Anatomia Humana

 

EKEPGJAE H\JEKE Mlklreia`e`ls `l eketgjêe

Eketgjêe Hujeke Ls ie oalkoae `l`aoe`e ei lstu`ag `l ie lstruoture y ngrje `li oulrpg hujekg Eketgjêe Oiêkaoe

Ogkduktg `l ogkgoajalktgs sgfrl eketgjêe hujeke qul sgk nuk`ejlkteils lk ie pråooe `l ie etlkoaÿk `l ie seiu` y pere ie ogjprlksaÿk `li lxejlk oiêkaog jås sajpil

Grmekazeoaÿk mlklrei `li oulrpg Oáiuie \ka`e` lstruoturei `li oulrpg hujekg Plda`gs Ogkduktg `l oáiuies qul nukoagkek y grmekazek `l ngrje aktlmre`e ßrmekg \kaÿk `l verags tlda`gs, ogktuylk uke uka`e` eketÿjaoe `liajate`e _astljes Ngrje`gs pgr ogkduktg `l ÿrmekgs qul sarvlk pere `lsljplõer uke nukoagk ogjpilde

Rgsaoaÿk eketÿjaoe lståk`er Pg`es ies `lsorapoaÿkls eketÿjaoes sl rleiazek e perr `l uke pgsaoaÿk `l rlnlrlkoae   Rgsaoaÿk eketÿjaoe eketÿjao e `l rlnlrlkoae4 rlnlrlkoa e4 oulrpg hujekg `l pal, lrmua`g, ogk ie jare`e ei nrlktl, jaljfrgs suplragrls e ejfgs ie`gs `li trgkog ogk ies peijes `l ies jekgs heoae `liektl y jaljfrgs aknlragrls  duktgs, ogk igs pals pereiligs. pereiligs.

Ldls `li oulrpg Rere lstefilolr rlnlrlkoaes lspeoaeils lk ies `lsorapoagkls eketÿjaoes sl ljpilek trls ldls `aspulstgs plrplk`aouierjlktl plrplk`aouierjlk tl lktrl sê y gtrgs qul sgk gfiaougs

   

LDL IGKMAP\@AKEI @LI O\LVRG  Ls oreklgoeu`ei, `l gralkteoaÿk suplrgaknlragr y `arlooaÿk vlroei ^e `ls`l4 puktg jås eitg `li oråklg, olktrg `l mrevl`e` `li oulrpg, lktrl ejfgs pals.

LDL _EMAPEI Ls vlktrg`grsei, `l gralkteoaÿk ektlrgpgstlragr y `arlooaÿk hgrazgktei LDL PVEK_^LV_EI Ls ietlrgietlrei, `l `arlooaÿk hgrazgktei, `aspulstg `l ie`g e ie`g `li oulrpg LDL_ GFIAO\G_ _l `aspgklk lk åkmuigs kg plrplk`aouierls ogk rlsplotg e igs trls ldls jlkoagke`gs

Riekgs `l slooaÿk  \k piekg ls uke suplroal fa`ajlksagkei. fa`ajlksagkei. Igs ogrtls qul slooagkek ei oulrpg sl pul`lk gralkter lk igs `asktgs piekgs `li lspeoag.

Riekg Ogrgkei4 `aspulstgs vlroeijlktl y `l ie`g e ie`g. @ava`lk li oulrpg lk uke pgroaÿk ektlragr y gtre pgstlragr. Riekg _ematei4 sgk vlroeils, gralkte`gs lk slk`g ektlrgpgstlragr. @ava`lk ei oulrpg lk uke pertl `lrlohe y gtre azqualr`e. Riekg Hgrazgktei4 `aspulstgs treksvlrseijlktl, `l ie`g e ie`g, y plrplk`aouierjlktl e igs piekgs vlroeils. @ava`lk ei oulrpg lk suplragr l aknlragr.

 

Párjakgs `l satueoaÿk y `arlooaÿk

Rere pg`lr igoeiazer ies `asktes lstruotures lk li oulrpg sl ljpilek tárjakgs lsploêogs qul plrjatlk `lsorafar ies pgsaoagkls rlieves lk ies qul sl lkoulktrek. Pg`gs rlieoagke`gs ogk ie pgsaoaÿk eketÿjaoe lståk`er. Lxastlk tárjakgs ogjpulstgs qul surmlk `l ie ogjfakeoaÿk `l igs tárjakgs sajpils

Párjakgs eketÿjaogs sajpils

 Oreklei4 jås olroekg ei lxtrljg suplragr `li oulrpg.

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 Oeu`ei4 jås olroekg ei lxtrljg aknlragr `li trgkog.

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 ^lktrei4 ufaoe`g heoae li valktrl.

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 @grsei4 ufaoe`g heoae li `grsg.

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 Olnåiaog4 ufaoe`g heoae ie oeflze.

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  Rg`åiaog4 ufaoe`g heoae igs pals.   @astei4 ufaoe`g jås eilde`g `li puktg `l gramlk `l uke lstruoture.   Rrgxajei4 ufaoe`g jås olroe `li puktg `l gramlk `l uke lstruoture.

 

_A_PLJE L_U\LILPAOG MLKLVEIA@E@L_ _astlje lsquliáog  Li sastlje `l sgsták ogrpgrei lstå ngrje`g pgr tlda`gs ogklovgs lsploaeiaze`gs4 li hulsg y li oeriemg.

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 Li oeriemg ve salk`g rlljpieze`g pgr hulsg y lk li e`uitg ls juy rl`uoa`e ie oek`e` `l oeriemg qul plrsastl.

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  Igs hulsgs sgk grmekgs vavgs qul lståk ngrje`gs pgr uk tlda`g oogklovg gklovg `urg y rlsastlktl. Li 11% `li oeioag ogrpgrei sl eijeolke lk igs hulsgs.

Oeriemgs   Plda`g ogkdukvg fiekquloakg, sÿia`g, rlsastlktl y liåsog   Oufrlk suplroals erouierls g lstek uka`gs e eimukgs hulsgs, lk igs iumerls `gk`l sl klolsate eimg `l lxafaia`e`.  Rreooejlktl kg lkl vesgs sekmuêklgs y sus oliuies sl kutrlk pgr ajfafaoaÿk.

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 Li plraogk`rag ls ie jljfreke ogklove qul igs lkvulivl y igs kutrl.

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Papgs `l Oerêiemgs   _l `anlrlkoaek pgr ies oereotlrasoes `l su sustekoae aktreoliuier.

Oeriemg Haeiakg4 jås efuk`ektl, treksiôoa`g y eimg ezuie`g. Erouieoagkls4 ogsteils, ierêkmlgs y `l ie keraz

Oeriemÿ Nafrgsg4 fiekquloakg, rlsastlktl, ogk efuk`ektl ogiåmlkg. _l lkoulktre lk `asogs erouerls y jlkasogs.

Oeriemg liåsog4 ejeraiilktg, lxafil y ogk efuk`ektls fres liåsoes. Ngrje4 trgjpe eu`ave y lpamigs

Hulsgs   Li lsquliltg ÿslg lste ngrje`g pgr 62> hulsgs ogkstektls.   Lxastlk hulsgs akogkstektls g suplrkujlrerags4 sutureils g slsejga`lgs

 Lsquliltg Exaei y Eplk`aouier

  -Lsquliltg Exaei4 ufaoe`g lk li ldl igkmatu`akei `li oulrpg4 oråklg, ogiujke vlrtlfrei, ogsiies y   lstlrkÿk   -Lsquliltg eplk`aouier4 plrtlkloalktls e igs jaljfrgs suplragrls l aknlragrls.

Ogkmureoaÿk aktlrke `li Hulsg  _l rlogkgolk `gs pgroagkls ogk esplotg `anlrlktl4 Hulsg ogjpeotg y Hulsg lspgkdgsg Hulsg ogjpeotg ngrje uke oepe plranáraoe y ogkkue, qul lste oufalrte lk su suplroal lxtlrke pgr li plragsg Hulsg lspgkgdgsg ogkstuê`g pgr uke slral `l iejakaiies g trefåouies, qul `liajatek lspeoagkls ogjukaoe`gs lktrl sê, goupe`gs pgr ie jl`uie ÿsle Li plragsg ls uke jljfreke frgse,

 

raoejlktl vesouieraze`e l aklrve`e, qul rg`le ie suplroal lxtlragr `li oulrpg. Reroape lk li orloajalktg `li hulsg y lk su arrameoaÿk.

Oiesaoeoaÿk  _l pul`lk oiesaoer y `anlrlkoaer `l eoulr`g ogk ie ngrje mlklrei qul prlslktek

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Hulsgs Iermgs4 prl`gjake ie igkmatu` pgr lkoaje `l su ekohg y mrgsgr. Hulsgs Riekgs4 mrgsgr rl`uoa`g y prl`gjakek li iermg y li ekohg `ajlsagkls sljldektls lk sus trls ldls, ogk o gk ngrje veraefil. Hulsgs Ogrtgs4 prlslktek `ajlsagkls

Hulsgs Arrlmuierls4 Palklk ngrjes y prgpgroagkls verae`es. Hulsgs klujåogs4 prlslktek oeva`e`ls rliilkes `l earl `lkgjake`es oli`es g slkgs slmôk su tejeõg

Hulsgs _lsejga`lgs4 sgk plqulõgs, eklxgs e uk tlk`ÿk g iamejlktg.

Oiesaoeoaÿk Nukoagkei @l eoulr`g e ie nukoaÿk qul oujpilk, pul`lk plrtlklolr e jås `l uk mrupg4

Reiekoe • Duktg e igs jusouigs eotôek pere prg`uoar jgvajalktgs

_gpgrtl  • @l oermes, plsg ogrpgrei

Rrgtlooaÿk  • @l ÿrmekgs, iajatek`g oeva`e`ls goupe`es pgr lstgs liljlktgs

Eooa`lktls `l ie suplroal `li hulsg   Lk ie suplroal `l igs hulsgs lxastlk arrlmuiera`e`ls qul sl `lkgjakek eooa`lktls gslgs. 

 Rul`lk tretersl `l prgtusagkls (seialktls), `lprlsagkls (ngses) g suplroals esplres.

 

 Ies seialktls erouierls4 prlslktek ngrje rlmuier, rlieoagke`e ogk ie ngrje mlgjltraoe qul lkl ie suplroal erouier qul sgpgrtek. 

_eialktls Erouierls   Oÿk`aig4 seialktl erouier lk uk ogjpildg erouier  Oeflze4 lxtrljg efuite`g erouier

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  Oepêtuig4 lxtrljg efuite`g erouier ogjg uke oeflze plrg `l jlkgr tejeõg  Oere erouier4 oere qul prlslkte uke suplroal erouier.

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_eialktls lxtreerouierls  Palklk ngrjes veraefils, lk mlklrei sgk arrlmuierls y rumgses. @lske`es e ie akslroaÿk `l jôsouigs g iamejlktgs.  Puflrgsa`e`4 prgtuflrekoae ÿsle jås falk rl`gk`le`e ogk uk rlialvl rumgsg

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 Puflrouig4 prgtuflrekoae ÿsle `l jlkgr tejeõg  Ljaklkoae4 prgjgklkoae jås falk eierme`e

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_uplroals Lxtreerouierls   Epÿsas4 prgtusaÿk `lserrgiie`e lk uke lpêsas (efuitejalktg `gk`l sl ufaoek suplroals erouierls), ogk olktrg `l gsaoeoaÿk prgpag   Lpaoÿk`aig4 rlialvl ÿslg rlieoagke`g pgr ie prgxaja`e` ogk uk oÿk`aig. o ÿk`aig.   Orlste4 rlfgr`l ÿslg lilve`g  Iêkle4 uke prgtusaÿk ÿsle lilve`e   Lspake4 prgtusaÿk pukemu`e  Rrgtuflrekoae4 prgjaklkoae jås g jlkgs rl`gk`le`e

Eooa`lktls `l ie suplroal `li hulsg   Ies suplroals `l igs hulsgs lstå plrngre`e pgr ngråjlkls kutraoags   Eimukgs hulsgs lståk plrngre`gs pgr graoags `lkgjake`gs ngråjlkls (emudlrgs g plrngreoagkls) , plrjalk`g li pesedl e trevls `l ái `l lstruotures eketÿjaoes.

 

_A_PLJE EVPAO\IEV MLKLVEIA@E@ MLKLVEIA@E@L_ L_ Erouieoaÿk4 ogklxagkls aktlrÿsles qul ogkstuylk li lsquliltg  Rul`lk slr4  - Erouieoagkls sajpils4 aktlrvalklk sgig `gs hulsgs  - Ogjpildg erouier4 aktlrvaklk jås `l `gs hulsgs

OIE_ANAOEOAßK OIE_ANAOEO AßK @L IE_ EVPAO\IEOAGKL_ _l pul`lk oiesaoer slmôk li pg y ie `aspgsaoaÿk `li tlda`g qul sl aktlrpgkl lktrl ies suplroals erouierls - _akertrgsas4 igs tlda`gs aktlrÿslgs qul prlslktek ogkkua`e` -@aertrgsas g sakgvaeils4 igs tlda`gs aktlrÿslgs prlslktek `asogkkua`e` y prlslktek uke oeva`e` o eva`e` erouier ogk iêqua`g sakgvaei

_AKEVPVG_A_  • \kagkls lktrl igs hulsgs g lstruotures erouie`es, jl`aektl tlda`g ogklovg sÿia`g g sljasÿia`g. _l oiesaoek `l eoulr`g ogk li tlda`g ogklovg o gklovg prakoapei qul ogjpgkl ie erouieoaÿk4

EVPAO\IEOAßK EVPAO\IEO AßK NAFVG_E • Ogjpulstes pgr tlda`g frgsg aktlrpulstg • Igs hulsgs sl lkoulktrek uka`gs pgr lstruotures ogjpulstes o gjpulstes `l fres liåsoes g `l ogiåmlkg eiakle`es lk pereilig • @lplk`alk`g `li tejeõg `li iamejlktg slrå li rekmg `l jgvajalktg  • Lstl pg `l erouieoaÿk sl lkoulktre lktrl igs hulsgs `li oråklg.

 

EVPAO\IEOAßK OEVPAIEMAKG_E  • Ies suplroals erouierls pgsllk ngrjeoagkls `l oeriemg haeiakg g frgoeriemg qul sl aktlrpgklk lktrl ejfgs hulsgs, oerlolk `l oeva`e` sakgvaei y prlslktek iamejlktgs plranáraogs qul rg`lek ie erouieoaÿk.

EVPAO\IEOAßK ß_LE  • Ies sgi`e`ures ÿsles lktrl hulsgs sl `lkgjakek sakgstgsas • _gk ogjpiltejlktl o gjpiltejlktl akjÿvails akjÿvails • Ldljpigs4 Lsnlkga`lsGooapatei y Oulrpgs vlrtlfreils `li seorg.

EVPAO\IEOAGKL_ _AKG^AEIL_  • _gk ukagkls lktrl igs hulsgs qul prlslktek, lktrl ies suplroals erouierls, uke oeva`e` aktlrpulste ogk iêqua`g sakgvaei lk su aktlragr.  • _gk jÿvails • Palklk lk ogjôk lstruotures fåsaoes qul ies ogkstuylk4 suplroal erouier, oeriemg erouier, iefruj erouier, oåpsuie erouier y iamejlktgs.

OEVPÊIEMG EVPAO\IEV • Oe`e suplroal erouier lstå rlvls`e pgr uk oeriemg erouier haeiakg, qul sl e`halrl êkjejlktl ei hulsg. • Ls jeilefil, lxtlksafil y ogjprlsafil, sl `lngrje fedg ie akulkoae `l prlsagkls y rltgrke e su lsplsgr gramakei ouek`g lstes slsek • Kg pgsll vesgs sekmuaklgs, sl kutre pgr ajfafaoaÿk e lxplkses `li iêqua`g sakgvaei

IEFV\J EVP\OAIEV, JLKA_OG Q @A_OG _gk ngrjeoagkls `l frgoeriemg qul sarvlk pere ie e`epteoaÿk `l ies suplroals erouierls

 

- Iefruj erouier4 rg`ltl erouier, sl `aspgkl lk ngrje `l ekaiig eirl`l`gr `l einukes ngses erouierls e ies qul eujlkte su suplroal erouier - Jlkasog erouier4 ngrje `l jl`aeiuke y lstå aktlrpustg lktrl ies suplroals erouierl jldgrek`g su ogkogr`ekae  - @asog erouier4 aktlrpulstg lktrlies suplroals erouierls y `ava`l ie erouieoagk lk `gs oeva`e`ls sloulk`eraes

OÅR_\IE EVPAO\IEV Q IAMEJLKPG_ • Ogkstuylk uk `aspgsavg qul eslmure li ogkteotg lktrl ies suplroals erouierls • Ie oåpsuie sl akslrte lk li hulsg lk ie vloak`e` `li rlvlsjalktg `li oeriemg erouier • Igs iamejlktgs prlslktek ngrjes veraefils y su rlsastlkoae il ogklrl rjlze e ie erouieoaÿk

_AKG^AEI  • Ls uke jljfreke `lime`e qul tepaze ie oåpsuie erouier pgr su suplroal aktlragr. • Ls ie pertl jås raoejlktl vesouieraze`e `l ie erouieoaÿk, slmrlme iêqua`g sakgvaei • Iêqua`g sakgvaei4 treksperlktl qul lxastl lk lsoese oek`e` lk lste`g kgrjei, lste ogkstua`g pgr emue, jetlrae prgtlaoe, juoake, tezes `l mreses y seils jaklreils.

JLOÅKAOE EVPAO\IEV  Ies `anlrlktls palzes `li lsquliltg sgk sljldektls e peiekoes y pgsllk ogjg liies puktgs `l epgyg, uke pgtlkoae y uke rlsastlkoae. • Ruktg `l epgyg4 puktg akjÿvai lk tgrkg `li ouei mare ie peiekoe4 ie erouieoaÿk • Rgtlkoae4 nulrze qul ajpuise e ie peiekoe e `lspiezersl4 jôsouig • Vlsastlkoae4 nulrze qul sl `lfl vlkolr @l eoulr`g ogk ie ufaoeoaÿk `l lstgs puktgs sl `askmulk ? pgs `l peiekoes

JLOÅKAOE EVPAO\IEV REIEKOE @L RVAJLV MÁKLVG4 equliie `gk`l li puktg `l epgog lstå satue`g lktrl ie pgtlkoae y ie rlsastlkoae.

 

REIEKOE @L _LM\K@G MÁKLVG4 equliie `gk`l ie rlsastlkoae lste satue`g lkytl li puktg `l epgyg y ie pgtlkoae.  REIEKOE @L PLVOLV MÁKLVG4 equliie equ liie lk ie qul pgtlkoae lste lktrl li puktg `l epgyg y ie rlsastlkoae.

PÁVJAKG_ @L JG^AJALKPG • Hey tlrjakgs qul `lsoraflk li pg `l jgvajalktg qul prlslkte uke pgroaÿk `li oulrpg, `l uk hulsg g `l uk ÿrmekg ogk rlsplotg ei gtrg. • Lxastlk jgvajalktg sajpils y jgvajalktgs ogjpildgs.

KL\VGOVÅKLG

• Ngrje`g pgr 8 hulsgs4 0 ajperls y 6 perls • _gk hulsgs piekgs, ngrje`gs pgr `gs iåjakes `l tlda`g ÿslg ogjpeotg (iåjake aktlrke y lxtlrke) lktrl ies oueils sl lkoulktre uke oepe `l tlda`g lspgkdgsg `lkgjake`e `apiga`l. • Ie iåjake lxtlrke `l igs hulsgs lste oufalrte pgr plragsg, jalktres qul ie iåjake aktlrke lste rloufalrte pgr `ureje`rl • Li klurgoreklg e su vlz sl `ava`l e su vlz lk4 Oeiverae/oeigte y fesl `li oråklg

_\P\VE_ U\L LKOGKPVEJG_ -_uture ogrgkei4 lktrl li nrgktei y peralteils

 

-suture sematei4 lktrl ejfgs peralteils -_uture iejfga`le4 lktrl gooapatei y peralteils

FE_L @LI OVÅKLG • Ngrejlk rl`gk`g4  klrvag jexaier • Ngrejlk gvei4 klrvag jek`afuier • Ngrejlk lsigjestga`lg4 lsigjestga`lg4  klrvag neoaei

H\L_G_ @LI OVÅKLG4 NVGKPEI • Hulsg ajper, sajátraog y jl`ae`g • \faoe`g lk ie pgroaÿk ektlragr `li oråklg • Reroae lk ie ukaÿk `l igs hulsgs `li klurgoråklg ogk li vaslrgoråklg

 

• Reroae lk ie ngrjeoaÿk `l ie grfate y `l ies oeva`e`ls keseils • Rrlslkte uke pgroaÿk lsoejgse, uke grfaterae y uk fgr`l lsnlkga`ei  • @lktrg `li hulsg lståk e`ljås igs slkgs nrgkteils

RGVOAßK L_OEJG_E • Rgsll 0 oeres4 lxtlrke, aktlrke, tljpgrei, kesei Oere lxtlrke4 ljaklkoaes nrgkteils, erogs supreoaiaerls, ie mieflie

 

_LKG_ NVGKPEIL_ \faoe`gs lk pgroagk ektlrgaknlragr Oeva`e`ls klujåoes eigde`es `lktrg `li hulsg Ngrjek pertl `li tlohg `l ie grfate, ja`l eprgx. ? oj `l eitg @rlke heoêe li aknuk`êfuig ltjga`ei ufaoe`g pgr `lfedg `li ogrkltl kesei jl`ag _l heiiek slpere`gs lktrl sê pgr li tefaqul `l igs slkgs nrgkteils

H\L_G @LI OVÅKLG4 LPJGA@L_ • Hulsg ajper  • Akslrte`g lk ie lsogte`ure ltjga`ei `li hulsg nrgktei • \faoe`g pgr `liektl `li hulsg lsnlkga`ls

 

• Rrlslkte uke pgroaÿk hgrazgktei, iåjake orafgse, uke pgroaÿk vlroei, iåjake plrplk`aouier y igs ieflraktgs ltjga`eils qul sl `lsprlk`lk `l ie iåjake orafgse.

• Iåjake orafgse4 ngrje li iêjatl lktrl oeva`e` kesei y ngse oreklei ektlragr

• Palkl lsl kgjfrl pgr ie oek`e` `l graoags qul pgsll pere igs klrvags ginetgrags  • Epÿsas oraste meiia, sl lxlk`l heoae ie ngse oreklei ektlragr y sl akslrte lk ie hgz `li olrlfrg

• Iåjake plrplk`aouier4 pgroaÿk pgstlrgsuplragr `li tefaqul kesei • Ieflraktgs ltjga`eils4 prlslktek lk su aktlragr ies oli`aiies ltjga`eils ufaoe`es lktrl oeva`e` kesei y grfaterae

• \faoe`gs e oe`e ie`g `l ie iåjake plrplk`aouier, `lsprlk`alk`gs `lsprlk`alk`gsll lk `arlooaÿk aknlragr e perr `li lxtrljg ietlrei `l ie iejake orafgse

 

H\L_G_ @LI OVÅKLG4 L_NLKGA@L_ • Hulsg ajper y jl`ae`g • Igoeiaze`g lktrl nrgktei, gooapatei y tljpgrei  • Rrlslkte4 uke pgroaÿk olktrei, oulrpg `li lsnlkga`ls, ufaoe`g lktrl ies eies jeygrls y jlkgrls, y ie epÿsas ptlramga`ls • _gig prlslkte hulsg lspgkdgsg lk ie fesl `l ie epÿsas ptlramga`ls y lk ie pgroagk jås lsplse `l ies eies jeygrls

jusouig

 

O\LVRG @LI L_NLKGA@L_  • Rgroaÿk olktrei `li lsnlkga`ls • @l equê sl `lsprlk`lk ies eies jeygrls y jlkgrls • Rrlslkte > oeres4 suplragr, aknlragr, ektlragr, pgstlragr y `gs ietlreils

OEVE _\RLVAGV @LI O\LVRG @LI L_NLKGA@L_ • Qumg lsnlkga`ei4 pgroaÿk qul ogklote ies eies jlkgrls

• Epÿsas oiakga`ls ektlragr • @ltrås `li yumg lsnlkga`ei lkogktrejgs li surog prlquaesjåog, pgstlragr e lstl sl lkoulktre ie saiie turoe • Ie saiie turoe ls uke `lprlsaÿk ÿsle, lk su olktrg sl lkoulktre ie ngse hapgsaerae, iumer `gk`l sl eigde ie hapÿsas

 

EIE_ JLKGVL_ @LI L_NLKGA@L_  • _gk traekmuierls  • Rrlslktek li ogk`uotg ÿpog, pgr `gk`l pese li klrvag ÿpog y ie ertlrae gåijaoe • Rrlslktek uke oere suplragr qul ngrje pertl `l ie ngse oreklei ektlragr y uke oere aknlragr qul ngrje pertl `l ie perl` pgstlrgsuplragr `l ieoeva`e` grfaterae

EIE_ JEQGVL_ @LI L_NLKGA@L_  • @gs prgigkmeoagkls akourve`es heoae errafe qul sl lxlk`lk lk `arlooaÿk ietlrei  • Rrlslktek oakog oeres4 olrlfrei, tljpgrei, aknretljpgrei, jexaier y grfaterae. • Olrlfrei4 jare heoae li lkoáneig • Pljpgrei4 gralkte`e lk `arlooaÿk ietlrei  • Aknretljpgrei4 oere hgrazgktei l aknlragr, lkogktrejgs equê ie reêz `l ie epÿsas ptlramga`ls, li surog `l ie trgjpe eu`ave  • Jexaier4 jare heoae li hulsg jexaier, lkogktrejgs equê li ngrejlk rl`gk`g (k. Jexaier)

 

 • Grfaterae4 ufaoe`e heoae ie ÿrfate

• Lk li fgr`l lsoejgsg, qul erouie ero uie ogk ie pgroaÿk lsoejgse `li hulsg tljpgrei, lk su zgke pgstlragr lkogktrejgs li ngrejlk gvei (k. Jek`afuier) y li ngrejlk lspakgsg

ERßNA_A_ RPLVAMGA@L_ @LI L_NLKGA@L_ • _l lxlk`l lk `arlooaÿk aknlragr, y sl `ava`l lk reêz ietlrei y reêz jl`aei  • Lktrl lstes sl lkoulktre li ogk`uotg ptlramga`lg, `gk`l pesek igs klrvags pltrgsgs jeygr y prgnuk`g pere`gs iilmer ei måkmiag ptlramgpeiekg ufaoe`g lk ie ngse ptlramgpeieke. • Lstes `gs reaols ogkkuek heoae aknlragr ngrjek`g ies iåjakes jl`aei y ietlrei, lktrl ejfes ufaoe`e ie lsogte`ure ptlramga`le, lste uije eigde ie epÿsas pareja`ei `li hulsg peiekg. Lktrl ejfes tejfaák lkogktrejgs uke plqulõe `lprlsaÿk `gk`l sl ve e akslrter li jôsouig ptlramga`lg jl`aei

H\L_G_ @L IE OEVE4 GOOARAPEI • Hulsg ajper, jl`aekg y piekg, ngrje`g pgr tlda`g lspgkdgsg rg`le`g pgr uke oepe lxtlrke l aktlrke `l tlda`g ogjpeotg  • \faoe`g lk ie rlmaÿk pgstlragr l aknlragr `li oråklg, lktrl igs hulsgs lsnlkga`ls, tljpgrei y peraltei • Rrlslkte ? pgroagkls4 fesaier, ietlrei, lsoejgse • Lstes trls pgroagkls sl lkoulktrek rg`lek`g li ngrejlk jemkg

 

H\L_G_ @L IE OEVE4 REVALPEI • Hulsg per, `l ngrje oue`raietlre qul prlslkte `gs oeres, ouetrg fgr`ls y ouetrg åkmuigs • Igoeiaze`g lktrl igs hulsgs4 nrgktei, gooapatei, lsnlkga`ls y tljpgrei. • Ngrje`g `l `gs oepes `l tlda`g ÿslg ogjpeotg ogk uk iåjake `l tlda`g lspgkdgsg lktrl ejfes  • Lk su oere lxtlrke lkogktrejgs ie iêkle tljpgrei aknlragr, `gk`l sl akslrte li jôsouig tljpgrei t ljpgrei

H\L_G @L IE OEVE4 PLJRGVEI • Hulsg per y ietlrei, prlslkte trls pgroagkls4 pltrgse, tljpåkaoe y lsoejgse • Ngrje`g pgr tlda`g ÿslg ogjpeotg o gjpeotg y ie pgroaÿk pltrgse pgr tlda`g lspgkdgsg, `gk`l lxastlk ukes oeva`e`ls ogk earl4 oli`aiies jestga`les y `li várol `l ie pgroaÿk pltrgse

 

• \faoe`g lktrl igs hulsgs4 lsnlkga`ls, peraltei y gooapatei.

RGVOAßK RLPVG_E  -Ogklkl ei ga`g aktlrkg  -Oere ektlragr, aktreoreklei, lkl ie ajprlsaÿk tramljakei, `lprlsaÿk qul eigde ei mekmiag `li klrvag tramljakg -Oere pgstlragr, aktreoreklei, ogklkl li graoag `li ogk`uotg eu`avg aktlrkg  -Oere aknlragr, lxtreoreklei, lkogktrejgs ie epÿsas jestga`ls, ufaoe`e `ltrås `li graoag eu`avg lxtlrkg, pgr `ltrås `l lste lkogktrejgs li ngrejlk jestga`lg y ie akoasure jestga`le, sag `l akslroaÿk `li valktrl pgstlragr `li jôsouig `amåstraog.  - Ogkkuek`g lk `arlooaÿk jl`aei `l ie oere aknlragr, lkogktrejgs li ngrejlk lsigjestga`lg, eplrture ei lxtlragr `li klrvag neoaei, y ie epÿsas lsiga`ls

RGVOAßK PAJRÅKAOE • Rgroaÿk qul ngrje ie jeygr pertl `l ie perl` ÿsle `li ogk`uotg eu`avg lxtlrkg

 

• Lkogktrejgs4 graoag eu`avg lxtlrkg

RGVOAßK L_OEJG_E • \faoe`e lktrl igs hulsgs lsnlkga`ls, peraltei y gooapatei • Rrlslkte `gs oeres4 uke tljpgrei g lxtlrke y gtre olrlfrei qul ls aktlrke • Ie oere tljpgrei lste oufalrte lk mrek pertl pgr li jôsouig tljpgrei  • Lk `arlooaÿk ektlragr lkogktrejgs ie epÿsas oamgjåoe, qul duktg ogk ie epÿsas tljpgrei `li hulsg oamgjeog ve e ogkngrjer li erog oamgjåog  • Lk ie pgroaÿk ektlragr `l lste epÿsas sl lkoulktre li tufárouig erouier, pgr `ltrås `li ouei sl heiie ie ngse jek`afuier (ngse erouier pere ie EPJ) qul prlslkte lk su aktlragr ie suplroal erouier pere li oÿk`aig jek`afuier

 

 

^A_LVGOVÅKLG

L_U\LILPG NEOAEI • Ngrje`g pgr 50 hulsgs4 5? ogkngrjek li jeoazg neoaei y lstek dgs eirl`l`gr `li jexaier y ukg ls jÿvai, ie jek`êfuie.

• Rgroaÿk `li oråklg qul sl lkoulktre ufaoe`e pgr `liektl `l ie iêkle qul ukl ie reêz `l ie kerêz, pesek`g pgr li fgr`l supregrfterag, ogk li graoag eu`avg lxtlrkg.  • _ag `l epgyg `l igs grmekgs `l ie jesoeoaÿk y iumer `gk`l sl eigdek mrek pertl `l igs ÿrmekgs `l igs slk`gs

JEXAIEV • Hulsg per, prakoapei hulsg `li lsquliltg neoaei • Oe`e jexaier prlslkte uk oulrpg y 0 epÿsas4 nrgktei, oamgjåoe, peieke y eivlgier • Ejfgs sl uklk lktrl sê e kavli `l ie iêkle jl`aeke, e treváz `l sus epÿsas peiekes

 

JEXAIEV O\LVRG @LI JEXAIEV • Rgroaÿk olktrei `li jexaier • Ogklkl li slkg jexaier • Rgsll ouetrg oeres4  suplragr u grfaterae, ektlragr, aknretljpgrei y kesei

 

JEXAIEV  ERßNA_A_ @LI JEXAIEV  ERßNA_A_

H\L_G OAMGJÅPAOG G JEIEV • Hulsg per • \faoe`g lktrl li nrgktei, tljpgrei y jexaier • Ngrje pertl `l ie perl` ietlrei `l ie ÿrfate y pertl `li erog oamgjåog  • Rrlslkte ? oeres4 ietlrei, tljpgrei, grfaterae

 

• Rrlslkte 6 epÿsas4  tljpgrei y nrgktei

H\L_G KE_EI • Rlqulões iåjakes ÿsles qul lståk ufaoe`es lktrl ies epÿsas nrgkteils `lrlohe l azqualr`e `li jexaier.  • E kavli `l ie iêkle jl`ae sl erouiek lktrl sê y sus lxtrljgs suplragrls sl erouiek ogk li hulsg nrgktei.

 

H\L_G IEMVAJEI • Hulsg per • \faoe`g lk ie ÿrfate, pgr `liektl `l ie iåjake grfaterae `li hulsg ltjga`ls.

OGVKLPL KE_EI AKNLVAGV  • Hulsg per y `lime`g, ngrje`g pgr hulsg ogjpeotg • E`hlra`g e ie perl` ietlrei `l ie oeva`e` kesei, prlslkte `gs oeres, `gs fgr`ls y `gs lxtrljgs

^ßJLV • Hulsg ajper y jl`aei • Ngrje`g pgr hulsg ogjpeotg • _l lxlk`l `ls`l ie oere aknlragr `li oulrpg `li lsnlkga`ls heste ie suture peieke jl`ae • Ngrje ie pgroaÿk aknlragr `li tefaqul kesei.

 

H\L_G REIEPAKG  • Hulsg per, prgnuk`g, qul sl lxlk`l `ls`l li fgr`l pgstlragr `li jexaier heste li lsnlkga`ls.  • Reroape lk ie ngrjeoaÿk `l ie ÿrfate, ie oeva`e` kesei, ie ngsl ptlramgpeieke y ie fÿvl`e peieke. • Ngrje`g pgr uke iåjake plrplk`aouier y uke iåjake hgrazgktei

H\L_G REIEPAKG  IÅJAKE RLVRLK@AO\IEV • ^lroei, ngrje pertl `l ie perl` ietlrei `l ie oeva`e` kesei y ie perl` jl`ae `li slkg jexaier • Rrlslkte `gs oeres4  kesei y jexaier

• _u pgroaÿk pgstlragr lstå rlieoagke`e lk `arlooaÿk jl`aei ogk ie ngse ptlramgpeieke y su pgroaÿk ektlragr ogk li slkg jexaier

 

 • Lk liie sl lkoulktre lk surog peiekg jeygr, lstl sl ukl ogk li `li jexaier pere ngrjer li ogk`uotg peiekg jeygr • Lkogktrejgs ie epÿsas pareja`ei

H\L_G REIEPAKG IÅJAKE HGVATGKPEI • Ngrje pertl `li tlroag pgstlragr `li peie`er `urg y pgr ig tektg pasg `l ie oeva`e` kesei • Rrlslkte `gs oeres (kesei y peieke) y ouetrg fgr`ls (ektlragr, pgstlragr, jl`aei y ietlrei) • Ie oere kesei lstå gralktls`e heoae ie keraz y ngrje perl `li pasg `l ie oeva`e` kesei.  • Ie oere o ere peieke jare heoae ie oeva`e` fuoei y ogktrafuyl lk ie ngrjeoaÿk `l ie fÿvl`e `li peie`er ÿslg.  • Lk liie lkgoktrejgs igs ngråjlkls peiekgs jlkgrls.

JEK@ÊF\IE • Hulsg ajper, jl`aekg y sajátraog.

 

 • Ls jÿvai y lste ufaoe`g lk ie pgroaÿk aknlragr `l ie oere. • Rrlslkte uk oulrpg y `gs rejes

JEK@ÊF\IE  O\LVRG @L IE JEK@ÊF\IE • Ogrrlspgk`l e ie pgroaÿk hgrazgktei, e ie ouei lstek e`gse`es e oe`e ie`g ies rejes jek`afuierls. • Rrlslkte `gs oeres, ietlrei y pgstlragr, y `gs fgr`ls, suplragr l aknlragr.  • ie iêkle jl`ae oulrpg lkogktrejgs heste li prajlr eõg `l va`e ie sêksas jek`afuier (pulktl `lLk tlda`g frgsg qul`li ukl ie jate` `lrlohe ogk ie jate` azqualr`e) • Lk su oere ietlrei lkogktrejgs4 prgtuflrekoae jlktgkaeke, ngrejlk jlktgkaekg, jlktgkaekg, iêkle gfiaoue qul sl lxlk`l `ls`l ie oere ietlrei `l ie reje hesre ie oere ietlrei `li oulrpg.

JEK@ÊF\IE  O\LVRG @L IE JEK@ÊF\IE

 

 • Lk ie oere pgstlragr `li oulrpg lkogktrejgs4 ie ngse `amestraoe, lspake jlktgkaeke aknlragr, iêkle jaighag`le, ngse sufiakmuei.  • Li fgr`l aknlragr `li oulrpg ogrrlspgk`l e ie fesl `l ie jek`êfuie, sgfrl lstl fgr`l y e kavli `l ie iêkle jl`aeke lkogktrejgs uk puktg oreklgjátraog `lkgjake`g mkeÿk • Li fgr`l suplragr `li oulrpg prlslkte uk fgr`l iafrl pgstlragr `lkgjake`g erog eivlgier y igs eivlgigs `lkterags. Rgr `ltrås `li ôijg jgier hgy uk traåkmuig ÿslg, li traekmuig rltrgjgier

JEK@ÊF\IE

 VEJE @L IE JEK@ÊF\IE  • Oe`e reje prlslkte `gs oeres (ietlrei y jl`aei) y oetrg fgr`ls ( ektlragr, pgstlragr, suplragr l aknlragr) • Oere ietlrei4 e kavli `li åkmuig `l ie jek`êfuie, lkogktrejgs ie tuflrgsa`e` jesltáraoe  • Oere jl`aei4 lkogktrejgs li ngrejlk jek`afuier, eprgx. E 5 oj pgr lkoaje `li piekg goiusei, e perr `l li sl ngrje li surog jaighag`lg, lkogktrejgs ie iêkmuie g lspake `l _pax

 

JEK@ÊF\IE VEJE @L IE JEK@ÊF\IE • Fgr`l ektlragr4  sl lxlk`l `ls`l ie epÿsas ogrgkga`ls heste ie iêkle gfiaoue, sl akslrte li jôsouig tljpgrei

• Fgr`l pgstlragr4 sl lxlk`l `ls`l ie epÿsas ogk`aier heste li åkmuig `l ie jek`êfuie • Fgr`l suplragr4 lkogktrejgs `l e`liektl heoae etrås4 epÿsas ogrgkga`ls, lsogte`ure jek`afuier y ie epÿsas ogk`aier. • Fgr`l aknlragr4 sl ogkkue `arlotejlktl ogk li fgr`l aknlragr `li oulrpg, ngrje uk åkmuig jeroe`g4 li åkmuig `l ie jek`êfuie, qul sl uiaze `l putg oreklgjátraog (mgkaÿk)

 

PLJE ?4 JÔ_O\IG_ MLKLVEIA@E@L_. JÔ_O\IG_ @L IE JE_PAOEOAßK. JÔ_O\IG_ @L IE JÊJAOE _A_PLJE J\_O\IEV4 PARG_ Q OIE_ANAOEO OIE_ANAOEOAßK AßK   Ogjpulstg pgr tg`gs igs jôsouigs `li oulrpg.  Rrl`gjake li pg `l jôsouig lsquliáog



  Ies oáiuies g fres jôsouierls sgk lsploaeiaze`es lk ie ogktreooaÿk  _l `askmulk ? pgs `l jôsouig `l eoulr`g e sus oereotlrasoes4



-^giukterags l akvgiukterags -Lstrae`gs y iasgs -_gjåogs y vasolreils

PARG_ @L JÔ_O\IG   Jôsouig lstrae`g lsquliáog4 sgk sgjåogs vgiukterags qul plrjatlk rleiazer li jgvajalktg `l igs hulsgs y ies erouieoagkls y `l gtres lstruotures ogjg li gdg Jôsouig lstrae`g oer`êeog4 ls vasolrei akvgiukterag qul ogkstuyl ie jeygr pertl `l ies perl`ls `li ogrezÿk

 

Jôsouig iasgs4 sgk vasolreils akvgiukterags qul `grjek pertl `l ies perl`ls `l igs vesgs sekmuêklgs y `l igs ÿrmekgs hulogs g vêsolres. Julvlk sustekoaes e trevás `l liigs jl`aektl ogktreooagkls sloulkoaeils oggr`ake`es.  

Jôsouigs4 Mlklreia`e`ls   Li ogkduktg `l igs jôsouigs, lk uk a`ava`ug jl`ag y kgrjei, ogrrlspgk`l e eimg jlkgs `l ie jate` `li plsg tgtei `l su oulrpg. 

 Li jôsouig vavg ls `l ogigr rgdg, `lva`g e ie oek`e` `l sekmrl lk ies fres jusouierls   Lk mlklrei sgk rloiêklgs y jås g jlkgs pereiligs ei ldl jeygr `li oulrpg g ei `l igs jaljfrgs, eukqul lxastlk veraeoagkls. Rgr lsg, slmôk ie ngrje qul e`gptek, sl `askmulk4  - Jôsouigs iermgs g nusangrjls - Jôsouigs ekohgs g piekgs  - Jôsouigs ogrtgs -Jôsouigs plkangrjls  -Jôsouigs ekuierls g lsktlraekgs -Jôsouigs ogkvlrmlktls  -Jôsouigs oue`re`gs

 

JÔ_O\IG JÔ_O \IG__ _LMÔK _LMÔK _\ NGVJE NGVJE Jôsouigs iermgs4 lklk ngrje `l husg, valktrl mrulsg m rulsg y rl`gk`le`g y lxtrljgs `lime`gs. _l ufaoek lk igs jaljfrgs (sup. L akn)   Jôsouigs ekohgs4 sgk epieke`gs, sl lkoulktrek lk ies perl`ls `li tgrex y ef`gjlk, lklk ngrje

veraefil, sus fgr`ls sgk rloiêklgs.   Jôsouigs ogrtgs4 sl lkoulktrek lk ies erouieoagkls `gk`l igs jgvajalktgs sgk pgog lxtlksgs (puimer) Jôsouigs plkkangrjls4 ie grmekazeoaÿk `l igs neoêouigs lkl esplotg `l ies ferfes `l ies piujes. _l `aspgklk `l jeklre gfiaoue ogk rlsplotg e uk tlk`ÿk qul ngrje uk ldl.

JÔ_O\IG_ _LMÔK _\ NGVJE   Jôsouigs ekuierls g lsktlraekgs4 `aspultsgs eirl`l`gr `l uk graoag ei ouei oarouksoraflk y eslmurek li oalrrl.   Jôsouigs ogkvlrmlktls4 ogkvlrmlktls4 sl gramakek `l uk årle ekohe y ogkvlrmlk pere ngrjer uk sgig tlk`ÿk Jôsouig oue`re`g4 lkl ouetrg ie`gs amueils

 

OGKPVEOOA OGKP VEOOAGKL_ GKL_ J\_O\I J\_O\IEVL_ EVL_ Ogktreooaÿk asgjátraoe g lståoe4  pgkl lk tlksaÿk li jôsouig sak jg`aoer su igkmatu`. Ogktreooaÿk asgtÿkaoe4 eogrte li jôsouig eolroek`g sus akslroagkls y susoate uk jgvajalktg prgpag pere oe`e jôsouig.

Ie ogktreooaÿk jusouier pgsll `gs oueia`e`ls4 nulrze y vligoa`e`. -Nulrze4 `lplk`l `l ie igkmuatu` y vgiujlk `l ies fres jusouierls -^ligoa -^l igoa`e` `e` 4 ogk`aoaÿk prgpae `l ie fre jusouier, pul`l slr eujlkte`e pgr li lktrlkejalktg

AK_LVOAßK @L GVAMLK L AK_LVOAßK PLVJAKEI @L IG_ JÔ_O\IG_ Ls rerg qul uk jôsouig sl akslrtl `arlotejlktl, pgr ig mlklrei ig heol pgr aktlrjl`ag `l uk tlk`ÿk. Igs tlk`gkls sgk lstruotures frgses, `l ogigreoaÿk fiekquloake, rlsastlktls y preooejlktl aklxtlksafils qul prgigme ei jôsouig hete su puktg `l akslroaÿk.  - Ruktg `l akslroaÿk

 _l `askmul gr`akeraejlktl `gs akslroagkls lk uk jôsouig4 akslroaÿk `l gramlk l akslroaÿk tlrjakei Oe`e jôsouig pgsll, ouek`g sl ogktrel, uk puktg dg y ukg jÿvai.Ie ogktreooaÿk jusouier eolroe li puktg jÿvai ei puktg dg.

 

JÔ_O\IG_ @L IE JE_PAOEOAßK  JE_PAOEOAßK4 prgolsg `l jesoer (jgilr g `lsmerrer ogk igs `alktls) eiajlktgs pere su prlpereoaÿk y `amlsÿk. Reroapek igs `alktls, igs jôsouigs `l ie jesoeoaÿk, ie EPJ y igs jôsouigs suprehaga`lgs. JÔ_O\IG_ @L IE JE_PAOEOAßK  _gk  _gk ouetrg4 tljpgrei, jesltlrg, ptlra`ga`lg jl`aei y ptlramga`lg

ietlrei.

JÔ_O\IG JÔ_O\ IG PLJR PLJRGVEI GVEI Lste ngrje`g pgr uke oepe suplroaei y uke oepe prgnuk`e

 

JÔ_O\IG JÔ_O\ IG JE_LP JE_LPLVG LVG  Lstl prlslkte uke pgroaÿk suplroaei y uke pgroaÿk prgnuk`e

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JÔ_O\IG RPLVAMGA@LG JL@AEI/AKPLVKG  \faoe`g `lktrg `l ie reje `l ie jekfêfuie

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 Rgsll `gs oeflzes4 suplroaei l aktlrke

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JÔ_O\IG RPLVAMGA@LG IEPLVEI/LXPLVKG IEPLVEI/LXPL VKG  _u oulrpg prlslkte `gs oeflzes4 o eflzes4 _uplragr l aknlragr.

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JÔ_O\IG_ JÔ_O \IG_ @L IIE E JÊJA JÊJAOE OE Ogrrlspgk`lk e igs jôsouigs gooapatgnrgktei y tljpgrgperaltei (lpaoråklg), plragraoaeils peiplfreils, keseils, `l ie fgoe y euraouierls, y li jôsouig piesje.

 

ukaÿk