answers_part2.pdf

PART TWO: THE BASE CHAPTER 6: X-BAR THEORY

1.

Complements vs. Adjuncts in NPs a) b) c) d) e)

2.

[of flour] = complement [with a glass lid] = adjunct [of figurines] = complement; [in the window] = adjunct [of Napoleon] = complement; [on the corner] = adjunct [in the building] = adjunct; [with a broken pane]= adjunct

Adjectives hot, red, big ,tiny, and ugly = adjuncts

3.

German Noun Phrases

1) It is similar to one-replacement in English by which an N’ node is elided or deleted. 2) It seems that mit Sahne (with cream) modifies the verb and not the NP Kuchen (cake). Assuming this, the ambiguity only lies on the the subject NP. Each of the two possible readings is represented by the following two trees: a) i)

TP

NP

D

VP

N’

V’

Die N’

PP

AdjP

N’

P’

Adj’

N

P

Adj schlanke

V’

NP

Frau aus

N’

N Frankreich

PP

V

NP

isst

N’

P’ P

N mit Kuchen

NP N’ N Sahne

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ii)

TP

NP

D

VP

N’

V’

Die N’

V’

PP

AdjP

N’

PP

V

NP

Adj’

N

P’

isst

N’

Frau P aus

NP

Adj schlanke

P’ P

N mit Kuchen

N’

NP N’ N Sahne

N Frankreich

f)

TP NP

D Die

VP

N’

AdjP Adj’

V’

N’ N Koeningin

Adj junge

V liebte PP

D die

P’ P von

NP N’ N Prinzessin

NP N’ N England

3) von England is a sister to N, not N’, so is a complement. Deletion of the bare noun is impossible. On the other hand, aus Frankreich is sister to N’ and therefore an adjunct.

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4. Complements and Adjuncts in VPs a) [her pencils] is a complement, while [never] and [in the correct drawer] are adjuncts b) [to New Mexico], [in the rain], and [last year] are adjuncts

5. Japanese 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

–o marks direct objects and –ga marks subjects SOV Heads are preceded by complements Heads are preceded by adjuncts Heads are preceded by Specifiers

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TP NP

VP

N’

V’

N

NP

V mita

Toru-ga D sono

N’ AdjP

N’

Adj’

N hon-o

Adj akai 6. Parameters

Hiaki Irish

Specifier (YP) X’ (YP) X’

Adjunct Both (Adv/Adj) X’ (ZP)

Bambara Hixkarayana Swedish Dutch Trotzil

No evidence X’ (YP) (YP) X’ (YP) X’ (YP) X’

X’ (ZP) agreed [to it] X” (ZP) Both (AdjP/PP) Both (AdjP/PP) X’ (ZP), if the PPs are adjuncts

Complement (WP) X No evidence (subject between only comp: V and O) (WP) X (WP) X X (WP) Both (VPs/PPs) X (WP)

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7. Trees a)

TP

NP

VP

N’

V’

N Abelard

PP

V’ V wrote

PP NP

P for

P’ D a

N’ N volume

P’ NP N’

P in

PP

NP N’

N Heloise

P’ P of

NP

N Latin

N’ N poems

Apart from this trees, there are other possible trees for this sentence: the PP [in Latin] can be attached as an adjunct to the VP, the NP headed by volume ,or the NP headed by poems In addition, the PP [for Heloise] can be an adjunct to any of these phrases not dominates by the phrase that the PP [in Latin] attaches to.

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b)

TP

NP

VP

N’

V’

N’

PP

AdvP

N

P’

Adv’

armadillos

P from

NP

V’

V’

PP

Adv V often destroy

NP

N’

N’

AdjP

N’

AdjP

Adj’

N York

Adj’

Adj New

P’ P with

N’

N pillowcases

NP D

N’

their

N anouts

Adj old

CHAPTER 7: EXTENDING X-BAR THEORY TO FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES 1.

SUBJECTS AND PREDICATE PHRASES

a) SUBJECT: The peanut butter - PREDICATE: got moldy b) SUBJECT: The duffer’s swing - PREDICATE: blasted the golf ball across the green c) MAIN CLAUSE SUBJECT: That Harry loves dancing MAIN PREDICATE PHRASE: is evidenced by his shiny tap shoes EMBEDDED CLAUSE SUBJECT: Harry EMBEDDED CLAUSE PREDICARE PHRASE: loves dancing d) SUBJECT: The Brazilians PREDICATE: pumped the oil across the river 2. a)

CLAUSE TYPES MAIN CLAUSE: Stalin may think that Roosevelt is a fool. Complementizer: 0; T: may; subject: Stalin; ç finite EMBEDDED CLAUSE: that Roosevelt is a fool. Complementizer: that; T:is; subject:Roosevelt;

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finite. Embedded b)

MAIN CLAUSE: Lenin believes that Tsar to be a power-hungry dictator. Complementizer: 0; T: -s; Subject: Lenin; finite EMBEDDED CLAUSE: the Tsar to be a power-hungry dictator . Complementizer: 0; T: to be ; subject: the Tsar; non-finite

c)

MAIN CLAUSE: Brezhnev had said for Andropov to leave. Complementizer: 0; T:had; subject: Brezhnev; finite EMBEDDED CLAUSE: for Andropov to leave complementizer: for T: to subject: Andropov non-finite MAIN CLAUSE: Yeltsin saw Chernyenko holding the bag. Complementizer: 0; ç T: -ed or [past]; subject: Yeltsin; finite EMBEDDED CLAUSE: Chernyenko holding the bag . Complementizer: 0; T: -ing; subject: Chernyenko; non-finite

d)

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3. English THAT sentence a: That is a Complementizer (that introduces an embedded clause) sentence b: That is a Determiner given number agreement (that student/ those students) and a Specifier ( to the left of the nominal head "student")

a)

TP NP N’

T’ T -s

VP V’

N Robert

V think

CP C'

C that

TP DP D’

D 0

T' T should NP

VP

N’

V’

N students

V eat

DP D 0

NP N’

N asparagus

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b)

TP

NP N’

T’ T -s

VP V’

N Robert

V think

CP C'

C 0

TP DP D’

D that/0

T' T should NP

VP

N’

V’

N student

V eat

DP D 0

NP N’

N asparagus

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4. TREES a)

CP C’ C 0

TP DP D’

T'

D The

NP

T -ed

VP

N’

V’

AdjP

N'

AdvP

Adj’

Adv’

Adj’

Adv very

Adj young

V'

N child

V'

PP PP

P’

P’ P from

V walk

DP D’

D

P

DP

to

D’

D the

NP

NP

N’

N’

N store

N school

b)

CP C’

C 0

TP DP DP

D’

D’ D 0

T'

NP

T

D

-0 NP

0

N’

N’

N students

VP V’ V

DP

like

DP

N Linguistics

D’

D’ D 0

D

NP

N 0

N’

N’

N tutorials

N phonetics

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c)

CP C’ C 0

TP DP

T'

D’ D 0

T

VP

NP

V' PP

N’ N John

V‘

V paid

P' P

DP

for

D’

DP D’ D a D a

NP

NP

N’

N’

N head

N dollar

PP P’ P of

DP D’ D

NP N’ N lettuce

d)

CP

C’ C 0

TP

DP D’ D 0

T' T -0

VP

NP N’

V’ V’

AdvP Adv’

N Teenagers

V

AdjP

Adv’

drive

Adj’

Adv

Adj rather

quickly

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e)

CP C’ C

TP

0 DP D’

D 0

T' T

VP

NP

V’

N’ N Martha

V said

CP

C’ C

TP

that DP

T' T

VP

D’

V’ -ed

D

NP N’

V' V love--

N Bill D his

PP DP

P’

D’

P in

DP

NP N’ N Cheerios

D’ D the

NP N’ N morning

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f)

CP C’ C 0

TP

DP

T'

D’ D 0

NP

T

VP

-s

V’

N’ V want

N Eloise

TP DP D’ D you

T' T to

VP V’ V study

DP

D’ D a

NP AdjP

N'

Adj’

N language

Adj new

CP g) C’ C 0

TP

CP

T'

C’ C For

T -ed

VP

TP DP D’ D 0

V’ T'

T to

V frighten VP

D’

NP

V'

PP

N’

V’

P’

N Maurice

DP

V quarrel

P with

D 0

NP N’

DP

N Maggie

D’ NP D 0

Joel

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h)

TP DP DP

T' D'

T will

VP

D’

V’ AdvP

D

NP

0

John

D 's

NP

Adv’

V' V bother

DP

N’

D’ Adv always

N drum

D me

5. TREES II 1)

a)

CP C’ C 0

TP DP

T'

D’ D The

T -ed NP

VP V’

PP

V’ AdjP

N’

AdvP Adj’ N child Adv Adj very young

P’ V walk-

DP

PP P to P’ P from

D’ D the

NP

DP

N’

D’ D 0

NP

N store

N school

As for the rest of trees, you are on your own for the rest. Ask your tutor or professor at UNED if you have any questions.

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CHAPTER 8 CONSTRAINING X-BAR THEORY: THE LEXICON 1. IDENTIFYING THEMATIC RELATIONS Part 1 a)

b)

c)

d) e)

f)

Shannon: Agent, Source. Dan: Recipeint (Goal). email: theme Jerid: Experiencer [that Sumayya …] : Preposition Sumayya: Agent beef waffles: theme him: Beneficiary Stacy: Agent, Source. A baseball: Theme Yosuke: Goal (recipient?) Jaime: Agent jig: theme Yuko: Agent the pizza: Theme a garlic clove: Instrument It: none (expletive) San Francisco: Location

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Part 2 b)

CP C’

C 0

TP DP D’ D 0

T’ T -s

VP

NP N’

V’ V think

CP

N Jerid

C’ C

TP DP D’

T’ T -ed

D NP 0 N’ N Sumayya

VP V’ V’

V cook

PP DP D’

D some

P’ P for NP N’

AdjP Adj’

DP D’ D 0 N waffles

NP N’ N him

Adj beef

Nota : Here, English pronouns are N0s that appear as complements of D0. However, many linguists analyse them as D0s. This is the case in one of our previous analyses. Both analyses are allowed.

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c)

CP C’ C 0

TP DP

T’

D’ D 0

T 0

VP

NP

V’

N’ N Stacy

V’ V hit

PP DP

P’

D’ D a

P to

DP

NP N’

D’ D 0

N baseball

NP N’ N Yosuke

Please try to do the rest of the trees on your own. Don’t hesitate to ask in the foro in case you have doubts. 2. WARLPIRI A--> location (ex: -ngka) B--> goal (ex: -kurra) C--> source (ex:-ngirli) DÆ agent (ex : ngku) E--> location/path (ex: -wana)

3. THETA GRIDS a) [The stodgy professor]i left with his teaching assistant. leave Agent DP i 16

b) [I]i played [a tune]j on my iPod play Theme DP j

Agent DP i

c)

[Molly]i gave [Calvin]j [a kiss]k give Agent DP i

Recipient DP j

Theme DP k

d) [Mercedes]i gave [a test]j [to the students]k in the lecture hall give Agent DP i

Theme DP j

Recipient DP k

e) [Pangur]i ate [a cat treat]j eat Agent DP i

Theme DP j

f) [Susan]i ate yesterday at the restaurant eat Agent DP i g ) [Gwen]i saw [a fire truck]j see Experiencer DP I

Theme DP j

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h) look at. The goal can be analysed as a PP. i)

[Michael]i asked [a question]j ask Agent DP I

Theme DP j

j) [Adam]i asked [if [Hyacinth]k likes [pineapples]i ]j ask Agent DP i

Proposition CP j

k) It is sunny [in San Francisco]i. be (sunny) Location PP i l) [I]i feel [it is unfortunate [that [television]l is so vulgar these days]k ]j. feel Experiencer DP i

Proposition CP j

(be) unfortunate Proposition CP k (be) vulgar Theme DP l

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m) [That [Angus]j hates [Sushi]k ]i is mysterious. (be) mysterious Proposition CP i hates

Experiencer DP J

Theme DP k

4. SINHALA

1) and 2) THETA-GRIDS and THETA ROLES 1) and 2) THETA-GRIDS and THETA ROLES a) ki∂n∂wa

(Mam∂i kawij ki∂n∂wa)

Agent i

Theme j

b) ki∂wen∂wa (Mat∂i kawij ki∂wen∂wa) Experiencer i

Theme J

c) kataaw∂ ( Lameai kataaw∂j ahan∂wa) Agent i d) æhen∂wa Experiencer i e) naţ∂n∂wa

Theme j (Lameaţ∂i kataaw∂ j æhen∂wa) Theme j (Mam∂i naţ∂en∂wa)

Agent i

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f) næţ∂en∂wa

(Maţ∂i naţ∂en∂wa)

Experiencer i

g)yan∂wa (Hæm∂ irida m∂ mam∂i kol∂mb∂j yan∂wa) Agent i

Goal j

h) yæwen∂wa (Hæm∂ irida m∂ maţ∂i kol∂mb∂j yan∂wa) Experiencer i i) aňd∂n∂wa

Goal j (Mallii nit∂r∂m∂ aňd∂n∂wa)

Agent i j) æňd∂n∂wą

(Mallit∂i nit∂r∂m∂ æňd∂n∂wą)

Experiencer i k) banin∂wa (Mam∂i unt∂j banin∂wa) Agent Theme i j l) bænen∂wa (Mat∂i unt∂j banin∂wa) Experiencer i

Theme J

m) peen∂wa (Apit∂i pans∂l∂j peen∂w∂) Experiencer i

3)

Theme j

It attaches to definite expressions: definite nouns or pronouns

1) The theta role: mam∂ is always related to the agent initiating or doing an action, mat∂ however is related to a non-volitional agent. However we keep using the term agent for these cases. In some other clearer cases, it is related to the experiencer, an argument that feels or perceives the action. (cf. question 3)

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5.

THETA CRITERION a) hates Experiencer DP j

Theme k

No theme DP, as required by grid b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j)

No theta-role available for “breadbox”. Give requires three arguments; only two in sentence. Give requires three arguments; only two in sentence. Place requires Agent DP, not in sentence. Place requires Theme DP, not in sentence. Place requires location PP, not in sentence. No theta-role for fourth argument. “The rock” can’t be an animate Agent. Placed requires a PP; no theta-role for third DP.

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