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TLI_D[XIAFA LFHIMLFE FKID[QF Y F AIXQFLHIF (TLFA) DXHTDEF AD HIDLHIFX XMHIFEDX, F[QDX Y CTBFLIAFADX ^[MG[FBF AD ^XIHMEMGÂF ;>;6

 

Iltrmauhhiøl Dl de adsfrrmeem ad dstf fhtiviafa afrdbms rdpudstf f 4 iltdrrmgfltds f pfrtir ad efs edhturfs ad ef uliafa 6. Dstm lms pdrbitdl dxpemrfr efs rfâhds ad ems oulafbdltms ad ef fhhiøl psihmsmhife adsad de pfrfaigbf ad ef hmbpedjiafa, hml ulf pdrspdhtivf cmeâstihf ad fkmrafjd y hmbprdlsiøl ade sdr, adsad ulf birfaf aishipeilfr d iltdraishipeilfr qud lms fyuaf f irlms dstruhturflam hmbm outurms prmodsimlfeds y fhdrhælamlms f ludstrm fhtufr adsad hfbpm ad fhhimlfr ad ems psihøemgms adsad ems aiodrdltds hmltdxtms.

 

Fldxm 6 Oihcf ad Edhturf Qfrdf ; OIHCF AD  EDHQT[F Oulafbdltms Oulafbdl tms Ad EF Fhhiøl ^sihmsmhife 

Aftms kikeimgræoihms ad efs edhturfs kfsd pfrf afr rdspudstf f ems âtdbs.

Kfrkdrmussd, ^. (;>>3). Kfrkdrmussd, Oulafbdltms tdørihms ade  pdlsfbidltm  pdlsfbidl tm hmbpedjm ad Dagfr Bmril. [dvistf Dedhtrølihf Dauhfrd, 6;(;), 94-668. [dvisfam ad: cttps://www.rdafeyh.mrg/p ao/6916/69166143?>>9.p ao  Ofriöfs, G, y Gfrhâf, A. (;>>?). Efs tfrdfs ad ef  psihmemgâf fhtufe dl de hfbpm ad efs hidlhifs smhifeds (ulf fprmxibfhiøl adsad de dlomqud ad ef hmbpedjiafa).. ^sihmemgâf: hmbpedjiafa) Qdmrâf d ^ræhtihf, 3(6),6>7-6;3. [dvisfam ad: cttps://www.rdafeyh.mrg/p ao/6983/698363?;?>>7.p ao  _ieef, A. (;>6;) Ef fhhiøl y de dlomqud psihmsmhife dl ef Iltdrvdlhiøl ad ems hmltdxtms smhifeds. (pp. 814 - 8?4). [dvisfam ad: cttps://aifeldt.ulirimjf.ds/  sdrvedt/frtihuem=  hmaigm2144>;89

 

Hcfef, B. (;>67). Ef fhhiøl psihmsmhife dl de  prmgrfbf ad psihmemgâf ad ef TLFA. Tlivdrsiafa Lfhimlfe Fkidrtf y f Aistflhif TLFA. Wmr`ilg ^fpdr DHXFC Lm. 6. [dvisfam ad: cttp://cdbdrmtdhf.ulfa.d au.hm/iladx.pcp/wp/frtihe  d/vidw/;6>3 Lmbkrd ad quidl defkmrf ef oihcf: YTEY _I_IFLF AIFZ QM_F[

[dspmlam ems siguidltds hudstimlfbidltms: ½Vué sd dltidlad pmr sistdbfs hmbpedjms y pdlsfbidltms hmbpedjms= Ems sistdbfs hmbpedjms y pdlsfbidl pdlsfbidltms tms hmbpedjms iltdgrf y rdpefltdf iadfs, hmlhdptms y lmhimlds ad aivdrsfs oudltds tdørihfs. De pfr pfrfai faigbf gbf ad ef hmb hmbped pedjia jiafa fa ems si sistd stdbfs bfs hm hmbpe bpedjm djms, s, sdgúl Bmril (6991), sd kfsfrml, pribmraifebdltd, dl ul fkmrafjd lm„eildfe ad ef rdfeiafa.  Ef hmbpedjiafa lfhiø ad ef iltdrfhhiøl ad efs pfrtds qud em hmbp hm bpml mldl dl,, ds ad adhi hir, r, ef hm hmbp bped edji jiaf afa a sd bf bfli liod odst stø ø dl de sistdbf bisbm. Ef pdrspdhtivf ad ef hmbpedjiafa cf hmlsiadrfam ef lmhiøl ad hmbpedjm hmbm hufeitftivfbdltd aiodrdltd. Ef rdfeiafa sd cf hmbprdlaiam hmbm ul hmljultm ad sistdbfs  jdrfrquizfams hmlstituiam hmlstituiams s pmr suksistdbfs qud iltdrfhtúfl dl omrbf pdrbfldltd, fsibiefl ilomrbfhimlds, fprdladl y hfbkifl sus hmbpmrtfbidltms. Fadbæs, sd fafptfl f efs bmai bm aioi oihf hfhi himl mlds ds ad su dl dltm tmrl rlm m bd bdai aifl fltd td pr prmh mhd dsm sms s qu qud d pmarâfbms hfeioihfr ad hm„ dvmeutivms y qud cfl ibpeihfam, dl de hfsm ade sdr cubflm, ldhdsfrifbd ldhdsfrifbdltd, ltd, ems prmhdsms ad hmlstruhhiøl ad hmlmhibidltms y ad fprdlaizfjds. ½Huæeds sml ems oulafbdltms tdørihms ade pdlsfbidltm hmbpedjm= Ef pr prmp mpud udst stf f ad adee pd pdls lsfb fbid idlt ltm m hm hmbp bped edjm jm ad Bm Bmri ril l cf

 

rdsiglioihfam ad ulf bfldrf aifeéhtihf y hrdftivf de edgfam ad tdmr tdmrâf âfs s dl ul ulf f lu lud dvf sâlt sâltds dsis is qu qud d pm pmad adbm bms s vd vdrr f hmltilufhiøl. 

Qdmrâf Qdmr âf ad si sist stdb dbfs fs:: Bm Bmri ril l fs fsub ubiø iø ef ia iadf df ad si sist stdb dbf f hmbp hm bped edjm jm ad ef si sist stéb ébih ihf f he heæs æsih ihf f y ed iltd iltdgr grø ø ef ia iadf df ad hmbp hm bped edji jiaf afa. a. Fs Fsub ubiø iø qu qud d ef hm hmbp bped edji jiaf afa a lf lfhi hiø ø ad ef il iltd tdr rfh fhh hjm, iøl iø,l dsadad ehir, fs pf pfrrtds td sbped qedji ujiaf dafa hmbpm mb l dlliod festø std f hm hmbp bped edjm adhi r, ef hm hmbp a sdpml bf bfli odst øsist dldbde sistdbf bisbm. Ef hmbpedjiafa fpfrdhiø justfbdltd hmbm rdsuetfam ad ef mrgflizfhiøl ade ―tmam‒ kfjm ef prdsiøl ad efs iloilitfs hmbkilfhimlds ad iltdrfhhimlds sibuetældfs y qud fkulafrml dl iltdrrdefhimlds lm„ei eild ldf frd rds s. Ef hmbpe hm bpedji djiafa afa lm cf rdsue rdsuetfa tfam m ulf huf hufeia eiafa fa fai faihim himlfe lfe,, pmr oudrf, oud rf, ad ems sis sistd tdbfs bfs hm hmbpe bpedjm djms, s, sil silm, m, qud omr omrbf bf pfr pfrtd td hmlstitutivf ade bisbm.

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Qdmrâf hikdrlétihf: Dstd prilhipim cf pefltdfam ef ldhdsiafa ad rde rdefhi fhiml mlfr fr ef eøgihf eøgihf iltdr iltdrlf lf ade sis sistdb tdbf f hml ef eøg eøgihf ihf dxtdrlf ade dltmrlm dl ulf aifeøgihf ad amked ibpeihfhiøl, ad hir hirhue huefri friafa afa, , ad rdtrmf rdt dltfh tfhiøl iøl dldltrd ulf derd rdefh efhiøl iøl ad hmlomrbfhiøl butuf, adrmfeib hmeibdl „mrgflizfhiøl sistdbf y su dltmrlm m dhmsistdbf.

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Qdmrâfs ad ef ilomrbfhiøl y ef hmbulihfhiøl: Bmril sd subø f ef pm pmstu sturf rf prm prmpud pudstf stf pmr Kft Kftds dsml ml fhd fhdrhf rhf ade hfr hfræht æhtdr dr smhife ad ef hmbulihfhiøl cubflf y ef iltdgrø dl ef trâfaf trfkfjm„pdlsfbidltm „ed edlg lguf ufjd jd,, cd cdrd rdlh lhif if ad ef tr trfa faih ihiø iøl l bfrxistf, rdtmbfaf pmr Eurif y _igmts`y. Bmril fsubiø qud, dl ems prmhdsms ad cmbilizfhiøl y dl ems ad cubflizfhiøl, de sujdtm cf adsfrrmeefam aifeéhtihfbdltd sus dstrftdgifs ad pdlsfbid pdls fbidltm ltm y rfhi rfhimhil mhilim im (ad (adstrd strdzfs zfs bdlt bdltfeds feds), ), jultm hml sus su s ad adst strd rdzf zfs s ad tr trfk fkfj fjm m bf bflu lufe fe hm hml l ilst ilstru rubd bdlt ltms ms y cd cdrr rrfb fbid idlt ltfs fs yd su sus s ad adst strd rdzf zfs s hm hmbu buli lihf hfhi mlfe feds ds addlvistf ul prmhdsm gemkfe iltdgrfam tfltm adsad dehiml pultm mltmgdlétihm hmbm oiemgdlétihm.

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De edgfam pifgdtiflm sd cf rdvdefam hmbm dsdlhife pfrf ef frquitdhturf hmlhdptufe ad ef prmpudstf bmriliflf dl trds fspd fs pdht htms ms kæ kæsi sihm hms: s: pr prib ibdr drm m ef lm lmhi hiøl øl ad hâ hârh rhue uem m ad ef efs s hi hidl dlhi hifs fs qu qud d ou oud d fs fsub ubia iaf f pm pmrr Da Dagf gfrr Bm Bmri ril l hm hmbm bm hâ hârh rhue uem m dpis dp istd tdbm bmeø eøgi gihm hm bd bdai aifl fltd td ef iltd iltdgr grfh fhiø iøl l ad ef ia iadf df ad kúsqudaf iltdr y trflsaishipeilfrif0 sdgulam, ef lmhiøl ad sujdtm dpistébihm futm„rdguefam pfrf ^ifgdt qud sd fafptf fe bdaim, qud sd trflsomrbø dl ef iadf ad sujdtm ilhmrpmrfam fhiøl su hmltdxtm futmhmlo futm hmlomrbf mrbfhiøl sujd sujdtm tm„hdl mltulf dxtmaifeøgihf y, tdrdhmemgizfltd hdrm, ef iaad df

 

pifgdtiflf ad futm„rdguefhiøl qud sd iltdgrø f ef prmpudstf ad ul prilhipim futm „dhm„mrgflizfamr dl de hufe de sujdtm mksd sdrrvfa vfamr lm pu pud dad hml mlhd hdki kirrsd fis isef efam am ade mkjdtm jdtm dstuaifam silm dl y pmr su rdefhiøl hm „  oulafltd hml su mkjd mk jdtm tm,, hm hml l su dl dltm tmrl rlm m dl de bf bfrh rhm m ad ul pd pdls lsfb fbid idlt ltm m hmltdxtufeizfstd hmltdxtufeizf std y dhmemgizfl td. 

^ ef lrilg tdf td fbi bid dltm plfr frf fBm ai aigb gbæt ihm ad Qc Qcmb mbfs fs su@uc ucl: l: rdst rdefl stri lgia iam, m, sd sdgú gúl Bmri ril, l,ætih fem pf pfrf rfai aigb gbf f f pf pfpd pdee Cf ad  ―dlrutfamr‒ tdørihm„bd bdtm tmam ameø eøgi gihm hm.. ^m ^mrr de hm hmlt ltrf rfri rim, m, su prmpudstf hmltdbpeø ef pmsikieiafa ad qud de pfrfaigbf sd trflsomrbd dl ul ilstrubdltm ad hrâtihf y trflsomrbfh trflsomrbfhiøl iøl ad su pr prmp mpif if rf rfhi himl mlfe feia iafa fa y ou oula lafb fbdl dltm tms s tm tmaf af vd vdz z qu qud d cf hmlsiadrfam qud tmaf tdmrâf ade hmlmhibidltm dquivfed, ad cdhcm, f ulf tdmrâf ad hrâtihf smhife. ½Huæeds sml efs hfrfhtdrâstihfs ad ef fhhiøl psihmsmhife=

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Ef Ilt Iltdrv drvdl dlhiø hiøl l ^s ^sihm ihmsm smhif hifee ds ulf fht fhtivi iviafa afa air airigi igiaf af f ef smeu sm euhi hiøl øl ad pr prmk mked edbæ bæti tihf hfs s sm smhi hife feds ds,, qu qud d pr priv ivie iedg dgif if ef pfrtihipfhiøl ad hfbkim ems iltdrvdliams hml ems iltdrvdltmrds dl ef hmlstruhhiøl ad smhife y dbflhipfhiøl… Ef Il Iltd tdrv rvdl dlhi hiøl øl ^s ^sih ihms msmh mhif ifee ds ul pr prmh mhds dsm m iltd iltdgr grfe fe y pdrrbf pd bfld ldl ltd airi airigi gia am f il ilh hrd rdb bdltfr ltfr ef hfpf pfh hia iaf fa ad adsfrrmeem ade sdr cubflm, ef ofbieif y ef hmbuliafa. Ef iltdrvdlhiøl psihmsmhife dstæ kfsfaf dl ef kiairdhhimlfeiafa kiairdhhimlf eiafa dltrd em psihmeøgih psihmeøgihm m y em smhife. Dl ef Iltdrvdlhiøl ^sihmsmhife sd hmltdbpef ef il iltd tdrrad adpd pdl lad adl lhi hif f ad em il ilai aiv via iauf ufee hml em gr grup upf fe y em hmbulitfrim. Dl ef Il Iltd tdrv rvdl dlhi hiøl øl ^s ^sih ihms msmh mhif ifee sd dl dltr trdt dtdj djdl dl fs fspd pdht htms ms buetiaishipeilfrims prmvdlidltds ad em hueturfe, em smhife y em dhmløbihm. Ef iltdrvdlhiøl pdrbitd qud ems sujdtms pudafl djdrhdr hmltrme y^sihmsmhife pmadr smkrd su fbkidltd ilaiviaufe y smhife pfrf formltfr y smeuhimlfr prmkedbætihfs y emgrfr hfbkims dl de de d dltmrlm ltmrlm smhife‒. 4 p. F trfvés ad ul djdbpem, iadltioihm hml hefriafa em qud aiodrdlhif de fkmrafjd psihmsmhife ad ef psihmemgâf y ad mtrfs aishipeilfs. Hmlsiadr Hmlsia drfr fr ef pfr pfrtih tihuef uefria riafa fa ad ef pm pmkef kefhiø hiøl l vue vueld ldrfk rfked, ed, vâ vâh htib tibf m qu qud d sd dlh lhud udlt ltrrf dl ef dxpd pdrrid idlh lhif if ad ul suoribidltm, pfrf hml deem rdfeizfr de rdhmlmhibidltm ad ems búetip búe tipeds eds hm hmltd ltdxtm xtms s sm smhif hifeds eds,, pme pmeâti âtihms hms,, hue huetur turfed feds s dl ems ems hufe tæl l hmil ilsd tm pfrrfaibcdfh fhd ulf f ililt il rvd lhi iøl rhu dsfed pddstumsdfstæ l sdrrtms dsstfspf lsdimr ldsul hmtrdprv md rflh la m,

 

ldhdsfrifbdltd, dstms dedbdltms pfrf gdldrfr ul prmhdsm ad fhmbpföfbidltm iltdgrfe. Huflam cfkefbms ad em psihmsmhife, lms rdodribms bæs f ul dlomqud, f ulf dpistdbmemgâf, f ulf omrbf ad hmbprdladr em cubflm (ulf mltmemgâf ade sujdtm cubflm), qud adrivf dl ul ulms ms bé bétm tmam ams s pf pfrt rtih ihue uefr frds ds,, am amla lad d em rdef rdefhi himl mlfe fe y em vilhuefr, em hmltdxtufe y ef iltdrfhhiøl sml oulafbdltfeds. [defhimlm efs aiodrdlhifs dltrd ef fhhiøl psihmsmhife y ef iltdrvdlhiøl iltdrvdlhiø l tdrfpéutihf trfaihimlfe. De dlomqud psihmsmhife, fvflzf cfhif ulf birfaf qud prdtdlad de omrtfedhibidltm y ef rdhmlstruh rdhmlstruhhiøl hiøl ade tdjiam smhife, dltdlaidlam qud efs rdfhhimlds dbmhimlfeds lm sml ul suhdsm fisefam ade bulam rdefhimlfe y smhife. Fkmrafr søem em psâquihm ibpeihfrâf adshmlmhdr qud dl dstd tipm ad situfhimlds situfhimld s cfy ul hmltdxtm smhife y pmeâtihm qud dstæ fodhtflam y ds, fadbæs, hmlstitutivm ad em sukjdtivm, ul hmltdxtm ad iljustihif y adscubflizfhiøl dl de qud sd ldhdsitfl hfbkims sustflhifeds0 em qud dquivfed f ilaiviaufeizfr de suoribidltm qud, dl dstdad tipm ad hmltdxtms, rdsuetf bæs oulhimlfe pfrf ems iltdrdsds quidlds vihtibizfl (Xubbdroidea, (Xubbdroidea, ;>>>, ;>>60 Ey`ds, ;>>60 Afs, ;>>3). Fsââ pu Fs puds ds,, sd de deig igd d lm bi birf rfrr f ef efs s pd pdrs rsml mlfs fs hm hmbm bm dl dltd tds s sdpfrfams (ilaiviaums), silm dl rdefhimlds hml su dltmrlm vitfe, hml ems mtrms, hml ef hmbuliafa, y f su vdz birfr ef hmbuliafa hmbm ul tmam qud sd rdefhimlf hml su dltmrlm hmlt hm ltdx dxtu tufe fe,, rd rdgi giml mlfe fe,, hml hml mtrf mtrfs s hm hmbu buli liaf afad ads s y hm hml l su sus s bidbkrms ilaiviaufeds ilaiviaufeds.. ^fefkr ^fef krfs fs he hefv fvd d:  Hmbpedjiafa-Hmbuliafa-H Hmbpedjiafa-H mbuliafa-Hufeitftivfbdlt ufeitftivfbdltddIltdr Ilt drvdl vdlhiø hiøl l ^si ^sihm hmsmh smhife ife-Qdm Qdmrâf râf-Bu -Bueti etiais aishi hipei peilfr lfrims ims-X -Xist istdb dbffXujdtms- _âhtibf-_ueldrfked

Hmbdltfrims pdrsmlfeds: pdrsmlfeds: Ds ad rdsfetfr ef ibpmrtflhif ad Ef  prmpudstf ad

ems

prilhipfeds oulafbdltm oulafbdltms s

ade

pdlsfbidlt pdlsfbidltm m

hmbp hm bped edjm jm ad Da Dagf gfrr Bm Bmri ril, l, dl ds dstd td prmh prmhd dsm ad hm hmls lstr truh uhhi hiøl øl cubflf, de hmlmhibidltm faquiriø ulf ludvf aibdlsiøl ef hufe sd kfsø dl ef trâfaf: ilomrbfhiøl „ dldrgâf dldrgâf„ bftdrif bftdrif ds cfhd vfrifr de  hmlhdptm ad em qud dltdladbms pmr hmlmhibidltm y su omrbf ad fpeihfhiøl.

 

Odhcf ad defkmrfhiøl: >4 AD BF[ZM ;>;6

Eil` ade viadm cps://ymutu.kd/yKSGk-`;co3