ANTEPROYECTODE TESIS ING -MINAS 2012.docx
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AL EN EL MEDIO AMBIENTE
EN EL DISTRIT DISTRITO O DE
D E G R A D A C I O N D E E C O S I S T E M A S
MEDIO
AMBIENTE
SOSTENIBILIDAD AUTORES FELIX MORE GARCIA JASMIN STEF STEFANY AVILA AVILA YAN YAN
INDICE
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CAPITULO I
1.1Formulacion Problema…………….…… Problema…………….…………………………..……… ……………………..……………… ……… 4 1.2 Justificación del Problema..………………….………………….……............. Problema..………………….………………….……............. 6 1.3 Objetivos……………...………………….… Objetivos……………...………………….…………….………………… ………….……………………… …… 7 1.3.1Objetivo enerales…………………………… enerales……………………………….……...………………….. ….……...………………….. 7 1.3!2 Objetivos "s#ec$ficos………………………………….…………………... 7 1.4 %ntecedentes %ntecedentes de "studio……..……………….………………………………& "studio……..……………….………………………………&
'%P()*+O ((
2.1 ,arco ,arco teórico referencial….……………… referencial….…………………….………………...……..… …….………………...……..…14 14 2.1.1 -istoria de la miner$a…………………… miner$a………………………………………………… …………………………………14 ……14 2.1.2 ,iner$a ileal en Per/………………………… Pe r/…………………………………………..…………..16 ………………..…………..16 2.1.3 ,iner$a ileal 0istrito de +as +omas #rovincia de Piura........................17 2.2 ,arco )eórico )eórico 'ient$fico………...………………..…… 'ient$fico………...………………..…………………...…….17 ……………...…….17 2.2.1 ,todos de "tracción del ,ineral………………………… ,ineral……………………………………….1& …………….1& 2.2.2 ,iner$a a Peuea "scala …………….…………………………… …………….…………………………….…….1& .…….1& 2.2.3 ,iner$a ileal 5%rtesanal ……………………………...………….…...…..1 2.2.4 "fectos de la ,iner$a (nformal en el Per/……..…………….….………21 2.2.8 'ausas de la ,iner$a (nformal 5%rtesanal ……………...………………28 ……………...………………28 2.3-i#otesis………………………………………..………….…………………...2 2.3.1 -i#ótesis eneral………………...…………
…2
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2.8 0efinición de )rminos •
•
Tenien eniendo do como base base la !rod#cci !rod#cción ón act#al act#al y los datos datos estadí estadísti sticos cos del acar acarreo reo del mine mineral ral y el de desec desec5o 5oss , se 5a elabo elaborad radoo #n modelo modelo de sim#la sim#lació ciónn #e !rod#ce !rod#ce el moimien moimiento to de los camion camiones es , el n)mero n)mero de #eltas #e estos realizan en o!eraciones de car(a , descar(a ,retorno y s#s tiem!os de es!era $rente a las !alas eléctricas teniendo como restricciones el t#rno de G 5oras y lo costos o!eratios inc#rridos , #e ser&n #tilizados como !ar&metros en las las si(#ientes si(#ientes alternatias alternatias de sol#ción% En la !rimera alternatia de sol#ción , se rem#een #n total de 8,9K9 T0 T0 de mineral y 9,7 T0 de desec5o a#n costo o!eratio de 9,G9 y 9,8K !or tonelada res!ectiamente , em!leando las las mismas mismas !alas !ero reem!lazando
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0ODELO' E=ALUATI=O', DE OPTI0IMACIN DE 'I0ULACIN DE CONTA0INANTE' CONTA0INANTE' DEL AI1E AUTO1> ILLIA0 /ULIO AND1ADE TO11E' IN'TITUCION> UNI=E1'IDAD NACIONAL 0AO1 0AO1 DE 'AN 0A1CO'
%OC 99F O Es #na de las ariables demo(r&$icas m&s im!ortantes, !ara eal#ar la tendencia del crecimiento de la !oblación, en el caso del distrito de Las Lomas esta es de 6%69 5i?os !or m#?er en edad $értil%
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2.2 ,%@'O )"O@('O '("?)(F('O 2.2.1 ,etodos de etracción del ,ineral e?em!los de este ti!o ti!o de minas se !#eden citar citar a ,iner$a a cielo abierto % Como e?em!los C5##icamata,, La Escondida y Pasc#a Lama en C5ile C5##icamata C5ile,, Ernest ;enry 2A#stralia A#stralia3, 3, 0inas de 1iotinto y 0inas de T5arsis ;#ela V Es!a:a Es!a:a,, Al#mbreraV Pir#itasV 0anantial 0anantial Es!e?o 2Ar(entina3 2Ar(entina3 y el Cerre?ón 2Colombia Colombia3, 3, la m&s (rande de este ti!o en el m#ndo, con #na e"tensión de GK%999 5ect&reas y ca!acidad de !rod#cción de carbón !ara 99F, estimada en 86%6 millones de toneladas métricas% términos com!aratios, com!aratios, la la ma#inaria ma#inaria #e se #sa en la la ,iner$a de socavón% En términos minería s#bterr&nea es m#c5o m&s !e#e:a #e la #e se #tiliza a cielo abierto,
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C#ando las rocas son d#ras es necesario ac#dir al arran#e mediante e"!losios% En el caso de las rocas ornamentales 2m&rmol, (ranitos, !izarras%%%3 em!leadas en ar#i ar#ite tect ct#ra #ra y const constr#c r#cci ción ón se #til #tiliz izan an 5erra 5errami mient entas as de corte corte de diam diamant antee y olad#ras m#y c#idadosas con m#y !oca cantidad de e"!losio% En (eneral, est&s m&#inas arrancan la roca #tilizando elementos móiles cortantes> !icas, rodetes, c#c5illas o discos% El arran#e mediante e"!losios es el m&s #tilizado% Para !oder car(ar el e"!losio, se re#iere 5acer barrenos o a(#?eros en la roca y distrib#irlos de tal manera #e a cada barreno se le dé #na sec#encia de detonación y aya dando salida #no en sec#encia de otro% .eneralmente !ara 5acer dic5os barrenos se #tilizan m&#inas ne#m&ticas conocidas como 'to!!ers, 0&#inas de !ierna, /#mbos Ne#m&ticos, y
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Dentro de las minas s#bterr&neas se distin(#e, adem&s, entre el arrastre y la e"tra e"tracci cción ón%% Por Por arrast arrastre re se enti entiend endee el tran trans!o s!ort rtee !o !orr las las labor labores es sit# sit#ad adas, as, a!ro"imadamente, a la misma cota% !or e"tracción el trans!orte ertical #e tiene !or ob?eto sit#ar el mineral en la s#!er$icie%
2.2.2 ,ineria a Peuea "scala La 0inería en Pe#e:a Escala 20PE3 es #na actiidad desarrollada en diersas !artes del m#ndo< desde !e#e:as e"!lotaciones de carbón en la C5ina 5asta los b#scadores de (emas y !iedras !reciosas en la sela del 0atto .rosso en el *rasil, !asando !or los laaderos de oro de 0adre de Dios, y etas #bicadas a m&s de H999 msnm en P#no, Per)% 'e()n in$ormación de la Or(anización Internacional del Traba?o 2OIT3, m&s de 68 millones de !ersonas en el m#ndo realizan actiidad minera en !e#e:a escala en s# $orma artesanal, y en América Latina, donde la actiidad se enc#entra, la 0PE si(ni$ica #n alto !orcenta?e de la !rod#cción
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Los Los e"tr e"tract actore oress ile( ile(al ales es conoc conocen en las las re(la re(lass y saben saben cómo cómo eadi eadirl rlas< as< !rom#een o!eraciones ilícitas< com!ran la !rod#cción de #ienes e"traen minerales como estrate(ia estrate(ia de de sobreiencia y s#elen mantener #na relación de de!e de!end nden enci ciaa con con los los microe croe"t "tra ract ctor ores es o mine minero ross art artesan esanal ales es,, $aci $acili lit& t&ndo ndole less ins#m ins#mos os y dine dinero ro como como $orma $orma de ase(# ase(#rar rar s# $idelidad y de!endencia !ermanente%
Los e"tractores ile(ales #s#r!an concesiones concesiones y y terrenos de !ro!iedad de !ro!iedad !riada !riada o del Estado% La ile(alidad en #e se desen#ele este ti!o de actiidad y los con$lictos #e con$lictos #e (enera, colocan a los e"tractores ile(ales en sit#aciones de incertid#mbre e inse(#ridad ?#rídica, lo #e contrib#ye a #n estado de tem!oralidad%Z[
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!atrimonios s#!er$iciales, !#ede alterar c#rsos de a(#as y $ormar (randes la(#nas !ara el material descartado%
A$ectación de los s#elos> la 0CA im!lica la eliminación del s#elo en el &rea de
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La extracción ilegal puede producir deorestación ! Contaminación por cascajo . La movimiento de tierr movimiento tierras! as! erosión or"ada! acumulación acumulación de de gravas gravas #ue #ue conlleva a la el eliimi mina naci ción ón de la co co$e $errtu turra ve vege gettal %ta tala la y #u #uem ema a de $os#ues &' La acumulación de material grueso! #ue resulta del lavado de grava durante el
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El ento entorn rnoo #ed #edaa a$ect a$ectad adoo !or# !or#ee se tran trans$o s$orm rmaa radic radical alme ment nte, e, !ier !ierde de s# atracción escénica o !aisa?ística, s#mada la contaminación sonora !or el r#ido !rod#cido !or las distintas o!eraciones> trit#ración y molienda, (eneración de ener(ía, trans!orte, car(a y descar(a de materiales, etcétera%
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La !érdida del merc#rio lí#ido se !rod#ce d#rante la amal(amación del oro en los #imbaletes, donde se realiza la se!aración del mismo% En este !roceso se calienta la mezcla merc#rioVtierra con el $in de e"traer el oro% El merc#rio se ea!ora de?ando sólo el oro% Ese (as es el #e es lleado !or el iento y #na ez
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abandonados ba?o tierra, ya #e !ara los !atrones estos !eones no e"isten en nin()n re(istro ni !lanillas% Los campamentos campamentos en en #ue viven por lo general son +ec+os de !l&stic icoo #e no o$rec o$recen en nin( nin(#na #na !rote !rotecci cción ón $rent $rentee a las las torm torment entas as carpas carpas de !l&st tro!icales% La comida #e in(ieren tam!oco es balanceada, lo #e les (enera #n estado de desnutrición desnutrición 0na notici noticiaa !eriodí !eriodísti stica ca in$orm in$ormaa #e en Al(am Al(amarca arca
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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