A surface whose temperature is maintained at 400℃ is separated from an air flow by a layer of insulation 25mm thick for which the thermal conductivity is 0.1W/m ∙ K. If the air temperature is 35℃ and the convection coefficient between the air and the outer surface of the insulation is 500W/m ∙ K, what is the temperature of this outer surface? Thermal circuit: = =
= =
0.025 = 0.25 0.1(1)
(
=
2.
)( )
= 0.002
=
400℃ − 35℃ 400℃ − = 0.25 + 0.002 0.25 = 37.89℃ Steam in a heating system flows through tubes whose outer diameter is D = 2 whose walls are maintained at a temperature of 120℃. Circular aluminum fins
and
are (k = 180W/m ∙ K) of outer diameter D = 6 and constant thickness t = 2 attached to the tube. The space between the fins is 3mm, and thus there are 200 fins per meter length of the tube. Heat is transferred to the surrounding air at T = 25℃, with a combined heat transfer coefficient of h = 60W/m ∙ K. (a) Determine the heat transfer rate from the tube per meter of its length without fins. ( − ) q = hA( − ) = hπ q = = hπ
(
−
) = 358.1 /
(b) Find the fin efficiency = + 2 = 31 = + 2 = 21 = = 42 (
) = 0.27 ≈3
From figure 3.19 = 90%
.
(c) Find the fin heat transfer rate
for a single fin.
=
ℎ2 (
=
−
)+2
(
−
) = 0.9 ∗ 30.8 = 27.7
(d) Determine the heat transfer rate from the tube per meter of its length as a result of adding fins. =1−
(1 −
=
+
) 2 (
=
−
)+2
+2
(1 −
) = 1.118
= 0.9034 = =
(
ℎ
=
3.
ℎ ) = 5757
−
= 5757 /
Consider steady heat conduction in a long cylinder of radius
with uniform heat generation g . The cylinder is made of material with thermal conductivity k and subject to constant surface temperature T . (a) Find the governing equation. 1‐D steady problem with heat generation ∂T 1∂ kr +g ∂r r ∂r
= 0
(b) Find the relevant boundary conditions in the cylinder. B.C.s: T( ) = T
= 0
(c) Solve for the temperature profile in the cylinder.
1∂ ∂T kr +g r ∂r ∂r
= 0
g r ∂ ∂T r =− ∂r ∂r k ∂T g r C =− + 2k ∂r r
T=−
g r + C ln r + C 4k = 0 we get C = 0
With BC
With BC T( ) = T we get C = T + r
(1 −
g T=
) +T
4k
(d) Evaluate the heat flux at the outer surface of the cylinder. ∂T q′′ = −k ∂r = −k −
q′′
g 2k
=
g 2
(e) Find the governing equation and the relevant boundary conditions for a sphere of equal radius made of the same material under the same thermal condition.
kr
+g
= 0
B.C.s: T( ) = T (f)
= 0
Solve for the temperature profile in the sphere. kr
+g
= 0
∂ ∂T kr = −g r ∂r ∂r kr
∂T −g r = +C ∂r 3
∂T −g r C = + ∂r 3k r T=
−g r C − +C 6k r
With BC
= 0 we get C = 0
With BC T( ) = T we get C = T +
g
(1 −
T=
r
) +T
6k
(g) Evaluate the heat flux at the outer surface of the sphere.
q′′
= −k
q′′
= −k −
4.
Steel balls 12mm in diameter are annealed by heating to 1100K and then slowly cooling to
=
350K in an air environment for which T = 315 and h = 20W/m ∙ K. (a) Assuming the properties of the steel to be k = 40W/m ∙ K, ρ = 7800kg/ , and c = 600J/kg ∙ K, is it reasonable to regard the temperature of steel balls as uniform in the process? Bi = Bi =
ℎ
,
ℎ
3
=
ℎ = 0.001 < 0.1 6
So, it is a lumped system the temperature of the ball is uniform (b) Starting from the energy balance equation, find an expression for temperature of steel balls in terms of time t and other relevant parameters, such as initial temperature T ,air temperature T , convection transfer coefficient h,… = − + = −ℎ ( − 4 3 =
= −ℎ4 −3
( −
i.c. : t = 0,
=
)
) ( −
)
(c) Estimate the time required for the cooling process. =
−
− ln( − ln ( =
5.
− − 3
−3
=
)| )=
−3
=
−3 − −
ln
−3
= 29110 sec
Stainless steel (AISI 304) ball bearings, which have uniformly been heated to 850℃, are hardened by quenching them in an oil bath that is maintained at 40℃. The ball diameter is 20mm, and the convection coefficient associated with the oil bath is 1000W/m ∙ K. (a) If quenching is to occur until the surface temperature of the balls reaches 100℃, how long must the balls be kept in the oil? What is the center temperature at the conclusion of the cooling period? hL h( /3) = = 0.15 k k Near to 1,so it is not suitable to assume it is a lumped system. Bi =
With Bi
=
We can get
= 2.22 and
= 1
≈ 0.78
θ T−T = = 0.074 θ T −T θ θ θ θ ∗= = = 0.094 θ θ θ From figure D.7 with θ ∗ = 0.094 ; Bi t ∗ = Fo ≈ 2.0 Fo = 41.24s α θ = T − T = θ ∗ (T − T ) = 76.14K T = 116℃ t=
= 2.22
(b) If 10,000 balls are to be quenched per hour, what is the rate at which energy must be removed by the oil bath cooling system in order to maintain its temperature at 40℃? Notes: Stainless steel AISI 304, (T ≈ 500℃): k=22.2W/m ∙ K, = 579 / ∙ , ρ = 7900kg/
,α = 4.85 × 10
/ .
Bi Fo = (1/Bi ) Fo = 0.41 hr = 0.45 k From figure D.9 for a single ball Q ≈ 0.92 Q Q = ρ V(T − T ) Bi =
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