Antenna Theory Andrew
March 28, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Antenna Theory Basic Principles For Daily Applications
Ba se Sta tati tio o n Ante A ntenna nna Systems ystems M a rc h 20 2009
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Base Statio ion nA Ant ntenn nna a Tec hno hnolo log gy Evolut volution ion An tenna Anten na Core Technology Omni Vertical Directional Polarization
Air Ai r Interfaces
Dominate Application
DualPol® MIMO
DualPol® Dual Band Capacity Improvement RET with Frequency Interference Reduction MIMO MIMO
Significant Application
Digital Beam Former SDMA Capacity
SmartBeam® Capacity” Load Balance MIMO
Low Application
AMPS GSM CDMA W-CDMA WiMAX TD-SCDMA LTE
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Dipole F0 (MHz)
¼ λ
F0
¼ λ
λ
(Meters)
λ
(Inches)
30
10.0
393.6
80
3.75
147.6
160
1.87
73.8
280
1.07
42.2
460 800
0.65 0.38
25.7 14.8
960
0.31
12.3
1700
0.18
6.95
2000
0.15
5.9
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3D View Antenna Pattern
Source: COMSEARCH PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
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Understanding The Mysterious “dB” dBd
Signal strength relative to a dipole in empty space
dBi
Signal strength relative to an isotropic radiator
dB
Difference between two signal strengths
dBm
Absolute signal strength relative to 1 milliw milliwatt att 1m WW attatt = 30 dBm 20 Watts = 43 dBm
dBc
Note: The Scale Logarithmic 10 * log10 (Power Ratio)
Signal strength relative to a signal of known strength, s trength, in this case: the carrier signal Example: Exampl e: – –150 150 dBc = 15 150 0 dB bel below ow c carr arrier ier sig signal nal If two carriers are 20 Watt each = 43 dBm –150 dBc = –107 dBm or ~0.02 pWatt or ~1 microvolt
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Effec t Of VSWR Good VSWR is only one component of an efficient antenna. Power Power Reflected (%) Trans. (%)
VSWR
Return Loss (dB)
Transmission Loss (dB)
1.00
∞
0.00
0.0
100.0
1.10
26.4
0.01
0.2
99.8
1.20
20.8
0.04
0.8
99.2
1.30
17.7
0.08
1.7
98.3
1.40
15.6
0.12
2.8
97.2
1.50
14.0
0.18
4.0
96.0
2.00
9.5
0.51
11.1
88.9
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Shaping Antenna Patterns
Vertical arrangement of properly phased dipoles allows control of radiation patterns at the horizon as well as above and below the horizon. The more dipoles that are stacked vertically, the flatter the vertical pattern is and the higherr the anten highe antenna na cove coverage rage or ‘ga ‘gain’ in’ is in the gen general eral direction of the horizon.
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ontiinu nued ed ) Shaping Antenna Patterns (C ont Aperture of Dipoles
Vertical Pattern
Horizontal Pattern
• Stacking 4 dipoles vertically in line changes the pattern shape (squashes the doughnut) and increases the gain over single dipole.
Single Dipole
• The peak of the horizontal or vertical pattern measures the
• 4 Dipoles Vertically Stacked
gain. The little lobes, illustrated in the lower section, are secondary minor lobes.
General neral Stacking Rule • Ge
• Collinear elements (in-line vertically). • Optimum spacing (for non-electrical tilt) is approximately 0.9λ. • Doubling the number of elements increases gain by 3 dB, and reduces vertical beamwidth by half. PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
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Gain What is it? Antenna gain is a comparison comparison of the power/field characteristics characteristics of a device under te test st (DUT) to a specified gain standard.
Why is it useful? Gain can be associated with wi th coverage distance and/or obstacle penetration (buildings, foliage, etc).
How is it measured? It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing. The reference gain standard must always be specified.
What is Andrew standard? Andrew conforms to the industry standard of +/–1 dB accuracy.
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Gain Reference nces (dB (dBd A And nd dBi) dBi) • An isotropic antenna is is a single point in space radiating in a perfect sphere (not physically possible).
Isotropic Pattern Dipole Pattern
Isotropic (dBi) Dipole (dBd) Gain dBi dBd
• A dipole antenna is one radiating element (physically possible). two • A gain antenna is two or more radiating elements phased together.
3 (dBd) = 5.14 (dBi) 0 (dBd) = 2.14 (dBi)
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Princ inc iple iples s Of Antenna nna Gain Omni Antenna, Side View
Dir ire ec tiona ionall Ante Antenna nnas s, Top Vie View w
-3 dB
0 dBd
0 dBd
60° -3 dB
+3 dBd +3 dBd
30°
180° -3 dB
-3 dB
+6 dBd
+6 dBd
15°
90°
-3 dB -3 dB
7.5°
+9 dBd
+9 dBd
45°
-3 dB -3 dB
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Theor heoretica ical Ga Gain Of Antenna nnas (dB (dBd) 3 dB Horizontal Aperture (Influenced (I nfluenced by Grounded Back Back “ Pla Plate” te” ) 360° ) 9 . 0 ( s r d o e t a c i d a p a S R y f l l o a # c i t r e V
180° 120° 105°
Typical Length of Antenna (ft.)
90°
60°
45°
33°
800/900 PCSMHz
DCS Vertical 1800/1900 Beamwidth
1
0
3
4
5
6
8
9
10.5
1
0.5
60°
2
3
6
7
8
9
11
12
13.6
2
1
30°
3 4
4.5 6
7.5 9
8.5 10
9.5 11
10.5 12.5 13.5 12 14 15
15.1 16.6
3 4
1.5 2
20° 15°
6
7.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5 15.5 16.5
18.1
6
3
10°
8
9
12
13
14
19.6
8
4
7.5°
15
17
18
Could be horizontal radiator pairs for narrow horizontal apertures.
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Antenna Gain
•
Gain (dBi) (dBi) = Di Directiv rectivity ity (dBi) (dBi) – Losse Losses s (dB)
•
Losses:
Conductor Dielectric Impedance Polarization
•
Measure using ‘Gain by Comparison’
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Antenna Polarization
•
Vertical polarization – Traditional land mobile use – Omni antennas – Requires spatial separation for div diversity ersity – Still recommended in rural, low m multipath ultipath environments
•
Polarization diversity – Slant 45° (+ and –) is now popular – Requires only a single antenna for div diversity ersity – Lower zoning impact – Best performance in high and m medium edium multipath environments Measured data will be presented in the Systems Section PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
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Various Radiator Designs Elements
Dipole
1800/1900/UMTS Directed Dipole™
DualPol ® (XPol) Directed Dipole™
Patch
800/900 MHz Directed Dipole™
MAR Microstrip Annular Ring
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Dipoles
Single Dipole
Crossed Dipole
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Feed Harne nes ss C Co onst nstruct uction ion
ASP705
ASP705K
LBXX-6513DS 6513DS
C enter Feed
C or orpo por rate
(Hybrid)
Feed
(Old Style)
Series Feed
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ontiinu nued ed ) Feed Ha Harne nes ss C onst nstruct uc tion ion (C ont Center Feed (Hybrid)
Series Feed
Advantages
• Minimum feed losses • Simple feed system
Corporate Feed
• Frequency independent main lobe direction
• Frequency independent main beam direction
• Reasonably simple • More beam shaping feed system ability, sidelobe suppression
Disadvantages
• Not as versatile as
BEAMTILT
+2°
corporate (less bandwidth, less
+1° 0° +1°
ASP-705
+2° 450
455
460
465
470 MHz
• Complex feed system
beam shaping)
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Feed Networks
•
Coaxial cable – Best isolation – Constant impedance – Constant phase
•
Microstripline, corporate feeds – Dielectric substrate – Air substrate
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Micr Mic rostrip Feed Lines ines
•
Dielectric substrate – Uses printed circuit technology – Power limitation limitations s – Dielectric substrate causes loss (~1.0 dB dB/m /m at 2 GHz)
• Air substrate – Metal strip spaced above a g groundplane roundplane – Minimal solder or welded joints – Laser cut or punched – Air substrate cause minimal loss (~0.1 dB/m at 2 GHz)
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Air Micr Mic rostrip Ne Nettwo wor rk
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LBX-3 X-3316-VTM Us Using Hybr ybrid C able/ le/ Air Strip ipline line
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LBX-3 X-3319-VTM Us Using Hybr ybrid C able/ le/ Air Strip ipline line
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DB812 Omni Antenna Vertical Pattern
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932DG 93 2DG65T 65T2E2E-M Pattern Simulation
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Key A Ant ntenna nna Pattern Objec jec tives ives For sector antenna, the key pattern objective is to focus as much energy as possible into a desired sector with a desired radius while minimizing unwanted interference to/from all other sectors. This requires:
• •
Optimized pattern shaping
••
Pattern consistency for polarization diversity models Downtilt consistency
Pattern consistency over the rated frequency band
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Main Lobe What is it? The main lobe is the radiation pattern lobe that contains the majority portion of
3 ota a 35 5°° T Tot ota ot all Main Main Lobe Lobe
radiated energy.
Why is it useful? Shaping of the pattern allows the contained coverage necessary for interference-limited system designs.
How is it measured? The main lobe is characterized using a number of the measurements which will follow.
What is Andrew standard? Andrew conforms to the industry standard. standard.
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Half-Power Beamwidth Horizontal And Vertical What is it? The angular span between the half-power
1/2 1/2 Power Power Beamwidth Beamwidth
(-3 dB) points measured on the cut of the antenna’s main lobe radiation pattern.
Why is it useful? It allows system designers to choose the optimum characteristics for coverage vs. interference requirements.
How is it measured? It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing.
What is Andrew standard? Andrew conforms to the industry standard. standard.
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Frontnt-To-Bac k Ratio What is it? The ratio in dB of the maximum directivity of an antenna to its directivity in a specified rearward direction. Note that on a dual-polarized antenna, it is the sum of co-pol and cross-pol patterns.
Why is it useful? It characterizes unwanted interference on larger the backside of the main lobe. The the number, the better!
How is it measured? It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing.
What is Andrew standard?
F/B F/B Ratio Ratio @ @ 180 180 degrees degrees 00 dB d d d dB dB B –– 25 25 dB dB dB B == 25 25 dB 25 dB dB B
Each data sheet shows specific performance. In general, traditional dipole and patch elements will yield 23–28 dB while the Directed Dipole™ Dipole™ style elements will yield 35–40 35–40 dB. PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
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Sidelobe Level What is it? Sidelobe level is a measure of a particular sidelobe or angular group of sidelobes with respect to the main lobe.
Why is it useful?
Sidelobe Sidelobe Level Level (–20 (–20 dB) dB)
Sidelobe level or pattern shaping allows the minor lobe energy to be tailoreduse. to the antenna’s intended See Null Fill and Upper Sidelobe Suppression.
How is it measured? It is always measured with respect to the main lobe in dB.
What is Andrew standard? Andrew conforms to the industry standard. standard. PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
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Null Filling What is it? Null filling is an array optimization technique that reduces the null between the lower lobes in the elevation plane.
Why is it useful? For arrays with a narrow vertical beamwidth (less than 12°), null filling significantly improves signal intensity in all coverage targets below the horizon.
How is it measured? Null fill is easiest explained as the relative dB difference between the peak of the main beam and the depth of the 1st lower null.
What is Andrew standard? Most Andrew arrays will have null fill of 20–30 dB without optimization. To qualify as null fill, we expect expect no less than 15 and and typically 10–12 dB! PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
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Null Filling Important For Antennas With Narrow Elevation Beamwidths
Null Filled to 16 dB Below Peak ) m B
0
l d ( -20 e v -40 e L d -60 e v i e -80 c R e-100
Transmit Power = 1 W Base Station Antenna Height = 40 m Base Station Antenna Gain = 16 dBd Elevation Beamwidth = 6.5°
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Distance (km)
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Upper Sidelobe Suppression What is it?
First Upper Sidelobe Suppression
Upper sidelobe suppression (USLS) is an array optimization technique that reduces the undesirable sidelobes above the main lobe.
Why is it useful? For arrays with a narrow vertical beamwidth (less than 12°), USLS can significantly reduce interference due to multi-path or when the antenna is mechanically downtilted.
How is it measured? USLS is the relative dB difference between the peak of the main beam peak of the first upper sidelobe.
What is Andrew standard? Most of Andrew’s arrays will have USLS of >15 dB without optimization. optimization. The goal of all new designs is to suppress the first upper upper sidelobe to unity gain or lower. PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
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Orthogonality δ
What is it? The ability of an antenna to discriminate between two waves whose polarization difference is 90 degrees.
Why is it useful? Orthogonal arrays within a single antenna allow for polarization diversity. (As opposed to spacial diversity.)
How is it measured? The difference between the co-polar pattern and the cross-polar pattern, usually measured in the boresite (the direction of the main signal).
What is Andrew standard? Andrew conforms to the industry standard. standard.
Decorrelation between the Green and Blue Lines –∞ dB δ = 0°, XPol = δ δ
= 5°, XPol = –21 dB =10°, XPol = –15 dB δ = 15°, XPol = –11 dB δ = 20°, XPol = –9 dB δ = 45°, XPol = –3 dB δ =5 =50 0°, XPol = –2.3 dB δ = 60°, XPol = –1.2 dB =70°, °, XPo XPoll = –0.54 –0.54 dB δ =70 δ =80 =80°, °, XPo XPoll = –0.13 –0.13 dB δ =90°, XPol = 0 dB XPol = 20 log ( sin (δ ) PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
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C ross-Pol Ra Ratio (CP (C PR) What is it? CPR is a comparison of the co-pol vs. cross-pol pattern performance of a dual-polarized antenna generally over the sector of interest
120° 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25
(alternatively over the 3 dB beamwidth).
Why is it useful?
-30 -35
It is a measure of the ability of a cross-pol array to distinguish between orthogonal waves. The better the CPR, the better the performance of polarization diversity.
How is it measured?
Typical
-40
Co-Polarization Cross-Polarization
120°
(Source @ 90°)
0
It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing and compares the two plots in dB over the specified angular range. Note: in the
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
rear hemisphere, cross-pol becomes co-pol and vice versa.
-30
-35
-40
Directed Dipole™
What is Andrew standard? For traditional dipoles, the minimum is 10 dB; however, for the Directed Dipole™ style elements, it increases to 15 dB min. PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
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Horizonta izontal B Be eam Trac king What is it? It refers to the beam tracking between the two beams of a +/–45° +/–45° polarizati polarization on diversity diversity
120° 120°
antenna over a specified angular range.
Why is it useful? For optimum diversity performance, the beams should track as closely as possible.
–45° Array
+45° Array
How is it measured? It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing and compares the two plots in dB over the specified angular range.
What is Andrew standard? The Andrew beam tracking standard is +/–1 dB over the 3 dB horizontal beamwidth.
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Beam Squint Horizontal Boresite
What is it? The amount of pointing error of a given beam referenced to mechanical boresite.
Squint Squint
θ/2 θ
Why is it useful? The beam squint can affect the sector coverage if it is not at mechanical boresite. It can also affect the performance of the polarization diversity style antennas if the two arrays do not have similar patterns.
–3 dB
+3 dB
How is it measured? It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing.
What is Andrew standard? For the horizontal beam, squint shall be less than 10% of the 3 dB beamwidth. For the vertical beam, squint shall be less than 15% of the 3 dB beamwidth or 1 degree, whichever is greatest. PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
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Sec tor Power wer Ratio (SPR) 120° 120° What is it? SPR is a ratio expressed in percentage of the power outside the desired sector to the power inside the desired sector created by an antenna’s pattern.
Why is it useful? It is a percentage that allows comparison of various antennas. The better the SPR, the better the interference performance of the system.
How is it measured? Desired
It is mathematically derived from the measured range data.
Σ
What is Andrew standard? Andrew Directed Dipole™ style antennas have SPR’s typically less than 2 percent.
Undesired
300
SPR (%) =
60
PUndesired X 100
60
Σ 300
PDesired PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
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Antenna–Based System Improvements Key Antenna Parameters To Examine Closely 932LG Directed Dipole™
Standard Stan dard 85° 85° Panel Panel Antenna Antenna –7 dB
Roll off
–6 dB
at -/+ 60° 74° 74°
–16 dB
-10 dB points Horizontal Ant/Ant Isolation
83° 83°
–12 dB
Next Sector Ant/Ant –35 dB Isolation –18 dB
120° Cone of Great Silence with >40 dB Front-to-Back Ratio
Cone of Silence
60° Area of Poor Silence with >27 dB Front-to-Back Ratio PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
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Key A Ant ntenna nna Pattern Obj bje ec tives ives n
b a n r b b b a b u r a l u U r S R u
Azimuth Beam
•
Beam tracking vs. frequency
1
1
1
Squint
1
1
1
Roll-off past the 3 dB points
1
2
3
Front-to-back ratio
1
1
2
Cross-pol beam tracking
1
1
1
• Beam tracking vs. frequency
1
2
3
Ratings:
• Upper sidelobe suppression • Lower null fill • Cross-pol beam tracking
1 3
2 3
3 2
1 = Always important 2 = Sometimes important
2
2
3
3 = Seldom important
Limited to sub-bands on broadband models
• • • •
Elevation Beam
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ontiinu nued ed ) Key A Ant ntenna nna Pattern O Ob bje jec c tives ives (C ont n b b a U r
Downtilt
•
n b a u r b b r a l S u R u
Electrical vs. mechanical tilt
1
1
3
• Absolute tilt • Electrical tilt vs. frequency • Effective gain on the horizon
2
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
2
1
1
Gain • Close to the theoretical value (directivity minus losses)
Note: Pattern shaping reduces gain.
Ratings: 1 = Always important 2 = Sometimes important 3 = Seldom important
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Advanced Antenna Technology Adaptive Array (AA)
• • • • •
Planar array
•
External digital signal processing (DSP) controls the antenna pattern
4, 6, and 8 column vertical pol designs for WiMAX and TD-SCDMA*
•
Often calibration ports are used
A unique beam tracks each each mobile Adaptive nulling of of interfering signals Increased signal to interference ratio performance benefits
* Time Division Spatial Code Division Multiple Access
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Advanced Antenna Technology MIMO Systems
2 x 2 MIMO Spatial Multiplexing
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
• A DualPol® RET for 2x2 MIMO,
•
External DSP extracts signal from
•
Spatial multiplexing works best in
•
interference Capacity gains due to multiple antennas
•
a multi-path environment Space Time Block Coding is a diversity MIMO mode
•
two separated for 4x4 MIMO
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Advanced Antenna Technology SmartBeam® Antenna Family • Most flexible and efficient antenna system in the industry • Solution for the traffic peaks instead of raising the bar everywhere • Full 3-way remote optimization options - RET – Remote Remote El Electri ectrical cal Tilt Tilt (e.g. 0–10°) - RAS – Rem Remote ote Az Azimu imuth th Stee Steering ring (+ (+/– /– 30°) 0°) - RAB – Remote Azimuth Beamwidth (from m 35° 35° to 105 105°) °) Beamwidth (fro
• Redirect and widen the beam based on traffic requirements • Balance the traffic per area with the capacity per sector • Best utilization of radio capacity per sector • Convenient and low-cost optimization from a remote office • Quick and immediate execution • Scheduled and executed several times a day (e.g. business and residential plan)
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Advanced Antenna Technology SmartBeam ® 3-Way Model Azimuth 35°
patterns measured at 1710–2180 MHz with no radome.
65°
90°
105°
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Advanced Antenna Technology SmartBeam ® 3-Way Model Elevation 35°
patterns measured at 1710–2180 MHz with no radome.
65°
105° 90°
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System Issues • Choosing sector antennas • Narrow beam antenna applications • Polarization—vertical vs. slant 45° • Downtilt—electrical vs. mechanical • RET optimization • Passive intermodulation (PIM) • Return loss through coax • Antenna isolation • Pattern distortion
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C hoo hoos sing ing Sec tor Antenna nnas For 3 sector cell sites, what performance differences can be expected from the use of antennas with different horizontal apertures? Criteria
• Area of service indifference between between adjacent sectors (ping-pong area)
• For comparison, use 6 dB differentials • Antenna gain and overall sector coverage coverage comparisons
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3x 1 12 20° Antenna nnas 120° Horiz Horizontal ontal Overl Overlay ay Patte Pattern rn 0 -5 -10
Examples
-15
VPol
-20 -25
Low Band
-30
DB874H120 DB878H120
-35
49°
-40
3 dB PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
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3x 9 90 0° Antennas 90° Horiz Horizontal ontal Overl Overlay ay Patte Pattern rn 0
Examples
-5 -10
XPol
VPol
-15
Low Band
-20 -25 -30
44°
-35 -40
DB854DG90 DB856DG90
DB842H90 DB844H90
DB BX 8-5980D1G L 2 90 LBX-9013
DB BV 8-4980H1920 L
High Band
5 dB
D B932DG90 DB950G85 HBX-9016 UMWD-09014B UMWD-09016
UMW-9015
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3x 6 65 5° Antennas Examples
65° Horiz Horizontal ontal Overl Overlay ay Patte Pattern rn
XPol
VPol
0
Low Band
-5 -10
CTSDG-06513 CTSDG-06515 CTSDG-06516 DB854DG65 DB856DG65 DB858DG65 LBX-6513 LBX-6516
-15 -20 -25 -30 -35
19°
-40
DB844H65 DB848H65 LBV-6513
High Band
10 dB
UMWD-06513 UMWD-06516 UMWD-06517 HBX-6516 HBX-6517
PCS-06509 HBV-6516 HBV-6517
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Spe pec c ial ial Na Narrow B Be eam Ap Applic plica ations
4-Sector Site (45°)
Road
°
6-Sector Site (33 )
Repeater Narrow Donor, Wide Coverage Antennas Rural Roadway PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
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Test Drive Route
H A R R Y H I N E S
35
183
S T E M M O N S F R W Y
A I R R P O R T F R W W Y O . R
L A G E R
E N A L R D I B G I N K C O M
CELL SITE
D A O R D O O N W I
T E E R T S R O T O M
N
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Polarization Diversity Tests
DB854HV90
DB854DD90
1 DRIVE TESTS
.
Test A
Test B
+45°/-45° (Slant 45°)
2 0°/90° (H/V)
A
HANDHELD
1A
2A
B
MOBILE
1B
2B
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Slant Sla nt 45° 45° / HandHand-Hel Held d In Car Space Diversity vs. Slanted +45°/–45° -40
Test Set-Up and Uplink Signal Strength Measurements DB833
DB854DD90
A
E
Red
-50
DB833 B
Green
9dB
) m B d ( h t g n e r t S l a n g i S
TEST 1A
9dB
Black
Blue
11dB 7.5 ft.
-60
-70
-80 moving away from tower
moving towards tower
-90 moving crossface
-100 Uplink Signal Strength
Vert Left
Vert Right
Slant Div
Slant Div
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Slant Sla nt 45° 45° / HandHand-He Held ld In Car Space Diversity vs. Slanted +45°/–45°
TEST 1A
Difference Between Strongest Uplink Signals 16
) B d ( h t g n e t r S l a n g i S
12 8
4
Slant ±45° Improvement
0 -4 -8 Difference Between Polarization Diversity and Space Diversity Average Difference
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Slant 45° / Mobile Mobile With Glas Glass s Mount Mount Space Diversity vs. Slanted +45°/-45° -40
Test Set-Up and Uplink Signal Strength Measurements DB833
DB854DD90
A
E
Black
Red
DB833 B
Green
9dB
) -50 m B d ( h t -60 g n e r t S -70 l a n g i S
TEST 1B
9dB Blue
11dB 7.5 ft.
moving away from tower
moving towards tower
-80
moving crossface -90
Uplink Signal Strength
Vert Left
Vert Right
Slant Div
Slant Div PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
57
Slant 45° / Mobile Mobile With Glas Glass s Mount Mount Space Diversity vs. Slanted +45°/-45°
TEST 1B
Difference Between Strongest Uplink Signals 16
) 12 B d ( h t 8 g n e t r 4 S l a 0 n g i S -4
Slant ±45° Degradation
-8
Difference Between Polarization Diversity and Space Diversity Average Difference
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
58
Rysavy Research
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
59
Fut utur ure e Tec hnolog hnology Foc us • Figure 16 shows that HSDPA,1xEV-DO, and 802.16e are all within 2-3 dB of the Shannon indicating that from bound, a link layer perspective, there is not much room for improvement.
• This figure demonstrates that the focus of future technology enhancements should be on improving system performance aspects that improve and maximize the experienced SNRs in the system instead of investigating new air interfaces that attempt to improve the link layer performance.
1
Peter Rysavy of Rysavy Research, “Data Capabilities: GPRS to HSDPA and Beyond”, 3G Americas, September 2005
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
60
The Im Impa pac ct Lower Co-Channel Interference/Better Capacity And Quality In a three sector site, traditional antennas produce a high degree of imperfect power control or sector overlap. Imperfect sectorization presents opportunities for:
• •
Increased softer hand-offs Interfering signals
• •
Dropped calls Reduced capacity
The rapid roll-off of the lower lobes of the Andrew Directed Dipole™ antennas create
Traditio nal Flat Panels Panels
65°
90°
A An n d r ew Dir Di r ec ectt ed Dip Di p o l e™
65°
90°
larger, defined ‘cones of silence’ behind better the array.
• • •
Much smaller softer hand-off area Dramatic call quality improvement 5%–10% capacity enhancement PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
61
120° Sec tor Ove ver rla lay y Iss Issues On the Capacity and Outage Probability of a CDMA Heirarchial Mobile System with Perfect/Imperfect Power Control and Sectorization By: Jie ZHOU et, et, al IEICE TRANS FUNDAMENTALS, FUNDAMENTALS, VOL.E82-A, NO.7 JULY 199 1999 9 . . . From the numerical results, the user capacities are dramatically decreased as the imperfect power control increases and the overlap between the sectors (imperfect sectorization) increases . . . Effect of Soft and Softer Handoffs H andoffs on CDMA System Capacity By: Chin-Chun Chin-Chun Lee et, al IEEE TRANSACTIONS TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 47, NO. 3, AUGUST 1998
15
f o s e s o10 g l a y t t n i e c 5 a c r p e a P c
0
0 5 angle 10in degree 15 Overlapping
Qualitatively, excessive excessive overlay also reduces capacity of TDMA and GSM systems. systems.
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
62
Hard, Soft, and Softer Handoffs • Hard Handoff -
Used in time division multiplex systems
-
Switches from one frequency to another Often results in a ping-pong switching effect
• Soft Handoff -
Used in code division multiplex systems
-
Incorporates a rake receiver to combine signals from multiple cells Smoother communication without the clicks typical in hard handoffs
• Softer Handoff -
Similar to soft handoff except combines signals from multiple adjacent sectors
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
63
Soft and Softer Handoff Examples Softer Handoff
Two-Way Soft Handoff
Three-Way Soft Handoff
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
64
© Comm CommScope Scope
Beam Downtilt In urban areas, servi service ce and frequency utilization utilization are frequently improved by directing maximum radiation power at an area below the horizon. This technique . . .
•
Improves coverage of open areas close to the base station.
penetration of nearby buildings, particular • Allows more effective penetration high-traffic lower levels and garages.
•
Permits the use of adjacent frequencies in the same general region.
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
65
© Comm CommScope Scope
Elec tric al/ l/Mec Mech hanica ical Dow own ntilt
•
Mechanical downtilt lowers main beam, raises back lobe. Electrical downtilt lowers main beam and lowers back lobe.
• mechanical downtilts • A combination of equal electrical and mechanical lowers main beam and brings back lobe onto the horizon!
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
66
© Comm CommScope Scope
(C ont ontiinu nued ed )
Elec tric al/ l/Mec Mech hanica ical Dow own ntilt
Mec hanic al
Elec tric al
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
© Comm CommScope Scope
DB50 DB 5083 83 Downt Downtilt ilt Mo Mount unting ing Kit DB5083 downtilt mounting kit is constructed of heavy duty galvanized steel, designed for pipe mounting 12”” to 20 12 20”” wi wide de pa pane nell a ant nten enna nas. s.
• Correct bracket calibration assumes a plumb mounting pipe!
• Check antenna with a digital level. PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
67
© Comm CommScope Scope
Mech Mec hanic nic al Down ownttil iltt Pattern Analogy—Rotating A Disk
Mechanical tilt causes . . .
• Beam peak to tilt below horizon • Back lobe to tilt above horizon • At ± 90°, no tilt
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
68
69
© Comm CommScope Scope
Mech Mec hanic al Down Downttil iltt C ove over rage 100
90
100
80
110 120 130 140
150
160
170
10
180
0
190
350
340
200
210
330
320
300 290 260
270 280
Elevation Pattern
40
30
160
20
310
50
150
30
220
60
140
40
230
70
130
50
250
80
120
60
240
90
110
70
20
170
10
180
0
190
350
200
340
210
330 320
220 230
310 240
300 250
290 260
270 280
Azimuth Pattern
Mechanical Tilt 0° 4° 6° 8° 10° PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
© Comm CommScope Scope
0° Mech Mec hanic al Dow own ntilt
Quiz
What is the vertical beamwidth of a 4-element array?
85°
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
70
© Comm CommScope Scope
7° Mech Mec hanic al Dow own ntilt
93°
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
71
© Comm CommScope Scope
15° Mech Mec hanic al Dow Down ntilt
123°
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
72
© Comm CommScope Scope
20° Mech Mec hanic al Dow Down ntilt
Horizontal 3 dB Bandwidth Undefined
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
73
74
© Comm CommScope Scope
Managing Beam Tilt •
For the radiation pattern to show maximum gain in the direction of the horizon, each stacked dipole must be fed from the signal source in phase. phase.
•
Feeding vertically arranged dipoles out of phase will generate patterns that look up or look down. down.
•
The degree of beam tilt is a function of the phase shift of one dipole relative to the adjacent dipole.
Generating Beam Tilt Dipoles Fed In Phase
Dipoles Fed Out of Phase
Energy in
Phase Exciter
Exciter
e t v a n r o W F
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
© Comm CommScope Scope
Ele lec c tric ica al Downt wntilt
Pattern Analogy—Forming A Cone Out Of A Disk
Electrical tilt causes . . .
• •
Beam peak to tilt below horizon Back lobe to tilt below horizon
• At ± 90°, tilt below horizon • All the pattern tilts Cone of the Beam Peak Pattern
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
75
76
© Comm CommScope Scope
Elec lecttric ica al Do Downtil iltt C over verage 110
100
90
80
110
70
120
90
80
70
120
60
50
140
40
140
60
130
50
130
100
40
150
30
30
150
160
20
160
20
170
10
170
10
180
0
180
0
190
350
190
350
200
340
210
330
220
320 230
310 240
300 250
260
270
280
290
Elevation Pattern Electrical Tilt
200
340
210
330 320
220 230
310 240
300 250
260
270
280
290
Azimuth Pattern 0° 4° 6° 8° 10°
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
© Comm CommScope Scope
Mech Mec hanic ica al Vs. Vs. Elec Electtrica ical Do Downtil iltt 340
350
0
10
20 30
330
40
320
50
310
60
300
70
290
80
280
90
270
100
260
110 110
250
120
240 130
230 220
140 210
150 200 190
160 180
170
Mechanical
Electrical
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
77
© Comm CommScope Scope
Remo motte Ele lec c trica ic al Downt Downtilt (R (RE ET) Optimization
ATM200-002 RET Device (Actuator)
Local PC
ATC200-LITE-USB Portable Controller
Local PC
ANMS™ Remote Locations
ATC300-1000 Rack Mount Controller Network Server
78
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
79
© Comm CommScope Scope
Inte Int ermod mod Int Inte erference nc e Where?
F3
F1
Tx F1
Rx F3
F2
Tx F1
Receiver-Produced
Transmitter-Produced
Tx
Tx F
F2
2
F1 F2
F1 Tx1
F3 F2
Tx2
Rx F3
F2
Elsewhere
Rx F3 Tx1 Tx2
C O M B
F3
DUP Rx3 RF Path-Produced
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
High Band
Product Frequencies, Two-Signal IM FIM = nF1 ± mF2 Example: F1 = 1945 MHz; F2 = 1930 MHz
n
m
Product Order
1
1
Second
1F1 + 1F2 1F1 – 1F2
3875 15
2
1
Third
2F1 + 1F2
5820
*2F1 – 1F2 2F2 + 1F1 *2F2 – 1F1
1960 5805 1915
2F1 + 2F2 2F1 – 2F2
7750 30
Product Formulae
Product Frequencies (MHz)
1
2
Third
2
2
Fourth
3
2
Fifth
3F1 + 2F2 *3F1 – 2F2
9695 1975
2
3
Fifth
3F2 + 2F1 *3F2 – 2F1
9680 1900
*Odd-order difference products fall in-band.
80
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
Two-Signal IM
Odd-Order Difference Products Example: F1 = 1945 MHz; F2 = 1930 MHz ΔF
= F1 - F2 = 15 F1 1945
F2 1930 ΔF
dBc
3F2 – 2F1
2F2 – F1
2F1 – F2
1915
1960
1900
ΔF
ΔF
2 ΔF 5th
dBm
3F1 – 2F2 1975
2 ΔF 3rd
F2
F1
Third Order: F1 + ΔF; F2 - ΔF Fifth Order: F1 + 2 ΔF; F2 - 2 ΔF Seventh Order: F1 + 3 ΔF; F2 - 3 ΔF Higher than than the highest highest – lower than the lowest lowest – none in-betwee in-between n
3rd
5th
81
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
PC S A 11th Band9thInt Inte e7th rmo mod d5th ulat ulation io n 3rd 1855
1870
1885
1900
1915
Channe nnell Ban Bandwid dwidth th Cha Block C C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
(MHz) 30 15 15 10 10 10
1930
1945
FCC Broadband PCS Band Plan Frequencies 1895–1910, 1975–1990 1902.5–1910, 1982.5–1990 1895–1902.5, 1975–1982.5 1895–1900, 1975–1980 1900–1905, 1980–1985 1905–1910, 1985–1990
Note: Some of the original C block licenses (originally 30 MHz each) were split into multiple licenses (C-1 and C-2: 15 MHz; C-3, C-4, and C-5: 10 MHz).
82
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
PC S A & F Band Inte Int ermod modula ulattion ion 3rd 1895
Channell Ban Channe Bandwi dwidth dth Block C C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
(MHz) 30 15 15 10 10 10
1935
1975
FCC Broadband PCS Band Plan Frequencies 1895–1910, 1975–1990 1902.5–1910, 1982.5–1990 1895–1902.5, 1975–-1982.5 1895–1900, 1975–1980 1900–1905, 1980–1985 1905–1910, 1985–1990
Note: Some of the original C block licenses (originally 30 MHz each) were split into multiple licenses (C-1 and C-2: 15 MHz; C-3, C-4, and C-5: 10 MHz).
83
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
C ause uses Of IM IMD D • Ferromagnetic materials in the current path: -
Steel
-
Nickel plating or underplating
• Current disruption: -
Loosely contacting surfaces
-
Non-conductive oxide layers between contact surfaces
84
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
System VS VSW WR C alc lcula ulattSystem or VSWR Calculator Calculator Version 9.0 Frequency (MHz): Component Used?
No No No No No No No No No No
850.00
18- Mar- 09
System Comp o on nent
Max. V VS SWR
Return Loss (dB)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Antenna or L oad Antenna Jumper Tower Mounted Amp Jumper Top Diplexer or Bias Tee Jumper Main Feed Line Jumper Bias Tee Jumper Surge Suppressor
1.50 1.05 1.20 1.09 1.15 1.09 1.07 1.09 1.15 1.09 1.07
13.98 32.26 20.83 27.32 23.13 27.32 29.42 27.32 23.13 27.32 29.42
2 2 1
2 2 1
Jumper Bottom Diplexer or Duplexer Jumper
1.09 1.20 1.08
27.32 20.83 28.30
An dr ew ew
Co mm S c co o pe
No No Yes
Cable Type / Component Loss (dB)
Cable Length (m)
Cable Length (ft)
2 0.20 2 0.20 2.00 8 4 0.10 2.00 0.10
1.83
6.00
1.83
6.00
1.83 200.00 30.48 11.00 1.83
6.00 656.17 100.00 36.09 6.00
VXL7-50 LDF4-50A
Ins Loss w/2 Conn (dB) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
% of Est. Reflections at System input Reflection 87.2% 0.1003 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000
3.00 0.10 1.00
FSJ4-50B
1.83
6.00
27.30
89.57
0.00 0.00 3.00
0.0% 0.0% 12. 8%
0.0000 0.0000 0.0385
100.0%
Legacy Jumper Jumper / TL Cables 1/2 inch Superflexible Copper 1/2 inch Foam Copper
FSJ4-50B LDF4-50A
1/2 inch Superflexible Aluminum 1/2 inch Foam Aluminum
Legacy Transmission Lines 7/8 inch Copper 1 1/4 inch Copper 1 5/8 inch Copper 7/8 inch Very Flexible Copper 1 1/4 inch Very Flexible Copper 1 5/8 inch Very Flexible Copper 7/8 inch Virtual Air Copper Yes
1 5/8 inch Virtual Air Copper 7/8 inch Aluminum
An dr ew ew
LDF5-50A LDF6-50 LDF7-50A VXL5-50 VXL6-50 VXL7-50 AVA5-50 AVA7-50 AL5-50
1 1/4 inch Aluminum 1 5/8 inch Aluminum No
AL7-50
CR 540 SFX 500 FXL 540
Estimated Conn Loss ( 2per cable)
0.028
Typical System Reflection: Typical System VSWR: Typical System Return Loss (dB):
0.1074 1.24 19.4
Worst System Reflection: Worst System VSWR: Worst System Return Loss (dB):
0.1387 1.32 17.2
Co om mm Sc Scop e
CR 1070 CR 1480 CR 1873
Total Insertion Loss (dB):
F XL 780 FXL 1480 FXL 1873
3.00
Ret urn L oss to V S SW W R co nve rt rt er
Feet t o met er s con ver te ter
Return Loss (dB) 17.00
VSWR
F eet
meters
1.33
100.00
30.48
85
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
Possible C asc aded VSW VSWR Results
Possible results (at a given frequency) when Antenna and TMA are interconnected with interconnected different electrical length jumpers. If: L = 1.5:1 (14 dB RL Antenna) Antenna) S = 1.2:1 (20.8 dB RL TMA) TM A)
Then: X (max) = 1.8:1 (10.9 dB RL) S (min) = 1.25:1 (19.1 dB RL)
Worst case seldom happens in r ea eall lif e, but be aware aware that it is possible!
From http://www.home.agilent.com/agilent/editorial.jspx?cc=US&lc=eng&ckey=895674&nid=-35131.0.00&id=895674
86
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
Rec omme mmende nded dA Ant ntenna nna/ TMA Q Qua uali liffic ica ation Test 50 ohm load
Antenna
6 foot LDF4-50A Adapter or jumper to bypass TMA
6 foot LDF4-50A
TMA
TMA
12 foot LDF4-50A 12 foot LDF4-50A
Transmission Line
20 foot FSJ4-50
Antenna Return Loss Diagram
Transmission Line
20 foot FSJ4-50
TMA Return Loss Diagram
87
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
Attenua nuattio ion n Provid vide ed B By y Ver Vertic ica al Separation Of Dipole Antennas 70
60
50
B d n i 40 n o i t a l o30 s I
H z M 0 0 2 0
H z M 0 8 5
H z M 0 4 5
H z H z M M 0 7 5 1 6
H z M 4 0
20
10 1 (0.3) (30.48)
2 (0.61)
3 (0.91)
5 (1.52)
10 (3.05)
20 (6.1)
30 (9.14)
50 (15.24)
100
Antenna Spacing in Feet (Meters)
The values indicated by these curves are approximate because of coupling which exists between the antenna and transmission line. Curves are based on the use of half-wave dipole antennas. The curves will also provide acceptable results for gain type antennas. If values (1) the spacing is measured between the physical center of the tower antennas and it (2) one antenna is mounted directly above the other, with no horizontal offset collinear). No correction factor is required for the antenna gains.
88
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
Attenuation Provided By Horizontal Separation Of Dipole Antennas 80
z M H 0 M 0 0 2 H z 8 5 0 0 M M z M H M 4 5 0
70
60
B d n i n50 o i t a l o40 s I
z M H M 0 5 1 z M H 0 M 7 M M H z 5 0 z M M H 3 0
30
20 10 (3.05) (304.8)
20 (6.1)
30 (9.14)
50 (15.24)
100 (30.48)
200 (60.96)
300 (91.44)
500 50 (152.4)
1000
Antenna Spacing in Feet (Meters)
Curves are based on the use of half-wave dipole antennas. The curves will also provide acceptable results for gain type antennas antennas if (1) the indicated isolation isolation is reduced by the sum of the antenna gains gains and (2) the spacing between the gain antennas is at least 50 ft. (15.24 m) (approximately the far field).
89
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
Pattern Dist Disto ortions ions
Conductive (metallic) obstruction in the path of transmit and/or receive antennas may distort antenna radiation patterns in a way that causes systems coverage problems and degradation of communications services. A few basic precautions will prevent pattern distortions.
Additional information on metal obstructions can also be found found online at: www.akpce.com/page2/page2.html
90
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
Pattern Dist Disto ortio ions ns
Side Of Building Mounting
Building
91
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
90° 90 ° Horizonta izontal Pattern
Obstruction @ –10 dB Point 340
350
0
10
20
0
330 320
30 40
-5 -10
310
50
-15
300
880 MHz
60
-20 290
70
-25 -30
280
80
-35 270
90
-40
260
100
250
0° –10 dB Point 3 ½'
110
240
120 230
130 220
140 210
150 200
190
180
170
160
Building Antenna
Corner
92
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
90° 90 ° Horizonta izontal Pattern
Obstruction @ –6 dB Point 340
350
0
10
20
0
330 320
30 40
-5 -10
310
50
-15
300
880 MHz
60
-20 290
0
-25 -30
280
80
-35 270
90
-40
260
100
250
0°
–6 dB Point Point
' 3 ½
Building Corner
110
240
120 230
130 220
140 210
150 200
190
180
170
160
Antenna
93
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
90° Horizonta izontal P Pa attern Obstruction @ –3 dB Point 340
350
0
10
20
0
330 320
30 40
-5 -10
310
50
-15
300
880 MHz
60
-20 290
0
-25 -30
280
80
-35 270
–3 dB Point 90
-40
260
100
250
0°
' ½ 3
110
240
120 230
130 220
140 210
150 200
190
180
170
160
Antenna
Building Corner
94
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
90° Horizonta izontal P Pa attern
0.51λ Diameter Obstacle @ 0° 340
350
0
10
20
0
330 320
30 40
-5 -10
310
50
-15
300
880 MHz
60
-20 290
0
-25 -30
280
80
-35 270
90
-40
260
100
250
0° 12λ
110
120
240 230
130 220
140 210
150 200
190
180
170
160
Antenna
95
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
90° Horizonta izontal P Pa attern
0.51λ Diameter Obstacle @ 45° 340
350
0
10
20
0
330 320
30 40
-5 -10
310
50
-15
300
880 MHz
60
-20 290
0
-25 -30
280
80
-35 270
90
-40
45°
100
260 250
8λ
110
120
240
130
230 220
140 210
150 200
190
180
170
160
Antenna
96
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
97
90° Horizonta izontal P Pa attern
0.51λ Diameter Obstacle @ 60° 350
0
10
340
20 0
330 320
30 40
-5 -10
310
50
-15
300
880 MHz
60
-20 290
0
-25 -30
280
80
-35 270
90
-40
60° 260
100
250
6λ
110
Antenna 240
120 230
130 220
140 210
150 200
190
180
170
160
Additional information on metal obstructions can also be found online at www.akpce.com/page2/page2.html www.akpce.com/page2/page2.html..
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
98
90° Horizonta izontal P Pa attern
0.51λ Diameter Obstacle @ 80° 350
0
10
340
20 0
330 320
30 40
-5 -10
310
50
-15
300
880 MHz
60
-20 290
0
-25 -30
280
80
-35 270
90
-40
260
100
250
80°
λ
110
240
120 230
Antenna
130 220
140 210
150 200
190
180
170
160
Additional information on metal obstructions can also be found online at www.akpce.com/page2/page2.html www.akpce.com/page2/page2.html..
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
General Rule
Area That Needs To Be Free Of Of Obstructions (> 0.51λ) Maximum Gain > 12 WL
3 dB Point (45°) L 8 W > 8
6 dB Point (60°)
L W 6 > WL
> 3 WL
10 dB Point (8 (80– 0– 90 90°) °)
Antenna 90° horiz horizontal ontal (3 dB dB)) bea beamwidt mwidth h
99
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
Pattern Dist Disto ortions ions
D
θ
d
d D d = D x tan θ tan 1° = 0.01745 for 0 0°° < θ< 10° : tan θ = θ x tan 1° tan θ =
Note: tan 10° = 0.176 0.1763 3
10 x 0.01745 0.01745 = 0.1745 0.1745
100
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
Gain Point ints Of A Typ ypic ica al Main Main Lobe
θº θ Relative to Maximum Maximum Gain Gain
Vertical Beam Width= 2 x θ° (–3 dB point)
–3 dB point point θ° be belo low w bo bore resi site te.. –6 dB point point 1.35 x θ° be belo low w bore boresi site te.. –10 dB point point 1.7x θ° be belo low w bore boresi site te..
101
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
C ha hange nges s In Antenn nna a Performa manc nce e In The P Pr resenc nce e Of: Non-Conductive Obstructions
9 0 ° P C
Fiberglass Panel
S A n t e n n a
Dim “A”
102
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
103
© Comm CommScope Scope
Performanc mance e Of 90° PC S Antenna nna Behin hind dC Ca amo mouf ufla lag ge (¼ (¼" " Fiber ibergla las ss) 120°
FIBERGLASS PANEL
110° e r u t r e p 100° A l t a n 90° o z i r o H 80°
DIM “A”
1/2
1/4
1-1/2
1
3/4
2
70° 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Distance of Camouflage (Inches) (Dim. A)
11
12
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © Comm CommScope Scope
Performanc mance e Of 90° PC S Antenna nna Behin hind dC Ca amo mouf ufla lag ge (¼ (¼" " Fiber ibergla las ss) 1.7
1.6 ) e s a C 1.5 t s r o
FIBERGLASS PANEL
DIM “A”
W1.4 ( R W S 1.3 V 1/4
1.2 0
1
1/2
2
3
1
4
5
6
1-1/2
7
8
9
2
10 10
11
12
Distance of Camouflage (Inches) (Dim. A) W/Plain Façade
W/Ribbed Façade
Without Facade
104
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
105
© Comm CommScope Scope
Dis Di stanc nce e From Fib ibe ergla las ss 0° 330°
30°
90°
300°
0° 330°
60°
270°
90°
90°
-55
-55
-50
-50 -45
-45 -40
240°
210°
-40
240°
120°
120°
-35
-35
-30
-30
-25 -20
102°
300°
60°
270°
30°
210°
150°
-25 -20
150°
180°
180° 0°
No Fiberglass
330°
30°
300°
68° 60°
270°
90° -50 -45 -40 -35
240°
120°
-30 -25
210°
-20 -15
180°
150°
3" to Fiberglass
1.5 to Fiberglass PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
106
© Comm CommScope Scope
Dis Di stanc nce e From Fib ibe ergla las ss 0° 330°
30°
300°
0°
77°
330°
60°
270°
90°
90°
-50
-50
-45
-45 -40
-40 -35
240°
-35
240°
120°
120° -30
-30
-25
-25
210°
-20 -15
112°
300°
60°
270°
30°
210°
150°
-20 -15
150°
180°
180° 0°
4" to Fiberglass
330°
30°
300°
108° 60°
270°
90° -50 -45 -40 -35
240°
120° -30 -25
210°
-20 -15
180°
150°
6" to Fiberglass
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