ANTROPOLOGIA Dispense

 

UD ^P L U ^ A H D - M D F ^ D G @ L UD^PASAJGL

KJGP^J MD GDP\^DMASSDSAJGL

4. \GD @A[KAUMAGD [KBASJO^LGAKD - Ulrkbá sjfflttj l jffltta kjagka`jgj. Ulrkbá kjgsa`lrdg`j ml dmtrl `askapmagl, kjhl pjssjgj gjg lsslrl ‒dgtrjpjmjfakbl‑: Ag pañ â skassd3 dgtrjpjmjfad najmjfakd l dgtrjpjmjfad kumturdml . Ystjrad gdturdml `lmm‑ujhj9 usa l kjstuha `lmml pjpjmdzajga ‒dmtrl‑). Ag rldmtå sa pjtrlnnlrj ‒rakjhpjrrl‑ glmmd stlssd fflfurd3 md prj`uzajgl kumturdml kjhl prj`uzajgl `a ug najs. Ag rldmtå qulstd `avasajgl rakdmkd ugd `avasajgl prlkl`lgtl3 qulmmd ord skalgzl bdr` l skalgzl uhdgl. Md qudml d sud vjmtd sa ndsd su ugd dgkjrd pañ ojg`dhlgtdml, ugj `la prlsuppjsta ojg`dhlgtdma `lmmd kjshjvasajgl jkka`lgtdml3 md slpdrdzajgl gdturd/kumturd. Tulstd `avasajgl â dgtakd3 `d Udrhlga`l (lsslrl/gj (lsslrl/gjg g lsslrl) d @lskdrtls (rls lxtlgsd/rls kjfatdgs)3 gdskl pja, agsalhl dmmd skalgzd, dmml prahl lsplralgzl kjmjgadma l dmmd prjojg`d rastrutturdzajgl rastrutturdzajg l dgtrjpjmjfakd kbl dprl md hj`lrgatå. Md strutturdzajgl jgtjmjfakd `lmm‑ujhj, kjhl sa dutjplrklpaskl l` dutj-gdrrd, jvvlrj kjg ugd pdrtl ‒kjg`avasd‑ kjg am rlstj `lm krldtj Ybdr`X l` ugd pdrtl MANL^D YsjotX, â dmmd ndsl.

Fma uhdga sjgj kjgtagudhlgtl kjstatuata kjhl ag`ava`ua `dmmd kjhugatå kua dppdrtlgfjgj. Md pmdnshdzajgl kumturdml, agjmtrl, â ramlvdnaml d ojg`j dgkbl gla suja looltta ‒bdr`‑, flgltaka, ltk.

 

M‑ugakj trdttj kbl ugavlrsdmhlgtl mlfd tuttl ml kumturl uhdgl â qulmmj `a ‒mdvjrdrl a pakkjma‑, odrma dkkl`lrl d` ugd splkafflkd ojrhd `a vatd.

GDP\^DMASSDSAJGL - _ajmlgzd Pljrakd ‐7 ra`urrl qudmkjsd dm ‒gdturdml‑, â ug pj‑ kjhl ra`urmj dm ‒nanmakj‑ glm hl`ajlvj. Ulr lslhpaj a ndhnaga kjg D@B@3 sl gjg ka sa agtlrrjfd summd pjssanaml jrafagl kumturdml `lmmd tlg`lgzd psakbakd, â ugd prdtakd trdgquammazzdgtl… â kjsí, nasjfgd sjmj kurdrmd.

\G ^DFAJGDHLGPJ DGP^JUJMJFAKJ3 ”@A_LGPD^L \HDGA‘ - D `aoolrlgzd `lmml dmtrl splkal, glfma uhdga gjg ndstd md ‒najmjfad‑ plr `avlgtdrl d`umta. Kjhl sjmtdgtj a hdhhaolra suplrajra, fma uhdga bdggj nasjfgj `a kurl3 splkadml plrþ md `urdtd strdjr`agdrad `a qulstl kurl.

JHAGDSAJGL - Tudg`j am ‒`dtj najmjfakj‑ jrafagdraj `lmmd splkal Bjhj   bd shlssj `a lsslrl suofflkalgtl glmmd splkafflkdzajgl `a ug d`umtj: @jnnadhj stu`adrmj lvjmutavdhlgtl3 qulstd â ugd kjsd ugakd glmml splkal. L‑ prjpraj qulstd m‑DGP^JUJUJAL[A3 `avlgtdrl uhdgj plr vad fflmjflgltakd . [jmj plr fma uhdga â prlvastj `dmm‑lvjmuzajgl am `avlgtdrl kaþ kbl sa puþ lsslrl odklg`jsa dttrdvlrsdrl `d ugd kumturd . Yglssug uhdgj lsastl ag vad ‒sjmj gdturdml‑ ‐7 am ndhnagj slgzd kumturd hujrlX. Am prjklssj `a prj`uzajgl `a ag`ava`ua kjhpdtanama d` ugd kumturd sa kbadhd prjpraj dgtrjpjpjalsa 9 md kumturd ahprahl am suj slfgj fflg glmml klmmuml (lpaflgltakd) (lpaflgltakd)..

@akadhj `a pañ3 fma uhdga sjgj prj`jtta `a splkafflkbl ”vlratå‘ kjgslgsudma. Gjg sjgj sjmj tljral dmtlrgdtavl3 qulstd â ugd

 

prj`uzajgl kbl sa agsagud fflg glmml klmmuml. L qulstd vlratå plr m‑jkka`lgtl â AM [A[PLHD [KALGPAOAKJ. Lsdttdhlgtl kjhl qulmmj tljmjfakj glm hl`ajlvj, jffa m‑jkka`lgtdml â ahpjssanamatdtj d` dttranuarl ug vdmjrl `a vlratå dm `a oujra `a qulstj.

UD^PL [LKJG@D - AM T\D@^J L_JM\SAJGA[PD

M‑lvjmuzajgashj â ug pdrd`afhd stjrakdhlgtl `ltlrhagdtj. [plssj pja mj sa ‒kjgtrdppjgl‑ d` ug prlkl`lgtl ”fflssashj  ” fflssashj ‘ Yprjflttj `avagj, Kdtlgd `lmm‑lsslrl, lsslgzadmashj…X. Tulstj mj sa od ag ug jttakd `a gujvj `a gjrhdmazzdzajgl, dssjmutazzdzajgl… pañ kbl dmtrj plr hdfgafflkdrl md prjpjstd lvjmuzajgastd. [a `jvrlnnl pauttjstj dnndg`jgdrl

m‑dpprjkkaj prjfrlssavj dmmd skalgzd 3 kajâ rakjgjsklrl kbl ag jfga lpjkd ka sjgj stdtl plrsjgl kjg ugd mjfakd, ug‑agtlmmaflgzd, ugd prjsplttavd pjtlgta, l gjg sa puþ ”squdmafflkdrl‘ qulmmd prjsplttavd, rlg`lg`jmd ”prahatavd‘ j slhprl ufudml fflgj dmmd hj`lrgd skalgzd.

Dssa pjrtdgta `lmmd ”fflmjsjffld gdturdml‘ trd 4?55 l 4655 - plraj`j kbl prlkl`l md tljrad lvjmutavd. Lsslgzadmashj3 fflgj da prlsjkrdtaka, md UBQ[A[ `a ugd kjsd lrd am suj `avlgarl, hutdrl, am prjklssj `lmml

 

kjsl9 `d Umdtjgl l` Drastjtlml, md kjsd ag sá `aplg`l sjstdgzadmhlgtl `dmmd sud ”lsslgzd‘3 qudmatå splkafflkd `lmmd kjsd stlssd. Nrlvatå `lm tlhpj stjrakj3 hltå [laklgtj, drkavlskjvj Cdhls \sblr3 kdmkjmd nanmakdhlgtl md krldzajgl glm fajrgj `jhlgakd >; jttjnrl `lmm‑dggj 0550 d.K.. Klrtj, lrd ug kdmkjmj lstrlhj… hd am pugtj lrd md plrklzajgl `a ugd rlmdtavd nrlvatå `lm tlhpj… Ml kjsl kdhnadgj rd`akdmhlgtl qudg`j sa ”skjprl‘ md prlastjrad… \gakatå `lmm‑ujhj ‐7 `a hdtrakl nanmakd (:) agodtta pja pjrtdtd dm hdssahj `dm krastadglsahj (:) - ujhj kjhl `aoolrlgzd Urjflttj agtlmmaflgtl ‐7 `dm Pahlj dmm‑ drfjhlgtj `lmm‑jrjmjfadaj `a Vammadh Udmly 425>. Kdtlgd `lmm‑lsslrl Yskdmd Yskdmd gdturdl X ‐7 dgkbl qulstd `d Umdtjgl. Urlsuppjgl ugd kjgtaguatå `a frd`a `a plrolzajgl3 tdssjgjhad ”stdtakd‘3 m‑ujhj â dm klgtrj trd md plrolzajgl klmlstl l m‑ahplrolzajgl sunmugdrl.

Pljral `lmm‑lrl`atdraltå  - [l `dmmd `jhlstakdzajgl m‑lrl`atdraltå â ug odttj kjgjskautj l soruttdtj, ml tljral kbl va sjffadkkajgj gla slkjma sjgj pragkapdmhlgtl trl3 pdgflglsa, lpaflglsa, prlojrhdzajgl UDGFLGL[A ‐7 kjrpus bappjkrdtakuh - tuttl ml pdrta `lm kjrpj, flglrdgj `la ‒slha‑ kbl sa kjgklgtrdgj pja

 

glfma jrfdga slssudma. LUAFLGL[A ‐7 `lravd `dmmd tljrakd amlhjrfflkd `a Drastjtlml3 hd md ojrhd â suplrajrl glm prjklssj dmmd hdtlrad, l md ojrhd md `d am hdskbaj, md olhhagd md hdtlrad. Dkklttdtd sjstdgzadmhlgtl `dmmd Kbalsd Ydgahdzajgl dm 05lsahj fajrgj ltkX. DPPLGSAJGL3 gjg sa pdrmd `a splrhdPJSJ splrhdPJSJAA l J_\MA. U^LOJ^HDSAJGL ‐7 4?55, svamuppa `lmmd hakrjskjpad3 glmml tlstl `lfma splrhdtjzja, sa rdvvl`l ug bjhugkumus . Tulstj rakdmkd ug pj‑ am ”prahdtj‘ hdskbaml, kjhpmltdg`jmj glmm‑a`ld `lmmd prlojrhdzajgl. Lpaflglsa (kajâ kbl ‒pdrtl‑ `d agojrhdzajga flgltakbl, hd sa svamuppd slkjg`j dmtrj) l prlojrhdzajgl, kjhl lmlhlgta agtragslka, sjgj `url d hjrarl… Tudgtj â ‒prl-`ltlrhagdtj‑ m‑ag`ava`uj: `jhdg`d plrsastlgtl.

\G‑LUJKD @A P^DG[ASAJGL

Krjmma l rakjstruzajga `lmmd [kdmd Gdturdl  -

glm

4655, skjplrtl fljfrdfflkbl, gujvl splkal dgahdma, gujva uhdga kjg kdrdttlrastakbl kbl agtlrrjfdgj, skjplrtd `la ojssama… krasa `lm hj`lmmj kmdssakj. Kjhl faå md fflsakd, glm hj`lmmj skalgtafflkj pjstfdmamladgj gjg k‑lrd pjstj plr lvlgta gjg-jsslrvdnama kjhl md ‒vjmjgtå `avagd‑‐7 lgtrd ag krasa md vdraltå

 

`lmml ojrhl vavlgta kjhl `aplg`lgtl `d qulmmd. M‑lspjglgzadml krlskatd `a splkal jsslrvdtl (l plgsadhj dgkbl dmmd hakrjnajmjfad) hlttl ag krasa am pdrd`afhd ‒skdmdrl‑, l rlg`l glklssdral kmdssafflkdzajga pañ drtakjmdtl. @d ugd kmdssafflkdzajgl ”magldrl‘ d ugd ”flrdrkbakj-agkmusavd‘

_asajga `a gja stlssa3 dmml jrafaga `lm rdzzashj hj`lrgj  - [l kjg ml skjplrtl fljfrdfflkbl (lslhpaj Dhlrakd) sa sjgj trjvdta slhprl l sjmj uhdga fflsajmjfakdhlgtl ‒kjhpdtanama‑ kjg m‑lurjplj, sa â drravdta dgkbl `d pdrtl `lmmd Kbalsd (Udjmj AAA) d kjgolrhdrl m‑a`ld `a ug‑ugakd rdzzd - nlg slrvavd, ag jppjsazajgl dm kjgklttj lnrdakj `a ‒pjpjmj lmlttj‑. Hd kba dvlvd agtlrlssl glmmj soruttdhlgtj `lmml kjmjgal, jplrþ ug rajralgtadhlgtj3 slhnrdgj uhdga hd gjg mj sjgj `dvvlrj. Pljmjfakdhlgtl3 gjg bdggj dgahd Yhd pja…… dgahd:: hd qudml krastadgj puþ dvlrmj `lttj:::X Odhjsd kjgtrjvlrsad `a _dmmd`jma` - Cudg Fagls `l [lpumvl`d kjgtrj Ndrtjmjhá `l mds Kdsds - am prahj `aolg`l md pjsazajgl agolrajrl summd skdmd, plr md qudml Ym‑bj klrkdtj3 fma lurjpla sa `lvjgj kjhpjrtdrl kjhl m‑dgahd kjg am kjrpj3 agojrhdg`jmaX9 `l mds Kdsds agvlkl `akl3 palgd uhdgatå. A m r dzzash j h j`l r g j g d skl p r j p r aj kj h l

 

drfjhlgtdzajgl faustafflkdtjrad `altrj dmmd pjssanamatå `a hlttlrl ag prdtakd ugd suprlhdzad tlkgjmjfakd. _algl faustafflkdtj slhprl slkjg`j m‑a`ld `lmmd skdmd3 ji fflfma `a ugj stlssj `aj, stlssd rdzzd, hd agflgua, hlgj svamuppdta, kjstuha ahhjrdma… A pragkapdma gdturdmasta rafflutdrjgj a rdffruppdhlgta sjvrdsplkafflka (Nuoojg) jppurl ma plgsdrjgj kjhl ug kratlraj kbl gjg agvdma`dssl kjhugqul md flglrakd [kdmd Gdturdl (Magglj). Glm 46;< Mdhdrki agslrí (pur pjglg`jma dm vlrtakl `lm rlfgj dgahdml) glfma ‒dgtrjpjhjrpbd‑ m‑ujhj, sjttjagsalhl `la ‒qud`rupl`d‑. Agjmtrl, dm gjhl flglrakj Bjhj gjg slful dmkug gjhl splkafflkj3 dkkdgtj d Bjhj rapjrtd ”gjskl ” gjskl tl apsuh ‘9 ‘9 glmml sukklssavl l`azajga, agtrj`ukl [dpalgs    - kbl ag looltta mj kjhplg`ad.

Md qulstajgl `lmmd splkal3 Mdhdrki  -

[l Magglj

dvlvd rafflutdtj md [kdmd l hdgtlgutj m‑lsslgzadmashj, Mdhdrki od am kjgtrdraj3 md prahd tljrad lvjmuzajgastd hj`lrgd â sud (4251 - Ubamjsjpbal Sjjmjfaqul). Dmmd ndsl `lm suj sastlhd m‑a`ld `lmmd flglrdzajgl spjgtdgld   `lmmd vatd. A`ld dgtakd l `urd d hjrarl, `a `ul tapa3 dnajflglsa , ltlrjflglsa   Y`d hdtlradml gjg najmjfakj, d-naj..9 `d hdtlradml najmjfakjX. Mdhdrki mlfd md flglrdzajgl spjgtdgld `lfma jrfdgasha

 

slhpmaka d qulmmd `lmm‑lvjmuzajgl. Jfga jrfdgashj puþ lvjmvlrl mugfj md skdmd, fflgj dmm‑ujhj, am pañ sahaml dm `avagj. Md `aoojrhatå `a frd`a â `dtd `dmm‑jrafagl pañ j hlgj rlklgtl. Md sjhafmadgzd trd splkal kbl ag Magglj ojg`d a fruppa tdssjgjhaka, ag Mdhdrki â sjmj prjfrlssajgl summd skdmd. Agtrj`ukl `ul rlfjml3 4) usj l `asusj `lfma jrfdga 3 pañ ugd splkal usd ug jrfdgj, pañ mj svamuppd9 hlgj mj usd, pañ mj dtrjfflzzd9 >) lrl`atå `la kdrdttlra dkquasata 3 ml hj`afflkbl agtrj`jttl kjg usj l `asusj sjgj jfflttj `a lrl`atå. Oagj d pjkj tlhpj od, ‒mdhdrkiashj‑, sprlfadtavj, agtlg`lvd3 plgsa kbl gjg lsastd ugd ndrralrd trd kdrdttlra flgltaka l sjhdtaka! Jffa, kdrdttlra lpaflgltaka l prjklssa `a hltamdzajgl…).

Md qulstajgl `la ojssama3 Kuvalr  -

Magglj dvlvd

dkkdgtjgdtj md [kdmd9 Mdhdrki m bd rlkuplrdtd9 hd am kjmpj `a frdzad fmalmj `d am ndrjgl `a Kuvalr (46?1-42;>). Am prjnmlhd sjgj a rlsta ojssama `a splkal skjhpdrsl. Kuvalr pdrtl `dmmd plrklzajgl/kjgklzajgl `lm vavlgtl kjhl ugatå agtlfrdtd3 jfga pdrtl pjrtd am slfgj `lmm‑agtlrj, â ug tuttj ougzajgdml. Ujssj rakjstruarl m‑dgahdml dgkbl `d ug ojssaml pdrzadml. @d qulstd

 

kjgklzajgl, `ava`l fma dgahdma ag qudttrj ”nrdgkbl‘ kbl pjrtdgj ugd kjgojrhdzajgl lvjmutavdhlgtl `avlrflgtl, gjg kjhpdtanaml3 _lrtlnrdtd, Drtakumdtd, Hjmmuskd, ^d`adtd. Ml sjhafmadgzl gjg sjgj `lravdtl `d dgtlgdta kjhuga, hd `d ougzajga d`dttavl sahama. Kdpaskl kbl md ”skdmd‘ gjg talgl plrkbá jfga splkal â d`dttavd rasplttj dm suj prjpraj dhnalgtl! Ulr kjgtagudrl d` d`lrarl plrþ d` ug krldzajgashj, spalfd a rlsta ojssama kjhl kdtdstrjfflshj 3 ka sjgj stdtl kdtdstrjffl prjfrlssavl, kbl bdggj pjrtdtj lstagzajga. [plkal dgahdma `avlrsl sjgj stdtl krldtl ag tlhpa `avlrsa, d`dttdtl d` dhnalgta `aoolrlgta.

Mylmm l md strutturd `lm tlhpj -

Mylmm, fljmjfj.

Pljrad `lmm‑ugaojrhatå `lmml kdusl 3 a prjklssa fflsaka kbl bdggj pjrtdtj ml hj`afflkdzajga glm pdssdtj, kbl bdggj kjhl rasumtdtj am prlslgtl, prjkl`lvdgj ag lfudm hj`j3 quag`a, nasjfgd raflttdrl a ”?555 dgga‘ `a tlhpj hdssahj (nanmaka), l pdssdrl d tlhpa… fljmjfaka.

Agtlrslzajga plrakjmjsl3 Hdmtbus  -

4612 pdstjrl

dgfmakdgj Pbjhds Hdmtubs punnmakd ”Dg ”Dg lssdy jg tbl Uragkapml jo Ujpumdtajg ‘ - agazaj hj`lrgd `lhjfrdffld. Oag `dmm‑ltå hl`alvdml k‑lrd am ”`andttatj sua pjvlra‘3 slhpmafflkdg`j ‐7 vdggj dautdta j â plffaj:

 

Hdmtbus prjkl`l kjg dg`dhlgtj hdtlhdtakj3 4) am kanj â glklssdraj dmm‑lsastlgzd uhdgd9

>) md

pjpjmdzajgl tlg`l d krlsklrl d rathj hdffajrl `lmml rasjrsl dmahlgtdra YlspjglgzadmlX9 ;) fma looltta `a qulstl `ul krlskatl vdggj hdgtlguta ufudma9

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sakkjhl fma uhdga gjg mahatdgj md krlskatd vjmjgtdradhlgtl, ka plgsdgj fulrrl, kdrlstal, hdmdttal rakjrrlgta. ^asumtdtj3 rasjmutd kjg`dggd dfma dauta. Hdmtbus â am prahj d tljrazzdrl md ‒krlskatd `lhjfrdfflkd kjhl orlgj dmmj svamuppj‑3 dmtd olrtamatå, sl duhlgtd am mjr`j, tlg`l kjhugqul d `ahaguarl am prjkdpatl.

AM [A[PLHD (AG[PDNAML) (AG[PDNAML) @A @D^VAG

HJMPA HJM PA UD@^A L @\L PLJ^AL KJ^^LMDPL

-

M‑jplrd `a qulstj fafdgtl â ag rldmtå oruttj `a astdgzl faå ag olrhlgtj dmm‑lpjkd. @drwag rdffaugfl qulstj rasumtdtj dttrdvlrsj md kjrrlmdzajgl jrfdgakd `a `ul `avlrsl tljral3 4) tuttl ml splkal sjgj ahpdrlgtdtl trd mjrj l `asklg`jgj `d ug ugakj  dgtlgdtj  dgtlgdtj kjhugl >) ml splkal lvjmvjgj dttrdvlrsj am hlkkdgashj `lmmd ‒slmlzajgl gdturdml‑.

 

Ag sjstdgzd quag`a @drwag spjstd ugj skblhd mjfakj   (kmdssafflkdzajgl flrdrkbakd `a Magglj) ag ugj skblhd stjrakj . L am suj hlkkdgashj stjrakj â md slmlzajgl gdturdml.

J^AFAGL \GAKD @LMMD _AP _APD D-

^dsjaj `a Jkkdh ‐

7 m‑jrafagl `lmmd vatd `d lmlhlgta dnajtaka sa `lvl suppjrrl kjhl hjmtj ahprjndnaml, quag`a ‐7 qulstj â am hj`j plr kua sa `lnnd dvlrl qulstd jrafagl ugd

sjmd vjmtd , l tuttj `asklg`lrlnnl `d qua. Dttlgzajgl3 jvvadhlgtl ‒dmtdhlgtl ahprjndnaml‑ gjg vujm `arl ahpjssanaml . MD _D^ADNAMAPå L MD [LMLSAJGL GDP\^DML Dgkbl @drwag sa trjvd d `jvlr spalfdrl l drtakjmdrl `ul hlkkdgasha3 4) prj`uzajgl hj`afflkdzajga d`dttavl9 >) trdshassajgl `aoolrlgzadml dmml flglrdzajga sukklssavl. Glmm‑Jrafagl Glmm‑ Jrafagl `lmmd splkal , @drwag trdttd sjmj md trdshassajgl, l gjg md prj`uzajgl `lmmd vdradnamatå. Am gjkkajmj `lmmd P Pljrad3 ljrad3 ag jfga pjpjmdzajgl, haguskjml `aoolrlgzl trd ag`ava`ua9 vlgfjgj slmlzajgdtl qulmml pañ d`dttavl. [a gjta3 @drwag, ag dmtra manra (M‑jrafagl (M‑jrafagl `lmm‑ujhj l md slmlzajgl slssudml ) prjpjgl dmtra hlkkdgasha pdrdmmlma `a slmlzajgl, l `avlrsa3 d` lslhpaj md slmlzajgl slssudml3 ml olhhagl `lmmd splkal trjvdgj pañ

 

dppltanama klrta kdrdttlra gla hdskba d ug klrtj pugtj, dgkbl sl gjg ka sjgj rdfajga d`dttavl (ls3 kj`d `lm pdvjgl).

MD [ULKAL L MD OAMJFLGL[A -

kjg md sud lgodsa

summl vdradnamatå, md tljrad `lmm‑lvjmuzajgl plr slmlzajgl gdturdml `al`l kjmpj `a frdzad dmm‑lsslgzadmashj3 m‑ahpadgtj `lmm‑lsslgzadmashj pravamlfadvd ml kdrdttlrastakbl hjrojmjfakbl stdtakbl9 @drwag, qulmml vdradnama l `agdhakbl3 spjstd md `lfflgazajgl `a ”splkal‘ `d ugd slral `a agvdradnama d ug dsslttj `a hlkkdgasha `agdhaka. Am kjgklttj `a fflmjflglsa, ahplgsdnaml prahd `a @drwag, â md kmdssafflkdzajgl flrdrkbakd kjhl skblhd stjrakj `a dsklg`lgzd-`asklg`lgzd ord ml splkal. Glmmj stu`aj `lmmd gdturd, lgtrd `a `arattj md [tjrad .

\GD PLJ^AD @LMM‑L^L@APD @LMM‑L^L@APD‑ -

Md punnmak punnmakdzajgl dzajgl

`lmm‑ Jrafagl `lmmd splkal   kjgvagsl frdg guhlrj `a gdturdmasta3 lrd faå glmm‑drad, kbl ml splkal sa hj`afflkdsslrj glm tlhpj. Tulmmj kbl gjg kjgvagsl hjmtj ou am hlkkdgashj. [l am ‒prjfrl`arl‑ `lmml splkal pjtlvd hdgtlglrl ug‑jttakd `a prjflttj agtlmmaflgtl, ugd slmlzajgl kdsudml su prlssajga `lmm‑dhnalgtl slhnrdvd hagdrl jfga tlmljmjfakj. Ag rldmtå, plr md trdshassajgl, @drwag raspjmvlrd md pdgflglsa appjkrdtakd 3 fma jrfdga prj`ukjgj `lmml

 

flhhuml kbl karkjmdgj glm sdgful fflgj dfma jrfdga raprj`uttava. Md vlrd gjvatå â am suj sjttjmagldrl am rujmj `lmm‑dhnalgtl3 m‑dzajgl dhnalgtdml hj`afflkd dttavdhlgtl - gjg sjmj kjhl dzajgl slmlttavd hd dgkbl kjhl prlssajgl dhnalgtdml sufma jrfdga.

  UALFBL A@LJMJFAKBL NL[PAL @A ^DSSD -

Klrtj, md tljrad `lmm‑lvjmuzajgl

plr slmlzajgl gdturdml bd spjstdtj vlrsj ugd vasajgl prjklssudml l stjrakd   dgzakbá `ltlrhagdtd tljmjfakdhlgtl dn agataj. Ulrþ gjg â kd`utj, plr qudgtj rafudr`d md stjrad `lmml a`ll, m‑lmlhlgtj ougzajgdml/tljmjfakj `lmm‑dpjmjfad `lmm‑lsastlgtl3 sa â spjstdtd md [kdmd Gdturdl, `d ug pdrdhltrj `a ”plrolzajgl‘ d ug pdrdhltrj `a dvlrl ”`a pañ‘ - pañ klrvlmmj, pañ kjhpmlssatå, pañ @GD… Gjg â ug kdsj kbl `a ma d pjkba `lklgga sad dppdrsj ug ”`drwagashj sjkadml‘3 dmkugl rdzzl/sjkaltå/kavamtå sjgj pañ lvjmutl, d`dttdtl, ojrta, quag`a gjnama, l bdggj am `arattj `a kjhdg`drl summl prahatavl. L… su kbl ndsa, qulstj ”pañ‘: jvvadhlgtl, su kratlra kumturdma Lurjpla….. dmmjrd sa ”kjgorjgtdgj‘ ml rdzzl, hd am

 

hltrj l am pdrdhltrj â `lmagldtj summ‑lurjplj… Md stlssd ugatdraltå `lmm‑Bjhj `lmm‑Bjhj [dpalgs valgl hlssd ag `unnaj3 a pjmaflgasta apjtazzdrjgj kbl md slpdrdzajgl trd rdzzl uhdgl ojssl ug `aoolrlgzadhlgtj prjojg`j, sl gjg dgkjrd ugd `aoolrlgzd trd rdzzl. Mj stlssj tlrhagl ”rdzzd‘ (agtrj`jttj `d Nuoojg plr ag`akdrl ml `aoolrlgta hjrojmjfal uhdgl), bd qua dssugtj tlrhaga skmlrjtazzdta, d faustafflkdrl kjhpjrtdhlgta rdzzasta.

 

_L^[J MD FLGLPAKD HJ@L^GD

L^L@APå KJGPAG\ KJGPAG\D D L @A[KJGPA @A[KJGPAG\D G\D -

Ulr pjtlr

ougzajgdrl md slmlzajgl gdturdml dvlvd nasjfgj `a trdtta `a `askjgtaguatå3 ug trdttj hutdtj `jvlvd kjgslrvdrsa, gjg ‒ojg`lrsa‑ l dppadttarsa. Fdmtjg, kufagj `a @drwag, kjg trdsousajga su kjgafma klrkþ `a vlrafflkdrl ml flhhuml Ykbl lrd trdshassajgl plr flhhl pjrtdtl `dm sdgfulX3 gjg jttlglg`j rasumtdta.

HLG@LM -

Glfma stlssa dgga, am hjgdkj Frlfjr

Hlg`lm, dppmakd hdtlhdtakd l stdtastakd dmmd raklrkd najmjfakd (pur rahdglg`j afgjtj d tutta plr ;5 dgga, dgkbl @drwag l Fdmtjg). [tdtastakdhlgtl, skjprl a kdrdttlra `jhagdgta l rlklssava, apjtazzd fma dmmlma - `ul vdradgta `lmmj stlssj flgl kbl pjrtd am kdrdttlrl,

 

dppdadtl), l `lfflgaskl am olgjtapj (hdgaolstdtj) l flgjtapj (kjgojrhdzajgl dmmlmakd).

O^D FLGA L KLMM\ML -

Oagl 255, Vlashdgg tdfmad

md kj`d d >4 flglrdzajga `a tjpa. Dmmd >>lsahd `akl ”Gjg pdssd‘. Tuag`a3 ka sjgj klmmuml sjhdtakbl l klmmuml flrhagdma, l qulstl gjg vlgfjgj agtdkkdtl `dmml hj`afflkbl. Uja `akl ”slkjg`j hl sjgj a krjhjsjha ml klmmuml flrhagdma‘. ^ahdsl agdskjmtdtj, fflgj dmmd katjflgltakd. Agtjrgj dm 4155, m‑a`ld kbl ml splkal lvjmvlsslrj lrd hjmtj dkklttdtd. ^ahdglvd `andttutj am kjhl3 frd`udmastd (`drwag) j `askjgtagud (hlg`lmadga): Kdpj `la `askjgtagua3 ^akbdr` Fjm`skbha`t, svamuppd m‑a`ld `lmm‑bjploum hjgstlr . Flgltakd l katjmjfad lrdgj nlg slpdrdtl3 dmm‑agazaj `lm 155 lskl m‑a`ld kbl a flga ojsslrj kjmmjkdta sua krjhjsjha ‐7 tljrad krjhjsjhakd `lmm‑lrl`atå. Gujvd `askapmagd ‐7 katjflgltakd .

FMA L[UL^AHLGPA @A HJ^FDG

-

Kjg md

@rjsjpbamd Hlmdgjfdstlr ‐7 ”vlrsajgl kjhpmakdtd‘ `a qulmma `a Hlg`lm. Ykakmj `a vatd rdpa`assahj, sjma jttj krjhjsjha nlmma frdg`a kjg ltlrjsjha R l Q nlg `astagta ord mjrjX. [tu`ad am flgl jkkba rjssa, skjprl kjrrlmdzajga kjm

 

kdrdttlrl ”slssj‘…

 

MD [AGPL[A HJ@L^GD

ML OJ^SL L_JM\PA_L L M‑LT\AMAN^J @A BD^@QVLAGNL^F -

Dgga ;5-05 `lm gjvlklgtj, mdvjrj

kjrdml. Ousajgl tljrad `lmm‑lvjmuzajgl plr slmlzajgl gdturdml `a @drwag kjg flgltakd Hlg`lmadgd. \gatå ndsl `lmm‑lvjmuzajgl â am flgl. - m‑lvjmuzajgl â prlvdmlgtlhlgtl stdtastakd, mlfdtd dmmd `astranuzajgl `lfma dmmlma glmml pjpjmdzajga. - Ulrkbá va sad lvjmuzajgl jkkjrrjgj hutdzajga, l kbl sa `aoojg`dgj. - ml hutdzajga sjgj lrrjra `a `upmakdzajgl `lm @GD j rakjhnagdzajga `a slqulgzl krjhjsjhakbl `urdgtl md hlajsa - md slmlzajgl   `ahaguaskl md vdradnamatå `lmmd pjpjmdzajgl, plrhlttlg`j sjmj d klrtl vdradgta `a sjprdvvavlrl - md `lravd flgltakd   `ahaguaskl md vdradnamatå `lmmd pjpjmdzajgl (hjtava stdtastaka3 pjkba ag`ava`ua asjmdta, tlg`jgj d` dppadttarl md vdradnamatå `a ugd pjpjmdzajgl dhpad) - am ﬎ussj flgakj   duhlgtd kjg agtrj`uzajgl `a gujvl pjpjmdzajga

 

[P^DPLFAL D@DPPA_L L ^AU^J@\PPA_L -

D`dttavl -  4) [plkal ”splkadmazzdtl‘ - mlfdtl d `jppaj fflmj d` ug bdnatdt splkafflkj Ylofflkdkl ag kjg`azajga stdnama, odtdml ag hutdhlgta rlplgtagaX9

>)

[plkal

”flglrdmastl‘ - sjprdvvavlrl ag vdraltå `a dhnalgta.

^aprj`uttavl  - strdtlfal ^ l I. ^) prj`urrl qudgtd pañ prjml pjssanaml splrdg`j kbl sjprdvvavd (sdmhjga ) @lfflgazajgl hjrojmjfakd ‐7 slt hagahj `a kdrdttlra suofflkalgta ;) asjmdzajgastd j najmjfakd ‐7 fruppj `a pjpjmdzajga

 

agvlrlkjg`l l raprj`uttavdhlgtl asjmdtl `d dmtra fruppa 0) `lfflgazajgl `a rakjgjskahlgtj ‐7 ag`ava`ua kbl sa rakjgjskjgj kjhl pjtlgzadma pdrtglr slssudma , j

kjg

jrfdga

slssudma

lvjmuta

ag

hj`j

hjrojmjfakdhlgtl gjg kjhpdtanaml. [ULKADSAJGL DMMJU DMMJ UDP^AK P^AKD D

-

[ULKADSA [ULK ADSAJGL JGL [AHUD [AHUDP^AK P^AKD D

[ULKADSAJGL [ULKADSAJG L UD^DU D^DUD DP^AKD hdrfaga).

-

(kjhprjhl (kjhprjhlssj3 ssj3 da

 

M‑AHUDPPJ @LMMD FLGLPAKD HJMLKJMD^L 411 ndsa. [a â gjtdtj kbl qulsta sjgj prlslgta ug pj‑ jvugqul `da ougfba da hdhhaolra, l bdggj ougzajga ndsdma, drkbatlttjgakbl. Uja ka sa â hlssd m‑lpaflgltakd  m‑lpaflgltakd 3 a trdtta lpaflgltaka sjgj kdhnadhlgta lrl`atdra glmm‑lsprlssajgl `lm flgjhd kbl gjg `aplg`jgj `dmmd hj`afflkdzajgl `lmmd

kdtlgd `a @GD . [plssj sjgj prjklssa kbl dvvlgfjgj d mavlmmj krjhjsjhakj3 m‑lpaflgltakd, agodtta, bd kjhagkadtj d lsastlrl prjpraj d pdrtarl `dfma stu`a sum prjklssj `a h l t a m d z a j g l  , kbl kjgsastl

 

glmm‑dffdgkaj `a ug fruppj hltaml dmml katjsagl `lm @GD, l rlg`l samlgta agtlrl pjrzajga flgjhakbl. Am qud`rj flgltakj â stdtj `lskrattj kjhl ugd splkal `a ahprjgtd kbl hj`afflkd m‑lsprlssajgl `lm @GD, trdshassanaml glmml flglrdzajga.

HAK^J L HDK^J-L_JM\SAJGL - [agtlsa hj`lrgd, plgsdvd am prjklssj lvjmutavj kjhl mlgtj l kjgtaguj. Tuag`a spalfdvd ml hdkrjhutdzajga kjhl ugd slral `a hakrjhutdzajga dkkuhumdtl. Glmmd raklrkd sum kdhpj, qulstj hj`lmmj agkjgtrd ug prjnmlhd3 gjg ka sjgj splssj fma dglmma `a kjgfaugzajgl. [a jsslrvdgj pauttjstj pdssdffa nruskba. Md [agtlsa hj`lrgd3 ml strdtafrdffll sjgj agkjhpmltl! Uugtj `a vastd `avlrsj drravd `d Lm`lrl`fl l Fjum`, 416>, kbl ojg`dvd am pugtudzajgashj kjhl dmtlrgdtavd dm frd`udmashj . Udrtlg`j `dm ‒prlg`lrl sum slraj‑ ml strdtafrdffll, jsslrvdgj kbl ka sjgj plraj`a mugfba `a hutdzajga qudsa zlrj, l plraj`a rdpa`a `a hutdzajga ahpjrtdgta. @d qulstl ra﬎lssajga, sa â klrkdtj `a odr `asklg`lrl ug gujvj hj`lmmj, kjg gujva kjgkltta, kjhl qulmmj `a P^LG@ L_JM\PA_J ‐7 tlg`lgzl flglrdma, sjvrdsplkafflkbl, kbl sa jsslrvdgj tdmvjmtd glmml slral ojssama, kbl dkkjhugdgj splkal dppdrlgtdtl   ag ugd hl`lsahd `arlzajgl lvjmutavd. Tulstj pja pugtlrå dm kjgklttj `a Ndupmdg .

 

M‑L_JM\SAJGL @LMM‑L_JM\SAJGL -

Ml hj`dmatå hj`dmat å

lvjmutavl gjg sjgj stdtl slhprl ml stlssl. Ojg`dhlgtdml ugd `avasajgl ag `ul3 Ord ml prahl ojrhl vavlgta hjgjklmmumdra, k‑lrd md trdshassajgl

jrazzjgtdml   `a flga - flga l ordhhlgta `a flgjhd vlgavdgj trdshlssa `d ugd klmmumd dmm‑dmtrd slgzd kbl trd ml `ul va ojssl rlmdzajgl `a dsklg`lgzd`asklg`lgzd. Udrl kbl m‑lspmjsajgl kdhnradgd stlssd sad stdtd rlsd pjssanaml `dmm‑lhlrflrl `lmmd raprj`uzajgl slssudtd, l `dmm‑agkrlhlgtj glmmd vdradnamatå ag`ava`udml kbl qulstd plrhlttl Ymd raprj`uzajgl slssudtd bd ag sá md rakjhnagdzajgl `d `ul kjrrl`a `aoolrlgta, ml hutdzajga sjgj hjmtj pañ orlqulgtaX. ND\UMDG - Glmmd najmjfad lvjmutavd

â stdtj

rlklgtlhlgtl raprlsj am kjgklttj `a Ndupmdg, jvvlrj m‑agsalhl `lmml prjpraltå kbl ml splkal odklgta pdrtl `a ug fruppj sastlhdtakj bdggj ag kjhugl l kbl gl kjg`azajgdgj m‑dsslttj flglrdml l ml magll `a svamuppj. Tuag`a, am Ndupmdg gjg â md ‒sjhhd‑ `lmml kdrdttlrastakbl `a ug fruppj, hd `lskravl am padgj flglrdml ag kua am fruppj sa svamuppd ‐7 ugd ojrhumd kjlrlgtl `a rldmazzdrl `lmml hj`afflkbl ugatdral, gjg ug d`dttdhlgtj splkafflkj dmm‑dhnalgtl.

KDP KD PD[P^JOA L DPP^DPPJ^A PP^DPPJ^A [P^DGA -

Md skalgzd

 

pjsatavd `lmm‑Jttjklgtj prjkl`lvd slkjg`j magldratå, am Gjvlklgtj sa â kdrdttlrazzdtj plr m‑dkkjfmalrl md gjg magldratå, am kdjs, hj`lmma `a prlvasajgl `lmmd `askjgtaguatå, ltk. Olgjhlga `jvl dm sjhhdrsa prjfrlssavj `a pakkjml hj`afflkdzajga sa vl`l am ‒pdssdffaj skdmdrl‑, kjg ug dsslttj kbl sa randmtd ag hj`j rlplgtagj - l` ag hj`j hdfdra gjg d`dttavj, kjhl glmmd kdtdstrjol . Tulstj tapj `a hj`lmma bd dautdtj plr lslhpaj d suplrdrl md `aoolrlgzd trd frd`udmashj l pugtudzajgashj - ug jrfdgashj sunaskl pakkjml hj`afflkbl, fflgj d qudg`j md sukklssavd gjg sa ‒rldmazzd su ug dmtrj mavlmmj skdmdrl‑, l kdusd ugd rdpa`d

rastrutturdzajgl rastrutturdzajg l kjhpmlssavd. Kjmmlfdtj d qulmmj `a kdtdstrjol, am kjgklttj `a dttrdttjrl 3 (ag hdtlhdtakd) agsalhl vlrsj am qudml ug sastlhd, ag ug tlhpj suofflkalgtl, lvjmvl. Fma jrfdgasha lvjmvjgj dgkbl slkjg`j magll `a kjlrlgzd sastlhakd agtlrgd - tlg`jgj d rlstdrl ag lquamanraj3 sl m‑lquamanraj sa rjhpl (trd `ul sl`al) klrkdgj rdpa`dhlgtl ug lquamanraj gujvj. Tuag`a m‑dhnalgtl gjg â sjmj am slmlzajgdtjrl, hd dgkbl kaþ kbl spagfl dm `aslquamanraj.

AM FLGJHD L‑ \G U^JF^DHHD U^JF^DHHD: :

-

Gj.

Aggdgzatuttj, md kjrrlmdzajgl ord jsslrvdzajgl lhparakd (`lm olgjtapj) l flgl kbl stdrlnnl ‒dmmd ndsl‑ gjg

 

`aspjgl `a pdttlrg plr a qudma, dmmd hj`afflkd `lm flgl, prlvl`adhj ugd hj`afflkd ojrhdmhlgtl dgdmjfd `lm olgjtapj.

 

AM UJ[PJ @LFMA

\HDGA GLMMD GDP\^D

GJPL LUA[PLHJMJFAKBL LUA[PLHJMJFAKBL -

Am rujmj kbl, glmmd

[kdmd, lrd fajkdtj `dmm‑a`ld `a ”plrolzajgl‘, â jffa prlsj `dm kjgklttj `a ”kjhpmlssatå‘.

OJ^HL @LMMD @ LMMD _APD

M‑J^AFAGL @LMMD _APD _APD -

4;,6 hamadr`a hamadr` a `a dgga ‐7

ugavlrsj. 0,? hamad`a ‐7 Plrrd. 0, 4 ‐7 krjstd sjma`afflkdtd 0 ‐7 hjmlkjml dmmd ndsl `lmmd vatd M‑jrafagl `lmmd vatd d pdrtarl `d hdtlrad agjrfdgakd (dnajflglsa ) â ug tlhd kdpatdml `a kua sa sd pjkj. Hjmta hj`lmma apjtazzdgj kbl am prahj pdssj sadgj stdta fma dhhagjdka`a d pdrtarl `d lmlhlgta dnajtaka. ;,1 ‐7 prahl klmmuml sahama d prjkdrajta ;,< ‐7 prlsugtj dgtlgdtj ugavlrsdml. Urahd ojrhd vavlgtl, dgtlgdtj `la vavlgta… Gjg sa trdttd `lmmd

 

prahd klmmumd ag jr`agl `a tlhpj, gá `a ugd klmmumd sagfjmd, hd `lmm‑umtahj agsalhl `a klmmuml kjhugakdgta ord mjrj trdhatl trdshassajgl jrazzjgtdml `a flga, d pdrtarl `dm qudml sa ojrhdrjgj kjhugatå `astagtl kbl `al`lrj pja jrafagl da frdg`a dssa jrfdgazzdtava `lmmd vatd summd tlrrd .

^DHA L OJFMAL @A \G \GAKJ DMNL^J (J GJ@A @A \G‑\GAKD \G‑\GA KD ^LPL) .

M‑dnajflglsa ‒ugakd‑ â apjtlsa. apjtlsa . Ka

sjgj plrþ lmlhlgta d sjstlfgj3 - dmtdhlgtl ahprjndnaml (Jkkdh)9 - tuttd md vatd summd tlrrd prlslgtd md stlssd jrfdgazzdzajgl fflsakj-kbahakd, soruttdg`j ml prjpraltå `lm kdrnjgaj9 - l tuttl jttlgfjgj lglrfad `dmmd ”gdgjhdkkbagd DPU sagtldsa‘9 - dmtrlttdgtj ugavlrsdml, am kj`akl flgltakj. Ojrsl â hlfmaj pdssdrl `d ug `adfrdhhd d` dmnlrj d` ugj d` drnustj, plr lvatdrl m‑ahprlssajgl tlmljmjfakd, skdmd flrdrkbakd Ysplkal vavlgta - ojfmal9 lstagtl l dgtlgdta kjhuga - rdha9 trjgkj - jrafaglX ^asdmlg`j dmml prahl odsa (rd`aka) plrþ, `jvrlhhj pdssdrl d ugd ‒rltl‑, pauttjstj - plr skdhnaj jrazzjgtdml. M‑dgtlgdtj ugakj â ag rldmtå ug agsalhl ugakj `a dgtlgdta agtlrkjgglssa. [jmj qudg`j md `asklg`lgzd vlrtakdml `avlgtd hjmtj

 

pañ ahpjrtdgtl `a qulmmd jrazzjgtdml - lspmjsajgl kdhnradgd - sa pdssd dmm‑drnustj.

U^AHA D[[A @LM @AOOL^LGSADHLGPJ @AOOL^LGSA DHLGPJ -

Dgtlgdtj

kjhugl - skdhnaj jrazzjgtdml. Kjhugatå `lm klmmuml dm suj agtlrgj sa `aoolrlgzadgj, svamuppdg`j kdrdttlrastakbl plkumadra. Lvjmvlg`jsa slpdrdtdhlgtl, drravdgj d gjg pjtlr pañ skdhnadrl jrazzjgtdmhlgtl dmm‑lstlrgj `lm fruppj.

Ml splkal vavlgta kmdssafflkdtl sjgj 4.?55.555, pjtrlnnlrj lsslrklgl ? vjmtl tdgtl. Hd kjg md `aofflkjmtå `a `lfflgarl md splkal, md kmdssafflkdzajgl â `urd. Md prahd frdg`l kmdssafflkdzajgl `ava`l klmmuml `la ndttlra l qulmml `a dmtra jrfdgasha3 prjkdrajta l` lukdrajta. Uravl `a gukmlj, ml klmmuml `la prjkdrajta `aspjgfjgj `a ug ugakj krjhjsjhd d` dglmmj. ^aprj`uzajgl dslssudml, dgkbl pjssanaml mj skdhnaj jrazzjgtdml. Ojssaml prjkdrajtl3 ;,< hamadr`a `a dgga od. Lukdrajtd3 karkd > hamadr`a `a dgga od.

^LFGA L ^D@ADSAJGA -

Fma Luidryjtd sjgj `avasa ag

qudttrj rlfga3 Urjtastd, Ougfa, Umdgtdl, Dgahdmad . A prjtastd sjgj ‒fma dvdgza‑ - rdffruppdhlgtj spuraj. Jrfdgasha slhpmaka, uga j pmuraklmmumdra (prjtjzja l dmfbl plr lslhpaj).

 

Ougfba - jrafagdradhlgtl glmml padgtl, jffa kjgsa`lrdta pañ vakaga dfma dgahdma ag qudgtj usdgj kdrnjgaj fflssdtj `d dmtra jrfdgasha. Umdgtdl - vlfltdma. Klmmumd ravlstatd `a hlhnrdgd `a klmmumjsd, sjgj dutjtrjffl (jttlgfjgj lglrfad dutjgjhdhlgtl) Dgahdmad   - pmuraklmmudmra, ltlrjtrjffl, `aflraskjgj kanj ag kdhlrl agtlrgl, `jtdta `a hjtamatå, jralgtdhlgtj klodmjkdu`dml. Hlhnrdgd klmmumdrl hd galgtl pdrltl klmmumdrl. Md hdffajr pdrtl kjhpdrl glmmd lspmjsajgl kdhnradgd,