ANTIBIOTICOS
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EN ESTE LIBRO SE PUEDE VER LOS ANTIBIOTICOS MAS USADOS....
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AMTIBIOTICOS
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ANTIBIOTICOS L a palabra antibiótic antibiótico o proviene de: del griego αντί - anti , "en contra" + βιοτικός - biotikos, "dado a la vida DEFINICIÓN.- es una sustancia química producida por un ser vivo o DEFINICIÓN.derivada sintética sintética de ella e lla que a bajas concentraciones : Mata………………… por su acción bactericida Impide el crecimiento………………. por su acción bacteriostática Por su efec ectto, se ut utiililizza en me medi dici cina na pa parra tr traatar un unaa in inffec eccció ión n
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MECANISMO DE ACCIÓN Los an anti tibi biót ótic icos os qu que e ac actú túan an en la pa pare red d cel elul ular ar:: En • Los éste grupo se encuentran los agentes que son capaces capaces de inhibir la síntesis del peptidoglucano, que es un componente de la pared celular la cual le confiere confiere estabilidad estructural a dicha pared. Al inhibirse el el pept pe ptid idog oglu luca cano no la pa pare red d qu qued edaa de dese sens nsam ambl blad adaa y la baccter ba eriia qued edaa expu pues estta a lo loss cam ambi bios os del me medi dio o don ond de se en enccue uen ntra ac acttiv iván ánd dos osee la autól ólis isis is de la misma. Loss • Antibióticos que actúan en la membrana celular: Lo tibióti d ét fij i l d l
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Antibió Ant ibiótic ticos os que actúan actúan a nive nivell del citoplasm citoplasma a: • • • •
•
Estte Anti An tibi biót ótic icos os qu que e in inhi hibe ben n de fo form rma a ir irre reve vers rsib ible le la sí sínt ntesi esiss de pr prot oteí eínas nas: Es
mecanismo se logra al unirse a la fracción 30S y 50S ribosomal lo que implica la inhibición de enzimas y proteínas estructurales bacteriana y posterior lisis. Antibióticos que inhiben de forma reversible la síntesis de proteínas: Este grupo ocaciona inhibición del crecimiento bacteriano, son bacteriostáticos. Antibióticos que inhiben la polimerasa del ARN: Estos son capaces de suprimir la síntesis de las cadenas de ARN de transferencia y ribosomal, por lo tanto no hay transcripción ni síntesis proteica produciendo lisis bacteriana. Antibióticos que inhiben la girasa del ADN: La girasa del ADN es una enzima que se encarga de lo que se conoce como “superenrollamiento” del ADN, éste fenómeno perm pe rmit itee qu quee és ésta ta mo molé lécu cula la qu qued edee co comp mpac acta tada da de dent ntrro de la ba bact cter eria ia.. Es Esto toss antibióticos se fijan directamente y evitan el “superenrollamiento” lo que implica que el ADN necesitaría mayor espacio físico y ésto induce a la ruptura de la bacteria. Antibióticos que inhiben la síntesis del tetrahidrofolato (antimetabolitos): Estos se
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Bactericidas Beta-lactámicos (Penicilinas y cefalosporinas) Glicopéptidos (Vancomicina, teicoplanina) Aminoglucósidos (Grupo estr estreptomicina) eptomicina) Quinolonas (Grupo norflox norfloxacino) acino) Polimixinas
Bacteriostáticos
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PENICILINA Bencilpenicilina Bencilpenicil ina o penicilina G La bencilpenicilina, comúnmente conocida como penicilina G, es el estándar de las penicilinas. Por lo general se administra por vía parenteral (intravenosa, intratecal o intramuscular), porque tiende a perder estabilidad con el jugo gástrico del estómago. Debido a que se administra inyectada, se pueden alcanzar mayores concentraciones del medicamento en los tejidos que con la penicilina V o fenoximetilpenicilina. Estas mayores concentraciones se traducen en una mayor eficacia antibacteriana. Las ventajas de la penicilina G son su bajo costo, su fácil administración, su excelente pene pe netr trac ació ión n en lo loss te tejijido doss y su ín índi dice ce te tera rapé péut utic ico o fav avor orab able le.. En co cont ntrras aste te,, la lass
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Nomb Nombre re gené genéri rico co
Nomb Nombrre come comerc rcia iall
Usos Usos frec frecue uen ntes tes
Penicilinas Amoxicilina Ampicilina
Novamox,, Amoxil Novamox
Posibles efectos adversos
Mecanismo de acción
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CEFALOSPORINAS
Las cefalosporinas tienen, como las penicilinas, un anillo betalactámico que interfiere con la síntesis de la pared celular bacteriana y son también antibióticos bactericidas. Son más eficaces que la penicilina frente a los bacilos gram-negativos, e igual de eficaces frente a
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Nomb Nombrre gen genéric érico o
Nom Nombre bre come comerc rcia iall
Usos Usos frec frecu uente entess
Posibles efectos adversos
Mecanismo de acción
Cefalosporinas (de primera generación generación) Cefadroxilo
Duricef
Cefazolina Cefalotina Cefalexina
Ancef Keflin Keflex
Al igual que las penicilinas, todas las
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Nomb Nombrre gené genéri rico co
Nomb Nombrre come comerrcial cial
Usos Usos frec frecu uente entess
Posibles efectos adversos
Cefalosporinas (de segunda generación) Cefaclor
Ceclor
Cefamandol
Mandol
Cefoxitina
Mefoxitin
Son más eficaces que la penicilina frente a
Mecanismo de acción
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Nomb Nombrre genér enéric ico o
Nomb Nombre re come comerrcial cial
Usos Usos frec frecue uen ntes tes
Posibles efectos adversos
Mecanismo de acción
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QUINOLONAS
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