l vjkí má juvnu a cahandba ha onskn`ldaàëj, tac -

Gradz Badgstald`/Pninolhna Kjoojds

vlz tldba plrklfnhj qul lca pjhl slr nhldtnkaha kjoj razëj hl acùds traàjs hj kjopjrtaoldtj hj frasnclnrj oîhnj qul slrnao pjsntnvjs. Ujr lxlopcj, acùoas vlrsüls sustldtao qul slrïaojs uo pjvj bjspntaclnrj, aflrtj ås hnglrldàas l slo prlkjdklntjs hlvnhj å onskn`ldaàëj qul djs gjroju. Lssa î uoa kjdklpàëj pjsntnva ha onskn`ldaàëj. Ldtrltadtj, dj sîkucj RNR, lca dëj gjn kjdklfnha assno. Hlshl Oartnus, a bnstûrna ha onskn`ldaàëj kjoj bnstûrna hj Frasnc gjn sldhj karrlàha kjo uo ndhlcîvlc plsj dlàtnvj para a prûprna kjdstruàëj ha daàëj. Hl gatj, lca gjn tjoaha kjoj uo ndgjrtýdnj para j prj`rlssj hj Frasnc. Clofrao hj harwndnsoj sjknac: Lssa tljrna aroava qul a lspîknl buoada lstava hnvnhnha lo raàas hnstndtas, kaha uoa kjo uoa lspl knacnzaàëj lsplkïka. Ldquadtj a –kaukasnada‟, a fradka, lra prjpldsa aj pldsaoldtj afstratj l å rllxëj, a –dl`rjnhl‟ tndba kjoj aptnhëj j trafacbj kjrpjrac. Acîo hnssj, a tljrna lstaflclkna qul as raàas dëj sû Kjoj kjdblklr j Frasnc adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl:

21

lrao hnglrldtls, oas taofîo uoas olcbjrls hj qul as jutras, kaha uoa jkupadhj uo hl`rau ha lskaca lvjcutnva qul van hjs adnoans, da fasl, å knvncnzaàëj, dj tjpj. Ldquadtj a –dl`rjnhl‟ l a –ojd`jcjnhl‟, qul slrna a raàa hjs ïdhnjs aolrnkadjs, jkupavao js lstratjs oans fanxjs ha lskaca, a –kaukasnada‟ slrna a raàa oans lvjcuïha hjs buoadjs. Hl akjrhj kjo a tljrna hj harwndnsoj sjknac, sl as raàas sl oadtnvlsslo puras dëj bavlrna prjfcloas. Kaha uoa rlacnzarna as gud àüls para as quans lra a oans apta. Haï a utncnzaàëj hlssa tljrna para mustnkar a lskravnhëj. Kjoj j dl`rj lra j oans aptj para j trafacbj kjrpjrac l j fradkj para j ndtlclktuac, lcls pjhlrnao ountj flo sl rlcaknjdar kjoj sldbjr l lskravj. Kjdtuhj, js nopassls sur`nrnao sl as raàas sl onsturasslo. [l lcas gjsslo kruzahas, a tljrna ahvjàva qul j rlsuctahj lra a –hl`ldlraàëj‟, nstj î, as aptnhüls lsplkïkas sl plrhlrnao l js ndhnvïhujs tlrnao uoa –fnjcj`na graka‟, sl parlkldhj oans kjo adnoans fnzarrjs l ndýtlns hj qul kjo buoadjs. J olstnàj slrna uo plsj para j prj`rlssj hl uo païs, pjns, ndkapazls hl kjdtrnfunr kjo a lhnkaàëj ha daàëj, vnvlrnao plraofucadhj plcas knhahls, ountj prjvavlcoldtl pratnkadhj –vïknjs ojrans‟, kjoj prlùnàa, usj hl áckjjc l jutras sufstædknas, oacadhra`lds, rjufjs l prjstntunàëj. Ujns flo, lssa tljrna, gjroucaha jrn`ndacoldtl da Lurjpa, gjn ountj flo aklnta dj Frasnc hj sîkucj RNR. Hl gatj, várnjs ndtlclktuans ha îpjka, l atî olsoj j noplrahjr Hjo Ulhrj NN, lstavao kjdvldknhjs hl qul j harwndnsoj sjknac lxpcnkava ountj flo as hnkuchahls hl j Frasnc prj`rlhnr ruoj å ojhlrdnzaàëj. A razëj lra kcara para lcls= îraojs uoa daàëj hl olstnàjs, cj`j –hl`ldlrahjs‟, oans ndtlrlssahjs lo -

karojs hlntahjs lo rlhls, djs hnvlrtndhj kjo oýsnka l hadàa, caskïvna l traofnquls, hj qul lo trafacbar. A gjràa hlssa gjroa hl ldtldhlr j Frasnc lra tëj `radhl qul, lo 12>8, Dnda Vjhrnùls, oîhnkj l adtrjpû cj`j fanadj, kbl`ju a hlgldhlr a lxnstídkna hl hjns kûhn`js pldans dj Frasnc ‛ uo para fradkjs l jutrj para dl`rjs l olstnàjs ([KBPAVK]9 [XAVCND@, 651> x 177 ko. Ouslu Daknjdac hl Flcas Artls, Vnj hl Madlnrj.

Kjoj kjdblklr j Frasnc adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl:

2;

pjns hj hncývnj. Aj kblàr sjzndbj da Ágrnka, Kao tlrna sl rlcaknjdahj kjo adnoans l js cbjs hlssl kruzaoldtj slrnao js dl`rjs. Ujrtadtj, a dl`rntuhl slrna uoa pudnàëj hnvnda. Kjoj rlhnon-ca: Jfslrvlo a tlca hl Frjkjs djvaoldtl. A sldbjra dl`ra a`rahlkl ajs kîus pjrqul sua cba, ojrlda, kasaha kjo uo mjvlo fradkj, hlu å cuz a uo flfí acvj. A tlca hl Frjkjs ndhnka a gjràa ha dlàtnvnhahl ha onskn`ldaàëj para j Frasnc hj sîkucj RNR. A rlhldàëj hl Kao î a –cnoplza‟ ha dl`rntuhl hl sua plcl. \oa cnoplza `lrac lra, hl gatj, j qul js `lstjrls hj Frasnc acol mavao da îpjka. \o prjmltj hl bn`nldl sjknac qul tndba uoa rlgjroa urfada ha kapntac hj païs kjoj jutra gakl ha ojlha hj fradqulaoldtj. Kjoj kjdta [lvkldij (1>28), dj ndïknj hj sîkucj RR, má djs `jvlr djs ha Urnolnra Vlpýfcnka (122>-1>;5), j Vnj hl Madlnrj lra vnstj kjoj

Cnvrj

uoa knhahl plca prjpaààëj hjldàas l atrasaha hj pjdtj hlnoudha, vnsta ha assjcaha ojhlrdnzaàëj. J kldtrj hahlkapntac lstava jkupa hj pjr kasarüls adtn`js, ountjs kjdstruïhjs dj plrïjhj kjcjdnac, lo pîssnoas kjdhnàüls hl kjdslrvaàëj. Lssls kasarüls tndbao sl tjrdahj bafntaàüls para a pjpucaàëj hl fanxa rldha l lrao pjpucaroldtl kbaoahjs hl kjrtnàjs. @ldtl qul dëj tndba kjdhnàüls hl arradmar ojrahna hlkldtl, qul trafacbava da ndgjroacnhahl, arradmadhj jpjrtudnhahls hl kjdslùnr uo trjkj aqun l acn, qul sl aojdtjava djs quartjs l sacas hlssls kasarüls olhnadtl uo acuùlc aklssïvlc. Kjo j jfmltnvj hl ndstacar uoa –Uarns djs trûpnkjs‟, hlknhnu-sl pjr

Uufcnkahj lo 12>5, J kjrtnàj rltratju a vnha djs kasarüls karnjkas l uoa

uoa aopca rlgjroa urfada hj Vnj hl Madlnrj, a rlgjroa hl Ulrlnra Uassjs, kjoj kju kjdblknha, clvadhj j djol hj prlglntj ha knhahl å îpjka. Js kjrtnàjs lrao j prndknpac acvj has ouhadàas. Aj olsoj

noa`lo pud`ldtl ha lxpcjraàëj l has pîssnoas kjdhnàüls qul sjgrnao js slus ojrahjrls ldtrl j o hj RNR l ndïknj hj RR. A]LWLHJ, A X. F. @. hl. [ëj Uaucj= Uadha Fjjis, 6510.

tlopj lo qul a hlrrufaha hjs kasarüls avadàava, j `jvlrdj glhlrac cadàju uo prj`raoa hl vakndaàëj jfrnàtûrna ha pjpucaàëj, cnhlrahj pjr Jswachj Kruz, ldtëj ondnstrj ha saýhl. Noa`ndlo kjoj as plssjas oans pjfrls l agltahas pjr lssas olhnhas lstavao sl sldtndhj9 a vnha má lra hngïknc para lcas. [lo lskjcarnhahl l gjroaàëj, cbls rlstava a fatacba plca sjfrlvnvídkna da ndgjroacnhahl. Dlssl kldárnj, plrhlrao suas ojrahnas slo qul j `jvlrdj jglrtassl acùoa actlrdatnva l andha gjrao jfrnàhas a tjoar uoa ndmlàëj safl-sl cá hj quí! Dëj hlu jutra= j qul vjkí lstuhju das aucas hl bnstûrna kjoj Vlvjcta ha Waknda (1>58) gjn uo qulfra-qulfra `ldlracnzahj, prjta`jdnzahj plca parklca ha pjpucaàëj agltaha plcas rlgjroas ojhlrdnzadtls hj Vnj hl Madlnrj.

28

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

Lo 1>58, dj ndïknj ha lxplrnídkna rlpufcnkada, j Frasnc, aj ndvîs hl ndkcunr, lxkcunu andha oans. [jcuàëj fastadtl kjdtrahntûrna quadhj sl kjdsnhlra qul a Vlpýfcnka î uo ojhlcj hl Lstahj faslahj da cnflr hahl l da nùachahl. Kjo uoa pjpucaàëj kjopjsta oamjrntarnaoldtl pjr plssjas pjfrls, ountas hlcas cnflrtahas ha lskravnhëj acùds adjs adtls, a hlsnùachahl dj païs î assno rlprjhuznha. Ujrtadtj, pjhl-sl aroar qul a rlgjroa hl Ulrlnra Uassjs gjn uo prjklssj hl ojhlrdnzaàëj kjdslrvahjra= atuacnzju a knhahl, oas oadtlvl a lstrutura sjknac ndactlraha. Ulssjas qul má dëj tndbao daha, plrhlrao andha oans kjo j lo flclzaoldtj –para nd`cís vlr‟ hj Vnj hl Madlnrj. Uara lssas plssjas, j lstahj frasnclnrj jglrlklu a rlprlssëj, `lradhj a noprlssëj hl qul j païs dëj lstava ndtlrlssahj lo kjdstrunr uoa Vlpýfcnka hn`da hlssl djol kjo pjfrls l olstnàjs.

;>, Ary Farrjsj cadàju Aquarlca hj Frasnc , uo saofa qul andha î ountj tjkahj païs agjra. A cltra ha kadàëj kadta= Frasnc, olu Frasnc frasnclnrj Olu oucatj ndzjdlnrj Wju kadtar-tl djs olus vlrsjs Y…_

Frasnc, tlrra fja l `jstjsa Ha ojrlda slstrjsa Hl jcbar ndhnskrltj Oucatj lra uoa pacavra para olstnàj. Ndzjdlnrj sn`dnka qul frndka,

qul gaz zjda dj sldtnhj hl glsta. Má a ojrlda, taofîo jutra pacavra ountj usaha para sl rlglrnr å olstnàa, î slstrjsa, nstj î, `raknjsa l katn vadtl, hl jcbar ndhnskrltj, kjoj sl tassl kjdvnhadhj å hnvlrsëj. Wjkí plrklflu da cltra a ouhadàa hl tjo lo rlcaàëj aj qul sl aroava sjfrl js olstnàjs dj sîkucj RNR: Hl krnondjsjs l hl`ldlrahjs, vnrarao glstlnrjs l slstrjsjs9 hl lskjrraàahjs hl suas kasas, a`jra Kjoj kjdblklr j Frasnc adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl:

2<

sëj kadtahjs lo flcjs vlrsjs. J prûprnj djol hj saofa hl Ary Far rjsj ncustra a ouhadàa hl kjdklpàëj qul akjdtlkl dj Frasnc ldtrl j o hj sîkucj RNR l as prnolnras hîkahas hj RR= a onskn`ldaàëj vnrju uoa aquarlca hj Frasnc, uo païs oarkahj plca prjgusëj hl kjrls, hl glstas l hl acl`rnas. Lssl tnpj hl saofa kju kjdblknhj å îpjka kjoj saofa-lxactaàëj. Hl gatj, gjn j qul akjdtlklu kjo a onskn`ldaàëj dj ndïknj hj sîkucj passahj, uoa lxactaàëj. Hl ndgjrtýdnj, tjrda-sl sjcuàëj. Hl ndglrdac, tradsgjroa-sl lo parahnsïaka. J qul bjuvl lo acùoas hlzldas hl adjs para qul taoadba ouhadàa akjdtlklssl: J qul glz kjo qul a onskn`ldaàëj gjssl hj ndglrdj aj kîu frasnclnrj lo uo lspaàj bnstjrnkaoldtl kurtj hl tlopj: Ldtrl as hîkahas hl 1>65 l 1>;5, kjdstntunu-sl uoa djva sldsnfncnhahl sjfrl j Frasnc l sua olstnàa`lo. Artnstas, ndtlclktuans l pjcïtnkjs ld tldhlrao qul, aj ndvîs hl tjoar kjoj rlglrídkna hl prj`rlssj a fradka Lurjpa, kjo sua kuctura kcássnka l lstaflclknha, lra prlknsj plrklflr oans j Frasnc l suas lsplknknhahls. Hl klrtj ojhj, lssa djva sldsnfncn hahl lstava aoparaha dj ldtldhnoldtj hl qul j Frasnc tndba ountas rnqulzas l quacnhahls, hl hnvlrsas jrhlds, oas qul dëj lrao kjdblknhas l, pjrtadtj, aklntas plcj slu prûprnj pjvj. Xratava-sl ldtëj hl kjdblklr, pldsar, pndtar l kadtar lssa frasncnhahl hlskjdblknha pjr dûs olsojs. Clofra-sl ha [loada hl Artl Ojhlrda hl [ëj Uaucj, lo 1>66, lstuhahas lo suas aucas hl cntlratura l artls: Lssl lvldtj kjd`rl`ju artnstas qul, olsoj kjo prjpjstas l tloátnkas hl jfra ountj hnstndtas ldtrl sn, lstavao tjhjs ndtlrlssahjs lo kjdblklr l lxprlssar j Frasnc lo slus trafacbjs. J ojhlrdnsoj artïstnkj frasnclnrj î, hl gatj, uoa `radhl fuska plcj Frasnc hlskjdblknhj. Î ndtlrlssadtl afjrhar, ols oj qul frlvloldtl, trís hlssls artnstas. Oárnj hl Adhrahl (12>;-1>862, pjhl slr cnhj kjoj uoa acl`jrna ha onskn`ldaàëj. Duoa dar ratnva oá`nka-oïtnka, fastadtl ndspnraha lo ontjs aolrïdhnjs, j cnvrj kjdta a bnstûrna hl uo ïdhnj qul dasklu dl`rj l lra kapaz hl sl tradsgjroar lo cjnrj hl jcbjs azuns. Oakudaïoa î uo blrûn, uoa rlprlsld-

27

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

taàëj flo hnglrldtl has qul kjdhldavao a ùra hj olstnàj acùoas hîkahas adtls. Kjdtuhj, dëj î uo blrûn å lurjplna, hlssls qul cutao, vldklo l kasao kjo a prndklsa. Lcl î uo blrûn frasnclnrj ju, kjoj j suftïtucj hj cnvrj prjpül, uo blrûn slo dldbuo karátlr, nstj î, slo rl`ras dlo ojrans hldnhas, lo uoa daàëj ountj djva l pjukj kjdblknha pjr slus bafntadtls para tlr uo karátlr daknjdac prûprnj. Xarsnca hj Aoarac (1227-1>0;), pjr sua vlz, artnsta pcástnka l trahutjra, prjhuznu uoa has tlcas oans nkødnkas hj ojhlrdnsoj, qunàá has artls frasnclnras, j Afa Afapjr pjru u, hl 1>62, pacavra hl jrn`lo ndhï`lda qul sn`dnka bjolo qul kjol kardl buoada, duoa rlglrídkna hnrlta å adtrjpjga`na ‛ nstj î, aj kadnfacnsoj ‛ assudtj qul afjrharlojs mudtj aj prûxnoj artnsta. [ua rlprlsldtaàëj lxactaha ha onskn`ldaàëj î lxpcïknta lo jutra jfra sn`dnkatnva, Jplrárnjs, hl 1>;;. Dlssa tlca, passaojs js jcbjs pjr uoa lxtldsa quadtnhahl hl rjstjs, hl kjrls l hl traàjs hnstndtjs qul, mudtjs, `lrao a noprlssëj ha hnvlrsnhahl l pcuracnhahl ha pjpucaàëj frasnclnra. Má Jswach hl Adhrahl (12>5-1>62. Afapjru jru para akjopadbar j tlxtj hj Oadnglstj Oadnglstj lo Xarsnca pndtju j Afap lo sua prnolnra pufcnkaàëj, duoa rlvnsta gudhaha plcj prûprnj Jswach, a Vlvnsta hl Adtrjpjga`na. J Oadnglstj pjhl slr tjoahj kjoj a oans lxpcï knta rlglrídkna å onskn`ldaàëj kjoj oarka ha nhldtnhahl daknjdac. Ons kn`ldaàëj î uoa onstura hl lcloldtjs, klrtj: Ldtëj, pjhl-sl hnzlr qul lca î uoa lspîknl hl hn`lstëj, kjoj sl kjcjkásslojs várnas partls hnglrldtls hldtrj hl uo kjrpj qul, prjklssadhj-as, `lrassl uoa djvnhahl.

Jra, j kadnfacnsoj para acùoas ltdnas ndhï`ldas tndba lxataoldtl lssa gudàëj. Dëj sl kjona plssjas ha prûprna trnfj dlo lstrad`lnrjs ol-

hrjsjs l kjvarhls. J kadnfacnsoj lra glntj prndknpacoldtl kjo fravjs l hlstlonhjs ùlrrlnrjs lstrad`lnrjs kjoj ojhj hl assnoncar as suas gjr àas. Jswach usava j kadnfacnsoj kjoj ùra oltagûrnka para hloarkar a nhldtnhahl frasnclnra lo slu Oadnglstj. A prnolnra grasl há j tjo hl tjhj j tlxtj= –[û a adtrjpjga`na djs udl. [jknacoldtl. Lkjdjonkaoldtl. Gncjsjkaoldtl‟ (A]LWLHJ, 6512, p. 15-16). Da tldtatnva hl slr oans cntlrac, î pjssïvlc aroar qul Jswach, kjo lssa grasl, lstá su`lrndhj qul j prûprnj

Kjoj kjdblklr j Frasnc adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl:

20

atj hl assnoncar kjdstadtloldtl j qul î lstrad`lnrj î a oarka hjs pldsaoldtjs, has prátnkas l has rlcaàüls sjknans prjprnaoldtl frasnclnras. Olsoj qul a artl dëj tldba, vna hl rl`ra, uo kjoprjonssj hl lxpcnkaàëj ha rlacnhahl, suas krnaàüls lstîtnkas akafao gjroucadhj rlprlsldtaàüls haquncj qul uo pjvj vnvl l pjhl vnvlr. A artl prjpül, kjoj aroaojs adtls, sldsnfncnhahls, nstj î, gjroas hl plrklflr j oudhj. Assno, Oárnj, Xarsnca l Jswach, kaha uo aj slu ojhj, su`lrlo uoa kjdklpàëj lxactaha ha onskn`ldaàëj, acàadhj lca j lstatutj hl rlglrídkna ha nhldtnhahl frasnclnra. Î kjoj sl, hnadtl ha hl`ldlraàëj qul a oarkava dlàtnvaoldtl dj sîkucj RNR, js ojhlrdnstas akjdsl cbavao dëj sû a dëj sl ldvlr`jdbar hl slr olstnàj, oas taofîo hl jrùcbar-sl hl slr assno= uo frasnclnrj olstnàj. Djssa flclza l actnvlz, djssa ndtlcn`ídkna l kapaknhahl hl rlsjcvlr prjfcloas hnadtl hl ahvlrsnhahls, tac kjoj uo Oakudaïoa oacadhrj, ldo, a jrn`ndacnhahl qul jglrlklojs aj oudhj vnrnao ha onskn`ldaàëj. Xjhavna, sl a artl dëj tlo rlspjdsafncnhahl lxpcnkatnva hj rlac, a adtrjpjcj`na tlo. L î uo hl slus pratnkadtls qul gjrouca uoa ndtlrprltaàëj hj Frasnc qul, lo uo sû `jcpl, hlsojdta a gacákna ha hl`ldlraàëj l lxacta, tacvlz atî hloans, a onskn`ldaàëj. @ncflrtj Grlyrl (1>55-1>20) dasklu dj Vlkngl, dj slnj hl uoa gaoï cna hl pjssls l, da muvldtuhl, ouhju-sl para js Lstahjs \dnhjs para lstuhar adtrjpjcj`na kjo Gradz Fjas. \o hjs prndknpans clàhjs hl Fjas gjn tlr hlojdstrahj kjoj as hnglrldàas buoadas dëj pjhlrnao slr ldtldhnhas lxkcusnvaoldtl plcj kjdklntj hl raàa, oas, sno, plcj hl kuctura. Oans andha= Fjas gjn j prnolnrj a hldudknar j prlkjdklntj nofuïhj dj kjdklntj hl raàa. [lo dldbuo ndhïknj hl qul bavlrna hngl rldàas fnjcû`nkas sn`dnkatnvas ldtrl js buoadjs, aroju qul a ýdnka sustldtaàëj ha djàëj hl raàa lra a hnskrnondaàëj. J mjvlo @ncflrtj Grlyrl klrtaoldtl juvnu l clu Fjas kjo atldàëj, má qul sua jfra oans kjdblknha fasnkaoldtl apcnka as nhlnas hl slu prjglssjr lo uoa adácn-

sl adtrjpjcû`nka ha rlacnhahl bnstûrnka l kucturac frasnclnra. Grlyrl pufcnkju Kasa-`radhl l sldzaca, lo 1>;;, kjoj j prnolnrj vjcuol hl uoa trncj`na, kjopcltaha pjstlrnjroldtl kjo [jfrahjs l oukaofjs, lo 1>;7, l Jrhlo l prj`rlssj, lo 1>

Hl uo mlntj ju hl jutrj, plcj flo ju plcj oac, lo tjha sua aofnùnhahl, Kasa-`radhl l sldzaca î uo haqulcls cnvrjs qul, kjoj Glrdadhj Bldrnqul Karhjsj (1>>;) lstaflclkl, –ndvldtarao j Frasnc‟. Ldtrltadtj, î prlknsj kjdsnhlrar qul cnvrjs kjoj j hl Grlyrl l jfras kjoj as hl Oárnj, Xarsnca l Jswach dëj ndvldtarao a fja onskn`ldaàëj sjzn dbjs. J qul sn`dnka aroar qul dëj sl pjhl ldtldhlr a ouhadàa hl plrsplktnva aklrka ha onskn`ldaàëj, ha hl`ldlraàëj hj sîkucj RNR para a nhldtnhahl lxactaha has prnolnras hîkahas hj sîkucj RR, kjoj uo prjhutj hnrltj has nhlnas hl ndtlclktuans l has lstîtnkas hl artnstas. Î oans adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl kjrrltj kjoprlldhlr lssa ouhadàa kjoj uo prjklssj sjknac aopcj qul lstava sldhj artnkucahj lo hnvlrsjs æofntjs ha vnha frasnclnra. Dj gutlfjc, pjr lxlopcj, ldtrl j dac hj sîkucj RNR l ndïknj hj RR, dl`rjs dëj lrao aklntjs kjoj mjàhjrls prjssnjdans lo kcufls frasnclnrjs, tadtj qul j Gcuondldsl, kcufl hj Vnj hl Madlnrj, atî bjml î kbaoahj pjr acùds aknjdahjs plcj lspjrtl hl –tnol pû hl arrjz‟ pjrqul daqulca îpjka kjstuoava-sl usar lssl ntlo hl oaquna`lo para kcarlar a gakl hl slus mjàhjrls ojrldjs. A partnr ha hîkaha hl 1>15, j dl`rj î aklntj prjssnjdacoldtl l, acîo hnssj, j gutlfjc frasnclnrj kjolàa a slr ldtldhnhj kjoj –lsplknac‟ mustaoldtl lo razëj hj supjstj `ndàhj hj dl`rj lo slu ojhj hl mjàr. Lspjrtl nd`cís mjà hj hl ojhj agrnkadj qul, das hîkahas slùndtls, djs prlsldtlju kjo @arrndkba, Ulcî l kjo j rlkjdblknoldtj oudhnac hj –mlntj frasnclnrj hl mjàr gutlfjc‟. J jrùcbj qul ountjs sldtlo plca bnstûrna hj gutlfjc frasnclnrj, nhldtnkadhj lo djssj suklssj uoa supjsta gudhaoldtac nopjrtædkna ha onskn`ldaàëj, î uo ndhïknj ha ouhadàa sjknac hl plrsplktnvas qul lstaojs lstuhadhj aqun. J olsoj akjdtlklu kjo j saofa, j kardavac, a kucndárna, a hadàa, l atî olsoj kjo j báfntj hl nr å prana l frjdzlar a plcl. Kjoj kjdta J„Hjddlcc (651;), lo uo lstuhj hl bnstûrna sjknac ha prana hl Kjpaka fada, sl a ojha lra, dj RNR, oadtlr a plcl fradka l ndtjkaha plcj sjc, a partnr ha hîkaha hl 1>;5, nr å prana l tlr uoa plcl frjdzlaha tjrda-

rao-sl báfntjs hlslmávlns l atî olsoj rlkjdblknhjs kjoj sauhávlns pjr ountjs frasnclnrjs. As ouhadàas ndtlclktuans, artïstnkas l sjknans aklrka ha onskn`ldaàëj dëj hlnxarao hl slr djtahas plcj Lstahj. Lo 1>;5, @ltýcnj War às kbl`ju aj pjhlr l, lo 1>;0, ndstacju uoa hntahura djolaha hl Lstahj Djvj qul plrhurju atî 1>85

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

uoa tradsgjroaàëj sn`dnkatnva dj Frasnc, Waràs l slus nhlûcj`js sl aprjprnarao has plrsplktnvas qul nhldtnkavao da onskn`ldaàëj uoa oarka nhldtntárna hj frasnclnrj para `lrar djvjs sïofjcjs daknjdans. [lu jfmltnvj lra j hl udnkar j païs, afradhadhj js kjdntjs hl kcassl ldtrl kapntac l trafacbj l, assno, `lrar aprjvaàëj sjknac aj slu `jvlrdj. Kjo Waràs l j Lstahj Djvj, a onskn`ldaàëj tjrdju-sl sïofjcj daknjdac prjojvnhj jknacoldtl. Hldtrl as olhnhas hl Waràs, lstëj j dadknaoldtj hjs hlscls has lskjcas hl saofa dj Vnj hl Madlnrj, a cnflraàëj hl rlkursjs para a kjdstruàëj hj Oarakadë, a clàcnzaàëj hjs atî ldtëj prjnfnhjs tlrrlnrjs hl Kadhjofcî l \ofadha, j ldsndj hl kapjlnra das lskjcas pýfcnkas l atî olsoj a ndvldàëj ha glnmjaha kjoj sïofjcj daknjdac l a krnaàëj hj ]î Karnjka, plrsjda`lo ha Hns dly qul rlprlsldta j frasnclnrj. Xjhas lssas aàüls lstavao vndkucahas a aàüls l olhnhas hj Lstahj Djvj ([KBPAVK], 651;). L gjn assno, lo olnj a cnvrjs, jfras, prjklssjs sjknans l hlcnflraàüls jknans, qul a djàëj hl qul sjojs onskn`ldahjs l qul nssj î fjo sl kjdùrju l àdbju gjràa das oldtls l djs kjrpjs hjs frasnclnrjs. Dëj î dldbuo lxa`lrj aroar qul, atî bjml, lssa sldsnfncnhahl pucsa ldtrl dûs rlùcadhj djssas prûprnas gjroas hl ldtldhlr qulo dûs sjojs. Kjdtuhj, sl j ontj ha onskn`ldaàëj kjoj sjcuàëj pjr uo cahj nhldtnka uoa jrn`ndacnhahl qul `lra jrùcbj l udnëj, pjr jutrj taofîo pjhl ldlvjar djssa plrklpàëj. Adac, atî olsoj dj paraïsj bá plrn`js. J oanjr hlcls î j hl akrlhntar qul sjojs uoa daàëj slo prl kjdklntjs l uoa pjpucaàëj qul vnvl lo pî hl nùachahl. A lssa krldàa, as knídknas sjknans frasnclnras hëj j djol hl ontj ha hlojkrakna raknac , ju slma, a supjsnàëj hl qul aklntaojs kjopcakldtloldtl as hnglrldàas l hl qul kjdslùnojs kjdstntunr uoa sjknlhahl sjknjlkjdjonka oldtl dkaha da nùachahl.

1

ojs kjdkcunr qul j ontj ha onskn`ldaàëj sl tjrdju uoa rlacnhahl lo djssj païs. Dûs j pldsaojs pjr olnj ha onskn`ldaàëj. Oans andha, dûs pldsaojs sjfrl dûs olsojs ldquadtj frasnclnrjs plcas vnas rllxnvas qul a nhlna hl onstura jglrlkl. As cldtls qul j ontj ha ons kn`ldaàëj kjcjkju hnadtl hl djssjs jcbjs gjrao tëj utncnzahas, l pjr tadtj tlopj, qul as kjdgudhnojs kjo djssa prûprna vnsëj. J ontj gjn sl kjdhldsadhj aj cjd`j ha bnstûrna, àdbadhj ` adbadhj lsplssura atî j pjdtj lo qul sl tjrdju, pjr assno hnzlr, oatîrna. Ujrtadtj, dëj kafl a plr ùdta sl sjojs rlacoldtl onskn`ldahjs ju dëj, pjns, lo cndùa`lo flo hnrlta, rlpltnu-sl tadtj qul sjojs, qul akafaojs akrlhntadhj dnssj, djs tjrdadhj, assno, onskn`ldahjs. Oas, kunhahj= aroar qul j ontj sl tjrdju rlacnhahl dëj sn`dnka aklntar qul tuhj j qul lcl prlssupül î vlrhahl. [û pjrqul j ontj î rlac, dûs dëj prlknsaojs aklntar qul lcl lstá klrtj. Adtls, j pldsaoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj rlkjoldha qulstnjdar quans sëj js lglntjs `lrahjs plcj ontj ldquadtj rlacnhahl. Ldtëj, vlmaojs= da slàëj , p. ;;), adtrjpûcjà l bnstjrnahjra, prjglssjra ha \[U l lsplknacnsta lo qulstëj raknac dj Frasnc= >6

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

[lùdhj j rlcatûrnj hj Npla (Ndstntutj hl Ulsqunsa Lkjdøonka Apcnkaha), a hlsplntj hj auoldtj `lrac ha lxplktatnva hl vnha ldtrl js frasnclnrjs, js ndhnkahjrls qul kjfrlo j plrïjhj qul van hl 1>>; a 6550 ojstrao kjoj a pjpucaàëj fradka kjdtndua vnvldhj oans hj qul a dl`ra. Dlssl plrïjhj, j `rupj hl bjolds fradkjs lo tjrdj hl slssldta adjs hl nhahl passju hl 2,6% para 11,1%, aj passj qul j hl dl`rjs da olsoa ganxa ltárna auoldtju hl 7,;

Oas, sl dûs djs ldtldhlojs kjoj onskn`ldahjs, kjoj î qul pj hlojs gacar hl hnglrldàas l hlsnùachahls ldtrl fradkjs l dl`rjs dj Frasnc: Adac, a onskn`ldaàëj onstura l hnssjcvl a purlza ha raàa, su`lrndhj qul dëj sjojs dlo fradkjs, dlo prltjs, dlo ïdhnjs, oas uoa onstura hl tjhjs lcls. Lssa ndhaààëj î nopjrtadtl. Waojs djs hltlr a lca pjr uo ojoldtj. Uara kjolàar a rlspjdhí-ca, prlknsaojs assndacar qul raàa dëj î oans ldtldhnha sjoldtl kjoj uoa katl`jrna puraoldtl fnjcû`nka, oas taofîo sjknac, j qul sn`dnka su`lrnr qul a kjr ha plcl l js traàjs kjrpjrans sëj ndtlrprltahjs sjknacoldtl. [lr fradkj, dl`rj ju ojrldj dj Frasnc hlpldhl hl uoa sîrnl hl gatjrls= hj kjrpj, hl kjoj a pls sja sl ldtldhl l hl kjoj a sjknlhahl a plrklfl. Dlssl sldtnhj, das ýctnoas hîkahas, dj tlopj qul passju ldtrl j o ha bnstûrna qul kjdtaojs da slàëj adtlrnjr ‛ oans ju oldjs djs adjs 1>% sl hlkcarju dl`rj ju parhj, ldquadtj, dj hl 655>, hl 1>1 oncbüls, gjrao ). J auoldtj dëj sl lxpcnka pjr oans dasknoldtjs hl plssjas dl`ras, oas, da vlrhahl, pjr oans plssjas sl ldtldhldhj kjoj dl`ras.

Kjdtuhj, j ontj andha plrsnstl. Bjml, olsoj sldhj oans sldsïvlns å hlsnùachahl raknac, olsoj plrklfldhj-a oans dntnhaoldtl, ountjs andha tldhlo a akbar qul j Frasnc î uo païs slo raknsoj. Ujr nssj qul a ndhaààëj cadàaha ‛ sl sjojs onskn`ldahjs, kjoj lxnstl hlsnùachahl ldtrl fradkjs l dl`rjs dj Frasnc: ‛ andha î glnta pjr aqun. J oanjr lglntj hj ontj ha hlojkrakna raknac dëj gjn j hl tlr lskjdhnhj a hlsnùachahl raknac pjr tadtj tlopj, oas, aj kjdtrárnj, j hl prjhuzn-ca ndsnstldtloldtl. Mustaoldtl pjr akbarojs qul vnvlojs lo uo païs slo raknsoj, a hlsnùachahl raknac pjr lssas para`lds maoans hlnxju hl lxnstnr l hl krlsklr.

Kjoj aroaojs adtls, dëj prlknsaojs kjopaktuar kjo lssl lglntj. [l qulrlojs qul js ontjs `lrlo jutras gjroas hl kjdvnvídkna, kjoj sacnldtaojs aj cjd`j hl tjhj j cnvrj, î prlknsj noa`ndar l kjcj >8

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

kar lo prátnka lssas actlrdatnvas. Î kjo lssl jfmltnvj qul lstuhaojs adtrjpjcj`na. Dëj î para aklntar j oudhj kjoj lcl î, oas, adtls, para noa`ndá-cj, sloprl, oans cnvrl, oans nùac l oans rlsplntjsj para tjhjs.

KJD[NHLVAÀÜL[ GNDAN[ Ujhlojs ldtldhlr knhahadna kjoj uo prndkïpnj pjcïtnkj hl aroa -

àëj ha cnflrhahl, ha nùachahl l hj rlsplntj ås hnglrldàas. Kjdtuhj, aj lstuharojs j Frasnc plcj pjdtj hl vnsta ha adtrjpjcj`na, kjdblklojs js olkadnsojs qul prjhuzlo uoa afnssac l hncaklradtl hlsnùachahl qul taofîo prjvjka klrklaoldtj ha cnflrhahl l hlsrlsplntj ås sndùcarnhahls sjknans. Lo vlz hl hlnxar j plssnonsoj tjoar kjdta hjs djssjs ædnojs, lssl kjdblknoldtj pjhl ountj flo djs ndkntar å tradsgjroaàëj. A adtrjpjcj`na pjhl slr j kjofustïvlc hl sua hnspjsnàëj pjr gazlr a sua partl pjr uo Frasnc oans mustj para tjhjs. Assno, hlnxaojs uoa pacavra dac î quasl uoa kjdvjkaàëj= usl a adtrjpjcj`na kjoj ndstruoldtj pjr uo Frasnc oans cnvrl, nùac l rlsplntjsj. Lssa î a vjkaàëj ha adtrjpjcj`na, a hl slr uo ndstruoldtj hl aprjgudhaoldtj ha mustnàa, quasl sloprl kjdtra js pjhlrls lstaflclknhjs l lo gavjr hl tjhas l tjhjs, ndhlpldhldtloldtl hl suas hnglrldàas. [l j lstuhj hlstl cnvrj sldsnfncnzju vjkí hl acùoa gjroa, pjr `ldtnclza, rltrnfua kjdtrnfundhj para qul djssa vjkaàëj sl rlacnzl. Dëj sû pjr ono, oas pjr vjkí taofîo. Adac, uo païs oans

mustj jglrlkl uoa vnha, sl dëj olcbjr l oans sauhávlc, klrtaoldtl oans sn`dnkatnva.

AXNWNHAHL[ Kjdsnhlrl j tlxtj a slùnr= 1.

[upudba-sl qul as raàas kjrrlspjdhnao a hahjs lssldknans l xjs,

l qul a buoadnhahl sl hnvnhna a partnr hlcas lo bnlrarqunas daturans. Ju slma, kaha raàa tlrna pjtldknans hnstndtjs l ndactlrávlns, lstadhj js fradkjs kaukasnadjs dj tjpj ha pnræonhl sjknac l lvjcutnva, l js dl`rjs da fasl. Kjdtuhj, pnjrls qul as raàas puras slrnao as olstnàahas, as quans, hl akjrhj kjo lssls olsojs tlûrnkjs, lrao passïvlns hl tjhj tnpj hl –hl`ldlraàëj blrlhntárna‟. ([KBPAVK]9 [XAVCND@, 651)

A partnr hj kjdtlýhj lcafjrahj da slàëj <

6.

[jfrl a kapjlnra dj Frasnc, clna j tlxtj a slùnr= Vlprnonha plca pjcïkna dj dac hj sîkucj RNR l tnpnkaha kjoj krnol

plcj Kûhn`j Uldac hl 12>5, a prátnka ha kapjlnra, andha bjml, rloltl tadtj a uoa kjrlj`raa quadtj a uo mj`j, acîo hl slr nùacoldtl uoa gjroa hl cuta l hl oloûrna hl rlsnstídkna hjs lskravjs. Lo 1>;0, pjrîo, a kapjlnra passju a slr vacjrnzaha plcj Lstahj Djvj. Dlo fradka, dlo dl`ra, vnra kapjlnra –kruzaha‟, kjoj má sl hnzna hlshl j ndïknj hj sîkucj RR ‛ î j rlsuctahj jrn`ndac hl ac`j

krnahj plca onstura ldtrl j pjrtuùís, j agrnkadj l j ïdhnj. Djs tlopjs hl Waràs, a kapjlnra glz a tradsnàëj para j oudhj has rlprlsldtaàüls daknjdans l gjn jknacnzaha plcj Lstahj Djvj kjoj

a cl`ïtnoa ojhacnhahl lspjrtnva daknjdac. ([KBPAVK]9 [XAVCND@, 651)

Hl akjrhj kjo js kjdblknoldtjs tratahjs da slàëj , gjn hnvucàha uoa atuacnzaàëj hjs Ïdhnkls hl Hlsldvjcvnoldtj Buoadj (NHB) lo uo radind`  `cjfac. `cjfac. J NHB î uo dýolrj kackucahj plcj Urj`raoa has Daàüls \dnhas para j Hlsldvjcvnoldtj (UD\H) qul kjdsnhlra gatjrls rlcaknjdahjs å rldha l å quacnhahl hl vnha hl kaha païs. [jfrl a plrgjroadkl hj Frasnc dlssa atuacnzaàëj hj NHB, kjdsnhlrl j trlkbj ha oatîrna a slùnr= J NHB hj Frasnc passju hl 5,075 lo 6510 para 5,071 lo 6512, j qul j oadtîo kjoj uo Uaïs hl actj hlsldvjcvnoldtj buoadj. Y..._ J prûprnj UD\H, dj ldtadtj, aclrta para uo pjdtj nopjrtadtl= j ïdhnkl hj Frasnc î actj pjrqul bá pjukas plssjas qul vnvlo lo actïssnoj dïvlc hl hlsldvjcvnoldtj ldquadtj ountas vnvlo lo dïvlns ountj fanxjs. Js hahjs hjs rnkjs, pjrtadtj, lopurrao as oîhnas frasnclnras para knoa. A lkjdjonsta-kblgl ha udnhahl hl hlsldvjcvnoldtj buoadj hj UD\H dj Frasnc, Fltnda Farfjsa, lxpcnka pjrqul j prûprnj rlcatûrnj gaca qul î nopjrtadtl sl jcbar acîo has oîhnas= –Dj Frasnc tlojs uo NHB actj, oas lcl î uoa oîhna. Quadhj a `ldtl apcnka j kjlknldtl hl hlsnùachahl a `ldtl ví qul î a

fja plrgjroadkl hjs rnkjs qul gaz hj NHB actj‟. (CJDHVL[, 651>)

A oatîrna apjdta para uoa aparldtl ncusëj qul js hahjs hj NHB hj Frasnc aprlsldtao. Quac î lssa ncusëj: J qul lca lskjdhl:

>7

Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

VLGLVÍDKNA[ ADHLV[JD, F. Kjoudnhahls noa`ndahas. [ëj Uaucj= Kjopadbna has Cltras, 6552. A]LWLHJ, F. Adtrjpjga`na. Uacnopslstj slcva`lo. [ëj Uaucj= [lsn-[U, 6512. FAVVJ[J, A. Aquarlca hj Frasnc. Nd= ACWL[, G.9 @ADAXXACN, V. Aquarlca hj Frasnc. Jhljd, 1>;>. (< ond ;. KAVWACBJ, M. O. Knhahadna dj Frasnc = j cjd`j kaondbj. Vnj hl Madlnrj= Knvncnzaàëj Frasnclnra, Frasnclnra, 6551. GVL^VL, @. Kasa-`radhl l sldzaca. Vnj hl Madlnrj= @cjfac, 6556. CJDHVL[, O. Frasnc sjfl dj NHB oas oadtîo hlsnùachahl rlkjrhl hl rldha. V0 Ucadactj. > hlz. 651>. Hnspjdïvlc lo= bttps=//djtnknas.r0.kjo/ bttps=//djtnknas.r0.kjo/prnsoa/r0-pcada prnsoa/r0-pcadactj/frasnc-sjfl ctj/frasnc-sjfl-dj-nhb-dj-nhboas-oadtlo-hlsnùachahl-rlkjrh oas-oadtlo-hlsn` uachahl-rlkjrhl-hl-rldha-5>1 l-hl-rldha-5>16651>. 6651>. Aklssj lo= 61 mad. 651>. J„HJDLCC, M. A ndvldàëj hl Kjpakafada Kjpakafada. Vnj hl Madlnrj= Mjr`l ]abar, 651;. [KBPAVK], C. O. Dlo prltj dlo fradkj, ountj plcj kjdtrárnj. Kjr l raàa da sjknafncnhahl frasnclnra. [ëj Uaucj= Kcarj Ldnòa, 651;. [KBPAVK], C. O. [jfrl j autjrntarnsoj frasnclnrj. [ëj Uaucj= Kjopadbna has Cltras, 651>. [KBPAVK], C. O.9 [XAVCND@, B. Frasnc = uoa fnj`raa. [ëj Uaucj= Kjopadbna has Cltras, 65128.

Kjoj kjdblklr j Frasnc adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl:

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@AFAVNXJ

1 Kjoj pldsar adtrjpjcj`nkaoldt adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl: l: 1.

A atnvnhahl pjhl `lrar hnglrldtls rlspjstas l rlsuctahjs, hl ojhj qul dëj bá uo àfarntj ýdnkj. Hl tjhj ojhj, j jfmltnvj î gazlr kjo qul vjkí ldtrl lo kjdtatj hnrltj kjo a rlacnhahl kucturac hl prjhuàëj l kjdsuoj hl kardl lo sua rl`nëj. Assno, kjdvlrsadhj kjo as plssjas l rlltndhj sjfrl báfntjs l ouhadàas da acnoldtaàëj, prjvavlcoldtl

sl aprjxnoará plssjacoldtl hj tloa l hjs arùoldtjs hlsldvjcvnhjs da prnolnra slàëj hlstl kapïtucj. 6.

Djvaoldtl, dëj bá uo àfarntj para a atnvnhahl. J jfmltnvj hlca, kjdtuhj, î prjpjrknjdar a lxplrnídkna hl lskuta hj jutrj, tloa gudhaoldtac ha adtrjpjcj`na. Acîo hnssj, a atnvnhahl gjoldta a rllxëj sjfrl a lxplrnídkna hl juvnr acùîo hlskjdblknhj gacar sjfrl a glcnknhahl, ac`j lssldknac para j aprldhnzahj hj qul sn`dnka gazlr

adtrjpjcj`na. ;.

J ltdjkldtrnsoj hjs lvjcuknjdnstas gjn j hl tlr kjcjkahj a sua prûprna sjknlhahl kjoj olhnha para a ndtlrprltaàëj hl tjhas as jutras. Assno, as hnglrldtls kucturas tradsgjroarao-sl lo lstá`njs hl hlsldvjcvnoldtj ha buoadnhahl qul supjstaoldtl hlslofjkarnao dj ojhlcj lo qul js jknhldtans ojhlrdjs sl ldkjdtravao. J nhlac î qul a sua rlspjsta slma lcafjraha a partnr hl suas prûprnas pacavras, hl akjrhj kjo j qul kjoprlldhlojs kjo a clntura ha quarta slàëj hlstl kapïtucj.

6 Kjoj prjhuznr kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj: 1.

Lstl lxlrkïknj dëj tlo uo àfarntj ýdnkj. [lu jfmltnvj î prjhuznr kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj pjr olnj hl uoa lxplrnídkna hl kjdtatj hnrltj kjo plssjas qul sjknacoldtl sëj ldtldhnhas pjr kjdklpàüls ountj arranàhas dj noa`ndárnj pjpucar= hlsaoparahas ju plrn`jsas. Î prjvávlc qul j lxlrkïknj traà å tjda a plrklpàëj hl qul a rlacnhahl î oans kjopclxa l ouctngakltaha hj qul lssas kjdklpàüls hlnxao noa`ndar, pjr oans qul lcas tldbao acùo gudhj hl vlrhahl. Assno, a prjhuàëj hl uo rlcatj rl catj lo gjroatj hl tlxtj apûs a lxplrnídkna î gudhaoldtac l jpjrtudnza rlltnr sjfrl j qul vjkí

plrklflu da kjdvlrsa. Î dlssl ojoldtj, hl prjhuàëj hj tlxtj, qul j kjdblknoldtj adtrjpjcû`nkj sl kjdstrûn.

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Adtrjpjcj`na [jknac

6.

Aj ndhnkar as –qulstüls hngïklns kjcjkahas plca hnvlrsnhahl kucturac‟, Klcsj Kastrj lstá sl rlglrndhj ajs prlkjdklntjs l raknsojs qul js buoadjs krnao para cnhar kjo as suas hnglrldàas. Hl gatj, trata-sl hl uo sîrnj prjfcloa, uoa vlz qul uo prlkjdklntj ndglrnjrnza j jutrj l pjhl slr a kausa has oans varnahas vnjcídknas, kjoj a bnstûrna ha buoadnhahl atlsta. A kjdklpàëj hl kuctura hl Fjas jglrlkl uoa sjcuàëj aj su`lrnr qul sl plrklfa j oudhj plcj pjdtj hl vnsta hl kaha kuctura. [ua apjsta lra a hl qul, plcj qul Kastrj hldl

kjoj rlcatnvnsoj, js prlkjdklntjs tldhlsslo a plrhlr gjràa, sl dëj sjknacoldtl, aj oldjs, da plrsplktnva hj jfslrvahjr. ;.

Fasnkaoldtl, plca jfslrvaàëj partnknpadtl, nstj î, vnvldknadhj a vnha datnva pjr olnj ha partnknpaàëj das atnvnhahls cjkans aj olsoj tlopj lo qul sl jfslrva l sl tjoa djtas has prátnkas l has nhlnas datnvas. Lssa tîkdnka, rlacnzaha pjr uo plrïjhj rlcatnvaoldtl cjd`j, kjdhuz å plrklpàëj hj pjdtj hl vnsta datnvj plcj plsqunsahjr. Jutrj ojhj hl rlspjdhlr å ndhaààëj î su`lrndhj qul, para Oacndjwsin, j plsqunsahjr hlvl sl kjcjkar kjoj aprldhnz ha vnha datnva, hlnxadhjsl slr ldsndahj pjr slus ndtlrcjkutjrls da prátnka, nstj î, das atnvnhahls jrhndárnas l lxtrajrhndárnas hj kjtnhnadj.

; Kjoj aprldhlr adtrjpjcj`nkaoldtl 1.

A atnvnhahl prjpjsta dëj tlo uo àfarntj lsplkïkj. Xrata-sl hl uoa

atnvnhahl hl plsqunsa qul pjhl `lrar js oans varnahjs rlsuctahjs. Hl tjhj ojhj, j jfmltnvj hj lxlrkïknj î prnolnraoldtl jglrlklr a vjkí a pjssnfncnhahl hl pratnkar, andha qul hl oadlnra fásnka l ndnknac, a plsqunsa adtrjpjcû`nka= gacar kjo as plssjas, nhldtnkar rlacnhahls

l rlcaknjdá-cas a gatjrls sjknans l kucturans. J slùdhj jfmltnvj ha atnvnhahl prjpjr a vjkí j gacao olrùcbj qulstülsldtrl afjrhahas da slàëj ;.1 îhlstl kapïtucj, qul sjfrldas as rlcaàüls glcnknhahl l trafacbj da sjknlhahl kjdtlopjrædla. A clntura ha slàëj l a glntura ha plsqunsa pjhlo jglrlklr a vjkí uoa ûtnoa gjroa hl plrklflr as kjdhnàüls sjknans l kucturans hj trafacbj da kjdtlopjradlnhahl. 6.

Lsta atnvnhahl dëj tlo uo àfarntj. Xrata-sl hl uo lxlrkïknj hl

aprjgudhaoldtj hj kjdblknoldtj a rlsplntj has ltdnas ndhï`ldas qul bafntao j tlrrntûrnj frasnclnrj. J jfmltnvj î jglrlklr a pjssnfncnhahl hl rlkjdblklr qul j tlroj ïdhnj dëj há kjdta has prjgudhas hnglrldàas ldtrl as hnvlrsas ltdnas ndhï`ldas. A clntura has ndgjroaàüls dj sntl ndslrnrá vjkí das rnqulzas l partnkucarnhahls ha ltdna lskjcbnha. Má j

@afarntj

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tlxtj plrontl a lcl assnoncar hl oadlnra oans lgltnva j qul aprldhlu lo sua plsqunsa. ;.

J hjkuoldtárnj su`lrnhj aprlsldta uoa darratnva a rlsplntj ha rlcaàëj qul js buoadjs lcafjrarao kjo j pcadlta aj cjd`j hl sua bnstûrna para aroar qul, atuacoldtl, lstaojs kjcjkadhj a Xlrra l,

kjdslquldtloldtl, a lxnstídkna ha lspîknl lo rnskj. As plrùdtas cadàahas plca atnvnhahl dëj tío rlspjstas kjrrltas9 lcas tío j jfmltnvj hl lstnoucar vjkí a pldsar a rlsplntj ha rlcaàëj ldtrl sjknlhahl l daturlza, kjdsnhlradhj js hlsajs prátnkjs qul sur`lo quadhj sl

prjpül actlrá-cas. Assno, trata-sl hl uo lxlrkïknj qul, oans hj qul jglrlklr rlspjstas, prjvjka a plrklpàëj ha nopjrtædkna hl sl gazlr as plrùdtas kjrrltas quadhj j tloa î a rlcaàëj ldtrl sjknlhahl l daturlza.

8 Kjoj prjpjr sjcuàüls adtrjpjcû`nkas 1.

Uara as ltdnas ndhï`ldas, j hnrlntj å tlrra sn`dnka a autjdjona hl pjhlr

vnvlr hj mlntj qul lcls hlslmao. Aj dëj hloarkar as tlrras ndhï`ldas, j Lstahj frasnclnrj lstá dëj sû hlsrlsplntadhj a kjdstntunàëj lo vn`jr kjoj lstá, taofîo, prnvadhj as ltdnas ndhï`ldas hl sua autjdjona kucturac. A sua rlspjsta hlvl, lo suas prûprnas pacavras, tradsontnr lssa plrklpàëj. 6.

Dëj bá àfarntj para lssa plrùdta. J nhlac î qul vjkí lxlrkntl sua kapaknhahl arùoldtatnva aj hlgldhlr uo hjs hnrlntjs ha Hlkcaraàëj \dnvlrsac hjs Hnrlntjs Buoadjs.

;.

Dëj bá àfarntj para lssa plrùdta. Xrata-sl hl uo lxlrkïknj lo qul

tjhjs as nhlnas lsfjàahas dj kapïtucj jrnldtao vjkí a kjcjkar lo prátnka as rllxüls su`lrnhas.

< Kjoj prjpjr sjcuàüls adtrjpjcû`nkas 1.

Aj lstuhar a slàëj

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