Answer Key Grammar Advance

ANSWER KEY

FOCUS ON

GRAMMAR A HIGH-INTERMEDIATE Course for Reference and Practice

SECOND EDITION

Marjorie Fuchs Margaret Bonner

Focus on Grammar: A High-Intermediate Course for Reference and Practice, Second Edition Answer Key © 2000 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. A Pearson Education Company. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. Pearson Education, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, NY 10606 Editorial director: Allen Ascher Executive editor: Louisa Hellegers Development editor: Françoise Leffler Director of design and production: Rhea Banker Production manager: Alana Zdinak Managing editor: Linda Moser Senior production editor: Virginia Bernard Senior manufacturing manager: Patrice Fraccio Manufacturing supervisor: Dave Dickey Text design: Charles Yuen Text composition: Omegatype Typography, Inc. ISBN: 0-201-67046-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—VG—04 03 02 01 00 99

NOTE: In this answer key, where the contracted form is given, the full form is also correct, and where the full form is given, the contracted form is also correct.

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I

PRESENT AND PAST: REVIEW AND EXPANSION

UNIT

1

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

AND

1

view of someone’s head.” I thought, “Why does want she wants that? She sees my head every day!” Then I saw the next definition: “a short

Underlined Verbs: you’re writing, you’re searching, is . . . working Circled Verbs: need, is, lists, tells, feels, includes, gives

2 1. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. 2. a. b. c. d. e. 3. a. b. c. d. e. f. 4. a. b. c. d. e.

defines my ESL dictionary is defining profile as “a side

does . . . come means do . . . do sell ’m working owns ’re joking guess influence ’m trying Do . . . know mean calls always wins OR ’s always winning hear ’re expecting ’re thinking of do . . . think about sounds do . . . spell smells don’t drink is boiling does . . . boil boils

3 ’m writing Hi, everybody. I write this note to introduce myself to you, my classmates in ESL 047. Our wants teacher is wanting a profile from each of us. At first I was confused by this assignment because

description of a person’s life and character.” OK, then. Here is my profile: My name is Peter Holzer. Some of my call friends are calling me Pay-Ha because that is sound how my initials sounding in German. I am studying study English here in Miami because I want to attend graduate school in Colorado or you are Montreal. Maybe are you asking yourself, does he want “Why he wants to leave Miami to go to these come places?” The answer is, Snow! I am coming from Austria, so I love to ski. In fact, my family I am always nickname is Blitz (lightning) because always I am trying to improve my speed.

4 a. “Sunshine” b. Karl c. Red

d. Alex e. “Bozo” f. Vicki, Bertha

5 — 6 Answers will vary.

UNIT

2

SIMPLE PAST TENSE AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

1 2. F

3. T

4. F

5. F

6. F

7. T

2 1. b. were smiling c. was watching d. did . . . meet

1

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

e. f. g. a. b. c. d. e. f. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. a. b. c. d. e. f. a. b. c. d. e. f. a. b. c. d. e. f.

wasn’t going to invite changed asked saw were going was leaving Did . . . get finished gave did . . . become was . . . reading was going to study had to died noticed sold were . . . crying came was watching interrupted rang pressed were . . . doing broke was ice-skating were pretending dropped was trying called weren’t was going to stay decided was reading got

3 1. She met Paul when she moved to Australia. OR When she moved to Australia, she met Paul. 2. She got married while she was studying medicine. OR While she was studying medicine, she got married. OR She was studying medicine when she got married. OR When she got married, she was studying medicine. 3. She was living in Australia when she got married. OR When she got married, she was living in Australia. OR She got married while she was living in Australia. OR While she was living in Australia, she got married. 4. When she received her medical degree, she got her first job. OR She got her first job when she received her medical degree.

2

5. She was practicing medicine at Lenox

Hospital when she had a son. OR When she had a son, she was practicing medicine at Lenox Hospital. OR She had a son while she was practicing medicine at Lenox Hospital. OR While she was practicing medicine at Lenox Hospital, she had a son. 6. She published a book while she was working at Lenox Hospital. OR While she was working at Lenox Hospital, she published a book. OR She was working at Lenox Hospital when she published a book. OR When she published a book, she was working at Lenox Hospital. 7. She left her job at Lenox Hospital when she published her book. OR When she published her book, she left her job at Lenox Hospital. 8. She did a TV interview when she published her book. OR When she published her book, she did a TV interview.

4 I was writing chapter two of my new book thought when I was thinking of you. The last time I saw were walking you, you walked down the aisle to marry Dave. That was more than two years ago. How are you? How is married life? A lot has happened in my life since that was working time. While I worked at Lenox Hospital, I published began writing. In 2000, I was publishing a book on women’s health issues. It was quite successful here in Australia. I even got got interviewed on TV. When I was getting a contract to write a second book, I decided to quit my hospital job to write full time. That’s what I’m doing now. Paul, too, has had a career change. While I was writing, he was got attending law school. He was getting his degree last summer. Oh, the reason I thought of you while I was writing wrote was because the chapter was about got rashes. Remember the time you were getting were riding that terrible rash? We rode our bikes when fell you were falling into a patch of poison ivy. And that’s how you met Dave! When you

fell were falling off the bike, he offered to give us a ride home. Life’s funny, isn’t it? Well, please write soon, and send my love to

have started three years ago when I made my

Dave. I miss you!

first trip abroad. I was in Ecuador, and I have

5

noticed that the coins there were very interesting. On the day that we have left, I was

Correct Series of Pictures: c

going to try to spend them all. I changed my

6 — 8

mind, though, and took them home instead. got When I have gotten home, I put them in a glass

Answers will vary.

UNIT

3

PRESENT PERFECT, PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, AND SIMPLE PAST TENSE

1 2. T 3. T

4. F 5. T

6. F 7. F

8. T 9. F

10. F

bowl in the living room. Since that time my has grown collection grew. I have asked everyone I know to bring me back coins from their travels. My roommate, for example, just got back from brought China last night. He has been bringing me more coins for my collection. So far I have collected been collecting forty coins from fifteen countries. My goal is to get coins from every country in the world. It’s been fun, but I think I

2 b. got

f. has become

c. appeared

g. have visited

d. sold out

h. has paid

e. have been having

i. Have you found

3 1. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 2. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. 3. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

4 have been I am collecting coins for several years now. I

bought was took changed has been shooting OR has shot has competed won began got hasn’t stopped has become joined have been performing OR have performed have given found has been working OR has worked saved got began has bought OR has been buying (has) traded OR (has been) trading has found

may want to get more serious about collecting. been reading I have read a book about coin collecting. When I am finished with it, I may join a club.

5 Items Checked: pick up plane tickets, read skydiving guide, stop mail for two weeks

6 — 8 Answers will vary.

UNIT

4

PAST PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

1 2. T

4. ?

6. F

8. T

10. F

3. F

5. T

7. ?

9. T

11. ?

12. F

2 2. hadn’t yet gotten

6. had already been

3. had already gotten

7. hadn’t yet built

4. hadn’t yet been

8. had already starred

5. hadn’t yet gotten

3

4. I had been saving money for months . . . I

3 2. Had he reviewed

bought my ticket. 6. Had he met

No, he hadn’t.

No, he hadn’t.

3. Had he reviewed

7. Had he talked to

Yes, he had. 4. Had he talked to No, he hadn’t. 5. Had he discussed Yes, he had.

Yes, he had. 8. Had he taped Yes, he had. 9. Had he worked out Yes, he had.

4 2. had been planning 3. had been joking and laughing

money. 6. I had been trying not to eat on the trip . . . I

had very little money.

8 Over the years, Cristina Saralegui has won a huge and faithful TV audience. By 1999, had “El Show de Cristina” has been on the air won for ten years and had been winning 100 million faithful viewers. Today they call

4. had been practicing

Cristina “Oprah with salsa.” However, the

5. had been running

two superstars of talk had very different

6. had been looking forward

childhoods. Saralegui is from Cuba. Before the owned revolution, her family had owns several controlled popular magazines there and had control

7. had been waiting

5 2. Had she been competing long (before her

first win)? 3. How long had she been running (when she 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

tripped)? Had they been following her (before they took pictures of her fall)? How long had they been dating (when she married her trainer)? Where had they been living (before they moved to Rome)? What kind of work had she been doing (before she quit her job to train full-time)? Had she been crying (before the postmarathon party)?

Cuba’s paper industry. Before she came to the watched United States, Saralegui had never watching television or imagined herself as a media star. Like her publisher grandfather, she had “ink in her veins.” In the United States, Cristina had majored in journalism. She has been working for her B.A. for almost four years when her father had spent her last semester’s tuition for her brother’s private school. She overcame this setback, however, and became a well-known magazine editor and writer. By the time

been Univision offered her “El Show,” she had being writing and editing for almost twenty years. has Like Oprah, Cristina had had a warm

6 2. had brought

6. had been becoming

3. had been losing

7. had hurt

personality that gets people to talk. As a girl, had not she no had planned on becoming the host of

4. had left

8. had arrested

the world’s most popular talk show, but who

5. had been having

9. had recommended

could complain about such a fate?

7 2. my father had beaten me for the third time,

I was afraid to stay there. 3. I left home, I had been making plans with a friend there for a long time.

4

5. I got to Miami, I had already spent all my

9 Correct Order: 2 Richard and Molly moved to Chicago. 1 Richard started reporting crime news for a small-town newspaper.

5 4 3

They found an apartment in Chicago. They talked about returning to Farmville. Molly got a part-time teaching job in Chicago.

6 Richard published his first article about runaways.

10 — 14 Answers will vary.

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FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING 20. made

1

21. stopped OR was going to stop

2. don’t know

11. read

22. have carried OR have been carrying

3. thought

12. pretend

23. (have) expressed OR have been expressing

4. judged

13. came

24. have been preparing

5. speak

14. was reading

25. am applying

6. said

15. had . . . seen

26. feel

7. seemed

16. had been

8. appeared

17. was pretending

9. wanted

18. got

10. was

19. laughed

2 2. One day

3. Since that day

4. Now

3 (possible answers)

Paragraph Section

Information

Verb Tense(s)

Topic Sentence • What the writer is like now

a serious student

simple present tense

thought about clothes and makeup; used to speak in stereotyped phrases; didn’t want people to know she was interested in school; used to read the newspaper secretly brother laughed at her

simple past tense and habitual past (used to)

has stopped trying to hide her real interests; has carried news magazines proudly; has expressed opinions in class; has prepared openly for tests

present perfect (progressive)

is applying for college, feels proud of being a good student

present progressive and simple present tense

Body of the Paragraph • habits and feelings during the phase

• the event that ended the phase • behavior since the phase ended

Conclusion • the results of the change

simple past tense

4 — 7 Answers will vary.

5

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II

FUTURE: REVIEW AND EXPANSION

UNIT

5

10. At 5:05 he’ll be making dinner. (OR he’s

FUTURE

AND

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

1 Circled Verbs: Are you presenting, starts, I’ll go, Will you be talking, I’m focusing, I’m going to visit, leave, we’re going to be holding, I’ll see

2

(OR he isn’t going to be playing cards with Tony.) He’ll be playing chess. (OR He’s going to be playing chess.)

4 1. ’ll be going 2. Will . . . be joining; Yes, I will.

2. it’s going to rain

3. are . . . going to be leaving

3. I’ll see

4. will be starting; ’re going to be hearing

4. I’ll call

5. are . . . going to be making; No, we’re not.

5. I’m going

6. will . . . be getting

6. I’m mailing

7. ’m going to be visiting; will not (OR won’t)

7. I’m giving 8. will you be, lands, I’ll see

3 1. At 8:05 Robo won’t be paying bills. (OR

2. 3. 4.

5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

6

going to be making dinner.) 11. At 6:05 he won’t be playing cards with Tony.

Robo isn’t going to be paying bills.) He’ll be making breakfast. (OR He’s going to be making breakfast.) At 9:05 he’ll be paying bills. (OR he’s going to be paying bills.) At 10:05 he’ll be vacuuming. (OR he’s going to be vacuuming.) At 11:05 he won’t be doing laundry. (OR he isn’t going to be doing laundry.) He’ll be dusting. (OR He’s going to be dusting.) At 12:05 he won’t be making lunch. (OR he isn’t going to be making lunch.) He’ll be doing laundry. (OR He’s going to be doing laundry.) At 12:35 he’ll be making lunch. (OR he’s going to be making lunch.) At 1:05 he’ll be shopping for food. (OR he’s going to be shopping for food.) At 2:05 he’ll be recycling the garbage. (OR he’s going to be recycling the garbage.) At 3:05 he’ll be giving Prof. Granite a massage. (OR he’s going to be giving Prof. Granite a massage.)

be buying

5 2. is

6. ’ll be reading

3. ’ll be defying

7. rocks

4. ’ll be floating

8. ’ll be getting ready

5. offers

9. won’t be thinking

6 “Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. This is will be your captain speaking. We are going leaving to be leave the Earth’s gravity field in about five minutes. When you will hear the announcement, you’ll be able to unbuckle your seat belts and float around the cabin. Host will be taking robots take orders for dinner soon. They’ll be serving serving from 6:30 to 7:30. The shuttle arrives on Mars tomorrow morning at 9:00. Tonight’s temperature on the planet is a mild minus 20 degrees Celsius. When you arrive tomorrow will be morning, the temperature is 18 degrees, but it feel will be feeling more like 20 degrees. Enjoy your flight.”

8

7 Name Brian Lorna Tranh

Time Not Free second and third weeks of July first and second weeks of July second, third, and fourth weeks of July, and second, third and fourth weeks of August The time that they’re all available: first week in August

Answers will vary.

9

2015

February Sunday 1 fly to Tokyo

Monday

Tu e s d a y W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y

2

3

meet with Prof. Kato

attend World Future Conference

10

Friday

Saturday

4

5

6

7

11

12

13

14

8

9

take Bullet Train to Osaka

sightseeing

15

16

fly home

give speech meet with at Harvard Prof. Russ University

attend energy seminar

22

23

25

relax!

work at home

fly to Denver visit Mom and Dad

17

24

18

19

20

21 shop with Tony and Robo

26

27

28 take shuttle to Mars

10 — 11 Answers will vary.

7

UNIT

6

FUTURE PERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

1 2. b

3. b

4. a

5. a

6. a

2 2. By 2010 Tom won’t have graduated from 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

college. By 2010 he’ll have gotten married. By 2010 he’ll have become a parent. By 2010 he’ll have bought a car. By 2010 he won’t have bought a house. By 2010 he won’t have moved to Phoenix. By 2010 he won’t have started his own business.

3 2. By the time Tom graduates from college, 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

he’ll have already become a parent. By the time Tom buys a car, he won’t have graduated from college yet. By the time Tom moves to Phoenix, he won’t have graduated from college yet. By the time Tom buys a house, he’ll have already gotten married. By the time Tom moves to Phoenix, he won’t have started his own business yet. By the time Tom starts his own business, he’ll have already graduated from college.

4 2. By February 18, how much will she have

saved? Answer: By February 18, she’ll have saved $35.00. 3. By June 16, how many books will Tom have read? Answer: By June 16, he’ll have read fifteen books. 4. How long will Don have been running by December 29? Answer: By December 29, he’ll have been running for 5 weeks. 5. How many miles will Tania have run by December 29? Answer: By December 29, she’ll have run seventy miles.

8

6. Will Rick have saved $100 by July 1?

Answer: No, he won’t (have). 7. How many apartments will Tim have

painted by October 25? Answer: By October 25, he’ll have painted six apartments. 8. Will Tim have finished by November 15? Answer: Yes, he will (have).

5 have been By August, I’ll be a word processor for ten have been earning years. And I’ll earn almost the same salary for three years! That’s why I’ve just made a New Year’s resolution to go back to school this year. First I’m going to write for school catalogs and start saving for tuition. By March, I’ll have figured figure out how much tuition will cost. Then I’ll ’ll have start applying. By summer, I had received acceptance letters. In August, when I will have my annual review with my boss, I’ll have already been decided on a school. I will talk to her about working part-time and going to school part-time. By that time, I’ll also have saved saving enough to pay for a semester’s tuition. have My cousin will had graduated by that time, so she might move in with me and share the rent. studying By next New Year’s Day, I’ll have been study for one whole semester!

6 food clothing transportation entertainment Total: Where they can go:

7 — 9 Answers will vary.

$ 500 $ 550 $1,000 $ 444 $2,494 1, 2, and 3

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II

FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING

1 By the time As of today, I’m a working man! By the time you get this letter, you get this letter. I’ll have been taking tickets

until Alex joins to Greece. I’ll stay in Greece. Until Alex joins me. me. Just think—while your friends are in

at Ciné Moderne for more than a week. It’s

summer school, you could be swimming in the as soon as Aegean! We’ll be leaving Greece. As soon as Alex arrives so we’ll have a month in Turkey Alex arrives so we’ll have a month in Turkey.

going to be hard to work and go to school

We’ll start back around August 20. Your classes

full time, but you’ll understand why I’m doing when you hear my plans. it. When you hear my plans. As soon as school ends, my As soon as school ends. My brother Alex and

won’t have started by then, will they?

I are going to take a trip to Greece and Turkey.

again, too.

I plan to buy a used car, and we’ll camp most of the way. By the end of January, I’ll have

I hope you will be able to join us for this trip. Alex is looking forward to seeing you

2

been saving for more than a year for this trip—

(Answers may vary.)

and I’ll have enough to buy a car.

December 10 January 30

Why don’t you come with us? I don’t finish my finals until June 10. You’ll already have while I’m still taking mine. finished your exams. While I’m still taking mine. Maybe you can come early and do some sightseeing until I’m ready to leave. Alex has before he goes on some business to complete. Before he goes on vacation. vacation. He won’t have finished until July 15, but he can join us then. I’m leaving Paris on June 17. I’ll drive

May 31 June 10 June 17 July 15 August 20

Philippe starts his new job. Philippe will have saved enough for a car. Jamie finishes his exams. Philippe finishes school. Philippe leaves Paris. Alex finishes his business. Alex and Philippe start back.

3 — 6 Answers will vary.

through Italy and take the ferry from Brindisi

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III UNIT

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS AND TAG QUESTIONS , ADDITIONS AND RESPONSES

7

NEGATIVE YES/NO QUESTIONS AND TAG QUESTIONS

1 Underlined Questions: Isn’t he staying with you? Can’t he rent some? Isn’t it less expensive to buy? Circled Tags: do you? don’t you? is it? does he?

2 2. Haven’t you seen; No, I haven’t. 3. Didn’t you put; Yes, I did. 4. Doesn’t it have; No, it doesn’t. 5. Aren’t you going to paint; Yes, I am. 6. Isn’t it; Yes, it is. 7. Don’t you like; Yes, I do. 8. Can’t you find; Yes, I can.

9

4. Your work was too unusual for them,

3 2. e

4. f

6. g

8. c

10. l

3. h

5. b

7. k

9. j

11. a

12. d

4

5. 6.

2. did you

4. haven’t they

6. don’t you

3. doesn’t it

5. aren’t you

7. isn’t it

5

7. 8.

hasn’t BEN: It’s been a long time, Joe, haven’t it? JOE: That depends on what you mean by a it long time, doesn’t that? Aren’t you BEN: Are not you afraid to show your face around here? JOE: I can take care of myself. I’m still alive, aren’t amn’t I? BEN: Until someone recognizes you. You’re still aren’t wanted by the police, are you?

wasn’t it? OR Wasn’t your work too unusual for them? You weren’t satisfied with Batman, were you? OR Weren’t you satisfied with Batman? You liked Batman Returns better, didn’t you? OR Didn’t you like Batman Returns better? You don’t like publicity, do you? OR Don’t you like publicity? You just opened your own company, didn’t you? OR You’ve just opened your own company, haven’t you? OR Didn’t you just open your own company? OR Haven’t you just opened your own company?

7 Expect an answer: 2, 3, 7, 10 Don’t expect an answer: 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9

8 Answers will vary.

JOE: I’ll be gone by morning. Look, I need a place to stay. Just for one night. BEN: I have to think about my wife and kid. Don’t you have any place else to go? No, I don’t. JOE: Yes, I do. There’s no one to turn to but you. You have to help me. BEN: I’ve already helped you plenty. I went to keep didn’t jail for you, haven’t I? And didn’t I kept my mouth shut the whole time? JOE: Yeah, OK, Ben. Don’t you remember what ?* happened in Vegas, do you? BEN: Don’t ever think I’ll forget that! OK, OK. I can make a call. * Other possible answers: You remember what happened in Vegas, don’t you? You don’t remember what happened in Vegas, do you?

9 Los Angeles 2. is, isn’t it, OR isn’t, is it 3. Pacific OR Atlantic, isn’t it 4. are, aren’t there OR aren’t, are there 5. has, doesn’t it OR doesn’t have, does it 6. are, aren’t there OR aren’t, are there New York 2. is, isn’t it OR isn’t, is it 3. five OR two, doesn’t it 4. has, doesn’t it OR doesn’t have, does it 5. big OR small, didn’t it 6. Many OR Not many, don’t they

10 Answers will vary.

6

10

2. You grew up in Burbank, didn’t you? OR

UNIT

Didn’t you grow up in Burbank? 3. You’ve always loved horror films, haven’t you? OR Haven’t you always loved horror films?

1 2. F 3. T

8

ADDITIONS AND RESPONSES WITH SO, TOO, NEITHER, NOT EITHER, AND BUT

4. F 5. T

6. T 7. F

8. T 9. T

10. F

get as much education as possible, but he

2 2. too

5. hadn’t

8. So

3. neither

6. didn’t

9. but

4. did

7. either

wants to get real-life experience. Our personalities are quite different. I am quiet and isn’t OR is not easygoing, but he not. He has lots of energy and talks a lot. When I think about it, we really

3 2. did I 3. can I

are more different than similar. 4. do too 5. do I

6. do I 7. do I

8. do I

4

6 2. is 5’10” tall

2. but Bob Phillips isn’t.

3. has black hair

3. and so does Bob Phillips OR and Bob

4. has dark brown

Phillips does too. 4. and so does Bob Phillips OR and Bob

Phillips does too. 5. and neither does Bob Phillips OR and Bob 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Phillips doesn’t either. and so does Bob Phillips OR and Bob Phillips does too. and so does Bob Phillips OR and Bob Phillips does too. but Bob Phillips didn’t. and so has Bob Phillips OR and Bob Phillips has too. but Bob Phillips does. but Bob Phillips didn’t. and neither does Bob Phillips OR and Bob Phillips doesn’t either.

5

❑ ✓ ❑

❑ ❑

✓ ❑

❑

❑

✓ ❑

✓ ❑ ✓ ❑

❑ ❑

7. dives 8. prefers hamburgers

and fries 9. wants to go to

college 10. prefers “real-life” experience 11. is quiet 12. is easygoing

7 2. cooks 3. eats out a lot 4. enjoys old movies 5. reads biographies

Although there are a lot of similarities

✓ ❑ ✓ ❑

6. swims

6. enjoys fiction

does interests, too. I love to play soccer, and he too. ^ Both of us swim every day, but I can’t dive, and neither either can he.

✓ ❑ ✓ ❑

eyes

18). We have a lot of things in common. We is he look alike. I am 5’10”, and so he is. I have so does he. We share some of the same

Ryan’s Brother ✓ ❑ ✓ ❑ ✓ ❑

5. loves soccer

My brother is just a year older than I am. (I’m

straight black hair and dark brown eyes, and

Ryan ✓ ❑ ✓ ❑ ✓ ❑

7. plays sports 8. watches sports on TV 9. watches news programs 10. wants to see the

Man ❑ ✓ ❑ ✓ ❑ ✓ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ✓ ❑ ✓ ❑

Woman ✓ ❑ ✓ ❑ ✓ ❑ ✓ ❑ ❑ ✓ ❑ ❑ ✓ ❑ ✓ ❑

documentary

8 — 13 Answers will vary.

between us, there are also many differences. For example, he likes eating all kinds of food, but I don’t. Give me hamburgers and fries every day! My brother doesn’t want to go to do college, but I don’t. I believe it’s important to

11

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III

FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING highlands, while Washington was built on a

1 Brasília and Washington, D.C. Citizens of Brasília and citizens of Washington, D.C., live on different continents, but their cities still have a lot in common. Brasília is its nation’s capital, and so is Washington. Brasília did not exist before it was planned and built as the national capital. Neither did Washington. Both cities were designed by a single person, and both have a definite shape. However, twentieth century Brasília’s shape is modern—that of an airplane—but eighteenth century Washington’s isn’t. Its streets form a wheel. The cities reflect their differences in location and age. Brasília is located in a dry area in the

swamp. As a result, Brasília has moderate temperatures all year. But Washington doesn’t. It is famous for its cold winters and hot, humid summers. Brasília was built 600 miles from the Atlantic coast in order to attract people to an unpopulated area. Washington, near the Atlantic coast, includes old towns that had already existed. Brasília is home to the national theater and famous museums, and so is Washington. However, as a new city, Brasília has not yet become its nation’s real cultural center. Washington hasn’t either. Washington is its country’s capital, but it is not its country’s most popular city. Neither is Brasília. Many residents still prefer the excitement of Rio and New York to their nations’ capitals.

2 (possible answers)

Brasília

in South America twentieth century shape of an airplane located in a high, dry area moderate temperatures all year 600 miles from the coast built in an unpopulated area

3 — 6 Answers will vary.

12

Washington, D.C.

national capital didn’t exist before it was planned as a city designed by one person definite shape national theater famous museums not the favorite city of its country’s residents

in North America eighteenth century shape of a wheel located in a swamp hot summers, cold winters near the coast includes older towns

PA RT

IV

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

UNIT

9

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES: REVIEW AND EXPANSION

1 Gerunds: eating, selecting, going, seeing Infinitives: to eat, to eat, to include

2 (Note: Calorie amounts may vary a little.) 2. Having; 200 (exact number: 170) 3. to lose; eating; 550 (exact number: 555) 4. to gain; 650 (exact number: 670) 5. consuming; 350 (exact number: 340) 6. choosing; 200 (exact number: 210) 7. to stay away; 660 (exact number: 650)

3

15. need to have 16. attempt to stay OR am attempting to stay 17. urge the administration to set up 18. keep on buying

5 Re: love those tacos eating OR to eat I love eat tacos for my lunch. I think they are delicious, convenient, nutritious, and having inexpensive. I don’t even mind to have the same thing every day! What do you think? Re: vegetarian travel

eating I’m a vegetarian. I stopped to eat meat two years ago. I feel a little nervous about traveling to other countries. I’m going to Ghana in to find September. Is it easy finding meatless dishes

2. recommended ordering

there?

3. volunteered to throw out

Re: takoyaki

4. stopped eating OR has stopped eating

Hi! I am Paulo and I come from Brazil. I enjoy to try trying different foods. I really want try takoyaki

5. deserved to receive OR deserves to receive 6. is trying to decide 7. admitted stopping 8. remember playing

4 2. Andre’s wanting to go 3. stopped using OR had stopped using 4. finding 5. delighted to see 6. switching 7. to go 8. support their offering 9. appreciate my friend’s persuading 10. to express 11. having 12. expected us to find 13. did not count on seeing OR didn’t count on

seeing 14. to bring

(fish balls made with octopus) when I go to Japan. Is there a takoyaki shop you can recommend my going to? I look forward to hearing hear from you. Re: recipe exchange My name is Natasha. I’m interested in exchanging exchange recipes with people from other countries. If you want to know about Russian to send food, I’d be glad sending you some information. Re: Calamari Hi! I was in Italy last month. I don’t usually to try like eating seafood, so I was not eager trying to find calamari (squid). I was surprised finding that I to be liked it! I expected it being tough, but it’s actually quite tender if prepared well.

13

Re: Cheap and delicious in Taiwan trying Are you going to Taiwan? If so, I suggest to try the little restaurants around the National Eating University in Taipei. Eat there is cheap and it’s to find easy finding the neighborhood. The dumpling shops are great—once you eat one dumpling to stop there, you won’t want stopping.

3 2. made her (OR Ana) work 3. didn’t let them use 4. had him (OR Fernando) clean 5. let her (OR Yasuko) leave 6. got him (OR Uri) to pronounce 7. had him (OR Hector) ask 8. let them record

6

9. didn’t let her (OR Greta) speak 10. helped them find (OR to find)

Items Checked: Lily: 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 Viktor: 1, 3, 5, 6

11. got her (OR Tamara) to choose

4

7 — 8

When I was a teenager, my parents were very play strict with me. They never let me to play until I

Answers will vary.

had finished all my homework. They even made help me helping my brothers and sisters with their

9

homework before I could have any fun.

1. working with others 2. to make a lot of money

On the one hand, I believe their discipline

3. talking to people

was good for me. By being so demanding, they

4. working inside

certainly got me to learn a lot more. As a

5. working nights

result, I always got good grades in school. But have I wish they had let me to have a little more

6. to learn new skills 7. following orders 8. to meet new people

fun. I was much too serious. I think parents

9. to major in business

should help their children learn to enjoy life.

10. owning my own business

There is plenty of time for adult responsibility

11. rushing

later on.

12. to be friendly

If I become a parent, I hope to find a good

(answers to second part will vary)

balance between discipline and permissiveness. learn I would want to have my child learns

10 — 11

responsibility, but also I would want to let him or her he or she have fun. I agree with Ben Franklin,

Answers will vary.

UNIT

10

MAKE, HAVE, LET, HELP,

AND

GET

mistake.

1 2. a

3. b

4. b

5. b

6. a

14

5 2. F

2 2. made, d

5. had, b

7. let, c

3. got, a

6. had, h

8. made, e

4. let, f

who said that all work and no play makes Jack become to become a dull boy. I want to avoid that

3. T

4. F

6 — 9 Answers will vary.

5. T

6. F

7. T

8. T

PA RT

IV

FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING However, success does not come easily in

1

Coalville. When a forest fire starts nearby, a It’s October 1957, and the Soviet Union has

rocket is blamed, and the boys must give up

just launched Sputnik. A teenage boy watches

their project. Then Homer’s father is injured,

the satellite fly over his poor coal-mining town

and Homer quits school to support his family

in West Virginia and dreams of building and to launching launch his own rocket. He teams up with three

as a miner. His father is proud of him, but

friends, and “The Rocket Boys” start to put (to) fire together and firing their homemade missiles. The boys’ goal is to win the regional science fair. First prize will bring college scholarships and a way out of Coalville. The school science

Homer can’t stand giving up his dream and working to work underground. He uses mathematics to prove a rocket did not start the fire. Then he tells his father he plans to leave the mine and return returning to school. The Rocket Boys win first prize at the

teacher, Miss Riley, encourages him, but

science fair, and all of them receive

Homer’s father is angry about the boys’ project.

scholarships. The whole town celebrates,

He wants Homer to follow in his footsteps and work working at the mine. Nevertheless, the boys

and Homer wins another valuable prize—his

continue launching rockets, failing in different learning ways, and to learn with each failure. People admiring begin changing their minds and to admire the

clear that the two men will try to make peace respect and respecting each other.

father attends and launches the rocket. It’s

Rocket Boys. Some even help them.

2 (possible answers) MOVIE TITLE: October Sky SETTING Where: Coalville

MAIN CHARACTERS

CONFLICT What the hero wants: launch rocket, win science fair, leave Coalville

Science teacher

When: 1957

Homer

Who opposes him and why: His father wants him to work in the mine.

father friends Homer sees Sputnik—wants to build rocket

Homer forms The Rocket Boys

Homer’s father gets angry

Forest fire–boys stop the project

1

2

3

4

Father is injured. Homer quits school, works in mine

Homer proves that rocket didn’t start fire

Homer leaves mine, returns to school

Homer wins science fair, makes peace with father

5

6

7

8

EVENTS IN THE STORY

3 — 6 Answers will vary.

15

PA RT

V

PHRASAL VERBS

UNIT

11

3

PHRASAL VERBS: REVIEW

2. put up 3. pick out

1

9. letting in 10. kept on

4. turned out

11. set up

Have you noticed that some spaces cheer you

5. tear down

12. go back

up and give you energy, while others bring you

6. figure out

13. draw together

7. put on

14. give up

down? This feng shui diagram uses mythical animals to explain why. Look it over, and then imagine yourself in the center. A phoenix takes off in front of you and gives you inspiration. Behind you, a tortoise guards you from things you cannot see. On the left and right, a dragon

8. went up

4 2. took them down

5. light it up

3. cheer him up

6. touch it up

4. try them out

and a tiger balance each other. The dragon floats above the floor and helps you take in the big picture, not just small details. The tiger’s energy gives you courage. These symbols can be important in setting up a work environment. Dana, for example, needed ideas and energy in order to get ahead. Unfortunately, her undecorated, windowless cubicle took away most of her powers. After she hung up a scenic poster in the phoenix area in front of her desk, she began to feel more inspired. She gave her tiger some power by picking out plants to put on the file cabinet to her right, and she hung a cheerful mobile from the top of her left cubicle wall for her dragon. Try these ideas out in your own workplace and see what happens! 2. F

3. T

4. T

5. F

6. F

7. T

2 2. down 3. up 4. out

5. out 6. over 7. out

8. up 9. over 10. up

11. out 12. out 13. up

5 I just finished reading an article about feng down shui. At the end, the author suggests sitting up in your home and thinking about how your environment makes you feel. I decided to try it out out it. The thing I like best about my apartment is up that it is bright and sunny. This cheers me out. out At night, it’s very dark, but I’ve figured up what to do about it. I’m going to buy another lamp up up OR to light the apartment at night up. I’ll leave it ^ ^ on when I go out at night, so I can see light as soon as I come in. I also like the light green walls in my bedroom, but the chipped paint me down has been bringing down me. I’m going to touch up it over as soon as possible. My apartment is too small, but I can’t tear down up the walls. I think it will look more spacious if I just straighten it up. I’ll try to put books back after I take them off the shelves, and hang up* away my clothes at night. With just a few small changes, I’ll end up feeling happier in my out home. It’s certainly worth trying on. *put away could be used instead of hang up

16

6

Phrasal Verb 1. set up

2. up 3. out 4. back

5. down 6. around 7. back

9. T 10. T 11. T

12. F 13. F 14. T

6. took on

2. teamed up (with)

7. put together

3. brought out

8. got along

4. got together

9. talked into

5. brought about

7 Answers will vary.

8 (possible answers) She turned the light off. She cleaned up the table. She turned the bed around. She took off the bedspread. She took the curtains down. The weather cleared up. She hung up a mirror. She put away the clothes. She turned on the TV. She threw away the flowers. She touched up the paint. One of the dresser handles fell off. The cat woke up.

2 2. think back on

11. carry on

3. grew up

12. finding out

4. dropped out of

13. broken down

5. set up

14. brought about

6. filled . . . up

15. set up

7. carry out

16. came up with

8. keep . . . away

17. carried out

9. broke out

18. gave up

10. paid . . . back

19. kept on

3 2. figure it out

6. turned it off

3. fill them out

7. turn them in

4. handed it out

8. left them on

5. do it over

4

9 Answers will vary.

2. following it through 3. Pick one out 4. Think up uses for the object

UNIT

12

PHRASAL VERBS: SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE

1 took him on as a summer employee and the two got along right away When they got together again he talked Jobs into joining He teamed up with Wozniak they put the prototype together they set up their first production line which they brought out in 1976

5. throw any ideas away 6. Write them down 7. talk them over 8. Find out about a problem 9. work a solution out 10. coming up with one 11. stick with it 12. look information up 13. Try different materials out 14. get something out of 15. go after customers 16. put it together 17. get this across 18. pass an opportunity up 19. show your product off 20. to give samples away 21. Stick to your plan

17

5 with May 3, 1999. Today, I came up a good idea ^ with—a jar of paint with an applicator like the kind used for shoe polish. It can be used to paint dirty spots or nicks on a wall after a paint job, when people don’t want to do a whole room. Market: Homeowners, renters, anyone who paints a home or apartment. Idea for product design:

it up Touch up it.

May 10. I went to five paint stores today and asked the owners about my idea. I found out that nothing like this is on the market right now. They seemed to be excited by this idea. I asked two of them to sign my notebook. That way I can prove that the idea was actually mine. May 12. I found a manufacturer of applicators. him up I called up him and ordered several types. June 10. The applicators finally arrived. I tried out in several and found one that worked well. I’m going to have about two dozen samples made. out August 4. I filled down an application for a patent and mailed it yesterday. I’ll be able to up set a strong and convincing demonstration of ^ the product up soon.

point out that it’s very neat and easy to use, so on I put white gloves and evening clothes for the ^ demonstration. It went over very well.

6 8 6 3 1 5 9 2 7 4

Use tape to hold the tissue paper on. Cut them off. Cover the hole up with foil. Empty it out. Turn the box up. Light something up and look at it. Cut out a small hole. Cover up the opening with tissue paper. Punch a hole through the center of the foil.

7 (possible answers) 2. get on, get off, break down 3. figure out 4. look up, write down 5. put on, take off 6. turn on, turn off, turn up, turn down

8 2. get out

7. set off

4. ends up

8. goes off

6. pushes up

9. jumps up

11. comes off

9 — 11 Answers will vary.

August 30. I demonstrated the product at a decorator’s exhibition yesterday. I wanted to PA RT

V

FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING

1 Sorry I haven’t written sooner, but I’ve been

In addition to English, I’m taking statistics this

really busy. I just moved into a new apartment.

semester. I’m finding it really hard, but I’m stick with OR keep on with going to persevere with it. I’ll need it later for

Here’s what a typical day looks like for me. I get up arise early, usually at 6:30. After running two

18

miles, showering, and having breakfast, I get on board the bus and go to my 9:00 English class.

business school.

After classes I have just enough time for a quick lunch with some friends before getting to McDonald’s at 1:00 for my four-hour shift. On picking up the way home, I’ve been purchasing some things for my apartment. Today, for example, I bought a computer work station, which I’m put together going to assemble this weekend. (By the way, thanks for telling me about feng shui! I’ve been using it to decorate my apartment.)

I’ll be going to visit Tania, but I’m sure it would come along with be OK for you to accompany me. Let me know! Looking forward to hearing from you, threw out P.S. I think I discarded Victor’s e-mail address before copying it into my electronic address book. Do you have it?

2 (possible answers)

When I get home, I prepare a quick dinner, and then spend several hours on my

Time

To Do

homework. I’m also writing a report for my

6:30 A.M.

get up

statistics class. I can’t believe how much paper uses up (and time) this project consumes! It’s

6:45

run two miles

7:30

take shower

interesting, but I’ll be glad when it’s over. Then lie down at least I’ll be able to recline on the couch that

7:45

breakfast

8:15

take bus to school

I just bought and watch some TV before going

9:00

English class

to bed. These days I go straight to bed as soon

11:00

statistics class

as I finish my homework. By the time I turn off extinguish the lights, it’s 11:00 P.M. and I’m

12:00 noon

lunch

absolutely exhausted. Well, that’s enough about me and my life. I left out don’t think I’ve omitted anything important. How are you? What have you been doing? I’d love to see you. Is there any chance that I talk you into coming could persuade you to come for a visit during your semester break? The weekend of the 12th

1:00–5:00 P.M. McDonald’s 5:30-6:00

pick up things for apartment

6:30

dinner

7:00-10:30

homework

11:00

go to bed

3 — 6 Answers will vary.

PA RT

VI UNIT

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

13

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH SUBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS

1 Paragraph 1 people who accept us completely (warts and

Acquaintances people whose paths often cross ours The neighbor who borrows your chairs for a big party or the colleague who waters your plants while you’re on vacation “Our next-door neighbor, who car pools with us

all) and who know our most secret thoughts others whose relationships with us may be less deep but are still important

19

Buddies a friend who shares a particular activity or interest important ones that keep us connected to our interests and hobbies My table-tennis partner, who’s from Beijing Old Friends The vice president who promoted me Delores was the one who came with me old friends who knew us “back when” parts of ourselves which are easy to lose as we move through life experiences that have helped form us George Herbert, who said that the best mirror is an old friend 2. T

3. T

4. F

2 2. h 4. j 6. f 8. d 10. a 3. g 5. i 7. c 9. b 2. An album is a book which (OR that) has 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

2. They’ll meet us at the restaurant which is 3. 4.

5.

6. 7.

(OR that’s) across the street from the library. The navy blue suit which (OR that) was on sale looked the best. Bill and Sue aren’t close friends with the Swabodas, whose interests are very different from theirs. The neighbors, who wanted to borrow some folding chairs, came by while you were gone. I was just laughing at an old picture which (OR that) is in his high school yearbook. My boyfriend, who took a group of students to Venezuela for two weeks, left me a lot of plants to water.

5 A writer once said that friends are born, not made. I think he meant that friendship

pages for saving photos. A soul mate is a person who (OR that) is very similar to you in thought and feeling. A colleague is a person who (OR that) has the same job or profession as you. A confidant is a person who (OR that) listens to your private feelings and thoughts. Empathy is a feeling which (OR that) lets you experience another person’s feelings. Friendship is a relationship which (OR that) exists between friends. Kin is a person who (OR that) is a relative. A reunion is an event which (OR that) brings people together after a long separation. A spouse is the person who (OR that) is married to you.

is like love at first sight—we become friends

3

Taylor who is much older than I am became a

2. who (OR that) have 3. which (OR that) are 4. who (OR that) face

immediately with people who they are compatible with us. I don’t agree with this writer. Last summer I made friends with some who are OR who were people who’s completely different from me. In July, I went to Mexico City to study Spanish for a month. In our group, there were who five adults which were all language teachers from our school. Two teachers stayed with friends in Mexico City, and we only saw those teachers during the day. But we saw the teachers, who stayed with us in the dormitory, both day and night. They were the ones who they helped us when we had problems. Bob

^

^

really ’good friend. In my first week, ’I had a problem that was getting me down. Mexico which City, that is a very exciting place, was too

6. who (OR that) have

distracting. I went out all the time, and I has stopped going to my classes. Bob, who have

7. whose . . . are

studied abroad a lot, helped me get back into

8. whose . . . include

my studies. After the trip I kept writing to Bob, whose who’s letters are always interesting and

5. which (OR that) is

9. which appeared 10. who (OR that) doesn’t read (OR hasn’t read)

20

4

encouraging. Next summer, he’s leading which OR that another trip what sounds interesting. It’s a three-week trip to Spain, a place he knows a lot about. I hope I can go.

2 2. who(m) . . . stayed 3. when . . . was 4. which . . . had 5. which OR that . . . wanted

6

6. where . . . were

?

7. who(m) . . . take care of

Pat

?

8. which . . . put

Bob

9. which OR that . . . find

3 2. I lived with my parents, who(m) you’ve met,

Kado

Asha Ann

and my siblings. 3. I had two sisters, who(m) I got along well

Pete

7 — 10

4.

Answers will vary.

5.

UNIT

14

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS OR WHEN AND WHERE

6. 7. 8.

1

9.

Looking down, you see a paved courtyard, in which I spend many hours . . . and a bit of garden, where I go to smell the few violets that come up each spring . . . and where my sister

10. 11.

gathers the snails that live . . . . . . . the Twardowskis, who come to our apartment regularly. . . . I particularly like the

12. 13.

Twardowski’s daughter, Basia, who is several years older than I and who has the prettiest long braids, which she sometimes coils around

14. 15.

her head . . . . . . . about the eccentric characters (who, whom, that) I know . . . .

16.

with (OR with whom I got along well), and an older brother. My sisters and I shared a room, where we spent nights talking. My brother, who(m) I hardly ever saw, slept on the living room couch. It was a large old couch, which my father had made himself. My best friend, who(m) I saw every day, lived across the hall. We went to the same school, where we both studied English. Mr. Robinson, who(m) everyone was a little afraid of (OR of whom everyone was a little afraid), was our English teacher. After school I worked in a bakery which (OR that) my aunt and uncle owned. They sold delicious bread and cake, which people stood in line for hours to buy. I took piano lessons from a woman whose sister worked in the bakery. I remember one summer when the whole family went to the lake. It was a great summer, which I’ll never forget. My brother and sisters, who(m) I miss, live far away now. When we get together we like to reminisce about the old days when we were all together.

. . . about the shapes (that, which) icicles make . . . dramatic recitations of poems (that, which) we’ve memorized . . . .

21

6

4 Tai Dong, where I grew up, is a small city on the southeast coast of Taiwan. My family moved there from Taipei the summer when I was born. I don’t remember our first house

^’

which we rented from a relative, but when I

was two, we moved to the house that I grew up in. This house where my parents still live is on

^

^

’ Tai Dong. To me, this was’ the a main street in

best place in the world. My mother had a food stand in our front courtyard where she sold

^

’ All her omelettes early in the morning.

customers whom I always chatted with were

^

^

’ to me. On the first floor, my ’ very friendly

father conducted his tea business in the front room. After school, I always went straight to the corner where he sat drinking tea with his customers. In the back was our huge kitchen with its stone floor and brick oven. I loved dinnertime because the kitchen was always full of relatives and the customers that my father had invited to dinner. It was a fun and noisy place to be. Next to the kitchen, there was one small bedroom. My oldest cousin whose father

^

’ slept wanted him to learn the tea business ^

there. Our living room and bedrooms’ were upstairs. My two sisters slept in one bedroom, and my older brother and I slept in the other. My youngest sister shared a room with my grandmother who took care of her a lot of the time.

^’

5 Correct Room: B The description is in formal English.

22

Ben Fong-Torres was born in Alameda, California, in 1945. He was the son of firstgeneration Chinese parents. His father had emigrated to the United States in 1929, when the Exclusion Act, which limited the number of Chinese entering the country, was still in effect. To avoid this obstacle, his father went first to the Philippines, where he obtained a birth certificate and added Torres to his name. Ben’s mother came to the United States ten years later, when their marriage was arranged by relatives. Ben, along with his brother and sister, grew up in Oakland, California, where there was a large Chinese community. His family owned a Chinese restaurant, in which all the children worked when they were not in school. Ben’s parents, whose views were quite traditional, were a little surprised and concerned by their children’s love for U.S. culture. Ben was an enthusiastic reader or cartoons and a fan of popular music, which he heard on the radio. At the age of twelve, Ben went with his father to Texas, where they opened another Chinese restaurant. It was a difficult time for Ben, among people who had had no previous contact with Asians. Back in Oakland, after the failure of the restaurant, Ben got jobs writing for various magazines and newspapers. After graduation from college in 1966, he wrote for Rolling Stone magazine, which covered stories about contemporary U.S. political and cultural life. His interviews with hundreds of famous musicians included the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Grace Slick, and an interview with Ray Charles, for which he won the Deems Taylor award. Fong-Torres was also a DJ for San Francisco radio station KSAN, which plays rock music, and in 1976 he won an award for broadcasting excellence. Today Fong-Torres lives in San Francisco with Diane Sweet, who he married in 1976.

7 — 9 Answers will vary.

PA RT

VI

FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING

1 Octavio Paz is considered one of the greatest writers that the Spanish-speaking world has produced. He was born in Mexico in 1914. As a child, he was exposed to writing by his grandfather and father. His childhood was hard because of his father’s political activities, which forced his family into exile and poverty. Paz began writing early. He published his first poem at 16. He attended law school in Mexico City, where he joined a Marxist student group. Around the same time, he married his first wife, Elena Garro. Paz’s literary career received a boost in his early twenties, when he sent a manuscript to the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda. Neruda was impressed, and he encouraged Paz to go to Spain to attend a writing conference. Paz remained there and joined the forces that were fighting against General Franco in the Spanish Civil War. Later, he went on to become a diplomat, representing his country in France, Japan, the U.S., and India. Paz wrote both poetry and prose. He is most famous for The Labyrinth of Solitude, a

collection of essays that deal with the character of the Mexican people. He also founded Vuelta. In 1990 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature. He died eight years later.

2 b. Around the same time, he married his first

wife, Elena Garro, who was also a writer. c. Paz’s literary career received a boost in his

early twenties, when he sent a manuscript to the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda, who was already famous in Spain and Latin America. OR

Neruda, who was already famous in Spain and Latin America, was impressed and encouraged Paz to go to Spain to attend a writing conference. d. He also founded Vuelta, which was one of Latin America’s most famous literary magazines.

3 — 6 Answers will vary.

PA RT

VII UNIT

MODALS: REVIEW AND EXPANSION

15

MODALS REVIEW

AND

MODAL-LIKE VERBS:

1 The average U.S. teenager might watch as many as 18,000 hours of TV by the time he or she graduates. You may think that anyone who watches this much TV has got to understand how it works. However, most of us (not just teenagers) can’t recognize many of the messages TV is sending. For this reason, many experts feel that everyone should become “TV literate.” People who are television literate are

able to understand how TV messages influence an audience. They don’t have to believe everything they see on the tube. Here are some things you ought to know about television. • TV networks have to make money by selling time to advertisers. This fact influences all commercial TV. A drama writer, for example, may avoid topics that could embarrass the advertiser sponsoring the program. • TV’s world is not real. This might sound obvious, but you ought to remind yourself often of this fact. After all, when you see something, you feel that it must be the real

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thing. You’ve got to remember that the cereal commercial uses white glue, not milk, so the cereal doesn’t get soggy the way it does in real life. • TV uses specific techniques and you can learn to identify them. Lighting, camera angles, and music have got the ability to make things seem beautiful, frightening, or funny. They can also make you feel that you must buy a certain product. Get literate, and you’ll be able to enjoy TV, without being its victim. Ability: can’t recognize, are able to understand, can learn, can . . . make, ’ll be able to enjoy Advice: should become, ought to know, ought to remind

11. you’d better stop OR you’ve got to stop 12. you may not OR might not hit 13. should I do 14. you might try

4 Last night’s “Medics” was awesome! I cried get when Miles and Wing couldn’t to get married in the emergency room because that really sick was able patient came in. Miles abled to save the patient’s life, but the priest had to leave, so have they couldn’t had the ceremony. Oh, well. There’s always next season.

Necessity: has got to understand, don’t have to believe, have to make, ’ve got to remember, must buy

I just read in TV Now that the actor who plays

Future Possibility: might watch, may avoid, could embarrass

talented (and best-looking!) actor around. I They’d better love him! They better renew his contract, or I’ll

Assumptions: may think, might sound, must be

stop watching! ought to handle I think they ought handle more social issues on

2 2. must 3. ’ve got to, can

Dr. Miles might leave the show because of a has to contract dispute! He have to be the most

the show. They could do some episodes about 8. have got to 9. might not

4. be able to, could

10. must, will be able to

5. couldn’t

11. can, ’ve got to

6. can’t, ’d better not

12. don’t have to

7. must

3 Answers may vary. 1. OR ’m not able to do 2. you don’t have to find out 3. should I do OR can I do 4. we’d better talk OR ought to talk OR should talk 5. I could hit OR was able to hit 6. I couldn’t OR wasn’t able to 7. That can’t happen 8. you may stop OR might stop OR could stop

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9. you couldn’t (OR must not) know 10. I must be

AIDS or teen pregnancy. It’s good when a show is able to be able to entertain and educate at the same time. Last episode shows Dr. Miles shaking hands with a sick patient and then eating an apple without first washing his hands. Come on now! don’t have to You must not be a rocket scientist to know that you can get sick that way! The writers had better have better check their facts! Help! I just started watching “Medics” and tell I’m confused. Can anyone tells me what the can’t relationship is between Tania and Jax? She can be his mother, she’s much too young! I suppose she might be his sister, but I’m not sure that makes any sense.