Anatomy Important Points One FMGE Please Read
March 16, 2017 | Author: Sudip Devadas | Category: N/A
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Anatomy Study of the microscopic structure of the human organism co related with the development, function and clinical significance. It is derived from Greek term” anatome” meaning cutting apart. EMBRYOLOGY It is the study of the formation and development of the embryo from the moment of its inception upto the time when it is born as an infant. Gonads: no: of chromosomes in an organism=23 pairs/46 no. ♂44 autosomes –XY ♀44 autosomes XX Karyotyping : Classification of chromosomes based upon their differences that enable us to identify each chromosome individually. Spermatogenisis : The process of formation and development of spermatazoan . Formed in the wall of the seminiferous tubules of testes. Spermiogenesis (spermateleosis) : The process of transformation of a circular spermatid to a spermatozoan. Mature spermatozoan: Has a head, a neck middle piece and a principal piece or tail. Head is covered with a cap called acrosome. Length 5060 microns Golgi apparatus forms the acrosomic cap. Nucleus forms head. Mitochondrion forms the sheath of middle piece. Proximal centriole comes to lie in the neck. Distal centriole becomes ring shaped and forms the annulus. Axial filament grows out from the centriole and is present in middle piece and tail. Viability of spermatozoa =4 days. Ovulation: The shedding of ovum from the ovary. Corpus luteum It is an important structure derived after the rupture of ovarian follicle to shed the ovum. It secretes hormone progesterone. Viability of ovum =24 hrs Menstrual cycle: Divided into 4 phases 1.Post menstrual phase 2.Proliferative data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20H…
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4.Menstrual Follicular phase post menstrual + proliferate phase ~ Oestrogen Luteal phase – secretory +menstrual phase ~ progesterone Size of Oocyte— 120u. Approximate number of occytes at puberty—around 40,000. Approximate number of ova liberated during reproductive period of female—around 300 to 400. Time required for formation of spermatozoa from spermatogonium—64 days. Fertilized ovum reaches uterine cavity—by 4 days. Implantation of ovum (fertilized) occurs—about 7th day. Primitive uteroplacental circulation begins—by end of 2nd week. Number of somites in embryo — 42 to 44. Time of somite formation — 21 to 30th day. Organogenesis — from 4th to 8th weeks. Formation of primary ovary in a female takes place by 8th week Differentiation of genital organs 1.Persons with two X chromosomes are female; those with one x and one y are male. 2.Y chromosome bears a gene responsible for production of a testis determining factor. 3.Interstitial cells in testis produce testosterone .It forms a complex with certain receptor proteins which attaches itself to DNA. This causes the mesonephric duct to develop as in male. 4.Presence of dihydrotestosterone . 5.Sertoli cells produce mullerian inhibiting substance .This causes regression of paramesonephric ducts. Genital swellings in male differentiate into scrotum whereas in a female, they form labia majora. The mesonephric duct in a female develops into Gartner's duct. The Mullerian ducts in male develop into appendix testes whereas in a female, they develop into uterus and uterine tubes. In female, the homologue of prostatic glands are paraurethral glands. FOETAL CIRCULATION Differs from adult circulation in a) Source of oxygenated blood is not the lung but the placenta. b) Oxygenated blood from placenta comes to foetus through umbilical vein and joins the left branch of portal vein. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20H…
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Small portion passes through the substance of the liver to I V, but the greater part passes direct to I V through the ductus venosus. Changes at birth: 1) umbilical artery contracts. 2) Lumen of umbilical veins and ductus venosus occludes and this takes place a few minutes after birth. 3) Ductus arteriosus occludes by about 10 th day. 4) Pulmonary vessels increase in size.left atrial pressure rises than that of right atrium and leads to closure of foramen ovale. Remnant of Umbilical artery medial umbilical ligament Left umbilical vein ligament teres of the liver Ductus venosus Ligamentum venosum Ductus arteriosus Ligamentum arteriosum OSTEOLOGY Study of bones. Bones are divided according to their 1)Position Human skeleton axial} bones of skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, hyoid. appendicular} bones of pectoral, pelvic girdle ,upper and lower limbs 2) Shape Long bones: eg: Femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius, and fibula Short long bones: eg: Metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges Short bones: eg: Carpals, tarsals Flat bones: eg : Scapula , sternum, ribs, parietal and frontal. Pneumatic bones : Maxillary ,sphenoid , ethmoid, mastoid part of temporal bone. Irregular bones: eg: Vertebrae, skull bones Sesamoid bone: eg: patella, pisciform, fabella 2)Structure Compact bone =consisting of haversian system Cancellous (spongy) bone = consisting of irregularly placed lamellae. Diploic =consisting of inner and outer tables of compact bone with intervening porous layer. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20H…
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Ecto chondral bones: which develop in membrane (membranous) Endochondral bones: which develop in cartilage. (cartilageneous) Total no of bones 206 Upper limbs64 Lower limbs62 Vertebrae33 Skull 29(14facial bones 14 cranial bones , hyoid bone ) Sternum1 Ribs 12 pairs Longest bonefemur Smallest bonestapes Strongest part in human body Enamel of teeth Largest sesamoid bone Patella developing in quadriceps. Microscopic unit of a bone: Haversian system (secondary osteone) Ossification Process of gradual bone formation. a)Ossification in membrane (direct)—easy process Eg: clavicle, bones of face,vault of skull. b)Ossification in cartilage (Indirect) gradual process. Eg: bones of limbs, trunk. Secondary cartilage bone: eg: neck of mandible, sternal end of clavicle. Primary centres of ossification may be single or multiple ,appear before birth between 6th – 8th week of foetal life except cuneiform ,navicular bones . Secondary centres of ossification are multiple and appear after birth except lower end of femur. Ossification of acetabulum is complete at 1617 years Growing ends of bones of upper limb—upper end of humerus & Lower end of radius and ulna Growing ends of bones of lower limbs lower end of femur & Upper limbs of tibia and fibula In long bones, growing ends fuse with shaft at 20 yrs and opposite ends at about 18 yrs. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20H…
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In other bones it is between 2025 yrs. Types of epiphysis are : a) Pressure epiphyses located at pressure points like joints b) Traction epiphyses: subjected to traction by pull of muscles when located at the muscular attachment c) Atavistic epiphyses: centre appearing in the part of bone which was orginally a separate bone in evolution eg : Coracoid process of scapula. Hyaline cartilage has a tendency to get calcified in later years of life. Skull bones—22 bones Facial bones (14)pairednasal, maxillae, zygomatic, palantine, lachrymal, inferior nasal connchae. Unpairedmandible, vomer Cranial bones (14)paired parietal, temporal, ear ossicles Unpaired frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital. Carpal bones 8 bones Lat TO medial (Proximal) Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform (Distal)—Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate. Tarsal bones7 bones (proximal) Talus, calcaneus (distal) medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid. Largest and strongest of tarsal bones—Calcaneus Paranasal sinuses 4 pairs : Frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, maxillary. Largest of all air sinuses Maxillary sinus (Antrum of Highmore) Foramina of skull Anterior cranial fossa : 1.Foramen caecum: lies between the alae of crista galli of ethmoid and frontal crest. Transmits an emissary vein. Middle cranial fossa: 2.Optic canal (foramen): Transmits optic nerve, opthalmic artery. 3.Superior orbital fissure: Bounded by lesser wing above, greater wing below and body of sphenoid medially. Divided by three compartments by common tendinous ring. Transmits –superior and inferior divisions of oculomotor, nasociliary nerve, abducent nerve, trochlear nerve, frontal nerve, lacrimal nerve, lachrimal artery, orbital branch of middle meningeal artery, superior ophthalmic vein,recurrent meningeal branch of lachrymal artery, inferior ophthalmic vein. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20H…
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5. Foramen ovale transmits mandibular nerve,accessory meningeal artery ,lesser superficial petrosal nerve, emissary vein. 6. Foramen spinosum transmits middle meningeal artery, nervus spinosus 7. Foramen lacerum transmits Internal carotid artery. 8. Carotid canal transmits internal carotid artery with plexus, emissary veins, meningeal lymphatics. Posterior cranial fossa: 9. Jugular foramen transmits 9th,, 10, 11th cranial nerves. 10. Foramen magnumlargest foramen in skull. Divided into anterior small compartment: Apical ligament Upper band of cruciate ligament Condylar parts on sides. Posterior large compartment: lower end of medulla oblongata, 2 anterior and one posterior spinal artery, veins joining venous plexus, lower part of tonsil of cerebellum, vertebral artery, sympathetic plexus, spinal root of accessory nerve. Ribs: 12 in number on each side. True ribs—17th False ribs 812th Floating ribs 1112th Atypical ribs—1, 2, and 10.11, 12th. Folds of duramater Falx cerebri – encloses superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus Tentorium cerebelli encloses transverse sinuses, posterior petrosal sinuses. Falx cerebelli—encloses occipital sinus Diaphragma sellae—encloses anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses. Important points in skull 1.Bregma: meeting of coronal and sagittal sutures.site of anterior fontanelle, closes at 11/2 yrs of age. 2 .Lambda: meeting of sagittal and lambdoid sutures .site of posterior fontanelle ,closes at 23 months of age. 3. Nasion : meeting point of internasal and fronto nasal sutures. 4. Inion : centre of external occipital protruberance. 5. Pterion : area formed by meeting of frontal, squamous part of temporal ,parietal, greater wing of sphenoid.deep to this lies anterior branch of middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein ,stem of the lateral sulcus. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20H…
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6. Asterion : point at the postero inferior angle of parietal bones. Diaphragm Inferior aperture (outlet )of thorax. Aortic opening—T12 transmits Aorta, thoracic duct, Azygos vein Oesophageal opening—T10transmits oesophagus, gastric nerves, oesophageal branches of left gastic artery. Venecaval opening T8 transmits inferior venecava, branches of right phrenic nerve. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) Definition CSF is a modified tissue fluid in the central nervous system. It is contained in the ventricular system of brain and the subarad space of brain and spinal cord. CSF replaces lymph in the CNS. It acts as a sensitive mirror which reflects diseases of the na system. Formation 1.The bulk of the CSF is formed by choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricules, and the lesser amounts by the choroid plexus the third and fourth ventricles. ' 2.Possibly it is also formed by the capillaries on the surface of the brain and spinal cord. Circulation CSF passes from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through foramina of Monro (interventricular foramina). From ventricle it passes to the fourth ventricle through cerebral aqueduct. From fourth ventricle the CSF passes to the subarachnoid around the brain and spinal cord through the foramen of Magendie and foramina of Luschka. Absorption 1.CSF is absorbed chiefly by the arachnoid villi and granulations, and is thus drained to the cranial venous sinuses. 2.It is also absorbed partly by the perineural lymphatics around I, II, VII and VIII cranial nerves 3.And also by the veins related to the spinal nerves. Rate of Formation 200 cc/hour, 5000 cc/day. Total Quantity About 150 cc. Pressure:60150 mm of fluid (or water). Composition Proteins 2040 mg per 100 cc. Sugar 5075 mg per 100 cc. Chlorides 720750 mg per 100 cc. Cells 05 per cubic mm data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20H…
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It is (a) protective, (b) nutritive, and (c) excretory to the CNS. Applied Anatomy 1.CSF can be obtained by (a) lumbar puncture, (b) cisternal puncture, or (e) ventricular puncture. Lumbar puncture is 1st method of all and is commonly used. It is done in the interspace between third and fourth lumbar spines. 2.Biochemical analysis of the CSF is of diagnostic value, as the cases of meningitis and spinal tumours. 3.Drainage of CSF at regular intervals is of therapeutic value in meningitis. Certain intractable headaches of unknown are also known having been caused by a mere lumbar puncture with drainage of CSF. 4.Obstruction to the flow of CSF in the ventricular system of brain leads to hydrocephalus in children .Spinal obstruction leads to Froins syndrome. Length of parotid duct: 5 cm. Length of submandibular duct: 5 cm. Length of auditory tube: 36 mm. Bony part: 12 mm. Cartilagenous part: 24 mm Length of external acoustic meatus(from bottom of choncha): 2.4 cm. Bony part:16 mm. Cartilagenous part:8 mm. Transverse diameter of mid cavity Opposite the centre of tympanic membrane: 2 mm. Total number of cones in the retina: 6.3 to 6.8 million. Length of pharynx: 12 to 14 cm Length of larynx Length of vocal cords Length of Trachea Pituitary gland: 13 x 8 mm. Heart — Measures 12 x 9 cm (5x3 or 3.5 inches) Weight 300 g (males) 250 g (females) Termination of oesophagus 11th Thoracic vertebra. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20H…
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Constrictions in oesophagus : · at commencement 15 cm from incisor teeth. · at crossing over by aortic arch 22.5 cm from incisor teeth. · at crossing over by left principal bronchus 27.5 cm from incisor teeth. · at its point of piercing diaphragm 40 cm from incisor teeth. Stomach : · Cardiac orifice — Behind left 7th costal cartilage 1" from its junction with sternum. · Pyloric orifice — 1.2 cm (0.5") to the right of midline on transpyloric plane. · Capacity — at birth 30 ml; adults 1500 ml. Length of small intestine: 6 to7 metres Length of duodenum: 10” or 25 cm 1 st part: 5 cm 2nd part: 7.5 cm 3rd part: 10 cm 4th part: 2.5 cm Length of large gut: 1.5 metres Anal canal Hilum of kidney — Transpyloric plane (LI). Kidney:Length: 11 cm, Breadth : 6 cm, Anteroposterior diameter: 3 cm Length of Ureter : 25 cm Length of male urethra: 1820 cm Spermatic cord : 910 cm Length of inguinal canal: 4 cm Testis: Length4.5 cm, Breadth2.5cm, Anteroposterior dr3 Ovary: Length 3 cm, Width1.5 cm,Thickness1 cm Uterus: Length7.5 cm, Breadth5 cm,Anteroposterior diameter2.5 cm Weight :30 to 40 gms Uterine tubes: Length10 cm Saphenous opening — Height 1.5 to 8 cm; Width 1 to 3 cm data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20H…
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Femoral canal — Length 1.25 cm. Tendo calcaneus — Length 15 cm. Weight of spinal cord — 30 gms. Length of spinal cord — 45 cm. Filum terminale — 20 cm. Internum —15 cm. Externum — 5 cm. Commencement of spinal cord — Cranial border of C1 vertebra (Atlas). Termination of spinal cord — lower border of LI or disc between LI & L2 vertebrae. Cervical enlargement of spinal cord — Circumference 39 mm. Extends from LI to SI spinal segments. Lumbar enlargement of spinal cord — Circumference 35 mm. Extends from LI to S3 spinal segments. Vertebral levels of spinal segments Cervical vertebral spine corresponds to succeeding cord segment Eg : C6 spine to C7 segment. Upper thoracic spine corresponds to two spinal segments lower Eg : T4 spine corresponds to T4 spinal segments. Lower thoracic spine corresponds to three spinal sements below Eg : T10 spine to LI spinal segment. T11 spine to L3segment, T12 spine to SI segment. New born child lower limit of spinal cord is at — L3 vertebral upper border. Length of medulla oblongata — 3 cm. Shortest segment of brain stem — mid brain 2.cm. ThalamusLength — 4 cm. Corpus callosum length 10 cm. Specific gravity of C.S.F: 1007. Pressure of CSF (in recumbent position):100 to 150 mm of H2O Total volume of CSF in man: 140 ml; amount of CSF in Ventricles 25 ml. Commencement of subclavian artery — Behind sternoclavicular joint. Termination of Subclavian artery — Outer border of 1st rib. Termination of Brachial artery — Neck of radius. Thoracic Aorta : Commencement — T4 Vertebral lower border. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20…
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Termination — T12 Vertebral body. Abdominal Aorta commencement — T12 Vertebral body. Coeliac Trunk:Origin — T12, Length —1.25 cm.Superior mesenteric artery — LI. Inferior mesenteric artery —L3. Commencement of common iliac —L4 vertebral body. Bifurcation of common iliac—Sacroiliac joint External iliac termination —Midinguinal point. Vertebral prominence — C7. Superior angle of scapula —T2. Upper border of manubrium sterni (suprasternal notch)—T2, T3 vertebral junction. Spine of scapula —T3 Sternal angle —T4 & T5 (Disc between). Inferior angle of scapula — T7. Xiphisternal joint — T9. Tonsil is derived from 2nd pouch CSF to plasma glucose ratio is normally 0.6 to 0.8 Appearance of permanent kidney — 5th week of Intrauterine period. Invasion of primordial germ cells into developing gonad — 5th week. Appearance of neural plate (nervous system) — 3rd week. Development of eye — between 4th and 7th weeks. Appearance of limb buds — beginning of 5th week. Descent of testis: At deep inguinal ring— 7th month of intra uterine life. In inguinal canal — 8th month of intrauterine life. At superficial inguinal ring — 9th month of intrauterine life. Haller's circle is found in the Pyloric orifice. Marginal artery of Sudeck lies at 2.53.8 cm from colon. Portal vein is about 8 cm long. The maximum breadth of mesentry is in central part and is 8 inches data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20…
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Common carotid artery is derived from III aortic arch. At full term, diameter of placenta is 68 inches. Mesentry contains about 100200 lymph nodes. Between lowest sigmoid and sup. Rectal artery anastomosis is regarded as the critical point of Sudeck. Mesentry is fan shaped fold of peritoneum. Total area of placenta is 14 sq. m. Oesophagus structure is related to both left and right lung. Weight of parathyroid gland is 50 mg. Length of caecum is 6 cm. Sprain of ankle is most often due to abduction. The superficial muscles of the back of leg are supplied by S1,2. Thickness of suprarenal is 10 mm. Duodenojejunal is largest duodenal recess. Cisterna chyli is 57 cm long. Ovary has minimum thickness. V pharyngeal arch disappears at the earliest. Weight of prostate gland is 8 gm. Longest part of duodenum is III. Left dome of diaphragm corresponds to the lowest part of 5 rib. Width of stomach is 1012 cm. Claustrum is situated between putamen and Insula Third ventricles are derived from Diencephalon. Thickness of spleen is 34 cm. Middle one third of transverse colon is derived from midgut. Placental membrane at its formation is 0.025 mm thick. Syncytiotrophoblast is called plasmoditrophoplast. Midbrain is Mesencephalon. The left brachiocephalic vein is about 7.5 cm long. Deep palmar arch is about 4 cm long. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20…
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Spine of scapula corresponds to 3rd thoracic spine. Pereoneal tubercle if felt as a prominence about 2.0 cm below tip of lateral malleolus. Hip joint lies 1.2 cm vertically below the middle third of inguinal ligament. Pulmonary arteries are derived from VI aortic arch. Ischial tuberosity is felt 5.0 cm away from the median plane. Nelaton's line touches the centre of acetabulum, ishcial tube and Ant. sup. iliac spine. Filum terminale is about 20 cm long which extends from conus medullaris to the back of the 1st coccygeal vertebral segment The duramater of spinal cord ends at S2 vertebral level. Erb's point is C4 C5. Ureter is 50 cm long. Distance between upper incisors and gastroesophageal junction is 40 cm. The ratio of weight of liver and weight in an adult is 1: 40. Oesophagus crosses the diaphragm at level of T10. Developing gonad is identified as male or female by the end of 7th week. The infant with pupillary membrane must have been product of pregnancy lasting less than 7 months. Stillborn foetus with eyelids fused is of 37 months. Length of a mature human spermatozoon is 5060 microns. Breast development in intrauterine life starts at 12 weeks. Point situated 1 cm below sacral promontary representing CG of body is Weber's point. The number of ossification centres in the hyoid bone is 6. Great saphenous vein is exposed anterior to medial malleolus at 2.5 cm. Ossification centres for all carpal bones is found by 5th year. Xiphisternal junction is usually at the level of disc between T9 and T10 verterbra. Length of ductus deferens is usually 45 cms. Frontal eye field motor area is 8. Nerve supplying submandibular gland is VII nerve. Length of female urethra is 4 cm. Root value of phrenic nerve is C^5. Sacral canal's volume is 2535 c.c. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20…
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At midaxillary line, parietal pleura extend up to level of 10th rib. The weight of the left healthy lung is 570 gm and that of right is 620 gm. The SA node is by a branch of the right coronary artery in 65%. The AV node is supplied by a branch of the right coronary artery in 80%. ·Upto 80% of liver resection can be tolerated by noncirrhotic individual. ·Liver has a high power of regeneration. Following resection of two third portion of liver, it regenerates in about six month ·Hepatocytes drain about one litre of bile daily into bile canaliculi. ·Common bile duct (CBD) is about 10 cm long. ·Normal size of CBD is 610 mm. ·Normal pressure in portal vein is 612 mm. of Hg. ·Average size of spleen is about 5x3x1 inch. Average weight is about 150 gm. ·Average size of kidney is been shaped, having weight about 150 gm. ·Blood flow through each Kidney is 12 litre per minute. ·Normal capacity of UB is about 250 ml. but can accommodate upto 500 ml of Urine. ·Prostate secretes 0.52 ml of fluid per day, which contains Acid Phosphatase, Prostate glandins, Fibrinogen and Citric Acid. ·Length of large intestine is'1.5 m. ·Length of anal canal is 3.8 cm. ·Part of anal canal about 15 mm below anal valves is the transitional zone pectin. ·Bile duct is 7.510 cm long. ·Gall bladder has Capacity of 45 ml (range 30 to 50 ml) and length of 7.5 to 10 cm. \ ·Ureter lies 2 cm lateral to cervix and Uterine artery crosses above and infront of ureter. ·Size of ovary is Length 3 cm, Width 1.5 cm, Thickness 1 cm. ·Vascular segments of kidney are 5. ·Number of lobules in foetal kidney is 12. ·Saphenous opening is a gap in fascia lata of thigh, situated 4 cm. below and lateral to pubic tubercle. Its sharp edge is called falciform margin. ·Saphenous opening is covered by cribriform fascia. ·Inter alveolar septum—0.2 m thick (Arithmetic means thickness of barrier in human is 2.2 nun). ·Manubriosternal angle may be ossified after the age of 30 years. ·Cervical curve appears in intrauterine life and accentuaies by 3 or 4 months when the child hold up the head. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20…
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·Lumbar curve appears at 12 to 18 months when the child begins to walk. ·Subpubic arch is more angular in males (50° to 60°), in females it is wide usualy 80° to 85°. ·Greater sciatic notch is wider in females — 50.4° and in males is — 74.4°. ·Sacral index in males 10.5% and in females 115%. ·In hip joint, extension beyond vertical is 10° to 20°. ·Extension of knee beyond vertical femorotibial axis is 5° 10° and flexion is 120° with extended hip joint. ·Passive rotation in knee is about 60° to 70° but conjuct rotation is only about 20°. ·In "Colles "fracture", there is a fracture of distal end of radius with displacement of lower fragment backwards and upward. This occurs due to fall of outstretched hand. Resulting deformity is dinner fork deformity. ·Anal canal is 38 mm long (upper 15 mm, middle 15 mm, lower 8 mm) ·In hip, primary centres of ossification appear in the order of ilium (2nd month), ischium (4th month), and pubis . Main action of quadrator femoris is lateral rotation. Foramen lacerum lies in between petrous part of temporal bone and sphenoid. Parotid duct pierces the buccinator muscle. Functional tissue of lungs is alveoli. Carpal tunnel syndrom involves median nerve Meckel's diverticulum arises from the antimesenteric border of ileum. Auerback's plexus is located in oesophagus. Brachialis is supplied by musculocutaneous as well as radial nerve. Gluteus maximus is supplied by inferior gluteal nerve. Trendelenburg sign may be positive in gluteal medius paralysis. Elbow is a condyloid joint Left testicular vein drains into left renal vein. Flexor digitorum profundus has a dual nerve supply. Anterior interosseus artery is a branch of ulnar artery. Purkinje cells in cerebellum are input cells. The most fixed part of the GIT is duodenum. The glands of Brunner are seen in duodenum. Spinal part of accessory nerve supplies sternocleidomastoid muscle. Ts free border of lesser omentum contains hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20…
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Dentate nucleus is a part of cerebellum. Lamina cribrosa is modification of sclera. Automatic bladder is seen in lesions of higher centres whereas lesions at lower centres lead to autonomic bladder. Coronary sulcus is occupied by the coronary sinus. Siren or vena cava is formed by brachiocephalic veins. The base of heart, formed by atria, lies opposite the 5th9th thoracic vertebrae. All the tongue muscles are supplied by hypoglossal nerve except palatoglossus muscle which is supplied by pharyngeal plexus of nerves ·Tympanic membrane is derived from ecto, meso and entoderm. ·Edochondral ossification is seen in scapula. ·Melanoblasts are derived from neural crest cells. ·Human placenta is haemochorial. ·Commonest part of aorta ruptured in trauma is junction of thoracic and abdominal aorta. ·The only pharyngeal muscle innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve is stylopharyngeus. ·Radial bursa encloses the tendon of flexor pollicis longus. ·Choroid fissure of the eye permits the entry of hyaloid artery. ·Uncinate fasciculus connects frontal and temporal lobes. ·Musician's nerve is ulnar nerve. ·Ligament of Cooper is related to breast. ·Jacobson's nerve is a branch of IX nerve. ·Fascia cribrosa is related to femoral canal. ·Boa's point is a tender spot felt in the left of T12 in a patient with gastric ulcer. ·Buck's fascia is related to penis. ·Prostoperitoneal fascia is Denonviller's fascia. ·Fascial extension of lacunar ligament along iliopectineal line is Cooper's ligament. ·Alderman's nerve is a branch of X nerve. ·Labourer's nerve is median nerve. ·Veins communicating the cavernous sinus to pterygoid plexus pass through fossa of Vesalli. ·Duct of Rivinus is found in sublingual gland. ·Foramen transversarium transmits vertebral artery. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20…
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.Krause's glands are lacrimal glands. ·Hepatorenal pouch is Morrison's pouch. .Cowper's glands are found in bulbous urethra. ·Duct of Santorini is accessory pancreatic duct. ·Anterior interventricular artery is branch of left coronary artery whereas posterior one is a branch of right coronary arti ·Thinnest portion of myocardial wall is left and right atria. .The nerve related to medial epicondyle is ulnar. ·Depressor of mandible is lateral pterygoid. ·Edinger Westphal nucleus is General Visceral Efferent. ·Hofbauer cells are present in placenta. ·Transpyloric plane passes through L1 vertebra. ·Smallest cranial nerve is Trochlear. ·Charcot's artery is a branch of middle cerebral artery. ·Apelike hand occurs in median nerve palsy at wrist. ·Inferior tibiofibular joint is syndesmosis type of joint. ·Mandibular canal contains inferior alveolar nerve. ·Costocoracoid membrane of axilla is pierced by lateral pectoral nerve. ·Most stable position of the ankle joint is dorsiflexion. ·General sensation of nulliparous uterus is anteversion and anteflexion. ·Highest intercostal space used for liver biopsy is 8th. ·The weakest parts of inguinal canal are superficial and deep inguinal rings. Diaphragmatic hernia commonest on the left is traumatic hernia. Flexion of the knee joint takes place in the upper compartment. The nerve responsible for fine movements of the hand is ulnar. The retraction of shoulder is caused by serratus anterior. Accessory pancreatic duct is also called Bernard's duct. Thoracic duct is also called Pecquet duct. Superficial fatty fascia between umbilicus and pubis is Camper fascia. Parasympathetic outflow from sacral plexus is nerve Erigentes. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20…
17/23
4/28/2015
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The appendix is most often found in retrocaecal position. Juxta glomerular cells are smooth muscular cells of afferent arteriole. Fascia of Gerota is thoracolumbar fascia. Isthmus of the thyroid gland is found across 35 th tracheal rings. Neural tube develops from ectoderm. The movement of version of the foot takes place mainly in subtalar joint, calcaneonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints. Incisior foramina in the mouth are foramen of Vesalli. Peroneal artery is a branch of posterior tibial artery. Unlocking of knee joint to permit flexion is caused by popliteus. Longest muscle or Tailor's muscle in body is sartorius. Boxer's muscle is serratus anterior. Toynbee's muscle is tensor tympani. Muscle used for grinning is Risorius. OS trigonum is atavistic type of epiphysis. Umbilical vesicle attains full development in 4 weeks of foetal development. The principal sensory nerve of the larynx is the superior laryngeal nerve. The central canal of spinal canal is central in lumbar region. Atriventricular (AV) node is supplied by right coronary artery. Sinoartrial node is situated at the junction of SVC and right atrium. Koch's triangle is bounded by septal leaflet of tricuspid value, tendon of Todaro and orifice of coronary sinus. Germ cells in ovary develop from yolk sac. Base of heart is formed by both atria. Lymphatics from testes or ovaries drain into para aortic lymph nodes. Broca's area is situated in inferior frontal gyrus. Tail of pancreas contains more islets of Langerhans. Saphenous opening is below and lateral to pubic tubercle. Thymus develops from endoderm of III pharyngeal pouch. Cell bodies of II order neuron for pain are situated in spinal cord. In Wolf Parkinson White Syndrome, there is connection between atria and ventricles. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20…
18/23
4/28/2015
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Ccells in thyroid gland are derived from Ultimobranchial body. Lymphatics from tonsil drain into Juguloomohyoid nodes. J receptors are situated in alveolar epithelium. Swallowing centre is situated in medulla. Angle of mandible is supplied by greater auricular nerve. Nasolacrimal duct drains into middle meatus. Injury to axillary nerve mainly causes loss of abduction. Wrist drop (injury in upper arm) or Saturday night palsy injury in radial groove is caused by radial nerve injury. Adult larynx extends from C3 to C6. Great vein of Galen drains into straight sinus. qDuct of Sylvius also called cerebral aqueduct connects III and IV ventricle. When testicular veins are ligated, the testes areq drained by cremasteric veins. Horner's Syndrome consists of miosis, ptosis andq anhidrosis. Uterus develops from Mullerian duct.q Callot's triangle is bounded by inferior border ofq liver, common hepatic duct and cystic duct. Failure of fusion of ostium primum and ostium secundumq leads to patent foramen ovale. Oogonia are supplied from Yolk sac.q Cartwheel appearance of nucleus is seen in Sertoliq cells. Pinna is fully formed at birth.q Ligament of Bigelow is present in hipq joint. Uterine artery is a branch of anterior internal iliacq artery. The narrowest part of male urethra is externalq meatus. Ophthalmic artery is a branch of cerebral part ofq internal cartoid artery. Wharton duct drains submandibularq gland. Clavicle is the first bone toq ossify. Paralysis of gluteus maximus is most noticeablyq affected the gait cycle at heel strike. Femur is the longest and strongest bone of theq body. The ischiofemoral ligament is most taut when femur isq extended. 11th and 12th ribs are floatingq ribs. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20…
19/23
4/28/2015
ANATOMY GET IT NOW
The largest cranial nerve isq trigeminal. Deep artery of Penis is a branch of internalq iliac. Ejaculation is a fraction of sympathetic nervousq system whereas erection is of parasympathetics. Cystic artery is a branch of rightq hepatic. Trochlear nerve has the longest intracranialq course. Vertebral veins drain into brachiocephalicq veins. Ovum was discovered by von Baer.q Kerckring's centre for ossification is associated withq occipital bones. Foramen rotundum transmits maxillaryq nerve. Gartner's duct is a remnant of Wolffianq duct. Primordial germ cells are first seen in wall of yolkq sac. Father of Modern anatomy isq Andreas Vesalius. William Harvey described human bloodq circulation. Vocal cords are abducted by Posteriorq cricoarytenoid. Spinal cord in an adult ends at level ofq LI Mitral orifice lies at level of 4th costalq cartilage. The central structure of axilla' is said to beq axillary artery. Strongest ligaments of sacroiliac joint areq interosseus ligaments. The ligamentum arteriosum extends between theq concavity of the aortic arch and the left pulmonary artery. It is remnanl the ductus arteriosus, a channel which conducted deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta during fetal 1 The transverse fissure is found only in the rightq lung. A section of the upper lobe consisting of twoq bronchopulmonary segments is known as the lingula. The surface markings from the lower border of theq lungs during quiet breathing are the 6th costal cartilage, 8th rib in the axillary line, and the 1 Oth thoracic spine. The Thoracic duct passes through the aortic opening inq the diaphragm. The thoracic duct drains lymph from all over the body,q except from the right side of the heart and the right upper limb. The joint between the head of a typical rib and twoq vertebral bodies is synovial. The sternal and costal parts of diaphragm are derived from the septum transversum; a gap between these two parts is known as foramen of Morgagni. An abnormal foramna (of Bochdalek) is sometimes found between the central tendon and the lumbar section of the diaphragm, it is usually left sided. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20…
20/23
4/28/2015
ANATOMY GET IT NOW
the filum terminale. The spinal cord usually ends at the level of L,, in the adults. The aorta bifurcates at the level of L4. Mamillary processes are features of lumbar vertebrae. T, is responsible for the supply of the intrinsip muscles of the hand. The only nerves contained within the spermatic cord are sympathetic nerves and the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve. A direct inguinal hernia pushes through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal, medial to the deep ring. An indirect inguinal hernia, on the other hand, passes along a patent processus vaginalis within the cord. The formation of the portal vein by the union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins takes place behind the neck of the pancreas. The gastroduodenal artery is an important posterior relation of the first part of the duodenum, and is the artery which may be eroded by a posterior duodenal ulcer. The Ligamentum teres is a remnant of the left umbilical vein, which drained into the left branch of the portal vein in the fetal liver. The hepatic artery lies on left of CBD and the portal vein behind. Although this is the usual arrangement, variations are sometimes found. The artery lies to the medial side of the neck of the indirect inguinal hernia; it lies lateral to a direct inguinal hernia. Pararenal fat (Zuckerkandl) is found behind the renal fascia: Perirenal fat (Gerota) lies between the capsule of the renal fascia. The Median umbilical ligament is a remnant of the vitelline or yolk duct. The external ring is an opening in the external oblique aponeurosis just above the crest of the pubis. Fertilization usually takes place in the ampulla. The sternal and costal parts of diaphragm are derived from the septum transversum; a gap between these two parts is known as foramen of Morgagni. An abnormal foramna (of Bochdalek) is sometimes found between the central tendon and the lumbar section of the diaphragm, it is usually left sided. The pool of CSF in the lower lumbosacral region is called the lumbar cistern. It contains the roots of the lower spinal nerves (cauda equina) and the filum terminale. The spinal cord usually ends at the level of L,, in the adults. The aorta bifurcates at the level of L4. Mamillary processes are features of lumbar vertebrae. T, is responsible for the supply of the intrinsip muscles of the hand. The only nerves contained within the spermatic cord are sympathetic nerves and the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve. A direct inguinal hernia pushes through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal, medial to the deep ring. An indirect inguinal hernia, on the other hand, passes along a patent processus vaginalis within the cord. The formation of the portal vein by the union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins takes place behind the neck of the pancreas. The gastroduodenal artery is an important posterior relation of the first part of the duodenum, and is the artery which may be eroded by a posterior duodenal ulcer. The Ligamentum teres is a remnant of the left umbilical vein, which drained into the left branch of the portal vein in the fetal liver. The hepatic artery lies on left of CBD and the portal vein behind. Although this is the usual arrangement, variations are sometimes found. The artery lies to the medial side of the neck of the indirect inguinal hernia; it lies lateral to a direct inguinal hernia. Pararenal fat (Zuckerkandl) is found behind the renal fascia: Perirenal fat (Gerota) lies between the capsule of the renal fascia. The Median umbilical ligament is a remnant of the vitelline or yolk duct. The external ring is an opening in the external oblique aponeurosis just above the crest of the pubis. Fertilization usually takes place in the ampulla. The Tendo calcaneus (Achilies tendon) is the common tendon of gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris. The gastrocnemius is a powerful plantarflexor of the foot but can also act as a flexor of the knee. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20…
21/23
4/28/2015
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Both cruciate ligaments play a part in limiting medial rotation of the tibia (lateral rotation of the femur). The articular surfaces of the subtalar joint are covered with hyaline cartilage. The subtalar joint lies between the talus and calcaneus. The movements of inversion and eversion take place at the subtalar and talonavicular joints. It is medial ligament of ankle joint which is usually referred to as the deltoid ligament. The tibial collateral ligament is a broad flat band, the fibular collateral ligament is a rounded cord. The common peroneal nerve travels to the lateral side of the popliteal fossa. The tibial collateral ligament is closely related to the medial interior genicular vessels and nerve. The structures which pass deep to the retinaculum from medial to lateral are : tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus,posterior tibial vessels, tibial nerve, and flexor hallucis longus. A branch of the obturator artery enters the head of the femur: other nutrient vessels enter the neck of the bone. Tensor fasciae inserts into the iliotibial tract. Muscles which insert into the greater trochanter include gluteus medius,gluteus minimus, piriformis and obturator internus. Obturator externus inserts into the trochanteric fossa. Blood brain barrier is made up of : (1) the vessel wall; (ii) the arachnoid layer of perivascular sheath; (iii) the perivascular space; (iv) the pial layer of perivascular sheath, and (v) the neuroglia and the ground substance of the brain. The barrier, at the capillary level, is reduced to the mere capillary endothelium with neuroglia and ground substance. Hemiplegia of an upper motor neuron type is usually due to an internal capsular lesion caused by thrombosis of one of the lenticulostriate branches of the middle cerebral artery (cerebral thrombosis). One of the lenticulostriate branches is most frequently ruptured (cerebral haemorrhage); it is known as Charchot's artery ofcerebral haemorrhage. This lesion also produces hemiplegia with deep coma, and is ultimately fatal. Thrombosis of the Huebner's recurrent branch of anterior cerebral artery causes contralateral upper monoplegia. Thrombosis of paracentral artery (terminal cortical branch of anterior cerebral artery) causes contralateral lower monoplegia. Thrombosis of posterior inferior cerebellar artery causes lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg's syndrome). It is characterized by : a.Severe giddiness, due to involvement of vestibular neclei b.Dysphagia, due to involvement of the nucleus ambiguus. c.Crossed hemianaesthesia, due to involvement of the lateral spinothalamic tract (contralateral body) and nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve (ipsilateral face). d. Horner's syndrome due to involvement of sympathetic pathway in the medulla. e.Cerebellar symptoms and signs. Pontine haemorrhage is characterized by (i) paralysis (contralateral hemiplegia); (ii) deep ctfma; (iii) hyperpyrexia; and (iv)pinpoint pupil. It is invariably fatal. The hunger or feeding centre is placed laterally; the satiety centre, medially in hypothalamus. The thirst or drinking centre is situated in the lateral part of hypothalamus. Father of Anatomy— Herophilus. data:text/html;charset=utf8,%3Cstrong%20style%3D%22color%3A%20rgb(102%2C%20102%2C%20102)%3B%20fontfamily%3A%20Arial%2C%20…
22/23
4/28/2015
ANATOMY GET IT NOW
Largest sesamoid bone of body—Patella Largest gland of body— Liver. Largest branch of femoral artery— Profunda femoris artery. Largest ganglion of neck is —Superior cervical ganglion. Largest vein of body is —long saphenous vein. First teeth to appear in infant are —Lower central incisor. First permanent teeth to appear are —First Molar. First bone to ossify in body—Clavicle. Second bone to ossify in body — Mandible. Most common cause of nerve root compression in neck — Cervical spondylosis. Embryonic disk develops during Third week. Largest branch of femoral Nerve —Saphenous nerve. where parietal bones meet each other. First endocrine gland to appear in foetus—Thyroid gland. Bregma is the point—Where sagital and coronal sutures meet. Lambda is the point—Where sagittal and lambdoid sutures meet. Lambda lies at the location of — Posterior fontanelle. Lambdoid suture lies between —Parietal and occipital bones. Sternocleidomastoid is innervated by —Spinal accessory N. & C2, C3 Spinal N. Trapezius is innvervated by —Spinal accessory N. &C3, C4 Spinal N. Minimum time required for irreversible brain death due to ischemia—Four minutes. Clinically most important layer of scalp is —Loose areolar tissue. Kyphosis is an exaggerated thoracic curvature. Lordosis is an exaggerated lumbar curvature. Scoliosis is a lateral curvature. First cervical vertebral is called Atlas. Second cervical vertebra is called Axis. An upward projection present in second cervical vertebra is called Dens.
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