analysis of toothpaste

CHEMISTRY PROJECT (SESSION 2015-16)

PRESENTED BYBhavya Jain Class 12-A

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Bhavya Jain, student of Class XIIth–A, The Srijan School, Model Town has completed the project having the aim “To Detect The Presence Of Different Anions And Cations In Different Brands Of Toothpaste” during the academic year 2015-16 for the chemistry practical evaluation of CBSE 2016 and submitted satisfactory report as compiled in the following pages under my supervision.

Mr. BK Goel Department of Chemistry The Srijan School, Model Town

Acknowledgement I would like to express my deep gratitude to my mentor/teacher Mr. BK Goel who was a constant source of encouragement and valuable advices. This project wouldn’t have come to a successful completion without his guidance. I would also like to thank our lab assistant Mr. Jha who was always there at my beck and call, serving me in every best possible way. He made sure that all the requirements of the project were fulfilled. Finally, I would like to thank my parents for being there with continuing support morally and financially. THANKYOU.

INDEX 1.Objective/Aim 2.Introduction 3.Sample collection 4.Requirements 5.Theory 6.Tests for different samples 7.Comparative table 8.Conclusion 9.Precautions 10. Bibliography

OBJECTIVE/AIM To Detect The Presence Of Different Anions And Cations In Different Brands Of Toothpaste.

Introduction There’s a wide variety of toothpastes and related products available today in the market for oral hygiene. However, for a common man, differentiation on the basis of quality is really difficult with all the fancy advertisements and offers. A toothpaste contains a mildly abrasive substance such as calcium carbonate and a detergent or soap, some sweetening agent other than sugar and flavouring oils to make it pleasant to taste and smell. Some toothpastes contains fluorides which make the enamel surface of the tooth more resistant to bacterial activity and act against microorganisms as a metabolic poison. Generally any standard toothpaste contain calcium carbonate, sodium monofluoro phosphate, sodium lauryl sulphate, zinc sulphate, alum, some flavouring oils are also added. This project basically deals with the detection of various ions in toothpaste that determine its quality, and thus, a comparison between the prominent toothpaste brands.

SAMPLE COLLECTION

REQUIREMENTS Toothpaste(s): Colgate, Pepsodent, Close-UP, Dabur Red, Babool.

Chemicals: Hydrochloric acid, dilute Sulphuric acid, concentrated Sulphuric acid, Barium chloride, Ammonium chloride, Ammonium hydroxide, Ammonium carbonate, Acetic acid, Nitric acid, Silver nitrate, Calcium chloride, PottasiumFerrocyanide, H2S gas.

Test tubes, Beakers, Flasks, flame, spatula etc.

THEORY In qualitative analysis, the given compound is analysed for the radicals, that is, cations and anions that it contains. The common procedure of testing on unknown salt is to make its solution and then test this solution for the ions present in it. Then Preliminary tests such as colour, odour, dry heating, flame test etc. are performed. These tests are common for all samples under salt analysis. Further, there are separate procedures for detecting cations and anions.

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL (ANION) After the preliminary tests are over with, to identify the anion, three indicatory tests are carried out. They can be divided in to three categories each with separate group reagent. Therefore anion may be identified by performing the following tests in the order given. Dilute H2SO4 test Concentrated H2SO4 test Independent Group (SO42-, PO43-) After an anion is indicated, confirmatory tests are carried out, corresponding to the anion.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION) To identify the cations, we have been using the flame test(a preliminary test) for indication. Whichever cation is indicated, it is confirmed on the basis of corresponding tests.

TESTS FOR DIFFERENT SAMPLES

COLGATE S.N O.

EXPERIMENT

1.

Preliminary Tests Colour

White

Odour

Minty smell(of colgate) Colourless, CO32- may be odourless gas. present. Reddish Flame Ca2+ may be present. Colourless, CO32- may be odourless gas. present.

Dry Heating Flame test 2.

3.

4.

OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Dil H2SO4 testTo the sample, added some drops of Dil H2SO4. Confirmatory tests. To the sample added MgSO4 solution. Took an O.S, added dil HCl. Conc. H2SO4 testTo the sample added some drops of conc.H2SO4

A white ppt.

CO32-confirmed

Brisk CO32-confirmed effervescence. No change Conc. H2SO4 group absent

5.

Independent testsFor SO42- To the sample added BaCl2solution. To the sample added Lead acetate soln. For PO43-Added conc HNO3 to O.S and boiled. Added ammonium Molybdate soln in excess and again boiled.

White ppt.

SO42-confirmed.

White ppt.

SO42-confirmed.

Deep yellow colouration.

PO43- confirmed.

OBSERVATI ON No change

INFERENCE

CATIONS S.N O. 6.

7.

8.

9.

EXPERIMENT

Group 0To the sample added NaOH and heated Group-1 No change To the sample added dilute HCl Group-II No change To the above test tube added H2S Group-III No change To the sample

Group 0 absent

Group I absent

Group II absent Group III absent

10.

11.

(i)

(ii)

(iii) 13.

added NH4OH and NH4Cl Group-IV To the above test tube add H2S Group-V To the sample added NH4OH, and (NH4)2CO3 solution. Dissolved the ppt. in CH3COOH and divided the solution into 3 parts. To the first part added K2CrO4solution To the second part added (NH4)2SO4 To the third part added (NH4)2C2O4 Group-VI Took the filtrate of above step and added a few drops of amm. oxalate solution, boiled, filtered. Took the ppt, boiled, added

No change

Group IV absent

A white ppt.

Group V present.

No change

Ba2+absent

No change

Sr2+absent

A white ppt.

Ca2+confirmed.

A white ppt.

Mg2+ confirmed.

NH4OH and NH4Cl in excess. Add (NH4)2HPO4 and rubbed with a glass rod.

PEPSODENT S.N O. 1.

EXPERIMENT Preliminary tests Colour Odour Dry Heating Flame test

2.

3.

4.

Dil. H2SO4 testTo the sample, added dil. H2SO4. Confirmatory Tests To the O.S added dil HCl solution. To the solution added MgSO4 solution. Conc. H2SO4 test-

Observation

Baby pink That of pepsodent. White fumes, pungent smell. Reddish flame.

Inference

Colourless, odourless gas.

Cl- may be present. Ca2+ may be present. CO32- may be present.

Brisk effervescence. White ppt in cold.

CO32confirmed. CO32confirmed.

A colourless

Cl- may be

5.

To the sample added conc. H2SO4 Confirmatory tests To the sample added MnO2 conc. H2SO4. Heated. To the sample added dilute HNO3, Boiled, cooled and added AgNO3

pungent gas.

present.

Greenish, yellow gas, pungent smell. A white ppt.

Clconfirmed Clconfirmed

CATIONS S.N O. 6.

7.

8.

9.

EXPERIMENT Group-0 To the sample added NaOH and heated Group-I To the sample added dilute HCl Group-II To the above test tube added H2S Group-III To the sample added NH4Cl, boiled, cooled,

OBSERVATIO INFERENC N E No change Group 0 absent

No change

Group I absent

No change

Group II absent

White Ppt. Formed.

Group-III is present. Al3+ detected.

10.

11.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

13.

added NH4OH in excess. Lake testTo the ppt, added dil HCl, 2 drops of blue litmus, and NH4OH dropwise. To the filtrate of group-III added H2S solution. To the sample added NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 solution. Dissolved the ppt. in CH3COOH and divided it into 3 parts. To the first part added K2CrO4solution To the second part added (NH4)2SO4 solution To the second part added (NH4)2C2O4 and NH4OH solution. Group-VI Took the filtrate of above step and added a few drops of amm. oxalate

A blue ppt. floating in colourless solution.

Al3+ confirmed

No change

Group IV absent

A white ppt.

Group V present.

No change

Ba2+ absent

A white ppt.

Ca2+ confirmed.

A white ppt.

Mg2+ confirmed.

solution, boiled, filtered. Took the ppt, boiled, added NH4OH and NH4Cl in excess. Add (NH4)2HPO4 and rubbed with a glass rod.

CLOSE-UP S.NO EXPERIMENT . 1. Preliminary Tests Colour Odour Dry Heating Flame test

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

Red Close up-smell Suffocating smell Reddish flame.

SO32- may be present. Ca2+ may be

2.

Dil. H2SO4 testTo the sample, added Dil. H2SO4

3.

Confirmatory tests To the O.S added BaCl2 solution. To the ppt from above step added KMnO4solution. Conc. H2SO4 TestTo the sample added conc.H2SO4solution.

4.

Colourless, pungent smell, turned acidified K2Cr2O7 solution green. White ppt. Pink colour discharge. No change

present. SO32- may be present.

SO32confirmed. SO32confirmed. Conc. H2SO4 group absent

CATIONS S.N O. 5.

6.

7.

8.

EXPERIMENT Group-0 To the sample added NaOH and heated Group-I To the sample added dilute HCl Group-II To the above test tube added H2S Group-III

OBSERVATIO N No change

INFERENCE

No change

GroupI absent

No change

Group II absent

A brown ppt.

Group-III

Group 0 absent

9.

10.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

11.

To the sample added NH4Cl, boiled, cooled, added NH4OH in excess. Dissolved the ppt. in dilute HCl and added Potassium Ferrocyanide. To the filtrate of group-III added H2S solution. To the sample added NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 solution. Dissolved CH3COOH and divided into three parts. To the first part added K2CrO4 solution To the second part added (NH4)2SO4 solution To the third part added (NH4)2C2O4and NH4OH Group-VI Took the filtrate of above step and

present. Fe3+ detected.

prussian blue colour

Fe3+ confirmed

No change

Group IV absent

A white ppt.

Group V present

No change

Ba2+ absent

No change

Sr2+ absent

A white ppt.

Ca2+ present

No change

Mg2+absent

added a few drops of amm. oxalate solution, boiled, filtered. Took the ppt, boiled, added NH4OH and NH4Cl in excess. Add (NH4)2HPO4 and rubbed with a glass rod.

Dabur-RED S.NO EXPERIMENT . 1. Preliminary Tests Colour Odour Dry Heating Flame test

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

Red Dabur Red-smell Colourless, CO32- may be odourless gas. present. Reddish flame. Ca2+ may be present. No gas evolved. Dil. H2SO4 group absent.

2.

Dil. H2SO4 testTo the sample, added Dil. H2SO4

4.

Conc. H2SO4 TestNo gas evolved. To the sample added conc.H2SO4solution .

Conc. H2SO4 group absent

CATIONS S.N O. 5.

6.

7.

EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

Group-0 To the sample added NaOH and heated Group-I To the sample added dilute HCl Group-II

No change

Group 0 absent

No change

Group I absent

No change

Group II absent

8.

9.

10.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

11.

To the above test tube added H2S Group-III To the sample added NH4Cl, boiled, cooled, added NH4OH in excess. To the filtrate of group-III added H2S solution. To the sample added NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 solution. To the first part added K2CrO4 solution To the second part added (NH4)2SO4 solution To the third part added (NH4)2C2O4and NH4OH Group-VI Took the filtrate of above step and added a few drops of amm. oxalate solution, boiled, filtered. Took the ppt, boiled, added

No change.

GroupIII absent

No change

Group IV absent

A white ppt.

Group V absent

No change

Ba2+ absent

No change

Sr2+ absent

No change

Ca2+ absent

No change

Mg2+absent

NH4OH and NH4Cl in excess. Add (NH4)2HPO4 and rubbed with a glass rod.

Babool S.N O. 1.

EXPERIMENT Preliminary tests Colour Odour Dry Heating Flame test

2.

3.

4.

5.

Dil. H2SO4 testTo the sample, added dil. H2SO4. Confirmatory Tests To the O.S added dil HCl solution. To the solution added MgSO4 solution. Conc. H2SO4 testTo the sample added conc. H2SO4 Independent Group Tests-

Observation

Reddish Babool smell Colourless odourless gas. Reddish flame.

Inference

Colourless, odourless gas.

CO32 may be present. Ca2+ may be present. CO32- may be present.

Brisk effervescence. White ppt in cold.

CO32confirmed. CO32confirmed.

No gas evolved. Conc. H2SO4 group absent.

For SO42- To the sample White ppt. added BaCl2solution. To the sample White ppt. added Lead acetate soln. For PO43-Added conc HNO3 No change. to O.S and boiled. Added ammonium Molybdate soln in excess and again boiled.

SO42confirmed. SO42confirmed.

PO43absent.

CATIONS S.N O. 6.

7.

8.

9.

EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

Group-0 To the sample added NaOH and heated Group-I To the sample added dilute HCl Group-II To the above test tube added H2S Group-III To the sample added NH4Cl,

No change

Group 0 absent

No change

Group I absent

No change

Group II absent

No change.

Group-III absent .

10.

11.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

11.

boiled, cooled, added NH4OH in excess. To the filtrate of group-III added H2S solution. To the sample added NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 solution. To the first part added K2CrO4 solution To the second part added (NH4)2SO4 solution To the third part added (NH4)2C2O4and NH4OH Group-VI Took the filtrate of above step and added a few drops of amm. oxalate solution, boiled, filtered. Took the ppt, boiled, added NH4OH and NH4Cl in excess. Add (NH4)2HPO4 and rubbed with a glass

No change

Group IV absent

A white ppt.

Group V absent

No change

Ba2+ absent

No change

Sr2+ absent

White ppt.

Ca2+ present.

No change

Mg2+absent

rod.

COMPARATIVE INFERENCE TABLE NAME OF THE TOOTHPAST E COLGATE PEPSODENT CLOSE-UP Dabur-RED Babool

Ca2+

CO32 -

SO32- C l-

SO42- Al3+ Fe3+

Mg2+

CONCLUSION On the basis of the comparative inference table, we see that _________ is the best of all toothpastes as it contains a majority of the essential constituents (anions and cations) of a toothpaste.

PRECAUTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Handle the chemicals carefully. Use test tube holder to hold the test tube. Never add water to conc. acids Never touch any chemical with hands directly. Use a dropper for concentrated Acids. Don’t smell the vapours from too close.

BIBLIOGRAPHY  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste  http://www.seminarsonly.com  https://www.scribd.com/doc/78515818/Chemistry-ProjectWork  http://www.britannica.com/topic/Colgate-Total  http://www.dabur.com/Export-Dabur%20Red%20Toothpaste