Angina Ludwig

 

OKO F PGHJKDWLWKH

LKZK_ OGLKIKHM

_ukhm suockhjfoulkr jkh suolfhmukl, cgsifpuh ogrogjk sgekrk khktbcfs, dkrus jfkhmmkp sgokmkf suktu uhft ikrghk igjgiktkh jkh igtgrlfoktkh mkhjk fhagisf ykhm sgrfhm bjbhtbmghfi. _ukhm fhf tgrlgtki jf khtkrk supgrfbr cuibsk culut jkh btbt cylbdfbj fhagrfbr. Fhagisf mfmf cblkr jkh prgcblkr pgrtkck sgrfhm cghmklfr ig rukhm fhf ikrghk Kpgis kikrhyk ogrkjk jf supgrfbr btbt cylbdfbj. Khmfhk Lujwfm kjklkd sgoukd pgrkjkhmkh kiut, sglulftfs jkrf rukhm suockhjfoulk jkh suolfhmukl oflktgrkl jkh rukhm suocghtkl. Ugoukd sghsksf tgrsgjki jkh sgski hkpks (khmfhk) sgrfhm jfibcofhksfikh jghmkh hkck pghulfs (]fldglc Arfgjrfed vbh Lujwfm) ykhm sgpghudhyk cghmmkcokrikh ibhjfsf ykhm ogrpbtghsf aktkl pkjk tkduh ;451.;  Khmfhk Lujwfm ktku jfighkl sgokmkf Khmfhk Lujbvfef, pgrtkck iklf jfnglksikh blgd ]fldgfc Argjgrfeivbh Lujwfm pkjk tkduh ;451 sgokmkf suktu sglulftfs ktku fhagisf nkrfhmkh fikt lgdgr jkh jkskr culut ykhm egpkt cghygokr. Fk cghmkcktf okdwk ibhjfsf fhf kikh cgcourui sgekrk prbmgsfa okdikh jkpkt  ogrkidfr pkjk igcktfkh jklkc wkitu ;0 ―  ;0 ―  ;?  ;? dkrf .?  Khmfhk Lujwfm cgrupkikh pgrkjkhmkh sglulftfs ktku algmcbh jkrf okmfkh supgrfbr rukhm suprkdfbfj. _ukhm pbtghsfkl fhf ogrkjk khtkrk btbt-btbt ykhm cglgiktikh lfjkd pkjk tulkhm dfbj jkh cflbdfbjgus. ? Khmfhk Lujwfm numk sklkd sktu oghtui kosgs lgdgr jklkc. Kosgs lgdgr jklkc tgroghtui jf jklkc rukhm  pbtghsfkl jf khtkrk aksefk lgdgr sgokmkf kifokt pgrnklkhkh fhagisf jkrf ogrokmkf sucogr sgpgrtf mfmf, culut, tghmmbrbi, sfhus pkrkhkskl, tglfhmk tghmkd jkh lgdgr. Zgrmkhtuhm rukhm ckhk ykhm tgrlfokt, mgnklk jkh tkhjk ilfhfs sgtgcpkt ogrupk hygrf jkh pgcoghmikiikh kikh cghuhnuiikh lbiksf fhagisf. ?,5 

;

 

]klkupuh

ofkskhyk

pghygokrkh

ykhm

luks

tgrnkjf

pkjk

pksfgh

fcuhbibcprbcfsg, khmfhk Lujwfm numk ofsk ogrigcokhm pkjk brkhm ykhm sgdkt. Akitbr prgjfspbsfsfhyk ogrupk ikrfgs jghtfs, pgrkwktkh mfmf tgrkidfr, sfeilg egll khgcfk, trkuck, jkh tfhjfikh pkjk arghuluc lfjkd. Uglkfh ftu pghykift sfstgcfi sgpgrtf jfkogtgs cglftus, hgutrbpghfk, kplkstfi khgcfk, mlbcgrulbsftfs, jgrcktbcfbsftfs jkh lupus grftgcktbsus jkpkt cgcpghmkrudf tgrnkjfhyk khmfhk Lujwfm. Pghjgrftk tgrokhyki ogrifskr khtkrk ucur ?0-10 tkduh, wklkupuh pgrhkd jflkpbrikh tgrnkjf pkjk usfk ;? dkrf  ―   4: tkduh. Iksus fhf jbcfhkh tgrnkjf pkjk lkif-lkif (5>; skcpkf :>;). Khmik igcktfkh kifokt khmfhk Lujwfm sgogluc jfighklhyk khtfofbtfi cghekpkf khmik 70% jkrf sglurud iksus ykhm jflkpbrikh, sgnklkh jghmkh pgrigcokhmkh khtfofbtfik, pgrkwktkh ogjkd ykhm okfi, sgrtk 5,:

tfhjkikh ykhm egpkt jkh tgpkt, ckik skkt fhf khmik igcktfkhhyk dkhyk 4%.

?

 

OKO FF PGCOKDKUKH

F. 

KHKZBCF JKH AFUFBLBMF

Pghmgtkdukh tghtkhm rukhm-rukhm jf lgdgr jkh duouhmkhhyk jghmkh aksefk  pghtfhm uhtui cghjfkmhbsfs jkh cghmboktf fhagisf. _ukhm ykhm jfoghtui blgd  ogrokmkf aksefk pkjk lgdgr fhf cgrupkikh krgk ykhm ogrpbtghsf uhtui tgrnkjfhyk fhagisf. Fhvksf jkrf okitgrf kikh cghmdksflikh sglulftfs ktku kosgs, jkh cghygokr cglkluf ogrokmkf nklkh tgrcksui cglkluf sklurkh lfcag.;,?,5,:,7  _ukhm suockhjfoulkr cgrupkikh rukhm jf ktks bs dybfj (suprkdybfj) jkh c. cylbdybfj . Jf okmfkh khtgrfbr, c. cylbdybfj cgcfskdikh rukhm fhf cghnkjf juk ykftu rukhm suolfhmukl jf supgrfbr jkh rukhm suockisflkr jf fhagrfbr. Kjkpulk ykhm cgcokmfhyk cghnkjf tfmk jfkhtkrkhyk ykftu rukhm suolfhmukl, rukhm suocghtkl jkh rukhm suockisfllkr. Fhagisf jkrf mfmf cblkr jkh prgcblkr pgrtkck sgrfhm ogrduouhmkh jghmkh rukhm suockhjfoulkr ikrghk kpgis kikr jkrf mfmf cblkr jkh prgcblkr ogrkjk jf supgrfbr btbt cylbdfbj.?,1  _ukhm suockisflkr jfpfskdikh jghmkh rukhm suolfhmukl jf okmfkh supgrfbrhyk blgd c. cylbdybfj jkh c. dybmlbssus, dybmlbssus, jf okmfkh cgjfklhyk blgd c.  stylbmlbssus jkh jf okmfkh lktgrklhyk blgd ebrpus ckhjfoulk. ckhjfoulk. Oktks lktgrklhyk  ogrupk iulft, aksefk supgrafsfkl jkh c. plktysck supgrafefklfs  pkjk aksefk sgrvfikl  okmfkh jklkc. Jf okmfkh fhagrfbrhyk jfoghtui blgd c. jfmkstrfeus. jfmkstrfeus. Jf okmfkh khtgrfbrhyk, rukhm fhf ogrduouhmkh sgekrk ogoks jghmkh rukhm suocghtkl, jkh jf  okmfkh pbstgrfbrhyk tgrduouhm jghmkh rukhm pdkryhmgkl. pdkryhmgkl. ?,1

5

 

Mkcokr ;.

_ukhm suockisflkr jfoktksf blgd c. cylbdybfj , c. dybmlbssus, dybmlbssus, jkh c.  stylbmlbssus..  stylbmlbssus

_ukhm suockhjfoulkr fhf cghmkhjuhm iglghnkr suockxfllkr, juitus ]dkrtbh, h. lfhmuklfs jkh dypbmlbsskl , k. akefklfs, akefklfs, sgokmfkh hbjus lfcag jkh lgcki. _ukhm suocghtkl cgrupkikh rukhm ykhm ogroghtui sgmftfmk ykhm tgrlgtki jf mkrfs tghmkd okwkd ckhjfoulk jfckhk oktks supgrfbr jkh lktgrklhyk jfoktksf blgd okmfkh khtgrfbr jkrf c. jfmkstrfeus. jfmkstrfeus. Jkskr rukhmkh fhf kjklkd c. cylbdybfj sgjkhmikh ktkphyk kjklkd iulft, aksefk supgrafsfkl, jkh c. plktysck. plktysck. _ukhm suocghtkl cghmkhjuhm ogogrkpk hbjus lfcag jkh nkrfhmkh.

?,1

 

Utruitur lkfh ykhm tgrlgtki jfrukhm suolfhmukl kjklkd sklurkh wdkrtbh, iglghnkr lujkd suolfhmukl jkh skrka dypbmlbsskl, dkl fhf cghnkjf sklkd sktu klkskh cghmkpk khmfhk lujwfm cghygokoikh glgvksf lkhtkf culut jkh pgcoghmikikh  pkjk jkgrkd suockhjfoulkr jkh suocghtkl suocghtkl ?,1 

:

 

Mkcokr ?. _ukhm suockisflkr jfoktksf blgd

c. cylbdybfj , c. dybmlbssus, dybmlbssus, jkh c.

 stylbmlbssus.. (Jfiutfp jkrf igpustkikkh =)  stylbmlbssus

Jkskr culut tgroghtui jkrf btbt-btbt lgcokrkh ykhm cgcoghtkhm khtkrk juk rkcus ckhjfoulkr. Lgcokrkh fhf jfoghtui blgd gcpkt btbt, sgcuk ogrkjk jfktks tulkhm dybfj ktku jfighkl sgokmkf btbt suprkdybfj > k.  Cylbdybfj

>

sgrkt btbt ogrkskl jkrf sgokmfkh sfsf cksfhm-cksfhm cghyktu jghmkh jkgrkd cgjfkh (tgrtutupf btbt mlghbdybfj)

 o.  Mghfbdybfj >

cgcpgriukt okmfkh tghmkd jkrf jkskr culut.

e.  Jfmkstrfe

okmfkh khtgrfbr btbt jfmkstrfe cgcogskr pkjk jkskr

>

culut, okmfkh pbstgrfbr cgcogskr jkrf ckstbfj. j.  Utylbdybfj

>

ogrkskl jkrf prbsgsus stylbfj, tghjbhhyk ogrkskl jkrf luokhhm okmfkh tghmkd jkrf tghjbh jfmkstrfe.

;5

 

7

 

Mkcokr 5.

Khktbcf jkrf jkskr culut tkcpki pbstgrfbr

Mkcokr :.

Khktbcf jkrf jkskr culut tkcpki lktgrkl

1

 

Mkcokr 7. Khktbcf jkrf rukhm

FF. 

suockhjfoulkr ? (Jfiutfp jkrf igpustkikkh =)

JGAFHFUF

Khmfhk Lujbvfef jfjgafhfsfikh sgokmkf fhagisf rukhm suockhjfoulk ogrupk sglulftfs jghmkh tkhjk idks ogrupk pgcoghmikikh sglurud rukhm suockhjfoulk, tfjki

cgcoghtui

kosgs

sgdfhmmk

igrks

pkjk

pgrkokkh

suockhjfoulk.

 

]fldglc Argjrfei vbh Lujwfm pgrtkck iklf cghjgsirfpsfikh khmfhk

Lujwfm fhf pkjk tkduh ;451 sgokmkf  mkhmrghbus egllulftfs ykhm prbmrgsfa ykhm  ogrkskl jkrf rgmfbh iglghnkr suockhjfoulk;,?,5 

FFF. 

GPFJGCFBLBMF

Igokhykikh iksus Khmfhk Lujwfm tgrnkjf pkjk fhjfvfju ykhm sgdkt. Ibhjfsf ykhm cghnkjf akitbr rfsfib ykftu jfkogtgs cgllftus, hgutrbpghfk, klibdblfscg, khgcfk kplkstfi, mlbcgrulbhgarftfs, jgrcktbcfbsftfs, jkh lupus grftgcktbsus sfstgcfi. Wcuhyk, pksfgh ogrusfk khtkrk ?0-10 tkduh, tgtkpf kjk ykhm cglkpbrikh iksus fhf tgrnkjf pkjk rghtkhm usfk ;? dkrf skcpkf 4: tkduh. Lkif-lkif lgofd sgrfhm tgrighk jfokhjfhmikh jghmkh pgrgcpukh jghmkh pgrokhjfhmkh 5>; ktku :>;. ?

=

 

FQ. 

GZFBLBMF

Khmfhk Lujwfm pklfhm sgrfhm tgrnkjf sgokmkf kifokt fhagisf ykhm ogrkskl jkrf mfmf mglfmf, tgtkpf jkpkt numk tgrnkjf sgokmkf kifokt prbsgs supurktfa hbjf ?

lfcaktfsf sgrvfiklfs pkjk rukhm suockisflkrfs.   Khmfhk Lujwfm ykhm jfsgokoikh blgd fhagisf bjbhtbmghfi, ogrkskl jkrf mfmf cblkr igjuk ktku igtfmk okwkd. Mfmf fhf cgcpuhykf kikr ykhm ogrkjk jf ktks btbt cflbdfbfj, jkh kosgs jf lbiksf fhf jkpkt cghygokr ig rukhm suockhjfoulkr ;. Fhagisf ykhm cghygokr jflukr kikr mfmf ykhm ogrkskl jkrf mfmf prgcblkr pkjk ucuchyk tgrlgtki jklkc suolfhmukl pgrtkck, sgjkhmikh fhagisf jflukr kikr mfmf ykhm ogrkskl jkrf mfmf cblkr ucuhyk ogrkjk jklkc rukhm suockhjfoulkr.1  Fhagisf ofkskhyk jfsgokoikh blgd okitgrf strgptbibius, stkaflbibius, ktku  okitgrbfjgs. Hkcuh, 70% iksus jfsgokoikh jfsgokoikh blgd pblfcfirbok, okfi ?

blgd mrkc pbsftfa ktkupuh mrkc hgmktfa, kgrbo ktkupuh khkgrbo . Brmkhfscg ykhm sgrfhm jffsblksf pkjk pksfgh khmfhk Lujwfm ykftu Utrgptbibius vfrfjfkhs jkh Utkaflbibius kurgus. kurgus. Okitgrf khkgrbo numk sgrfhm tgrlfokt, tgrcksui okitgrbfjgs, pgptbstrgptbibius, jkh pgptbibius. Okitgrf mrkc  pbsftfa lkfhhyk ykhm ogrdksfl jffsblksf jffsblks f ykftu Ausboketgrfuc ykftu  Ausboketgrfuc huelgktuc, huelgktuc, Kgrboketgr kgrumfhbsk,, spfrbedgtgs, khj Qgfllbhgllk kgrumfhbsk Qgfllbhgllk,, Ekhjfjk Ekhjfjk,,  Guoketgrfk  Guoketgrfk,, jkh Elbstrfjfuc spgefgs. Okitgrf mrkc hgmktfvg ykhm ogrdksfl jffsblksf tgrcksui  Hgfssgrfk spgefgs,  Gsedgrfedfk eblf, eblf,  Psgujbcbhks spgefgs,  Dkgcbpdflus fhalughzkg, fhalughzkg, jkh  Ilgosfgllk  sp?.  Pghygoko lkfh jkrf khmfhk Lujwfm ykftu sfklkjghftfs, kosgs pgrftbhsfl, arkitur ckhjfoulk tgrouik, ifstk juitus tfrbmlbsskl ykhm tgrfhagisf, gpfmlbtftfs, fhngisf fhtrkvghk bokt ig lgdgr, orbhibsibpf ykhm cghygokoikh trkuck, fhtuoksf ghjbtrkigk, lksgrksf brkl, tfhjfi lfjkd, fhagisf sklurkh hkaks okmfkh ktks, jkh trkuck pkjk jkskr culut?.

4

 

Q. 

PKZBMGHGUFU

Fhagisf mfmf sgpgrtf hgirbsfs pulpk ikrghk ikrfgs prbauhjk ykhm tfjki tgrkwkt jkh jggp pgrfbjbhtkl pbeigt , cgrupkikh nklkh okmf okitgrf uhtui cghekpkf nkrfhmkh pgrfkpfikl. Ikrghk nuclkd okitgrf ykhm okhyki, ckik fhagisf kikh cghygokr ig tulkhm spbhmfbsk skcpkf tulkhm ibrtfikl. Nfik tulkhm fhf tfpfs, ckik fhagisf kikh cghgcous jkh cksui ig nkrfhmkh luhki. Pghygokrkh fhagisf fhf tgrmkhtuhm jkrf jkyk tkdkh nkrfhmkh tuoud. ?,:,1  Pghygokrkh fhagisf bjbhtbmgh jkpkt cglkluf nkrfhmkh fikt (pgribhtfhuftktuc),  pgcoulud jkrkd (dgcktbmgh), jkh pgcoulud lfcag (lfcabmgh). Vkhm pklfhm sgrfhm tgrnkjf kjklkd pghnklkrkh sgekrk pgribhtfhuftktuc ikrghk kjkhyk eglkd/rukhm jf khtkrk nkrfhmkh ykhm ogrpbtghsf sgokmkf tgcpkt ogriucpulhyk pus. ?,:,1  Pghnklkrkh fhagisf pkjk rkdkhm ktks jkpkt cgcoghtui kosgs pklktkl, kosgs suocuibsk, kosgs mfhmfvk, trbcobsfs sfhus ikvgrhbsus , kosgs lkofkl jkh kosgs aksfkl. Pghnklkrkh fhagisf pkjk rkdkhm okwkd jkpkt cgcoghtui kosgs suolfhmukl, kosgs suocghtkl, kosgs suockhjfoulkr, kosgs suocksgtgr jkh khmfhk Lujwfm. Wnuhm kikr cblkr igjuk jkh igtfmk tgrlgtki lfhgk

cylbdybfjgk

(tgcpkt

cglgikthyk

c.

?,:,1

 

jf oglkikhm okwkd

cylbdybfjgus) cylbdybfjgus)

jklkc

rukhm

suockhjfoulk, cghygokoikh fhagisf ykhm tgrnkjf pkjk mfmf tgrsgout jkpkt cgcoghtui kosgs jkh pushyk cghygokr ig rukhm suockhjfoulkr, okdikh cgluks dfhmmk rukhm pkrkakrfhmgkl. Kosgs pkjk kikr mfmf ykhm cghygokr ig rukhm suockhjfoulk kikh cghygokoikh sgjfift igtfjkihykckhkh pkjk mfmf, hygrf tgrnkjf ?,:,1

 nfik tgrnkjf igtgmkhmkh khtkrk tulkhm.   Khmfhk Lujwfm ykhm jfsgokoikh blgd fhagisf bjbhtbmghfi, ogrkskl jkrf mfmf cblkr igjuk ktku igtfmk okwkd. Mfmf fhf cgcpuhykf kikr ykhm ogrkjk jf ktks btbt

cflbdfbfj,

jkh

kosgs

jf

lbiksf

fhf

jkpkt

cghygokr

ig

rukhm

suockhjfoulkr ;.Fhagisf ykhm cghygokr jflukr kikr mfmf ykhm ogrkskl jkrf mfmf  prgcblkr pkjk ucuchyk tgrlgtki jklkc suolfhmukl pgrtkck, sgjkhmikh fhagisf jflukr kikr mfmf ykhm ogrkskl jkrf mfmf cblkr ucuhyk ogrkjk jklkc rukhm suockhjfoulkr.1,6  6

 

.

Mkcokr 1  Jfiutfp

jkrf igpustkikkh igpustkikkh 4

Ugoukd fhagisf jghmkh egpkt cghygokr jkrf rukhm suockhjfoulk, suolfhmukl jkh suocghtkl ykhm cghygokoikh pgcoghmikikh, glgvksf lfjkd sgrtk fhjurksf ogrbtbt jkrf jkskr culut. _ukhm pbtghsfkl tgrnkjfhyk pgrkjkhmkh sglulftfs ktku Khmfhk Lujwfm kjklkd _ukhm suprkdfbj ykhm ogrkjk khtkrk btbt-btbt ykhm cglgiktikh lfjkd pkjk tulkhm dfbj jkh btbt cflbdfbjgus, pgrkjkhmkh pkjk rukhm fhf cghygokoikh igigrkskh ykhm ogrlgofdkh pkjk nkrfhmkh jkskr culut jkh cghjbrbhm lfjkd igktks jkh oglkikhm jkh jghmkh jgcfifkh jkpkt cghygokoikh bostruisf nklkh hkpks sgekrk pbtghsfkl. 5  Fhagisf pkjk rukhm suocghtkl ofkskhyk tgroktks ikrghk kjk igsktukh ykhm igrks jkrf aksefk jkrf  aksefk egrvfikl prbauhjk jghmkh c. jfmkstrfeus khtgrfbr jkh bs dybfj . Gjgck jkmu jkpkt tgroghtui jghmkh nglks.?,:,1  Fhagisf pkjk rukhm suockisflkr ofkskhyk tgroktks jf jklkc rukhm ftu sghjfrf, tgtkpf jkpkt pulk cghyusurf sgpkhnkhm juitus suockisflkrfs ]dkrtbhf jkh cghmfiutf struitur iglghnkr cghunu rukhm suolfhmukl, ktku jkpkt numk cgluks ig  okwkd sgpkhnkhm c. dybmlbssus cghunu rukhm-rukhm aksefk lgdgr. ?,:,1  Pkjk fhagisf rukhm suolfhmukl, gjgck tgrjkpkt pkjk jkgrkd tgrlgckd jf  okmfkh supgrfbr jkh pbstgrfbr sgdfhmmk cghjbrbhm cghjbrbhm suprkmlbtfe  suprkmlbtfe lkryhx jkh lfjkd ig  oglkikhm, kidfrhyk cgcpgrsgcpft sklurkh jkh cghmdkcokt cghmdkcokt nklkh hkaks.

?,:,1

;0

 

Pghygokrkh fhagisf ogrkidfr jf okmfkh khtgrfbr ykftu ckhjfoulk jkh jf  okmfkh fhagrfbr ykftu c. cylbdybfj . Prbsgs fhagisf igcujfkh ogrnklkh jf okmfkh supgrfbr jkh pbstgrfbr, cgluks ig jkskr lkhtkf culut jkh lfjkd. Bs dybfj cgcoktksf tgrnkjfhyk prbsgs fhf jf okmfkh fhagrfbr sgdfhmmk pgcoghmikikh cghygokr ig jkgrkd jgpkh lgdgr ykhm cghygokoikh pgruokdkh oghtui jkh mkcokrkh “oull “oull hgei –. –. ?,:,1

QF. 

CKHFAGUZKUF ILFHFU

Pksfgh jghmkh Khmfhk Lujwfm ofkskhyk cgcflfif rfwkykt gistrkisf mfmf sgogluchyk ktku dymfghg brkl ykhm ourui jkh hygrf pkjk mfmf. Mgnklk jkh tkhjk lkfhhyk ykftu tgrjkpkt hygrf tghmmbrbi jkh lgdgr, jfsgrtkf pgcoghmikikh jf jkgrkd suockhjfoulk ykhm tkcpki dfpgrgcfs jkh igrks pkjk pgrkokkh. Jkskr culut cgcoghmiki, jkpkt cghjbrbhm lfjkd ig ktks oglkikhm sgdfhmmk cghfcoulikh sgski hkpks igrghk sucoktkh nklkh hkpks. Mgnklk lkfhhyk  pksfgh jkpkt cghmklkcf jfsabhfk (mkhmmukh sukrk) ykhm jfsgokoikh blgd gjgck  pkjk struitur vbiklfs, oku culut, kfr lfur ogrlgofdkh, jfsakmfk (sulft cghglkh), bjyhbpdkmfk (hygrf cghglkh) jkh suskd ogrhkpks. Mgnklk ilfhfs fhf dkrus jfwkspkjkf jfikrghkikh kjkhyk mkhmmukh ogrkt pkjk nklkh hkaks ?,1.

Mkcokr =.

Abtb pksfgh Khmfhk Lujwfm. (Jfiutfp jkrf igpustkikkh ;0) 

;;

 

QFF. 

JFKMHBUFU

Pkjk pgcgrfiskkh cuibsk brkl jfjkpktikh trfscus, ikjkhm ikjkhm jftgcuikh rukhm pkjk suockhjfoulkr cghygokoikh gjgck pkjk culut. Lfjkd  ogrgsfib nktud igoglkikhm sgdfhmmk cgcoukt mkhmmukh jkrf pgrhkakskh. Pgcoghmikikh pkjk nkrfhmkh khtgrfbr lgdgr jf ktks tulkhm dybfj sgrfhm jfsgout jghmkh oull‖s hgei kppgkrkheg?.

Mkcokr 4

;?

 

QFFF.  PGCG_FIUKKH PGHWHNKHM 

Lkobrktbrfuc> k.  Pgcgrfiskkh jkrkd> tkcpki lguibsftbsfs ykhm cghmfhjfiksfikh kjkhyk fhagisf kiut.  o.  Pgcgrfiskkh iultur jkh sghsftfvftks> uhtui cghghtuikh okitgrf ykhm cghmfhagisf (kgrbo jkh/ktku khkgrbo) sgrtk cghghtuikh  pgcflfdkh khtfofbtfi jklkc tgrkpf. Abtb pblbs lgdgr jkh jkjk sgrfhm cghuhnuiikh pgcoghmikikh sbat-tfssug pgcoghmikikh  sbat-tfssug,, kjkhyk ujkrk, jkh kjkhyk pghygcpftkh sklurkh hkaks. Ubhbmrkaf tglkd jfmuhkikh uhtui cghmfjghtfafiksf pghucpuikh ekfrkh jf jklkc  sbat-tfssug  sbat-tfssug.. Abtb pkhbrkck jkrf rkdkhm cghuhnuiikh abeus fhagisf pkjk mfmf?.

Mkcokr 6. Abtb

Pblbs cghuhnuiikh kjkhyk pgcoghmikikh pgcoghmikikh suprkmlbtfi (tkhjk pkhkd) (jfiutfp jkrf igpustkikkh igpustkikkh ?)

Ugtglkd pbtghsf nklkh hkaks jfkckhikh, EZ sekh jkpkt jflkiuikh uhtui cghmfjghtfafiksf kjkhyk pgcoghmikikh  sbat-tfssug  sbat-tfssug,, pghucpuikh ekfrkh, jkh mkhmmukh nklkh hkaks?. EZ sekh numk jkpkt cghghtuikh luks kosgs rgtrbakrfhmgkl jkh jkpkt cghblbhm uhtui cghghtuikh ikpkh klkt okhtu pgrhkakskh jfpgrluikh. C_F cgrupkikh pgcgrfiskkh lkfh ykhm jkpkt jfpgrtfcokhmikh pkjk ogogrkpk  pksfgh?.

;5

 

Mkcokr ;0.

Abtb pkhbrkck cghuhnuiikh kjkhyk fhagisf pkjk mfmf

Jfkmhbsfs jftgmkiikh ogrjkskrikh jkrf mgnklk ilfhfi, pgcoghmikikh jkh  pghgoklkh pkjk okmfkh suockhjfoulkr, s uockhjfoulkr, suocghtkl jkh jkskr culut tgrutkck t grutkck pkjk  pgcgrfiskkh C_F ikrghk ftu pghtfhm uhtui cgcogjkikh lgsf ifstfi jkh pkjkt WUM ofsk cgcogrf fhabrcksf pghtfhm uhtui cglfdkt kjkhyk kjkh yk ibcplfiksf jkrf kosgs. C_F cgcpuhykf iguhtuhmkh tgrtghtu uhtui cghjgtgisf igtgrlfoktkh nkrfhmkh luhki jfokhjfhmikh jghmkh EZ-sekh. Igjukhhyk cgcpuhykf cbjklftks uhtui cghgmkiikh jfkmhbsfs sgekrk kiurkt. C_F cgcpgrlfdktikh ibcplfiksf vkseulkr sgpgrtf tdrbcobsfs vghk numulkr fhtgrhkl jkh grbsf krtgrf ekrbtfs. Pghtfhm uhtui cghmgtkduf mkcokrkh rkjfblbmf jkrf khmfhk Lujwfm uhtui jfkmhbsfs jfhf jkh cghegmkd tgrnkjfhyk ibcplfiksf.;5

;:

 

Mkcokr ;;.

EZ sekh lgdgr cghuhnuiikh cghuhnuiikh kjkhyk dypbjghs dgtgrbmghus nkrfhmkh

luhki cghgokl cghygokoikh pghygcpftkh jkrf iblbc ujkrk.

Mkcokr ;?.

C_F lgdgr cghuhnuikh kjkhyk pgcoghmikikh pgcoghmikikh jkrf nkrfhmkh suoeutkhgbus

jkh jfhjfhm ykhm cghgokl pkjk supgrfbr lkryhx, hksbpdkryhx, brbpdkryhx khj dy- pbpdkryhx

;7

 

FT. 

JFKMHBUFU OKHJFHM

Jfkmhbsfs okhjfhm jkrf khmfhk Lujwfm ykftu gjgck khmfbhgurbtfi, ikrsfhbck lfhmukl, dgcktbck suolfhmukl, kosgs iglghnkr sklfvk, lfcakjghftfs, sglulftfs, jkh kosgs pgrftbhsfl?. T. 

PGHKZKLKIUKHKKH

Khmfhk Lujwfm kjklkd ibhjfsf ogrkt ykhm cgcflfif gvblusf egpkt ykhm  ofsk cghygokoikh bostruisf nklkh hkaks ikrghk pgcoghmikikh jkrf suolfhmukl jkh suockhjfoulkr. Jghmkh jgcfifkh pgrkwktkhhyk tgrabius pkjk gcpkt dkl ykhm  pghtfhm> k.  Pgrtkdkhikh nklkh hkaks  o.  Fhsfsf jkh jrkfhksg e.  Zgrkpf khtfofbtfe, jkh j.  Glfcfhksf abeus fhagisf. Whtui tgrkpf khtfofbtfi, jfogrfikh jghmkh jbsfs tfhmmf, jkh iuckh kgrbo sgrtk khkgrbo jfogrfikh sgekrk pkrghtgrkl. Pgcogrfkh ogogrkpk khtfofbtfi ykftu  pghfsflfh M jbsfs tfhmmf jkh cgtrbhfjkzbl, ilfhjkcfsfh, sgabisftfh, pfpgrksflfhtkzbokitkc, kcbisfsflfh ilkvulkhkt, jkh tfikrsflfh ilkvulkhkt. Cgsifpuh cksfd cghnkjf ibhtrbvgrsf, pgcogrfkh jgiskcgtksbh uhtui cghmurkhmf gjgck jkh cghfhmiktikh pghgtrksf khtfofbtfi jkpkt cgcokhtu1. Pgcogrfkh jgiskcgtksbh fhtrkvghk jkh hgoul kjrghklfh tglkd jflkiuikh uhtui cghmurkhmf gjgck sklurkh hkaks okmfkh ktks pkjk ogogrkpk iksus 1,. Pkjk pksfgh jghmkh igeurfmkkh Khmfhk Lujwfm jkpkt jfogrfikh Khtfofbtfi Elfhjkcyefh 100-600 cm/FQ/4 nkc, ktku ibcofhksf pghfefllfh jkh cgtrbhfjkzblg. Pgcogrfkh khtfofbtfi jkpkt cghmurkhmf igcktfkh kifokt jkrf fhagisf rukhm lgdgr jklkc, tgtkpf fhagisf pkjk rukhm ykhm lgofd jklkc jkpkt cghfcoulikh ibcplfiksf ykhm aktkl jkh cghmkhekc nfwk. Ugtglkd pgcoghtuikh kosgs tgrnkjf, bpgrksf cksfd jfkhmmkp sgokmkf pghmboktkh ykhm utkck, sgjkhmikh pgcogrfkh khtfofbtfi jfmuhkikh pkjk fhagisf kwkl.1,6,;5 ;1

 

Uglkfh ftu jflkiuikh gisplbrksf ykhm jflkiuikh uhtui tunukh jgibcprgsf (cghmurkhmf igtgmkhmkh) jkh gvkiuksf pus (pkjk khmfhk lujbvfef nkrkhm tgrjkpkt  pus) ktku nkrfhmkh hgirbsfs. Fhsfsf jflkiuikh jf mkrfs tghmkd sgekrk dbrfzbhtkl sgtfhmmf bs dybfj   (5-: nkrf jf okwkd ckhjfoulk). Pgrlu jflkiuikh pghmboktkh tgrdkjkp sucogr fhagisf mfmf uthui cghegmkd igikcoudkh. Pksfgh jfrkwkt fhkp skcpkf fhagisf rgjk. Ikrghk cbrofjftks jkh cbrtklftks jkrf khmfhk Lujwfm tgrutkck jfsgokoikh blgd dflkhmhyk pbtghsf nklkh hkaks, prbtgisf jkrf nklkh hkaks cgrupkikh prfbrftks utkck jklkc tktklkiskhk kwkl pksfgh fhf ;. Pkjk pksfgh ykhm skhmkt cgcgrluikh  okhtukh pgrhkpkskh, ibhtrbl nklkh hkaks fjgklhyk jflkiuikh jf rukhm bpgrksf, uhtui jflkiuikh irfibtfrbfjbtbcf ktku trkigbstbcf nfik jfpgrluikh;. Kpkoflk nklkh hkaks tglkd jfkckhikh, pgcogrfkh khtfofbtfi fhtrkvghk sgekrk kmrgsfa dkrus jflkiuikh. Pksfgh ykhm tfjki cgcgrluikh ibhtrbl nklkh hkaks sgmgrk dkrus jfcbhftbr tgrus cghgrus.

TF. 

IBCPLFIKUF

Ibcplfiksf ykhm sgrfhm tgrnkjf fklkd>  

Uucoktkh nklkh hkpks

 

Pghnklkrkh kosgs ig rukhm lgdgr jkh cgjfkstfhuc

 

Ugpsfs







TFF. 

P_BMHBUFU

Prbmhbsfs khmfhk Lujwfm skhmkt tgrmkhtuhm igpkjk prbtgisf sgmgrk nklkh hkaks jkh pkjk pgcogrfkh khtfofbtfi uhtui cghmktksf fhagisf. Zfhmikt igcktfkh  pkjk grk sgogluc kjkhyk khtfofbtfi sgogskr 70%, tgtkpf jghmkh kjkhyk khtfofbtfi tfhmikt cbrtklftks ogriurkhm cghnkjf 7% ;.?

;=

 

OKO FFF IGUFCPWLKH

Khmfhk Lujwfm ktku jfighkl sgokmkf Khmfhk Lujbvfef, pgrtkck iklf jfnglksikh blgd ]fldgfc Argjgrfeivbh Lujwfm pkjk tkduh ;451 sgokmkf suktu sglulftfs ktku fhagisf nkrfhmkh fikt lgdgr jkh jkskr culut ykhm egpkt cghygokr. Fk cghmkcktf okdwk ibhjfsf fhf kikh cgcourui sgekrk prbmgsfa okdikh jkpkt  ogrkidfr pkjk igcktfkh jklkc wkitu ;0 ―  ;0 ―  ;?  ;? dkrf .?  ]klkupuh

ofkskhyk

pghygokrkh

ykhm

luks

tgrnkjf

pkjk

pksfgh

fcuhbibcprbcfsg, khmfhk Lujwfm numk ofsk ogrigcokhm pkjk brkhm ykhm sgdkt. Akitbr prgjfspbsfsfhyk ogrupk ikrfgs jghtfs, pgrkwktkh mfmf tgrkidfr, sfeilg egll khgcfk, trkuck, jkh tfhjfikh pkjk arghuluc lfjkd. Uglkfh ftu pghykift sfstgcfi sgpgrtf

jfkogtgs

cglftus,

hgutrbpghfk,

kplkstfi

khgcfk,

mlbcgrulbsftfs,

jgrcktbcfbsftfs jkh lupus grftgcktbsus jkpkt cgcpghmkrudf tgrnkjfhyk khmfhk Lujwfm. Pghjgrftk tgrokhyki ogrifskr khtkrk ucur ?0-10 tkduh, wklkupuh pgrhkd jflkpbrikh tgrnkjf pkjk usfk ;? dkrf  ―   4: tkduh. Iksus fhf jbcfhkh tgrnkjf pkjk lkif-lkif (5>; skcpkf :>;). Khmik igcktfkh kifokt khmfhk Lujwfm sgogluc jfighklhyk khtfofbtfi cghekpkf khmik 70% jkrf sglurud iksus ykhm jflkpbrikh, sgnklkh jghmkh pgrigcokhmkh khtfofbtfik, pgrkwktkh ogjkd ykhm okfi, sgrtk tfhjkikh ykhm egpkt jkh tgpkt, ckik skkt fhf khmik igcktfkhhyk dkhyk 4%. 5,:

;4

 

JKAZK_ PWUZKIK

;. 

Edkrlgs ]. Euccfhms , Lgg Dkrigr Euccfhms> Btblkryhmblbmy> Dgkj &  Hgei Uurmgry. :td gj. ?00=. ?00=.

?. 

Lgcfhfei C, Jkvfj CJ. Lujwfm‖s Khmfhk > Jfkmhbsfs khj Zrgktcght. Kvkflkolg arbc www.turhgr-wdftg.ebc arbc www.turhgr-wdftg.ebc.. 

5. 

Dfmlgr Obfgs K. _bhmmk Culut jkh akrfhm. Jklkc > Ouiu Knkr Pghykift ZDZ. Nkikrtk> GME9 ;66=. Dkl 5:7-5:1.

:. 

Ubgpkrjf GK, Fsikhjkr H, Oksdfrujjfh N, _gstutf _J. Ouiu Knkr ZDZIL. Gjfsf 1. Nkikrtk > AI WF9 ?00=. Dkl ?50.

7. 

Ourtbh C. Hgei Uwgllfhm, Dkll khj Eblckh‖s Jfsgksg ba tdg Gkr,Hbsg, khj Zdrbkt.Eduredfll lfvfhmstbhg> Gjfhourmd9 ?000. P ;:0.

1. 

Oyrbh N, Okflgy CJ, Nbhks Z, Nbdhsbh CJ. Dgkj khj Hgei Uurmgry  ―   Btblkryhmblbmy. :td Gj. WUK> ?001.

=. 

Dkrtckhh ]._. Lujwfm‖s khmfhk fh edfljrgh. Kcgrfekh edfljrgh. Kcgrfekh Akcfly pdysfefkh. Kvkflkolg arbc > dttp>//www.kkap.brm > dttp>//www.kkap.brm .

4. 

Khbhyc.Egrvfeb-aksefkl Khbhyc.Egrvfebaksefkl fhagetfbhs&Lujwfm‖s Khmfhk. Kvkflkolg arbc arbc>> dttp>//www.gxbjbhtfk.fhab..  dttp>//www.gxbjbhtfk.fhab

6. 

Ckrkh K.M.J, Mkzg.C. Utgll khj \Ckrkh‖s \Ckrkh‖s Oghfmh Jfsgksg ba Zdg Hgei fh Dgkj khj Hgei Uurmgry. Whftgj Ifhmjbc> Outtgr Dgfhgj. P.=7

;0. 

Udghm.I.E.Lujwfm‖s  Khmfhk. Kvkflkolg arbc Udghm.I.E.Lujwfm‖s

> 

dttp>//gcgrmgheycgjfe.olbmspbt.ebc..  dttp>//gcgrmgheycgjfe.olbmspbt.ebc ;;. 

Jkvfs M Mwflc. Keutg Ugptfe Fhagetfbh ba Zdg Zdrbkt khj  Hgei Lujwfm‖s  dttp>//www.ucc.gju.ebc..  Khmfhk. Kvkflkolg arbc arbc dttp>//www.ucc.gju.ebc

;?. 

Qbrfei

N

Lfhjk.

Lujwfms

Khmfhk.

Kvkflkolg

arbc   arbc

dttp>//www.ucc.gju.ebc..  dttp>//www.ucc.gju.ebc ;5. 

I. Lklwkhf Khfl. Khtfoketgrfkl kmght fh Eurrght Jfkmhbsfs & Zrgktcght fh Btblkryhmblbmy Dgkj & Hgei Uurmgry. ?hj Gj. Hgw Vbri> ?00=.

;6