Analysis of Chinese Characters

ANALYSIS OF

CHINESE CHARACTERS

G. D.

WILDER

AND

J.

H.

INGRAM

North China Union Language School

1922

4l*fe.

%

PL I17( Wb7

W,

1

1

1

1

2^

1

liiJU^''

INTRODUCTION TO

ANALYSIS OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

The author

of the great Chinese English dictionary Mr. Giles, has

not hesitated to express most trenchantly his contempt of etymology as has been applied to

Chinese

Wen

etymology of the Shuo

is

know

the only one of which

is

"Much we can

Notwithstanding the ridicule heaped upon

aiiything.

it

of the

it,

pretend

scholars,

Chalmers, Chalfant, Wieger and others have continued to pursue the

like

fascinating study of the origin of these

These

interesting results.

character writing

we have earliest

may

that

often

be and

symbols and have given us most

results are so convincing that in the teaching of

etymology of the it

says that

the extreme", and that the

childish in

phonetic principle of combination to

He

Characters.

unhesitatingly

adopted the principle that the

Chinese writers on the subject, childish though

fanciful,

is

yet superior to the numerous mnemonics

have been invented by foreign students to

assist

in the

of memorizing the forms of a few thousand characters.

may

of these pages

often

in

student

far fetched

but the following consid-

They are the products of Chinese some extent show the workings of the

mind.

fancy and imagination and to

Chinese mind.

The

consider the etymology suggested fanciful

and the logic of the combinations eration should be borne

difficult task

Therefore they interest us

who

are students of Chinese

may

only seem to be fanciful because we

are ignorant of the ancient customs

out of which they arise, or of the

thought.

Moreover they

forms of the

utensils of

often

which they are

nunciation in the different dialects.

If

pictures, or of the variations of pro-

any oue of us were entrusted with

the task of inventing written symbols for both concrete objects and abstract ideas

we

it is

doubtful

tainly invests the

/ .

if

we would produce anything much

less fanciful

and

certainly could produce nothing of such rich historic interest, as cer-

3000 most

primitive characters.

Writing Chinese characters

insists

is

a task of memory.

on the value of logical or even

them in mind.

Those who try

fanciful links

'

Modern pedagogy

between ideas for

fixing

to learn Chinese characters almost in-

INTRODUCTION

Iv

variably grope for

by which

to hold

some

them

association of ideas,

at

already

by

invented

range than any

in-

by

that the groupings

a study of the ancient inscriptions of

the early seal writings and etymologies are

and wider

logic in the formation

We have no doubt

memory.

in

which have been arrived

some

memory

more

more

interesting,

logical,

system that has been or can be

the superficial study of the characters as written with the

modern Chinese

pen.

These etymological studies

enlist the interest

historic imagination to aid the dry-as-dust task of committing to

of the

memory

these curious symbols of the thought of three or four milleniums.

Missionaries in China have been spared the task

many places have had,' of reducing the language The genealogy of Chinese characters takes ing. in

For an

years.

interesting

Wieger's introduction, firmed

by

their brethren

of the people to writ-

us back neariy 4000

sketch the student

historical

of which we

which

here give a summary.

is

referred to

Tradition con-

induction ascribes the idea of writing to the

well grounded

mythical Emperor Fu^ Hsi' i)^^ and the systemization of written charac-

j^fg in the 27th century B.C. Emperor Huang^ Ti^ B.C. 2697-2598, had recorders trained in official schools under a zk.

'ters to Ts'ang' Chieh^

^^,

It t'ai" s/iiP or acters

Grand Master. Bronzes of the i8th century B.C. with char-

on them are

the Confucian

The

extant.

Temple

others to the 9th century B.C. imperial recorder

wen' or large characters,

^ Chou''

seal,

(B.C.

stone

drums exhibited

Peking, referred

in

in

show

inscriptions

in the

ta* chumi''.

200)

^^^

k'o^

gateway of

to the 12th century, in the

style

a catalog of characters called the

"^"^

used

by

by an

^^ Chou*

known as tadpole because so many of the

Later they became ton' tzu*,

penstrokes suggest the form of a tadpole.

of scribes

by some

Confucius, B.C. 500, complained,

who were dishonest and instead of leaving blanks when they made new ones. These he called '^^ ck't^ tzu^ Or odd

forgot characters, characters.

Li* Ssu^

Ch'in^ Shih'

Huang^

^^M.

213 B.C. had

his

prime minister

^%\ make a new catalog called the H;^ sai^ ts'ang}

It

contained

3300 characters which are known as the small seal /h^ hsiao^ ckuan*. U? Ssu^-- invented no new symbols but combined the primitive picture characters with

phonetics.

/Thus the

creation of

new

characters ceased

before 200 B.C. and probably long before that, as the phonetic principle,

which renders unnecessary the invention of new symbolic elements, was in Li' Ssu' was deceived by the " odd characters " and as he use in 800 B.C.

had not enough

ancient

documents

to

ascertain the

meaning of many

g '

INTRODUCTION

V

^-/„

We

symbols he fixed wrongly the meaning of many characters. correct

some

Li^ Ssu*

of his mistakes.

many new

As

there were

many

and duplicate characters were formed. seven times until

Hsi finished A.D.

use, leaving

little

that

and

Li* Ssu's

useless

was reedifed

catalog

The modern

useless doubles

4000

;

that are in

Kan

standard dictionary of

Of

has 40,000 characters.

17 17

these 34,000 are

2000 more are surnames and doubles of

common

use. \

Of

3000 are

these

all

need be studied for etymological purposes, although there are also rare or obsolete characters that are of etymological and historical

some

interest. Importunately

the 3000 ancient primitives are

characters and anyone

who

will

with different

contained 7380 at the time of Christ and two hundred

it

years later over ten thousand.

monstrosities

I'terary centers

and no standard or center of control, c^pMtlesi

dialects prevailing

now

were invented by the easy process of

characters

phonetic combination.

can

In the period of literary enthusiasm following

gets a mastery of

have a magnificent vocabulary for

by the

fact that there are

Chinese English dictionaries but 14,000.

40,000

)

are 80,000

that there

The

in the dictiohary.

10,000 and the larger

One who

masters^'^QOO, will find

Dr. Goodrich

himself fairly well equipped for public speech. is

Let j

vocabularies of Goodrich and Soothill have but

decades of experience

their combiriations

departments of literat ure,

all

no one be appalled by the popular misstatement characters or even

the most useful

still

them and

after his

4000

surprised that he can catalog but

many

colloquial

characters.

^

Besides the multiplication of characters there have been

many trans-"^

Many

formations for ease in writing or condensations for the sake of speed. \

of these changes occurred as writing materials changed. stylus, writing

Curves and

circles

were common.

caused, poor writing and

some

Then

still

the

At first

the metal

in all directions.-

pencil used

Finally

finfe

on

silk

pointed

power of shading^ and speed

the

modern |f

^

are reduced to straight lines and angles, and

or running hand which

still

^'ai^

i3u*,

in

\

which curves-^

the grass characters,

further obliterates the

^^ classi/!

forms.

Other transformations are due to abbreviation

'

in exe-

further distorts the shapes of the classic small seal characters.

The brush has produced ts'ao* t0u*,

wooden

peculiar changes.

hair brushes used on paper gave great

cution but

(

on wood made uniform strokes equally easy

for securing

moro

space for inscriptions on small pieces of bone, shell or metal, as Mr.

J,

\

'

INTRODUCTION

VI

Mellon Menzies has pointed out, and these abbreviations have become

—

precedents for permanent forms.

About

1

(B.C. 86).

20 A.D. there was printed a posthumous work of Hsii' Shen

was the

It

mological studies.

first

publication of genuine archaeological

of Chinese archaeology had

This father

His great work

exteisively and studied Li' Ssu's catalog.

is

the

and

ety-

travelled

^%M^

10516 standard characters arranged under 534 to 544 primitive symbols which are the^o:rigin of our 214 radicals. All Chinese dictionaries claim to be based upon the Shuo Wen,

Shuo* Wen"" Chieh' Tzu*.

It

contains

show ignorance of it and few scholars to-day are acquainted with it. Our Character Analysis is based upon Wieger's EtyOur mological Lissons which is drawn largely from the Shuo Wen. But references usually m;an that our explanation is taken from Wieger. it is not always so, for the original Shuo Wen as well as the works of Chalfant, Chalmers and others have been used. Original or at least modern

though they

often

made and

suggestions have been

Shuo

usually placed after

the reference to

In Wieger's Lessons will often be found the quotation trom the

Wieger.

Wen

in

Chinese justifying the explanation.

/^ We shall use a few technical

expressions which are best explained

All characters

the ancient classification of characters into six categories. are divided into the

On

pound.

^

com-

two

classes are

each

The wen' or simple

characters

may

figures

the basis of form or composition the?e

divided into two other classes,

be either (i) pictures of which there are

symbols

and the f^

t2u* or

simple

wen"' or

^^

125 of these.

^

364

i.

hsiang^ or imitative symbols,!

in the

Shuo

Wen

;

or they

-^I^

2.

The compound

(2) indicative

The Shuo

^ are divided

characters

A in which each

ksiang'^ hsing^,

may be

chiK" shih*, pointing to things, affairs.

combinations, '^M. ^^'^

Wen

hsing"'

Shuo Wen:

(2)

sheng^ (form and sound), also called

one part has a

significant

has

into (i) logical

component part of the character

has a meaning relevant to the meaning of the character as a whole. are 1167 of these in the

by

meaning and the

phonetic

f^^

combinations^^

hsief^ sheng^,

rest points

There

in

which

out the pronuncia-

Of these the Shuo Wen explains 7697. We should note however that in many of these phonetic combinations the phonetic part was chosen because its meaning had some suggestion of the meaning of the tion only.

character so that they incline towards the logical combination class and

may be

called suggestive phonetics. e.g. f^ -wer^ to ask has P5 ^^n!-

door

— INTRODUCTION for the phonetic

mouth

and

k'ou>

mouth

to signify the meaning of ask, but a

a doorway certainly suggests asking.

in

vH

J

So too

hear, an ear at a crack in the door, the phonetic P^

is

in

|]fl

weif' to

suggestive.

We give the following examples of the four classes mentioned above, 1.

left

Imitative symbols or pictures such as

hand

;

and bottom

pins at top

as,

—

suspension from above or action of force

kutl' representing

|

downwards

from the meaning of

all

meaning to ask, under a

H. tan'', the

in

sun

H

above the

just

which the meaning of the character

the elements,

i^ charC

is

a

p

mouth

re-

k'oil,

///, a diviner or the lines on a tortoise shell,

[<

so the whole character means to i.e.

;

suggesting the meaning of morning.

,

Logical combination,

3.

sults

Y"

;

for hinges.

or authority from above

horizon

hand

symbols, that suggest meaning often with the idea of

2. Indicative

motion

yi^, right

yj^

P^ mer^, door, of the Chinese two leaved style with projecting

consult the diviner or simply to divine,

to ask the tortoise shell lines.

Phonetic compounds, in which one part has to do with the mean-

4.

ing and the other with the sound only. the water radical

i^H

shu?

\^

chart''

to suggest moisture

phonetic, to indicate the sound.

In

many

if

^ chan^ for the

cases the phonetic has

ness in sound to that of the character of which

pancies will be understood

to moisten, naturally ha^

and has the

it

forms a

little like-

Such

part.

discr^.

one remembers that the Chinese custom

requires that only the latter part of the sound of the phonetic shall be like that of the character

whose sound

for^

sidered a perfect phonetic

^

pari^ for

p'atf' etc.

were invented

it

indicates.

t'ang^,

and

g

Thus '^ shang* fung^ for

^

is,

con-

chung^,

^

Moreover many of the phonetic combinations

in parts of the

country where the dialect varies greatly from

that familiar to the student.

These four acters.

classes are

The Shuo

Wen

based on the form or composition of the chardistinguishes

two more

classes of characters

based upon use. 5-

^'&

chuaii chu^,

more extended, or figurative,

jnstance in

is

an acceptation of a character

in

a meaning

derived, generalized, metaphorical, analogous, adapted,

or even inverted and opposite to the original meaning. [»

For

pii the original meaning seems to be a horizontal and a per-

pendicular line from the lines appearing in a heated tortoise shell, that

what the diviner consults

;

then

by

extension

it

is,

meant the diviner or one

INTRODUCTION

VJii

who

consults the lines.

^ wan^

tension of the primitive meaning late design

it

a picture of a fishing

is

means any network, cobweb or

;

These meanings are gotten by turnings

^ of

interpreta-

are usually extensions of meaning or turns of thought from the

"^ ^ /«"

concrete characters. therefore,' father, 6.

by

is

original

of authority,

stick

a metaphorical extension.

chluc'

-Igfa

a hand holding a

reticu-

Abstract ttr ns

Primitives are usually pictures of concrete objects.

tion.

ex-

to envelope or

also to catch with a net, to catch in general,

wrap, to gather.

By

net.

chieh^ or

character in a sensa which

borrowing, refers to the use of a

false

is

not

its

own

originally, either

by

(i) error,

by convention to debut which has language signate an object which has a name in the spoken no written name. e.g. to take the character for some obsolete utensil arbiSee No. trarily to stand for some new idea for which a symbol is wanted. substituting

4-

it

yeK'.

•ffl.'tf

the Analects

but

for another existing character

As an example of the former we have in the first |^ now pronounced in other places sku(^ meaning

in this place

rejoice

is

or (2)

ahvays pronounced yueft*, meaning to

written \^, but a scribe once wrote

was not corrected out of respect

was taken by convention Another

interesting

to

^

for 'f^

for the classical text.

mean

of

ksia*

^

below

tzil',

YHek to

mistake, and

^

it

to sing,

ko^,

elder brothers.

method of forming characters was by inverting

For example

^

the inversion of Jt shang^ above Vi^, an inversion ip t'a to go on, is only, jh means an unnatural child

is

son,

to speak,

rejoice.

by

an old character to make a new one of opposite meaning.

'^

chapter of

;

;

chif^ to stop, turned

bottom up

;

^

pt^ walking

is

a combination of the

two preceding containing both stopping and going owing to the advancing and stopping alternately of the

feet

in

walking.

^

jet^ inverted

is

{^

hua*, to change.

Some

characters are formed

by doubling and trebling other characters

either to emphasize the meaning, as

^ yao^ the

finest

thread,

^

yii^

an

almost invisible filament, or to express simple reduplication or multiplication as

and

y^'lir^

mouth and no hsuan clamor of many voices forest, sen many trees, green, many.

k^m('

;

^jc

This book explains a thousand characters.

ia

tree

After the student has

studied these he will have learned about 1400 useful characters.

commend

mu*

^

We

re-

he proceed then to read Wieger's Etymological lessons order, and to learn to write all the list of " 340 -Characters selected that

INTRODUCTION

from those Lessons which do not occur in the Wieger's Phonetic

series, learning to

characters "

place

will

enabling him to

all

fX First list."

Then

a study of

write the " second thousand selected

the student has learned in phonetic groups'

remember them much more

easily.

The study

of the

phonetic groups in Soothill's pocket dictionary or in Wieger throughout the course will rapidly increase the numbers ot characters the student can write.

-J»«5-

.

SUGGESTIONS TO THE BEGINNER FOR WRITING CHARACTERS. If the student begins

with the

first

character and studies

them

order he very soon comes to very complicated symbols. ease his task

if

in

It will

he takes one or two lessons on simpler forms such as

the numerals and simple characters occurring early in the

designated below, in the suggested

book

as

lesson.

first

be found a pleasing diversion to practice under the guidance of a teacher with a Chinese pen and the red copy forms will

It

that schoolboys use.

In this

way one

will at the

order of the strokes which the Chinese follow. to learn this order

ed by the hand

if

one wishes

From

memory.

this the

Mr.

order in writing.

Mandarin Primer

highly important

a great

is

The Language School also has a table

giving the order of strokes for the

book.

It is

as a regular habit form-

all,

making the strokes of each character

in

assistance to the

to write at

same time learn the

150 of the characters

first

in this

student can easily acquire the principles of Bailer's suggestions in the Introduction to his

will also give the

same. P. xxv.

In writing with either pan or pencil, the following rules should

be observed possible.

square

in order to secure as

follows

strokes

—

of proportion and style as

I

*

it

may

,

as nearly as possible a

with those above and below, no matter

space of equal size

how many

much

Each character should occupy

I.

contain.

2.

The

^'XTILL-i/J-

elemental strokes are as 3-

Where

space

is

en-

closed the perpendiculars slope inwards, making the space broader at the top

than at the bottom,

4. Perpendiculars in

the middle of

the character should be absolutely upright, but the horizontals tend

upwards toward the reader's right hand.

to slope

We

suggest the following for the

FIRST LESSON. ,

—

J*

One, represents the primordial unity.

in the series all

beings.

of numerals, It is

the

first

In composition to

it

The

first

represents the source of

radical.

make up another

has the following symbolic meanings.

character

it

.

SUGGESTIONS TO THE BEGINNER FOR WRITING CHARACTERS.

—

1.

at the

i^

top of any character usually means

heaven, a roof or any cover as in

yi^

xi

^

t'ien,

^

heaven,

rain.

At

2.

the bottom

it

means the surface

^ peif

earth, a base, or foundation.

or base

H.

;

horizon.

ground,

— A

3.

:ft

li^

to

stand,

^

^ shao^ makes a

Two, The number of pair with heaven.

and feminine

principles

2,

sheep-skin

form of e.g.

^

it.

yang^ and [^

yin}.

It is

has three uses.

it

it

the masculine

It signifies

i.

of two as in fn fet^, two men, love each

Two

extremes as in

2

wi^

shan^ above, or

shih^,

of

five

f

An old

hsia*

below.

a revelation from above.

head, that which

is

the top

H on man

^ ko^ a

3.

^.

stretched on a frame

Y

J:,

a P^

the earth, because

In composition

the 7th radical.

The meaning

pj(

ch'iao,

the breath.

Something contained, as

a spoon with something in

erk*

other.

4.

on the

-j^

"5^

as in

representing

shian^ a bolt to a door. "~*

man

a

is

barrier or hindrance

breathing,

difficult

morning, the sun just above the

tar^,

^

the

of

trunk of a tree

7c

y'uan^,

JL.

san^ Three, the order of humanity coming after

tH^

heaven and earth.

wang'

The Chinese commonly

king, as the one

who

explain 3E

unites heaven, earth

and

man.

-|«

shil^,

Ten.

The number

that includes all the rest

of the simple numbers, a symbol of separation, extent

two dimensions, and the

in

compass.

It is

cardinal

the 24th radical,

separating the kernels of grain ^>.

e.g. It

points

-^

of the

ml'', is

a

-f-

means threshed

out grain br any such substance.

For the

rest

of the numerals study the following numbers in the

book, 29 to ZZ, inclusive, 58, 59. For more easy characters first study No, 57, I, 5, 6, 14, IS, 35, 27, 19, 12, 2, 3, 4, after mastering these one may as well begin with No, 7 and go on in the order given in the book.

iVS cv

ANALYSIS OF CHINESE CHARACTERS, FROM, BALLER'S

MANDARIN PRIMER. BASED MAINLY ON DR. t. WIEGER'S ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS AND THE SHUO WEN. (W. with a nnmber and

letter refers to these lessons.

column means that

it

is

a

A comma

coilcqnial character.

after the Romanization in tbe first

The form given

at the right is

the seal writing of 100 A.D.)

BALLEE, LESSON ^fc

To have

*^"*>

/^

children

f^ mien^.

I.

^

tea*

under one's roof

Logicalfcomposition, to shelter,

to nurse, to bear. By extension it refers to the characters produced or bom hj combining the simple wer?, into com-

%

pound characters, f^

tztf,

W. 94

by

logical

;

A.)

The radicaliof the character, a picture o» a newborn child swathed so that its legs are not visible.

'^

either

#M M (See introduction, Page 6, in Wiener

also

•^^ >^

^,

orjphonetic combination,

composition

the hair.

By

In an ancient form

exte:nsion it

means

it

has

disciple,

then sage or teacher because the emperors honored the sages by calling them tzu^ or sons.

It is the

39th

radical, reli^-ting to

(W. 94 A.) mien^ Picture of a roof, a shelter, a house. It is the 4dth radical of characters relating to (W. 36 A.) Called dwellings. pao' children.

^^^

f\

^m

2

4^

30^ Xm, wo',

"iXi,

n^.-^Y^

I,

Two

me.

wards each

other,

each other, and

^

ko\ pointing totwo rights opposing

spears,

1)3'-

my

extension

right,

me. (W. 71 Q.) -yi, is the radical. grasping a Williams says it is a hand spear, defending my rights, therefore I. Picture of a spear with a hook or crescent

^

%^ 7^^

ko^.

on top, a crosspiece below and a sword knot at the handle the 62nd radical, of characters relating to spears and weapons generally. (W. 71 F.) ;

ni\ You.

f>5t

Aien^ man

(picture)

9th radical,

is

the radical of n?.

^, TK

erW you,

^ o^

character for you. equivalent to a

end

(At the

drawn is

J

full

It is final expletive " stop, or " There now !

of a phrase the voice

ita

A pa',

separated,

is borrowed and 35 L.)

He, the other, she,

t'a^,

radical, combined

it.

'til,

^

This character

utensil,

either

is

a

borrowed (W, 107 B.)

vessel;

jPj

meti',

The (W. 18

sent forth. for

5''ou.)

A jet^, man is the

with j'e/i'',

the other man, he. veA",

is

in Aju", and the reserve of breath

character O,

81 the classic

a contraction of

is

also; therefore

(Man

A

also -&.)

a picture of an ancient funnel

for. the

or a' drinking

conjunction, also.

Sign of plural in pronouns and other

words indicating A,

called

:3r

A 5i

written ^ at the

jjcrsons.

The

or standing left

radical

is

man when

of a character.

P^ BH

picture ot a

two-

gate turning on jjivots {hu* J3 being a one-leaved door). (W.129C.) This may have been taken to form the sign of the plural because it is a door with two leaves.

*

mark

Target,

t/"*;*

0,

a

leavetl

fljg '

radical l69, is

nien-, gate,

a par,

clear,

;-

Adjectival

true.

particle, sign of possessive.

white,

is

the radical,

daylight,

cf.

88 A.)

fi

3& As/n*, ver-

M

'f

tical heart, the

jj tvm^ To

61st radical.

lead or influence, to rule or lead peo-

on to right ways. With j& heart meaning to ple

influence the

mind, or to understand. -H* t'sao', grass,

a

its radical.

picture, the

140th

It is written Pi

radical, is

when stand-

and -h- in composition. chuTig*, Heavy, important. Composed by superimposing t^in^ i. upon fH tun^,

^ ^^

ing

aloire,

the

two

oblique strokes of the latter being

reduced to a horizontal stroke. standing at his place t^ing^ is a inan on the earth j;, the earth denoting the

A

business of

life,

position.

The

positions

on the east of the thi-one were the more important and honorable, hence the combination with "M. tun^, east, to mean important or heavy. (W. 81 D.)

;

10

ys

A^, 23

-H-

m

The sun H shining through the trees, ?fc ma* i.e., on the horizon where it appears in the morning, so, east. (W. 120 K.) ^"*' Tree, a picture of trunk, roots and branches, the 75th radical. (W. 119 A.) tang^,

tSi ,

Very, superlative,

shetP\

^ESJ

what ?

Before

^

read- sheri^.

P

99th radical is the radical, from P k'ou^, mouth, and something held

'kan\ sweet, the

,

in

^,

^

it,

—

agreeable to the taste, sweet,

i.e.,

(W. 73 B.)

satisfaction. p'i",

To

pair,

a

pair.

a half of the whole by H ssu*. A little,

It is

which is represented more than half of the character is retained so as to be recognizable. (W. 42 A.) Therefore

As

ift

means

affection for the mate.

this is the strongest affection, the char-

mean

acter comes to

superlative, very.

24;

l/jiljj

m&y An

a sort also used, ironically. These are borrowed meanings. The primitive meaning is small,, delicate, from jSt tns? hemp fibre, and ^ (W. 90 A.) yao^, the finest thread. ma?, Hemp, hemp fibre, pockinarked the 200th radical it is the radical of this character. It is made up of the followma^,

interrogative particle,

;

;

ing:

A

paS to divide /K p^an* To strfp hemp^ from (12th radical) the fibres from the ^ ch'e*, stalk.

doubled

(Distinguish firom it

forms

^

>fc

mn*.)

p'ai*, textile

When fibres.

When the stalks are soaked and stripped off and brought under cover or stored in

;

11

a shed

r* J'en^ it

is

called

M mn%

prepar-

hemp or tow, kept tinder shelter. (W, 79 H.) In combination this character has the idea of entanglement, troublesome. ed

J^,

O

y^o^ The

finest thread as obtained from winding the filaments of only two cocoons which are represented in the character.

By extension, any fine thread, tow, slender, 52nd

tender, 25

26

^.

M

MM

radical.

(W. 90 A.)

tung^, East.

Sun H shining through the trees, :^ mu\ See No. 22. /Jc mu* is the radical, the 75th.

The primitive writings picture a bird settling on its nest. The birds go to roost at sunset hence the use of the char-

hs?, West.

^

;

acter for west 27

%n.

hsien^.

First.

;

The

the 146th R.

(W. 41 D.)

radical is Jl jen\

a man.

sometimes means feet, support. The 10th radical. (W. 29 A.) f-t, ^ci, Uc chib^ A small plant vp issuing from the ground to grow; development, continuity, proIt

—

;

borrowed as the sign of the (W. 79 B.) Accordingly the combination hsien^ means to a,dvance &. on one's feet JL, to be first. gress.

It is

possessive.

^

28

IBI ^5t

ko*.

^^ to turn in bed, a curling up, dignity or modesty H chieh^,

^^ /o

shih^,

Stone.

It is

T

,

;

during the night, d^ bsi^ (See No. 14) " It is not decent," says Cohfacius, " to lie like

a corpse."

n* ia ju"

U

satJg^;)

" Stand, like Sit like

a

a pine

bell

(^

(jfc

tso"^

iaju" it cbung^;) Lie like a bow (g\ jvo* in /n" ^ kiia^ ;) Walk like the wind {^ tsot^ 4n ju^ m. fengK")

These are models of

17

From modesty in l3'ing down, comes by extension to mean good

behaviour.

yuat^, behaviour in general. ti,

^

chielf,

A

(W. 64 D.) Some say the form where one

seal.

has slept. It is one half of the cliaracter ?^=5P ch'iag'^ or seal. One half of the seal is kept at the yamen and the other given 4

to the individual concerned in the case.

^

(W. 55 A, B.) The phonetic has the idea of order, and bowls Wa are a means to secure order in eating.

43

^,Pi

Tu^,

To

moon /I as Some say the

it.

meant the phases a hand covered eclipse of the moon,

Primitively

have.

of the

it

if

with the same interpretation. To have, is a borrowed ineaning. (W. 46 H.) To have the hand on the moon might_v.'eU be called possession.

M ,^ yiieh*, the moon,

s

the radical, No. 74.

ture of the crescent ble

y ,^, ^

yu^,

(compare

^

The right hand.

moon

hsi\ No. 14), (W. 64 G.) The fingers reduced to

three for ease in writing.

44

^ i^>

_

,

the

W ^

/*,

^t^

It is the

29th

(W. 43B.) It means also, again. band returning repeatedly to

radical.

The

A pic-

completely visi-

right

mouth

in eating suggests " again."

Intention, thought.

hsiW, heart,

is

or mind soitnds it.

jC?

The heaii: of the speaker is known by the

the radical. No. 61.

^ that

means

he utters.

extension

mind words /^ of the

also the thought that the

of the.hearer gets from the speaker.

By

(W. 73 E.)

18

^ yw\ A iS^,

c^

To

ssu^,

the B3,

©

^,

(See No. 39.)

sound. think

;

radifcal,

The

the wish of the heart. No. 61.

skull,

the vital fluid of the heai-t j&

acts on the brain

^

is

the cover of the brain (altered to look like EH t'ien\ field). " When one

Asin*

thinks, S,

|I|. -"s,

j&

cA'u',

To go forth, to go out.

to

eject.

Shuo Wen.

hsin^."

\^

Primitively

Toissiie, tobeget,

it

represents stalks

growing out of the ground, the opposite of A /V, No. 35. The *f small plant has grown another pair of leaves. (W. 78 E.) In combination often I'cduced to db. The radical is U /f'an*, a receptacle, the 47

17th.

^ ^^

ch^i*,

air.

:Jft

ch'i*

mP

^

or fiunes rising from

rice

ether,

;

breath,

common use for much use in philo-

It is substituted in

the radical

[i,

^

Vapor, the

fermenting

%

and

is in

sophy for the primal aura or vital fluid. ^ "^ ch^i*, vapor, is the radical. No. 84, meaning curling vapors rising from the ground and forming clouds. Ancient forms show the sun 13 and ik. fire which cause the vapors. Contracted into -£ ch'P it means to beg. (W. 98 A.) mP, Kice after it is hulled qther small grains and things small like rice. It represents

t

^

;

four grains >; sepai-ated -p.

means separation toward ters

The

tlie

+ often

four quar-

North, South, East and West.

122 A^

It is the

119th

radical.

(W.

19

48

nn

jS »

companion, peer. Now composed of two jnoons but it has nothing to do with ^ yiieh^, the radical of classification in Kang Hsi, but comes from an

P'^'^g'-< A- friend,

'Wf

;

ancient primitive

^ kng^, representing the and

by extension meaning the bird itself, now written JH. The character ^ was then changed in pronunciation to p'eng^, and taken to tail of the phoenix,

mean

because the phoenix draw^s it or two birds together, therefore friend, (Chalfant) JJ8| p'eng^, was a fabulous bird, the roc, from may have derived its prow^hich the all

friend,

other birds after

;

M

(W. 64

nunciation ofp'ezJ^. 49

^

yu^.

Friend, associate.

acting in the same the radical, No. 29.

I.)

From two hands

%

direction.

(W. 43 P.)

chien\ Classifier of many things, part, is the radical.

'f^

X

yu*, is

item,' a,

\

^.

^

/J?u-,

Cow,

ox.

The 93rd

radical,

a picture of

head, horns, legs and tail. This combination suggests any thing from a man to an ox. Thus it can be applied to almost anything.

''ti.

/^O

i^.

145th Clothes, especially upper garments. radical of many characters relating to clothing.

In composition

lowing forms

:

1.

when

-i-

bottom of the

has the

at the

fol-

left

of

cut into halves, the

2. the cliaracter ^ and the top the at being ;

it

character.

^ being at the (It

must not

then be confused with -^ the eighth Radical, 3. at the bottom being the test) the both parts may be changed by fusion -with other parts of the character when split, It also is placed either at e.g., the top or the bottom of a character unchanged. It pictures the sleeves, and the

^

;

MM^.

(W.

skirts hanging- belov^'.

"^^

-16 A.)

Clothes for the lower part of the body. :^ is the radical (see No. 51.) shang^, is a phonetic here. -^ is contracted to 'S' when in composition, meaning a ropf or a house, it represents the ridgepole and sides of the house as in *** mien^, but has a shang",

W,

^

window d added and a

A paf, divide, in-

dicating that the ridgepeople divides the

wind and water, or M. ^JC

ileng^

ridge raised at both ends all,

and so the character

still,

is

shuP. This

placed last of

means to add

elevated, noble, superior.

to,

It is

suggestive phonetic as the clothing is

(W. 36 E.)

house or cover for the body. pa^*^,

5ti

To

things

take hold

grasp, classifier of

held in the hand.

handle, pa^,

^,

of,

a

handful.

Read

"To

the radical, No. 64.

pa*,

a

clap E« the

hand ^ on something." vp shou^, The hand, handy, skill, workman.

^

a a

It is

When

written at the ^ is the picture of a side view of the hand, is the full palm. In the ancient writing the represents the lines in the palm. (W. side exiled Ji

^

t'i'

sbot^.

X

^

^

48

A.)

21

A kind

pg JB pa*,

of boa, short and thick.

o presented raised

in the south is

1m

T*,

^,

it also

means a

A chair. The

radical

It

It is reis

found

eaten and

its skin

§ pa*.

(W. 55

slap, clap. is ?jc

ma*, the 75th.

(See No. 25.)

J '

on

its flesh is

used to cover guitars,

L.) 51

;

its tail.

Unusual, strange, rare. That which causes men "K to exclaim in admiration nT. Great, 37th radical, in combination means man, representing head, arms and

"^J" ch'P, ~/\. ts^.

legs.

Pj,

r

JSr'o',

To

send forth a breathing of approbation 1 from the mouth n, to express satisfaction, to be willing, permit, admire.

The Logical combination (W. 58 I). Chinese, being used to sitting on their heels,

so

or flat on the A'ang-*, the chair seems

much more comfortable as

to be a sur-

prising or strange thing. 55

;je

chan^, To draw^ a bow,

stretch,

extend.

Classifier of things of extended surface.

^^ p Q kun^,

a.

bow,

is

the radical, No. 57.

A

pic-

^

forms also represent it ture. 1^^ bent or vibrating. (W. 87 A.) •^_ -^ chaag-^ *, To grow, excel, senior. gg ch'ang'^, Long. The primitive form represents locks of hair so long that they must be Ancient

'*'

—

and a hairpin Y. With by a band K, an inverted or changed man, added, it means manhood, grown up so the hair is long. By extension it means long in time or space, to grow. The modern form is tied

22

an ai-bitrfii-N- contraction. (W. 113 A.) cho\ Table,

>f^

yic

mu*

is

168th

radical.

(See No.

the radical.

25.)

^,

^

cAo', Surpassing, high elevated.

It represents

mast surmounted by a globe and a flame, an ornament of which the Chinese a

are fond.

It is

imitated in the yainen flag

(W. 143 P.) A table being high as compared with chairs and stools, this phonetic meaning high is selected approstaffs.

priately.

BALLBK, LESSON

Ff^

^^ -?

III.

cAuH^, The middle, among, in. C/ian^g*, to hit the mark, attain, pass an examination.

The character represents a square target The pierced in the center by an arrow. form of the target is lost in this modem (W. ivriting, but is retained in M yung." 225.' 109 A.) See No. kutf, A down stroke, a perpendicular, is the radical. No. 2. It has a symbolic signification in

many characters,

e.g.

:

the trunk

an arrow in 4* chung^; a spindle running through tw^o objects in ¥ ch^uan*, i.e., to string together a bow string in ^1 yjn^, to draw a bow, to lead a man standing in ^ shen^, to gird one's (W. 6 A.) self. in i^ mn*, tree

;

;

;

58

WO ,

pai',

One hundred, many,

all.

represented

by

hundreds

is

Thef unity ot

— i\

one,

and

23

S

paP, white. It Is purely a phonetic combination, fi is the radical, 106th. (See No. 6.) (W. 88 A. and B.) 69

1^.4-

+

Thousand, very many. Ten hundred (but the pai^ is not here). ~r* shih^, Ten, symbol of extension in two dimensions, i§ the radical, No. 24. The ^ at the top of the character is the abbreviation for jen^, which is phonetic in this character. (W.-24 D. and k.) chVen^,

W

A

60

wan*, Ten thousand an indefinite number, wholly, emphatic particle. Written Ft! it is the Indian swastika, symbol of Buddha's ;

The

meaning 10,000.

heart, dlso

radical

in Kang Hsi's dictionary is t'sAo'^, but the character has nothing to do with that -«f

radical

;

originally

scorpion,

65

-»-

it

being the picture of a

being the

feelers,

€)

&

being the head, and tt\. Vl the legs and the tail. It was then pronounced ch'ai*, but as there were other words for scorpion it A!vas

61

borrowed

for the

meaning 10,000.

(W. 23 H.)

^

-^y

lin^, Small rain, or last drops of a shower,

a

fraction, residue.

the radical, the 173rd. It sents drops of water The law is to come in drops or showers deluges, thus this is an appropriate

yii^, rain, is

X

for a fraction.

^, 5

I' tig*,

A

(W. 14

It is

not in

symbol

I.)

law, an order, to

honored.

repreof rain

command, your

formed of

A

chP.

the

24

notion of union, assemblage, being the joining of three lines (see No, 18), and P Therefore chieb^, a seal (see No. 42.)

^

an

order,

is

urdting -^

the

of the

written document and the P seal, —^i.e., the stamping of the order. (Note that when CJ k'ou^, is added, we have •^ ming*, an order or command by word of mouth, and the decree of heaven). (W. 14 A. 1.) 62 iBjf

^"'^' '^*^

Is

return to or from

A

medan.

;

Moham-

a time.

turn or revolution.

It re-

presents an eddy (like the curling clouds

of smoke, or whirlpools in w^ater) or an object that rolls, turns on an axis lience the abstract idea of revolving, return. ;

P

we?

is

the

(See No. 28.) 63

^ jlPl

q

cAfng^, yezi',

is

To

invite,

the

radical,

(W. 76 G.)

twice written. Also written [g.

to request, to engage.

radical, the

149th.

(See No.

10.) P9 fn

cA'/n^,The green of sprouting plants, also blue, black, gray, white of an egg. The 174th radical. It is made up of sheng\ plants, and :W- tati^, their color (red).,' as if the makers of the character were color blind, -p^ tan^ is cinnabar, a Ted mercury ore, represented by -the » for the ore in a crucible /K where it was sublimed by the

^

alchemists in search of the philosophers' stone for turning base metals to gold.

(W. 115 D.) p{ may be the Chinese stove with the round hole red with fire.

)

25

64

To come

lap,

M.t;

The

in the future.

;

radical

is

A

formed of ;f\, a primitive representing a plant and M. or ears of grain hanging from it a sort of bearded barley, used as food in the Chou Dynasty. The Shuo Wen says it means come, because the gtain eaten by men conies from heaven. It is more probably £i borrowed meaning without logical explanation. (W. 13 B.) It is

jen^.

;

65

m

wen*,

To

mouth in

a

The

ask, inquire.

P5

(radical No.

metP, door,

radical

30).

is

B

The

placed

a suitable character and 9

is

for the meaning, t.o ask . (See Nos. 5

66

SkM

To

tso*,

The

sit

down, to

radical

is

i

M sitting on the to talk. 67

-|^ jEfc,

rest, t'u^,

k'ou^,

to place, to reign.

the 32nd.

earth

.

±

t'«',

Two men

face to face

(W. 27 D.)

^U

"^

cb'ii*.

To

i» ssu\ is the radical, the 28th.

go.

made, however, from a pictufe of an empty vessel U ch'iii^ and its cover ±; hence the meaning of to empty, to remove, leave, go, all being ideas connected with the removing of the cover of a vessel and The top resembles t'u' in its contents. the modem writing, and iz ta* in the old. The bottom is like M, ssu^, but here stands for U ch'a\ a basin. (W. 38 F.) It is

±

68

J

.

'

''

"^^

"

"''"'

A child

swaddling clothes. (Compare This character being of no use ^^, No. 1.) was borrowed for the common suffix to denote past time in a verb, or the end of

hao\

y

in

26

a sentence, conclusion, intelligent, clear. (W. 94 H.) J kun' is the radical, No. 2, perpetidicular.

^^

*^^

Opposite

tui^,

;

parallel

sentences

hung opposite each other to, to suit, mfitch,

on

scrolls

to correspond

;

agreeing -with

;

sign of

dative. "»J

^

t'sun*, inch, is the i-adical,

The dot

sure.

the 41st, to mea-

represents the pulse on the

wrist about an inch from the hand.

^

composition used often for

45

^p

hand.

In

(W,

B.)

Luxuriant vegetation, being a representation of its branching into manj'' twigs from a single stem emanation,

tsao^

;

(W. 102

multitude, faggot. ~f^ shih*,

A

—

from

and

I.)

33rd radical;

scholar, gentleman; the

because all things are comprised between the numerative one i*

-f-

shih^,

and ten, therefore an affair (same as ^), a thing, and bj' extension a sage, scholar (W. 24C.). Before 100 B.G.'n Jfc'oa' was in

n [^

the place of

±

shih*.

means to apply a measure luxuriant emanation k'ou^,

Wen to

i.e.,

Ti, in

Tui^ therefore -^ fsutx* to -the

^ of men's mouths

men's testimonies. Emperor 100 B. C. changed the writing

± shih^ to remind his officers that men's

testimonies

P must not

be believed, but only the words of the •± sages, which alone deserve to be examined -^. (W. 102 I.) 70 kad^, A, state, country.

From P

AsiYj (the radical, No. 31)

^vei^,

and

a boun-

ju* a primitive appanage, post, a center; the hao*, land that one baron defended with the weapons -^ of his retainers, around his P castle, or town, w^hose limits are not indicated because there were none. Pronounced huo* it means bj'' extension an indeterminate person, whose name is not given, being known only as from a certain

—

estate

by

;

perhaps, 'tt'-er

extension,

"a

again, uncertain,

With the

certain one."

or boundary added,

estate well defined,

P

becomes an a country M. (W. it

TIJ.) 71

shen^, Sound, music,

voice, accent,

tone

;

to

declare.

!^,

^

er/^^ ear, is

the radical, the 128th, used in

a

natural group of characters relating to hearing. It is a picture of the external ear.

^f>%

ch'ing*

On

(W. 146 A.) the right

is it

shu',

the 79th radi-

meaning the right hand (W. 22 D.), making a jerky motion, to strike, a staff, to kill. On the left is a primitive picturcal

^

ing sonorous jade or quartz stones suspended from a frame to make a musical instrument these atones w>ere in the form ;

of a carpenter's square, and were struck The character is now a triangle.

like

written with a ^ shih' ^. P is used as an abbreviation of ^. The combination of ear 3f and musical stones P struck by the hand 5: naturally makes M sound. (W. 173 A.)

28

72

^a»

To

shao^,

"^

_^

^

speak,

talk,

sayings,

converse,

doctrines.

"^ yen\

is

the radical, No. 149.

To

(See No. 10.)

i.e., good words and rejoice ft the hearer. This is made up of 56 (huan^, ancient pronunciation, a mouth P on top of a man }L, or to speak authoritatively

-j^ j'iieA*,

speak, to rejoice,

A

51 that dispel

grief

;

pronounced hsiung^ it is the oldest brother who must exhort his brothers) and to dissipate the breath or divide it into words, to speak. By an arbitrary modem borrowing the character is read tai*, and means exchange. (W. 29 D.)

A

73

a*L /jua*.

pl^

of the

Q

^^

h£

O /t-

sAe',

tongue.

* ;

(See No. 10.)

Tongue, is a picture of the tongue protruding from the mouth. (Compare @ hatP, the tongue drawn back into the mouth S.) It is the 135th radical. (W.

102 74

"S"

yet^, is the radical. No. 149. she^.

Words §

Words, discourse, a language.

C.)

ch'ih^,

To stutter,

k!ou^,

mouth

cHP To

beg.

is

to swallow, to eat the radical, No. 30.

It is

;

to suffer.

a contraction of

g

ch'i^,

vapor, breath,—the 84th radical. (See No. In this fonn it is borrowed for ^ 47.) kai* to

mean

beg.

(W. 98 A.)

To stammer to fill the mouth D with breath £, and make no progress in speech. In eating one mouths the food as in stamnjering one mouths the breath, hence to eat. ng is

.

.

29

75 /Qif^

A

fan*,

meal, cooked rice (the chief dish of a

meal). to eat,

shih^,

"^

the radical, No. 184, re-

is

lating to food in general. It is formed of -^ chi^, to collect (see No.' 18), and %

^

the sweet smeH of a picture of the bowl 6 and its con tents— and a (^ pi^, spoon, to hsiang'-, boiled grain,

the WL fan\

It is

,

^ pp, spoon, is the 21st (W. 26,C.L.M.) Gather the

ladle it out.

^

radical.

^

family to eat -^ the rice fan^,

To

;

oppo-

¥vova.%yu*, hand, and^r*

site; to rebel.

Ja

S.

return, turn back, turn over

a representation of the motion of the hand in turning over, {f ban*, is a cliff, a Radical No. 27.) (W. 43 E.) In eating the hand returns again and again Jx. to the mouth with food.

retreat,

shelter.

^

2

erh^,

A male les

JL

child,

a person with the

fontanel-

of the skull not yet closed

jen^, inan,

the 10th radical,

is

the radical of

this character.

The upper part is written 134th

like

1^3

chiu*',

the

but it is really |Sl hsin^, skull, written open above, as the skull is (W. 29 B.) in an infant. radical,

77 |«fe hsiao^.

Dawn,

bright, to understand

;

i.e.,

a

^

jih*,

^ J^ !^

sun H high and bright sun, is the radical combined with

From

yao^, eminent, lofty.

^

yad^, earth,

earths) and % wn*, a heaped up (three Yao^ is the name high base, level on top. of a famous ancient emperor, 2300 B.C.

±

^

30

(W. 81 C.) When the sun H one can see and understand ^. 78

^ te^,

^

^

'f

To

is

high

^

get, receive.

take a step forward with the left (60th radical) is the radical (W. 63 A). It was added to this char-

ch'ih* to

foot, to w^alk

acter late,

^,

W}

te^

and

is

to obtain, to get,

superfluous. is

the original writing of

#

and in the seal w^riting shows its etjanology, viz., to get. the hand -^ on that w^hich one has in view ^. The M. chien*, see, is reduced to S.- (W. 45 E.) See No. 85. the character,

"^

t'sun\ Inch.

See No. 69.

79 mo'^ or raeP,

$

sink in the water, to dive, to

none of, not, least, without. .The shuP, Water, is the radical (No; 85.) central stroke represents a rivulet, and the others the ripples on the surface of (W. 12 A, B 125 A.) the water. mar To dive, while turning tH hiiP, on oneself in order to get something under the water, the head being below. The 12 haP, is changed bj'^ scribes to 7J. (W. 76 I.) iserish

7K,

To

;

;

^^

80

^

^

X

chu^, A. sentence.

P /-» rt

k'oti',

mouth,

is

the radical with

pno^ to wrap up, (the 20th radical), from a picture of a man bending over to envelop

an object in his apron therefore to enfold, a bundle, to contain, a whole. The mouth P used to form a whole O phrase or sentence. (\Y. 54 A, for pao^. ;

)

)

81 ^^

Tfe

To

tsai*.

i-l*

be in or at

powers

;

to exert

i.e.,

:? t'saP, oil the earth dh

one's

or pre-

;

i fu*, is manifested by the rad. (W. q6 D.). t ±

sence in a place one's activity

A.-^. T

^^. ;^

^s

•

has been modified to ?r. It is a tree grown to a size for timber, materials, now written ;^ t'saP; then force of expansion, natural activity, mental capacity, talents, the substance of a tiling. (W. 96 A.)

t'saP,

/i\

The

lining of clothes

left (in rules

4x.

i',

Jg

IP,

;

inner, inside

;

to the

of the road).

clothes, is the radical. No. l-iS; (see No. 51.)

a

village, is the phonetic,

but being placed

inside the radical for clothes it suggests

meaning of

(W. 16 G.) It is the 166th radical, of a few incongruous characters. It is made up of pEl t'len-, field, the (102nd radical), being a representation of a furrowed field, and of it tUf, earth. Its common meaning of IP, or one-third of an English mile, comes from tlie ancient custom of the smallest village being composed of the fields of eight families being arranged around a ninth public field with a well represented by the the

pictorial character

lining

or inside.

# ching^ (the dot being

One side of the square was one When the custom went out length.

the well.) IP in

^

ching^- lost the dot of use the character and retained the simple meaning of well. E9

t'kh^ being easy to write,

liresent

many objects. (W.

is

used to re-

149,

A and

D.

)

32

®^

"

f^ ^^

4^' him

>^

weP, To be, to make order to.

1 /

«

cbua^,

i-»

f'^

;

wei*, for, beqanse, in

chao^, claws, the prone hand, is the

radical (No. 87.)

The seal character represents a mother monkey, sitting with one hand at its head and the other at the bottom of the character mixed up with its tail and feet. In is the character for man A because of the monkey's likeness to a man, and the primitive character for breasts to

the middle

show that

it is

The Shuo Wen

a mother.

says that of all animals (iiteratlly " birds ") the female monkey is most prone to claw "^ J^ and therefore the character Jfi chao^, stands as its symbol. There is

^^

M

an ancient writing consisting solely of tWo claws ^^. The character has lost its primitive meaning, and now is borrowed for to be, because, etc. (W. 49 H.

BALLEE, LESSON

m TYt^,

A

ch'aan^,

nin

cViang^,

m.

is

a

slab,

bed, couch, sled.

the radical (No. 90),

/fC^

^

85

n n ^tu,

S,

7|c

ixiu*

form (W. 127 A.) Wood. A bed JK

wood

yf of

To

a heavy

thick, Sitrong plank.

half of the

mo*.

IV.

It is the lefb as written in the^seal

is

made of strong

pieces

:^.

the 147th radical, {of characters relating to sight, perception.

chien*.

see.

This

is

35

Wieger explains it as an eye U mu*, ow a man A (W. 158 C.\ But Chalfant finds a writing more ancient than the seal writing ^, which is a picture of the eye emitting

The Chinese

light.

.

to

that

believe

comes out of a normal

light

eye, enabling^ it

see.

/%!<

ti*,

An

order, series

;

before

a number

it]^foniis

the ordinal.

Ti

chu",

bamboo, the 118th

radical, is the radical.

It is chosen

(See No. 7.)

perhaps because

of the graduation of joints in a

bamboo

stalk. _

f^

ti*,

Kepresents a thread or strap wound around a spindle having a catch on top and a catch or winch below. It is a primitive

bobbin

or

a

sion

reel,

and means hj extenand now-

succession of brothers,

only the Ai-ounger brothers. This primitive is appropriate for series, as is also (W. the bamboo, Yi used as its radical. 87

.:^ -^.

87 E.)

^ ^

chnn^\

A

strain in music or

J^

m

a

book, or an easay to establish, stand, (the 117th radical) is arbitrarily taken for the radical but the yin^ (See No, 39), etymology is from ;

//',

a chapter

rules.

;

#

+

sound, and Therefore ten

shih!^, -f-

ten,

sounds

a "m

perfect

and the meaning a chapter, or an essay. of music

;

88

^J,S^

tao\

To

arrive at, to reacli.

number.

make a is"

strain

extended to

;

34

Tj

tao^, knife, is the radical (No.

But here

37.)

(See No.

18- )

has phonetic force as

it

well. •3t, it!

cA/A*

To

133rd flying

radical.

down

The

(classical).

It represents

to the earth,

—

,

a bird

«¥>

therefore to

(W. 138 B.) It is both and indicative in its composition.

reach.

arrive;

pictorial

89

arrive at

to

go,

^w^

^J^

^

^.

^

m

hung^, Red, lucky, pleasant. (See No.

ssu^ or mi^ is the radical (No. 120.)

Textile inatters, especially

8.)

terested the Chinese

in-

silk,

from ancient times

hence the importance given to these

ele-

ments in their writing. /» =S^

yiU'

1^

(W. 5 B.)

wah^, Finished,

ll!*.

^

ya^,

made by ;

the removal /V

to dig through, here.

The 116th radical. (W. 37 A, D.) The teeth, the grinders or molar hooks.

teeth,

a picture of the grinding

It is

The teeth of rodents make holes through which thoy gain access. face of a molar.

mt^

To go or come to, to follow to make the best of; then, soon, immediately.

chiu*,

/ti.

;

/C-w-an^ radical No. 43, is the radical under which it is found in the dictionaries. A man ic

who puts his weight on

spring

;

his right leg

;

lame, crooked, also written

to ^t.

This classification was an etymological error, however, for it comes

(W. 61 C.)

from jC. rk y^y

"which

in

a dog with

the

writing

seal

ears pricked

its

pictures

By

up.

extension, attracted to, surprise", strange.

__

^,

^ S

(W, 134 C.)

The capital originally high, elevated being a contraction of Jg kao^, high, the bottom changed by substituting j for n, adding the idea of elevation, and by reducing TJ to -'^ it has nothing to do with /j> hsiao^. The capital is the place to ^yhich the people go hence towards.

ching^.

;

;

;

;

^__^

'1^

Wt Admiration or attraction to it something high i^ therefore to go towards, to follow, consequently. (W. 75 C.) Chalfant finds an ancient form of M picturing the gate tower of a walled city with the opening in perspective. .

38

i^ ^•2l^

99 gtft

i^i^g^j

To

hear, to listen, to understand,

to

allow.

.y

Jf

erA',

^

t'/fl^

the ear (see No. 71.),

Good,

full

;

earth in his

from a official

is

man

the R., No. 128. standing on the

position (to be dis-

tinguished fi-om 3& Jen"), is the phonetic.

(W. 81 D.)

^

^,

Therefore

te^ Virtue.

^

virtue

we have M

practised

hearing, to

obe3'.

t'ing^

by the ear ^, te^, used

Christian term character, virtue,

as the

1^

is

;

i.e.,

for the

usually

^

adding the idea of going out to others, action. Its composif^,

tion

of iS chiW, upright, and j5 hsit^,

is

an upright heart, composed of l_ representing a horizonchih?, is tal and a perpendicular, ten and @ eye. Before the days of square and plumb-line, ten eyes were called on to test the straightness of the frame of a house. The L is often changed to a single straight line. It heart

•g" jg"

with the

written

;

+

is

often written incorrectly fi as

strokes.

'°°»IJU

if

of two

(W. 10, K.)

To know,

perceive; chih^, wisdom. dart, is the radical. No. 111. arrow, an h^ -db shiK' It is a picture, the point above, notch and ' * feathers below. Therefore an action that come to an end, irrevocable, as an has 3^ ancient form shows the arrow fixed in a man's body. (W. 131 A.) United with P k'oi£', mouth, we have the knowledge possessed by one who can give chih^

'

^

39

word, opinion, with the priecision and speed of an arrow. Knowledge is an his

^

101

arrow

m

^ mouth

P.

To go at the head, to lead a road, a path, principle, doctrine tl^e progress of a

tao

;

,

;

.

'—

_^ ~^cAo*

^m

,

speech, to speak. is

the

-R.,

No. 10.) shoti', the head,

is

the 162nd,

to

the pritaitive

H

go.

(See

sAoo*, head,

with the heir added, being a pictorial character. {Ill is not (« ch'uan^, streams,) 185th radical. To lead, road, sS, is to go ^ at the h^ad, '^. (W. 160 A.) It is the w^y not only for the feet to walk in ^ but also for the thoughts '^ to move in.

Hj

102 k'ati*,

,

^ ^ ^

To

look, to see, to regard carefully.

It

composed of ;— ma*', an eye (wliieh is the radical. No. 109), a picture (compressed and often set upright to save room), (W. 158 A.) and is

the hand, covering the eye or shading it. " For," says the Shuo Wen, " one shades

shou"',

the eyes in order to see better, cutting the rays of the sun, light "

from the eye.

oflF

and gathering the (W. 48 C.)

103 na^,

Hands'^

united

'o-

ho^

;

to take, to sieze

;

a sign of the accusative when placed before

^

^

the noun. stiou^,

hand,

is

the radical, No. 64.

(See No.

53.) ho^, joining, unitin

Z union, hgnmiony.

Form-

— 40

ed of .^ chP, a triangle, union, being three lines united

(see

No. 18), and

Three or

mouth.

many

^

P

k'ou^,

mouths P

shows good understanding, harmony. (W. 14 A, B.) To take with the hand ^ requires the hand ^ to come in contact w^ith -S" the together ,

object.

104 iJM,

the edge of a precipice, to^ disappear a bank between fall in and fields, margin, edge, boundary, i.e., the

piea^,

To walk on

;

^

place where the thing disappears. cho*, to go, is the radical, the

162nd.

(See No.

10.)

yen^ Disappearance, absence. In modem writing the fnl (double co^'er) has been changed

to

e,©

::;&

arbitrarily.

origin,

beginning,

made up a starting

of:

It is

a picture of the nose

tza*,

;

evolution

;

point,

the

nose

being, according to Chinese embryology,

the starting point in the development of

the body self, I, my behavior, to act the nose being the projecting part and in a way the characteristic of the person the ;

;

;

132nd radical (W. 159 A.) and yV hsueh" a cave, storehouse, and a double cover meaning invisibility. (f^ Therefore # jen^ is an object that was at one time g tzu* in a storeroom ^ and later on disappeared Therefore JS is to walk g, on the disappearing line #» the edge. (W. 34 K.) ;

^=

ffjl.

;

105 iSiS t'ot^,

The head, the end of a beam or

street,

41

the beginning

etc.,

;

a

classifier

of

afifairs,

cattle, etc.

Head, page, man. A picture of ahead or M upon a man X. It is the radical, the 181st. (W. 160 C.) __ __ toit*, A sacrificial dish, a dish in which, meat was S, .S. yefe*.

face

S

The ton*) served beans, (being used for 151st radical. It is possibly a suggestive ;

phonetic

this

in

character.

.

The

skull

a dish its contents, and the Thibetans use the skull bone for a dish, on a tripod standard. (W. 165 A.)

encloses the brain as

106

A

hsiang^,

box, a chest.

(Larger than

M^

hsia^ tzu.) chu^, batnboo, is the radical, the 118th, indi-

Tj

cating the material.

(See No. 7.)

>TO hsiatig^, to examine, to inspect.

MfQ ^

from @ zna*,

aiu*,

tree

;

It

may

be

to watch from behind a

^

@ open

in

or to keep the eye

woods s6 as to avoid danger from The more common abstract meaning of mutual, reciprocity, etc., is said to come from a kind of pun, both elements, the

/fc

foes or beasts.

::^

is

and H being pronounced alike, rau*.. purely phonetic here. (W. 158 B.)

BALLEE, LESSON

Hw

It

V.

vi'an\ Late, evening, sunset, twilight, late in life,

Q

tardy.

jih*, sun, is

the radical. No. 72, as the characdo w^ith the declining sun.

ter has to

^, f^

mien?,

a man

A

whose

sides are swollen out

42

O

with his

and whose legs are

effort,

spread out to prop himself firrnly to fight

or ward off some

evil

;

to avoid, without.

therefore

^

In

means

it

purely

it is

(W. 106 A.)

According to Mr. trying to hide him-

phonetic.

Chalmers jfe is a man by drawing in to his clothing hence to avoid. The sun H w^ithdrawing M, it self

;

is late

""l&.t

ch'ietf,

To

Rfe;

advance, forward, to'ward, before,

formerly.

/J

18th, arbitrarily

fixed

without reference to the etymology. upper part -i^ is a contraction of Jh,

The

tao^,

is

to

^,t^

the

i-adical,

and the

stop,

chot^' a

the

boat,

M

is

137th

cA/A',

a contraction of radical.

It

is

pictOre in the seal writing of a boat with high curved prow, a/ ^eck supported by one of the partitions in the hull, an oar in front and a rudder behind. It is straightened and placed upright to save room. (W. 66 A.) A boat advancing m into the harbor w^here it will stop ih. (W. 66 D.)

a

M

109

jkU iTv

k'tt^i*, ..

T'

~ 'L^

A

flow of

^

;

promptness,

rapid, sharp, quiclc.

shu*. hsiti^,

heart. y\^,

spirits, cheerful

chiieW

is

the radical, the 61st, meaning

See No. 18.

To divide,

a half of a

^

to partake, a hand

^

holding

cbung^ or object of any kind,

that may be equally divided. (W. 43 O.) Chalmer's explains it as a hand drawing

a bowstring and about to

let

the arrow

41 fly

;

therefore quick.

on the 110

#.$

tiien^,

A year

at

;

>(>

is

added.

the crop or harvest, and

first,

then the year, for that is the time taken to produce the thousand grains.

-,

I,

As quickness depends

inind, the radical

"T" kan^,

•^

•

A

shield, is

or stem

;

the radical, the 51st

;

to look after or concern

a trunk origi-

;

nally a picture of a pestle, so to grind,

destroy offend against, blunt arms, crime. The seal writing of nien^ shows that ^ kan^ has nothing to do with it, but that it is really composed of ho^, grain in the

^

^

115th thousand. (W. 24 D.)

field,

^^

*—^ tsao^, jih*,

the

radical,

and

=f:

ch'ien^,

Early, morning, soon, formerly.

sun, is the radical, the 72nd, as the idea early,

has to do with the rising sun.

+ shih'

The

a primitive writing of ¥ chia^, ¥ is the first of the heavenly stems, therefore this indicates the first sun» early. is

(W. 143 E.) 112

m

To

carry a load from the two ends of a pole, to stir up, to choose, to reduce.

t'i'aoS

^

shou^ or t'P shoti^

Jk

chao*, omen,' is

jLij

See No. 53. a picture of the lines on the is

the radical.

back of a tortoise shell brought out by heating for divination in the middle is h ;

pu' in its ancient form an omen, a million or vast number. (W. 56 D.) This phonetic It is two t'ao^ to run. is the same as in other the pa^ characters, one outside ;

n

M

A

44 It has been because in the modern confused with writing they are identical. Loads carried in this way must be widely separated.

indicating wide separation;

^

113

Heaven, the sky, a day, the, weather, the Emperor, great, high, any celestial superior over an inferior moral superi-

^V >^

t'ien\

;

;

^

ority. ta*,

great, is the radical, but the

meaning

of

the character is not the one — great iz, as it is

often translated, but the one sky

man

M

—

thus it is an india logical combina(W. 60 C and l.C)

which

is

over

',

cative charaeter, not tion.

71*

The nodes or joints of the bamboo, any joint, knot, verse; a feast day; temperance. (See chtP, is the radical, No, 118, bamboo.

^

chP

chieh^.

up,

No. 7.)

To

that which is done as soon as the fragrance of the cooked rice ^ .(see No. 75)

eat,

is

smelt.

By

extension

meaning consequence

P

,

^

in general, being the

equivalent in

wexz

common

(W. 26 M.)

use.

thieh^, indicates order,

a conjunction

li

of the

in IP,

®fc

cA/a* of

It is written

It is the (See No; 42.) P or '&. 26th radical, meaning joint^ (W. 55 B.)

either

115

:?:

^^ ^^-5

^

'^^

cut out 73 tao"^ clothes i^ to begin making garments, which

^^'^'^

first

step in civilization

first,

at

first.

;

;

is

i.e.,

the

to beg^n, the

4&

71 tao\

116

For 3t^ I'S see No. 51. ^ The first thing in making clothes :^ is to cut out 71. (W. 16 B.)

^

knife, is the radical, the 18tb.

To

Aei*,

give to, to

Read

to.

chi^,

allow,

let,

for,

instead

of,

to receive, to afford, to give

out.

7n

ssu^ silk floss, is the radical,

-^

£10*, .To

To

ogfet

1,^

give

is

No. 120. (See No. 103.) threads ^. Silk

harmony.

to join -&

silk

a popular present.

is

117

join, union,

To call, to tell, to cbmxnand, to cause the cries of the birds and animals named, termed.

chiao*,

;

;

S\-

P

k'ou^,

^

tou^,

mouth, is the radical. No. 30. Measure, ten -f- sheng^ or pints ^. It is a picture of the peck measure, said to be a scoop with a handle 68th R. (W. 98 B.) lEI- is to call out P the measure i|-. ;

118

^ I

yA\ ,

pan*,

—I"l

To

divide in

shih^, ten, is

two a ;

half,

a large piece of.

the classification in the standard the 24th radical. It comes

dictionary,

etyniologically from

an ox.

(See No. 50.)

^ into two

and 4=^ To divide A an ox

A, to

halves as butchers split the

(W. 18 D.)

beef dow^n the backbone. 119 ^la

divide,

ara

To

pass by, cross over, to pass time, to exceed, sin of ignorance, sign of past time.

kuo*,

-jS^. «^|B]

The is the radical, the 162nd. a suggestive phonetic. See No. 10. f^ kttei^, A wry mouth, hare lip or cleft palate and It is from P k'ou^, mouth cho* to go, rest is

,

;

46

M

and bones, to strip oflfthe flesh, to bone, dislocate a skeleton, broken, and so a defect. The ^ to go, means action and

fO^ kua:\ Skull

o ''

*

defective; defective action is sin

1^ kua'',

(W. 118 A.)

m. 120 cbirf,

To bind

fast,

From

portant.

•n

^^ 5^

as

7^,

J\^

firm,

rad.

solid.

the 120th radical and

To have

E.)

A form by

is

silk thi-ead,

hold ^ of one's servants g, ch'er^; S a servant bending (W. before his master, the 131st radical.

chiei^,

82 121

a

ssa^, mi*,

to press tight, urgent, im-

pj"

may

of B or E. already. When preceded i'o*, could, it is equivalent to can be, It is

be.

a very ancient primitive

re-

presenting the exhalation of breath, the virtue of any object, its use,

and so use until exhaustion, tp end, to be no more, passed, already.

modem &. it

It is -written in four Avays in

times,

means

S B i*

JSi.

use, by, \yith,

When

written

by means.

(W.

85 B, F.) 122 ch^etf,

Jg

Q e

jVA*,

Sun shining

sun,

i«

morning. the radical, No. 72. forth,

A

day, time, the* 161st radical 7 to 9 A.M., the heavenly bodies. These are

cA'e£l^

;

borrowed meanings to be pregnant, a

^ jeT^ to .

^

the original means

bends formien* her pregnancy, " her shame," says the Shuo Wen. ( W. 30 B ) Purely phonetic here. (See S6f) mien\ A woman sitting, is the girdle, at the

ward

^,

;

woman who

conceal

—

%

;

47

the seat, at the right is an apron that hides the front of the body, the pregnancy, says the Shuo Wen. Therefore the meaning to hide, conceal. (W. 112 L.) left is

123

n/^

Hp

Yesterday, time past.

tso^,

sun, is the radical, the 72nd.

jjh*,

I\ [^

14-

^, ^

wariff',

ju*,

A

primitive xneaning to hide, from

to enter, and

L

A

a hiding place.

which represents an obstacle, that is, to seek to hide and to be hindered therefore the modem meanings of suddenly, hastily, unexpectedly. (W. 10 F.)

cha*, is

H^

I5t

plus —r

yesterday has passed suddenly put of

existence.

124

qcg

Z^

hsien*.

The

glitter

to manifest

3£,'3&

j^ii*,

a gem,

;

% of gems,

IS.

;

to appear,

at once, now.

(the radic3.1. No. 96), jade,

half translucent stones.

The

pL-arlj-,

cliaracter

represents three pieces of jade strung to-

added to distinguish (W. 83 A.) it from S wang^i king. chien*, to see; the appearance of. (See No. 85.) gether, the dot being

M^ 125

tA Q^ 1^. O^

shih-,

Q

^

Time.

jih\ sun, is the radical, No. 72. ssu^,

temple,

is

the conventional phonetic for

±=;2l chih^ is a small to plant 4* issuing from the ground Standing continuity. development, grow, alone it is borrowed now for the sign of

the modern writing.

—

the genitive or possessive classic

law.

^-

language.

Hence the

^

case

t'stin*,

in

inch,

;

the rule,

ssu* or temple is the

4S

law

place where the

stantly

^

:k.

-^ is applied con-

(W. 79 B.)

The ancient writing of ^ shih^, was §, meaning the tune of sprouting of plants under the influence of the sun, or perhaps the continuity ±.= ::^ of the solkr H periods.

(W. 79 B.)

126 hott*,

l!

To

wait, to expect, to inquire,

a time or

period.

yv jerP',

The character w^as originally written ^ meaning a nobleman, and read /zou^. '^, ^^, nr hou^, The upright stroke was inserted, some say, to diiferentiate the meaning of wait, time, is

the radical, the 9th.

Others say it is the archer's attetidant. The origina;! character is composed of arrow (see No. 100), sticking in the target above r* with a man beside it ^. The man is reduced to f and the target to :i. Shooting at a target was the means of selecting oflicials, for the! good shot mast have an upright heart, so the character means a nobleman. With the and another \ added it f reduced to means to wait as a target marker (W. 59 H.) does. etc.

^

|

^

*»

PJi.e^

ming^. bright, the ligent tl

^ qS '

jiii*,

;

dawn

;

evident, open

;

intel-

illustrious in virtue.

sun, is the radical,' No. 72.

moon (see No. moon are the two

yiiei*,

earlj'^

43.)

The sun and

tlie

brightest things.

The

seal characterhas the character

Q for

vsrindow instead of H sun.

Here the idea

49

of brightness in at the

128

>SJUi

S t'sung^,

1^."{III|

To

was from

window.

moon

shining

(W. 42 C.)

A man walking

obey.

follow,

after another,

the

and often written

s^ to re-

present that idea.

^

^

cho*^,

going.

VOCABULAEY 129

3£|

.

mL

^

No. 60. is two men j^k. walking ;f and stopping Jh together, ue:., to follow, obe3^ (W. 27 A.) In the seal character the ;f and .ih are vinited into a

ch'ih^ is the radical,

c^^^

I

See No. 10.

OF BALLBR'S LESSONS.

remember, being composed of W word, and g, self, succession to record a sign '^"o

;

q ^i,

^."C

to

;

;

the succession EL of facts. yen-, words, is the R., the 149th. No. 10.) chP,

tell B"

self,

(See

in the seal writing represents threads

on a loom, two of the warp, horizontal, and one of the woof, perpendicular hence the meaning of succession ; the 49'th R. It is borrowed to mean self. W. 84 A.)

i''

;

{

130

„.„ maii', Remiss, rude

;

to treat haughtily

;

slow,

eas3', sluggish.

T

.

*^

hsin\ called the shu* hsin\

is

the radical. No.

61, as the qualities are those of the heart

No. 109. wan- the phonetic, means to draw, extend or pull out with the hand, long. (=| mao* is a torehat or cap (picture R with a mao*, to rush on l^resent the head). /§) or mind,

^

cf

'£fc

k'uai*, quick.

—

^

50

heedlessly or with the eyes covered.

g

is

X hand, which pulls,

for the 131

m ,7l JS.

The

make room

written horizontally to

(W, 34

J.)

Long. The 168th radical, used m matters relating to hair, as it is a contraction of ^S piao^, bushy hair, the 190th ,

,

.

.

ch'ang^.

The

radical.

shows that

seal writing

it

with a

hair so long that it must be band — and pinned with a brooch y. It also means growth to manhood when the hair is long, and is read chang', for the meaning growth. It also had the inverted tied

is

,

man

placed below

\^

to indicate change or

growth. The modern form contraction. (W. 113 A.) 132

m

A A

tien*,

)-,

yen*

I

an

is

arbitrai-y

shop, an inn. single

of »^ slope

53rd

slope

shed

or roof;

mierP,

roof,

a

being half

declivity

or

the radical of this character, the

;

an outhouse or hut.

;

(W. 59

I.)

(See No. 24.)

cS chan^, To ask p about some enterprise by heating a tortoise shell Y divination. It is ',

purely phonetic unless diviner lived in

shop,

and a

we

think that the

a sort of public inn

diviner's house

or

was one of the

(W. 56 B.) ^ has the same sense as fi^ to usurp or to occupy, hence well used in fjj tien^ inn where one occu]}ies a room for fi consideration.

first

kinds of shop.

133 lieti',

P3,

v

Face.

jou*, Flesh,

meat,

made up

of -^ pao^, a bundle,

;

51

^

and

strips of dried meat the 130th and the radical of this character. (W. 17 G. and 54.) ;

radical

ch'ien^

unanimous, meeting,

All,

together,

From /^ chP, together, 6K several men and mhsuan\ clamor, A crowd cannot keep

'^ ^

Suggestive phonetic, for the faces are the conspicuous feature of a crowd.

silent.

134

j^ SS,

(W. 14E.)

^

hu'-,

~n

A pot,

a jug.

a s#-iolar, is the radical, the 33rd, but has nothing to do with the meanita, as it is simply the picture of the cover on a vase

shih*,

±

135

m

chiao^,

^

* No. 67.

Compare cA'ii*,

S?.

A

foot,

a

(W. 38 G,)

base.

No. 130. See No. 133. ch'iieh*, To throw aside, referring to the leg being thrust back when sitting flat on the ^SS ground. It is composed of p chieh^, the radical, No. 26 (see No. 42), and c/i'a*, ch'iao*, the upper to go, reduced from jou*, flesh, is the radical.

^

^n '

^

^

above the P mouth. To restrain P the desi^ ;s ^. The character is still written ggp. W. 17 H.)

lip

or

:^

flesh

(

136 ch'ing^, Light,

not heavy. To think lightly of;

to slight.

a cart the axle two wheels, Zl and the body H it is set upright in writing to give more room in composition it means to roll, to crush. It is the 159th radical of characters relating to vehicles. (W. 167 A.')

c/i'eS is

the radical, (classic 1

chii^),

;

;

m

^^

a pure phonemic here. It rcspreseaatts the streams ^. flawing under '^le sttrface of the ground and the is not ktmg^, but t'7H^Vand is of phonetic force onty, as seen in the seal writing. (W. 12 H.)

ching^

is

—

X

,

S

^^^i^^

A^aH\

The drying

effect

of the sun, dry, ex-

«?lean. Adopfted as a son Read c//'/efl", theolowd^- sky, heaven, the powers of natwre, fiather.

hausted, to dry,

by contract. f

1

a stem, curved, vapor, is the A redundancy, however.

iS one,

radical, the

5th. ^i\,

^

sun H penetrating the jungle and drying up the vapors -that were 13'iing low

kail* is the

jjp*^

on the ground "S"

The lower -part of the

?•

suppressed to give lylace to, the "5 vapors. It has the idea of evaporation,

t/^ is

fogs

sun

lifting,

adding of

rising,

form

ZJ to

of rising vapors

character

means

blue firmament. bj'

a

is

etc.

^

With

ch'ietv,

intensified,

cloudy'

sky,

the

the idea

and the not the

It is used for kan^, di-y,

license instead of $2 in whi

wanton, lewd.

ch'un^. Spring, pleasant,

©>

y

is

jV/z*,

The

the radical. No. 72.

seal writing

has been strangely modified by modems. It represents the budding and growth >£ ot" plants P} under the influence of the Sun fj (W. 47 P.) 168

-j^ :^^,

^ ^

Summer, variegated,

hsia*,

The

large.

great dynasty.

^V

^

chib^'

yeh*

*

to follow,

is

first

,

the radical, No. 34.

^

A man, head. A man who walks ^ with his hands hanging down folded O as farmers do in summer when

g

the croiDs

modem

grow by

M

character

themselves. is

In the

contracted.

(W.

160 D.) *w%> Ani

^, ^ !K.,

Autumn, harvest.

cA'/aS

A

(growing) (a picture), No. 115.

bo^, grain

Aao*, fire (picture) is the fore

autumn

grain >K,

""^.^

tung^,

fs*:

is

^ standing

the radical,

radical.

the season

There-

when

the

in the fields, is burned

whitened and ripe (W. 121 C.)

i.e.,

The

86th

is

last or winter season

;

the end

:

to

store up.

y

ping, ice (picture, see No. 138)

is

the radical,

No. 15.

yC,,^ chung^ End,

fixed.

(To be distinguished from

63

radicals

34 ^ chiH\ 35

and 66

ji.

X

sm\ 36 ^ hsi\ a skeiu of thread fastened at the end by a spindle or tie.

The

frozen

It is

p'u^.)

end

v'

of the year

4C

the

is

winter season, ^. An older form had sun H meaning the cessation of the action of the sun or it might mean the sun confined. (W. 17 F.)

#

;

171 chi^.

Tender, the youngest of brothers, the end of a series of months or a season the four ;

seasons. "T* tzt^, son, is the radical, No. 39.

^^

ho"

is

contracted from

M chih*,

the most deli-

cate Ji among the children ?, i.e., the last; then the last month of a season,

and the season

itself

(W. 94 A.)

^.

172 /a*,

To dry

meat, the 12th month; winter sol-

stice.

^^ ,

meat (see No. 133) is the radical, No. 130. Heh* Hairy, bristly, disorderly. It is a hairj'

jou*,

«<

head &,

ed into ^.

and ^^

'S, 3^

tail

hsiz^

It

and

M shu'' rat, contract-

has the

of a rodent.

legs,

head whiskers

(W. 40 B, C.)

J^h\ Night.

^

hsi*

evening (see No. 14)

The is

seal

lie

the radical. No. 36.

form shows that

done by

to

is

man

down on

it

means what

:^ at evening his side

^

,

aiftd

^, that sleep

;

is,

then

The modern form is of invention the scribes, a man A a quaint under a cover ju at evening i^. (W. 60 I.)

by

extension, night;j«

64

174

^A "^

m

To

far,

cai-ry

^

shou'\ hand,

_£:»

t'aP,

is

on a

pole, to elevate.

the radical. No. 64.

A mouth P

exhaling a breath X». This an arbitrary contraction for the form

which

is

point -^

is

J

a high place i^ "with the topmost changed to and M chih* (under-

i

neath in place of P), birds alighting there. (W. 75 B.) (See No. 88) to elevate. ;

175

To

k'ai^,

open, to begin

menr, two-leaved door -44-

^un^^

is

away

the bar

ojiening

J3^,

'^

the radical, No. 169.

Two hands folded, the 55th radical.

character represents

176

to boil.

;

shad'.

Few

it.

;

two hands

— firom

cf. Fi

the door, that

shuan^, bolt. (W.

p'ieh^

A left stroke,

/

177

chung^,

^ €un^,

is,

C.)

No. 42.

To

to diminish.

that which

less.

115

shao*, young.

^'^ hsJao^, small, is the radical.

^

The

H- taking

diminish

is already small /h (W. 18 M.)

;

few^,

A bell, a clock. is

the R. No. 167.

(See No. 13.)

A boy

under 15 and

unmarried, a

chin\ metal,

a slave boy, a slave girl. It is from ^ Asin*, crime, and fi chujug^, grave. A grave crime committed by pa,rents caused the children to be, reduced to slavery. The spinster.

It w-as originally

like 2^ c/j'/eAS

slaves w^ere forced to remain vmmarried,

and so the meaning spinster, bachelor, virgin, and then concubine and catamite, for thej- w^ere used as such.

be beaten just as a

bell.

A

slave might

(W. 120 K.)

— 65 ^^^

A black

t/en',

fit

light, as

spot, a point, to punctuate, tO' a lamp; to count or check off, ap

hour of time.

^. ^

the radical, the 203rd.

l^l^ck, soot, is

^^'^''

The

soot JH which the fires jfe leave around the vent \35? where the smoke escapes. The

a contraction of ^ yen*. (W. 40 D.) 1^ chan\ To ask p a diviner |>, to divine. It is j^ is

(See No, 132.)

purely phonetic. tung*, •fi

jS

]i*,

To move, sheath.

its

No. 19.

ter,

Heavy. g chang\When

force

thev

W.,

180

excite, to begin.

A picture of

Strength, muscle.

To

a muscle

in

It is the radical of the charac-

53 A).

(VV.

(W. 120 K.) exerted on heavy things

(See No. 22). -fj

move

is

Wl.

a quarter of an hour. 7J, ij tao\ the Rad., No. 18, a knife. "^ 5K hai* purely phonetic, an horary character, 9 sbih' 11 P.M. It is a picture of a pig, /vV. 69 K.) with a tail added. a minute. Fen*, distinguish, divide, To Ten', k^o\

cut, to

carve

;

^

181

duty, share. 73 tao\ knife, is the radical, the 18th, rt

pa^,

To

A 182 '

^^ *^

divide.

knife TJ that divides

A=

iJ?"

to divide.

The outside, to make known, to manifest a watch, indicator.

p/ao*.

;

:^

^

i^,

clothes, is the R., the 145th.

mao-, Skins, furs, hair. Clothes were originally skins with the hair outside, therefore this character means the outside of clothes,

thie

66

manifestation

of the

A

^.

to manifest

person,

AAratcli

tiierefore,

manifests the

(W. 16 K.) The emperor dressed his huntsmen in diflerent kinds of skin time.

^

to indicate

^

their ftinctions in the

chase. 183

1^

chien\

P^

A

space, interval, division of

a

house.

the R., No. 169. fal has the sun a shining through the opening, therefore the meaning, space, interval. See No. 5

meii', door, is

and 12. 184

^,^ :5^,

to^,

^

Many, much, too much,

hsi* evening, is the K.,

reduplication.

the 36th. Because easy for the meaning

was repeated

to write

it

many.

Perhaps

meatis many,

it

like the,

evenings-that follow one another without

(W. 64 A, E.)

ceasing. 185 tsan''

j]^

I,

we.

written

To'

yV

/en'', is

^'

tsan^. I, w^e, is

the radical

written

tsan

when,

sometimes

n&. ;

k'oir* is

the radical when

Bjl.

an arbitrary modern abbreviation for which is jfc tsaii^ doubled, meaning a brooch or hairpin and S yiieh added, meaning to murmur, 5^ (W. 26 D.)

^

186

m

hou*, After, behind, to ijostpone

:^

ch'ih*

{/ yao'

a

step, to

march,

is

;

posterity.

the R., the 60th.

A fine thiead. (See No. 8 and 24.) To march ;f while stretching a fine thread ii

out behind.

The

^^ chih^. to follow

is

a radical redundancy as go. (W. 90 A.) 187

188

m

The

ti*,

earth, the ground,

a

it

t'u\ earth, is the R., the 32nd.

1^

ieh^,

Also, see No. 4.

pai*,

To worship, pay

^ ^

God. shoti\ hand,

Ls

character It

was

means to

place.

+.

m.^

also

rCvSpect to either

the R., No. G4.

^ is also shoit^

man or

The resiofthe ^ and As/a*, T-

formerly written with the hsia*

T

^

under both hands itieafling both hands hanging down, in the attitude of respect, or worship. (W. 48 E.) 189 n*| shang^, Noontide, midday.

M|HI '

jih*,

sun,

is

the R., the 72nd.

bsiang*, is a picture of a small north window |nl fS) tinder the eaves of the house /^ by exten'

;

sion it means, direction, to face

to favor.

When the it is

190

'^^I^ "h iC- /ts

(W. 36 sun

midday

;

to

like,

E.)

faces

|p]

the south

window

B||i.

wtr, 11 A.M. to 1 P.M., noon; 7th of the 12 stems. shi¥, ten is the R., the 24th.

Some say this noon mark on

is

the representation of a

the side or end of a house.

In combinations it has the sense of definite, fixed, exact as in ,f^ hsu\ to promise,

^ "'

B.§

wu"* obstinate, etc.

Pf Already, past, to cease, to decline.

m g^

g

ch?,

self, is the R., the 49th, The original writing of this character S S is nowfound in four forms B /» B JSl. It is a

ancient

Tfery

to

.symbol,

represent the

exhalations of the breath, the virtue that springs from an object, its action, its use, then, use until exhaustion, to end, to pass

away. 192 lAr tso*,

JJPr

A

cf.

^

raised

mountains, /

j'e/j'

Aj^ -

J^^ /^

;

7Q

the J^ hsu\ at the bottom. period of twelve years was period used bj^

Jttpiter's

a the Chinese and

cj'clical

a

called

great year :^ ]^. It [was later adapted to the twelve months and used commonlj-

^

(W. 71 P.) A step. It is composed of Jh to stop and the same reversed underneath with the opposite meaning, to start. A step ^, is the starting ^, and stopping Jh of the (W. 112. F.) feet in walking. forayear.

ffi»

pit^,

198 shti'',

To

count, s/ju*

a number.

the radical, the 66th, referring perhaps to the habit of men to

4i p'u^ to tap, to govern,

is

check off w'ith the finger as thej^ count. lou^ Troublesome, frequent,

and so

approjDriate

in the character meaning to count is

composed of

enclosed in

i)C

nu\

off.

women ^

It

chung^

wu*- the -women's prison, and

^r

so has the meaning,

idle, useless,

trouble-

(W. 67 N.) originally to govern J^ these

some, repetitious, frequent.

meant

H^ shu*

women 199 teTig\

prisoners :^.

To compare, an ,

such, like

Y^ chu\ bamboo, and cf. ^

^

at

TO

class

to wait. is ti*

the R., the 118th, see No. 7 No. 86.

ssu\ Temple, the place w^here the rule -sfis constantly applied jt ik and jjeople a,re classed.

200

;

order, series,

(See No. 125.)

ts'u\ Coarse, rough, vulgar.

^ m?,

rice, is

the R., the 119th.

(See No. 4^)

..

^

tsu^

(archaic

chieh^)

for

is

a picture of a

n chi^ with two rungs=to brace the legs and standing on the groun po* Separation is

two

;

jt

back to back. It chih^ characters back to back. trampling

;

It is the K., the 105th.

^

kun^, bow,

the 57th radical and the

is

^ shu^,

^

was

shih" formerly w^ritten separate arrow, so the character meant to from the bow ^ i.e. to yife the arrow

to

kill,

^

shoot. 215

m

i'u.i',

A

(W. 112 H.)

piece,

lump.

^'"^ earth, is the R., the 32nd see No. 13. -|t iaer, devil, spirit of a dead man, the 194th ;

ffi

f v*

^

rad. ^L is

The

fy

represents the spirits head, the

man and

where

the

phonetic here.

A

the /»

demon

is

a tail or the vanishes.

Purely

(W. 40 C.)

-person becomes a spirit

body has

swirl

stiffened in

fg

after the

death and when the

— 75

earth ±_ becomes tip

ai6

it

stiff

and hard

into clods or pieces

^'v ;e^^ man is the K., the 9th. _\L, jfc ^^*' 1^0 estabUsh, to stand. place,

f]]F

(office,

X

ifj

,

ti\

J/f\ rfj

The Supreme

;

man

dignity) where a

man

A picture

gro.vind.

the place assigned to

Ruler, the sovereign.

the R., the 50th; It iis doubled to represent the skirts hanging from the gii'dle.

chiii^, is

Cf. No.

143 ^.

a man clad in manj"- garments and designated by meaning _L above. The scribes added' two arms. LP Ssi; changed the bottom into '^ t'zti*, thorns, and then it was contracted into the modern fonn. (W. 120 H.)

The ancient character

represented

—

^[^ IS.

BALLEE, LESSON 218

1^,

1^

'

g &

c/jcbS True, truh", genuine

to the

§

a person. of a

standing firm on the stands erect it each official.

breaks

iM.

Wei*, Seat, throne, condition, dignitj^,

The

it

mu^

eye,

common is

;

rectitude superior

perfect simplicity.

the radical of classifiaition, No.

109, but the character following

;

VIII.

is

made up

of the

:

straight, (see No. 99) rectitude

i^

chiti^,

U

hua* to change," a man tumbled heels over head wu*, a high platform or base. In the combination the -f- shih^ at the top

;

;

T[^

^

chih" is replaced by the of the character wu* at top line of the \^ hufi*^ and the

%

76

the bottom

L

stroke

is

combined with the lower

The

of the chi!^ g.

logic of

that moral rectitude iit chihF acquired by a change ^ haa* and raising wu* of the moral nature is true, the combination

is

% genuine M chenK 219

YS -1^

fin^,

The

top, very

(W. 10 L.) the button on a

;

man-

darin's hat.

^

yeh*^,

man, the head,

is

the radical, the 181st,

see No. 105. J

,

"P t/u^,

A nail,

;

It is of phoiiietic force.

(picture).

But the button on a mandarin's hat called ^$Sl ting^ tat*, looks like the head of a Chinese nail and as though it were nailed into the hat or head.

220

-^

}^

Jp[, iP^

mai*, to

^

pel*,

cowrie, precious,

as in

ZtT'^fU,^^

to betray, to vaunt.

sell,

%

map,

is

the radical, the l54th

see No. 38.

The springing of plants, to put forth. map, to buy. Therefore K tnaP, to sell, is the cA'u*,

opposite of

out

{ij

H in that it consists in putting

goods, and netting or obtaining

Rq the cowrie

%

money

peP.

(W. 78 E

and 161 D.)

'"^.^

Home, family, a mienF a roof, or house, chia^,

r*

*

31

shih^ Pigs, the

profession or class. is

the rad., the 40th.

152nd, radical.

The

seal character of

it is

a picture of a legs,

pig, the

upper

line for

showing the belly the right side the back and tail.

the head, the

and

100 B.C. shows that

left side

77

It is suggested that '^ roof, it

means

^

when

placed under a family because pigs

and dogs lived in the house with the family. (W. 69 A.) But earlier forms of

^

^ t^.

show various objects under the roof One of the earliest is three people

under a child

roof,

for

make a home.

a man,

woman and

Chalfant XIX.

222 ts'o*,

In disorder, wrong, mistaken

a polishing stone, a

;

to polish

;

file.

c&/fl\ metal, is the radical, the

167th. (See No.

13.)

H

.

©

^*'^^ O^*^'

ancient, fomierlj'.

Dried meats.

It is forjned of dt contracted

from the seal form ii representing strips of meat hung up to dry and H jih* sun. So the meaning is old, dried meat as compared with fresh meat. (W. 17 J.) Old ^metal ^, scrapped, makes a most disorderly place. 223

An

,

.

hen', \ er3'.

>|^

^

ch'jh*

a

step, is the radical, the 60th.

In the ^ or it

other writing J^ the radical is dog (classical) the 94th radical,

ch^uan',

the form used in combinations. composed of @ rau* eye and {j hua*, to keti^ is to turn or turn or change so change the'ej'-e g, looking in anger, de(W. 26 B &L.) fiance; stubborn, hard. j^ is

^^

g ^

Aen'' is

;

^

seems of phonetic force onlj' in \^ hett'. In the second wi'iting one might say " a, defiance, or obstinacy in holding dog's verv is on Wk extreme. It

a

78

224

1^ ^3 A^'

'

p'P,

^

Skin, leather, bark, wrapping, the case around goods or the tare the 107th R. The seal form shows it to be a priiiiitive meaning to skin, representing the skin } (W. 43 H.) a hand ^ and a knife D ;

.

225 /-|5

,

To

yung*.

f^

is

hit the centre, to use, with, by.

the 101st radical. t^

—

the target and

^ ^

from the same

chuti^ which also meant to hit i showing the part of an the arrow that did not go through. By extension the capacity of the archer, the effect, the use, the means. (W. 109 B.)

form as

226 -gg-

It is

It

ken^,

Q

To

change, keng*, much.

yiieh, to speak, i^ the radical, the 73rd. is

by convention

in the dictionaries.

This It

is

formed of the following, according to the Sbuo^ Wen": ping\ Fire, calaiiiity, bright. A fire in a house with flames rising above the roof. p'u* To tap, to interfere with the hand holding really

l^,/51l

^

a

stick.

Therefoie

H

kmg^y change, may

sent fire on the hearth.

Fixing the

reprefire

R.

hearth, the coais were covered by (W. 41 A.) ashes; the change is great.

on 227

^

tlje

sheiP, Spirits,

fljffl

^

-^

shih*,

animal

to reveal,

is

spirits,

gods.

the R., the 113th, used

characters denoting spiritual things.

in

It

formed of crh — Jb shang* heaven = and /J^ the sun, moon and stars, or signs in the heavens which reveal transcendental things to men.

is

H

79

^

Hi sh€n\ To

extend, to stretch, to explain.

seal wiiting

The

shows two hands stretching

a rope and

so the idea of stretching, expansion. Later the rope was straightened scribes and was explained as a standing and with both hands t^ girding his body with a sash. The tbrni tj3 is simply an easier way of writing feji.

by the

.

man

|

The combination #is probably ijhonetic but the idea of god may have some connection with an increased or extended ^spiritual revelation ^. Chal50

(VV.

^, ^

C.)

however, finds early forms representHe thinks, probably rightly, that these became the sign for deity from superstitious dread of lightning ^g tien*. It gradually took the form ^ and tt: was added to distinguish the

fant,

ing forked lighting.

,

meaning of God and ^ ,v£f' rain, was added to show the meaning lightning ^. (Plates VII and XXVI.) jjiji,

^'#.PI k'eh\ To be ^^^^ M ^,^ Jo"*>

flexible,, pliant,

willing, to assent.

opposed to the skeleton ^^^^ ^yo«*,is the R., the 130th. (;See No.l33.) ^s

^

/e'en" the i^t A'ua\ In early writings of skeleton, was at the top of the character. As this forms the character for bone

^

ku^ the upper part fi was replaced by jh and thus the etymology is lost.

compared to the bones ^ (changed to ±) and hence the derived meanings to yield ones self, to be compliant, to assent. (W. 65 A, C.)

The

flesh is soft

and

pliable as

In

& t'su^,

two

we have

another example of

objects of opposite

characteristics

joined to represent the adjective applying

to one of them

i.e. IH.

t'su^

coarse

a

grains and a large object,

ranged stool 929 10:$ is

J^ jeti'-, 03 ga ^'

two

(No. 200.)

JL.

the radical, the 9th. to borrow.

False,

chia:',

^

:^ fine

to borrow, chia* leave of absence.

chia^, False,

iBJC

is

heav\'

shows two Zl

The

skins j£, that

writing double skin,

seal

is,

or a borrowed skin over ones ti-ue skin, disguise, false. " Wolf in sheep's clothing."

The character

for shrimp Jg, uses this suggestive phonetic. It

(W. 43 hsia^,

,1.)

sheds one skin gradually while growing another. 230 ^gjw

To

hui*,

'^J

to collect, a

meet,

procession,

a

society, able.

Q

^

A

yiieh^ to speak, is the radical, the 73rd.

No.

ch? To

collect, (see

To

No. 18.) more.

The words H yiieh^, that ]:)eoplc say when they meet A chr at the fire under the smoke hole IS

-Sk tseng^

add,

still

ch'uang^, in greeting or fidding

top

is

more and more.

40

4^ 'IJr

shih^,

A. i^n"'

A in parting, The A pa' at the i.e.

modified in the combination with

A chP to form # hui*. 231

(See

9.)

(W. 14

D and W.

D.)

To

cause

is tlie rad.,

;

a messenger. li* an officer

to order, to send,

the 9th, with |^

81 kN^

^

A hand ^ grasping a stylus, see No. 96 a historian, scholar. Those of the scholars j^ who were set over — (= Jh) the administration. The meanings of ^ shib^ come from the uniting of A man and J^ the superior official of government. (W. 43 M.)

shih^

;

5^

ii*,

232 ch'iang^, Strong, firm, determined,

good read ;

chUian^, to fonse, to rob. kun^, a bow, is the radical, the 57th, a picture. As the character ® ch'iaagf^ was originally -

'^

^

written ^, it meant a bow ^ that shoots over two fields and their boundaries cbiatig^, that is, a strong bow, and by-

S

extension, good, firm, determined. Itard to write the

by ^, an

M chiang\was replaced a bow and when it falls on its

insect that bends like

springs into the air

back.

Being

Xv

changed to p was the head of

the insect.

^,

^

an insect, in the seal writing represents a snake, probably the cobra, called huf^^.

ch'ving^

now

142nd radical which anciently and used for meant animals with legs, but now means written

Jg. |§i

It is the

ch'titig^,

the smaller animals, snails, insects.

233 p'en*,

A

as frogs,

worms,

(W, 110 B.)

tub, bowl, basin.

108th, a picture. jj^ mia^, a dish, is the R., the Zk /e«\ to divide, is the phonetic. (See No. 181.) 231

^M

/iiS "J^i^

ta*,

Husband, man, workman, great, (in composition,, man)

is

the R., the

^

fn^, to has a stroke added in represent the pin 'in the hair used only when, grown to manhood at the age of twenty, the boy took a cap, and received an honorable name as well as used a hair(W. 60J.) pin.

37th.

235

&^

pin^,

A

It

cake, pastry.

ssu*^ to feed, to r^ar, is the 184th, of characters relating to (SeeKo. 75.) food. P"'^' ^^^ ^^^^ represents two men marching side by side, or on a level ff cb^ien\ therefore the meaning even, together, harmony. ch^ien} is two poised scales, or shields side by

shiif,

to eat, food

;

R., the

3fp,

XT

^

5f*J*

Pin^

even, level.

side,

%

cooked grains

united

logical combination.'

236 -jfi^

J^

ho^,

A box or

dish,

is

phonetic, but

A form cakes ff

,

a

(W. 115 B.)

with a cover.

J1J[

m/n*, dish, is the R., the 108th.

^Afc

bo^,

A the mouth P join, unite. (See No. 103.) So ^ ho^ is a covered dish,—join the dish M and its cover. hat", A child. ^ tzu^, is the R. (See No. 1.) Shut

;

-&•

'

J^

^^

hai* is pure phonetic

12th of the twelve stems 10th of the horary cycle 9 to 11 P.M. The 10th month. It is said to be a picture of the pig with tail added. (W. 69 K.) It is the

i.e.

;

238 __

_

M

p'an^, HHfl',

paT^y

A

plate, tray.

dish

is

the R., the 108th.

To make a boat

M

move along by a

88

regular action

^

of the oars

;

so the de-

rived meanings of regular -way, manner, equally. Plates resemble

'^,-^

jC.

^

A boat,

little

boats.

showing the high bow the deck, compartments, rudder and an oar.) It is the 137th R. of characters relating to ships. (W. 66 A.) s^"' is the right hand x making a jerky motion JL or a rhythmical motion, therj, to kill, to strike. The 79th R. (See No. (W. 22 A. D.) 71.)

chou^,

(picture

239

A board,

pan*,

4J)C

>1C /na*,

wood,

^^

To

fan*.

is

flattened

bamboo.

the R., the 75th.

turn* over,

A suggestive phonetic, like

240

^^ Hj

/^ ^^ '

wood,

ten^, chi^,

is

A stool

a

'

242

is flat

stool.

or bench.

stool, the

(See No. 22.)

This

16th radical

is

composed of and

(picture)

*^^^» to ascend, advance, at once. This is from the radical '/^ po* (See No. 214) to ascend step by step, and a pedestal S tou*. (W. 112 H.) (See No. 105.) tan*, But, only.

Q

a

the R., the 75th.

241

j R.

as a board

a hand.

A long bench,

teng*,

>fC mu*,

(See No. 75.)

inversion.

A is the radical,

the 9th.

3. tan*, The morning, dawn, daylight. It reprejust above the horizon —. sents the sun In fg. it is, of phonetic force only. It is one of the few indicative characters.

chan\ rain*,

a

A classifier of lamps

;

a shallow cup.

dish, is the R., the 108th.

u To

chien'

Thus

^. ttng^,

ifi

M

a suggestive phonetic.

it is

A lamp,

narrow, small. (See No. is a shallow cup dish

^

A small

13),

243

destroj',

huo^, fire,

is the'R.,

the 86th.

(See No. 169.)

r»

^

To ascend,

ten^*,

240.) elevate

244 juzf

WB

^

a lamp

for

mao\ A

(See No. 214 and a suggestive phonetic for to fire ^/c is a good designation

This

to elevate.

is

M:.

hat, or head covering, to rush on,

rash.

B[

•PI

a napkin, is the R., the 50th. G| mao*, a hat, is the original writing for l|lg. It is a n mao^ (to cover fj chiung^ something— ) and —indicating the head within. The modem writers change 3 to [^ and H so that it cannot be distingaished from yueh without reference to the seal \\l

M

chiti^,

character.

M, mi

act with the eye a natural meianing for the ^ M #f &. (W. 34 J.)

™^'^*» ^o rush on, heedless, to

g

covered

P

character.

,

is

BA-LLiEE, liESSON IX. 249 chang-*,

g

pei*,

An

account, a

bill.

cowrie, precious, is the R.,

the 154th.

(See No. 38.)

^ chan^,

to grow, senior,

is

a phonetic and

the 168th R.

also

(See No. 131.) long or growing list of predojis things M is a gg cbang*. The character is a modern invention to take the place of

A

^

85

the radical M. beipg more appropriate to the meaning than Ift.

il^,

246 'JJCi

^ -^

chao^.

To

sbott't

hand

Ao*,

A

pay a balance.

seek, to find, to

the R., the 64th.

is

(See No. 2 f^,

spear or halbiprd.

which the character must

be

from

distin-

guished.)

The seeking in mind Tay the inventors of this character must have been a search for an enemy, with spear

now

often used

:^ in

hand ^. It is a man in the

for seeking

spirit of revenge.

24f

^

saaii*,

M* AV

g

To

reckon, calculate, to plan.

bamboo, is the radical, No. 118, because the abacus, upon which mathematical cal-

chu^y

made

culations, are often,

@

is

a

abacus, which -H*_

p^

made

is

of

bamboo

primitive, a picture of the is called

^S suan* p'aif.

The hands held up side by side as in presenting anything to another person.

katjg^

Here it is the two hands f^ working on the abacus g which is made of bamboo •^ means to cipher. (W. 47 G.) and so iV kaug^ is the 55th radical. In combina-

^

tion

^ 248

249

/W^

|g^

^^

chieh*,

^^

modified in several

it is

tsan^

;

/\

m & ping^

To borrow,

to lend.

;

:*:

A

ways as in

^ in

:g^ chii*

Jen"

is

and

the R.,

9th.

hsP Old, purely phonetic rung". Brass. No. 13.)

^ chin"

is

here, (See No. 222.)

the R., No. 167. (See

86

^

With; together, like. Phonetic. It is H ma&' a cover fitted to the n mouth of a vase, thus meaning agreement, union, to(W. 34 I.) gether etc.

t'ttH^,

250

An animal's horn, a projecting

a pod a dime, a quarter. It is the 148th It is a picture of a striated horn radical. and is also said to be a combination of strong yj /? and flesh 1^ joii*. (W. 142 B.)

chiao^,

J^. ^)

corner,

;

251

-lA huan*,

To change about with

to exchange.

The R.

the hand, i-emove,

is 4*

i'^'^

shou', the

64th.

^;,

^ huatf To be on the watch

for,

to examine.

It

from two hands f\ (contracted to -jz) and a contraction of ch^iung^, w^hich is is

^

A standing at the door of a cave

a man

'/Z

peering out g, with a stick in his hand 4^==:^, that is, to watch, or examine. hsiieh^,

^

means ]passing an object from Thus hand p to band ^ while examining it ^ to avoid deception in the exchange. It is now^ written with another hand added as a radical i%, the hand of the other man.

(W. 37 F.)

-^H

pu^,

^

:^

;

i\ clothes, is the R., the fu°

ffi.S

To reimir, to mend To

begin,

to patch, to substitute.

145th. (See No. 51.)

great, just

now, an

honorific

and governing a family, manhood, the age at which an honorary name was given to a man. Phonetic combination. (W» 109 D.)

name.

It is capacity |g for founding

a? y^i^g^, The ocean, foreign, European, vast. j^ Y^ •^ y ,7K sAh?, water, the radical, the 85th. -,

is

"^^

^

ya.vg^,

A

a picture of a and tail. The tail is often left off in combinations to make room. Phonetic combination. (W. 103 A.)

ram

254

%%

sheep,

mad", Hair,

Ig*

fedd

,.

p'iao*,

:3^r?, JAi

A

plumage, (Picture). The 82nd (W. 100 A.)

a ticket, a warrant, abankFor a mnemonic take " a bankbill

signal,

note.

1^1

^

***

^

It is

fur,

radical.

255

a goat.

seen from above with horns, legs

M revelation ^ ".

This

the R., the 113.

(See No.

is a'^Wegtem untnie however.

shih\,a revelation,

is

is

^ is a

164.) Etymologically however the modification of the seal writing of ik. })l,

Chalfant PI.

X

shows a

gin of the character in a

fire

fir^,

beautiful ori-

^ with smoke

and manipulated by four This was an ancient method of signalling. The seal writing of 100 A.D. is explained as being an ignis fatuus ik. kveP hud'', below is the fire %, on top^ the head and hands Efij and the line in the rising from

hands

it

"

|==1.

&

middle 16.

—

is

the waist.

Compare

M

No.

(W. 50 0.)

256

rP,

/n

Market place, a market. chin^, a handkerchief, is the R., the 50th (See No. 143), a mistake etymologically. The seal shows that it is a broad place n chiung^ outside the town, overgrown with sA/A*,

fjl

88

where people go to get 7 what they want. (W. 34 D.) an open space a limit, is the 13th R. chiung^, P3 jt "jr chp, To reach to, to get. (W. 19 D.) grass

257 ij^

chih^,

bottom. the R., the 53rd. (See No.

Base, foundation, low, to settle

ti*,

J^

ik.

yetf a shed, hut,

is

;

132.)

^^ ^^

The

t?,

rest of the character is

a development

R

shih*, (See No. 8), a floating plant of that branches on the surfe.ce of the water and sends a root down to the bottom^

A line is

added below to represent the bottom of the water. So the meaning to sink, the bottom. (W. 114 A.B.) JK t? with the ^ yen^ radical means tlie foundation, base, of a house etc. JB£.

To

hao*,

a

cry out, an order, a signal

label

;

;

a mark,

honorary name.

y^, (^ bu^ tiger, is the R., the 141st. This is a picture representing the stripes on the tiger's

^

(W. 135 A.)

skin.

cb'iao^ Difficult breathing, sobbing.

sents the breath

obstacle

^

•

^, f^

^"*»

(cf. rT

i

fighting against an

No. 152. )

The Shuo Wen

KWi^^±.mn-^^b^M~mm.

says.

.

"2r bao*

—

It repre-

mouth P sending forth cries interrupted by sobs T- (W. 58 A, B.) -i'.Pffi'? is

the

with feet like a man's Ji jen^, added below. This character enters into sevferal compounds meaning cries, clamor. Thus both sides of the §| bao^

^

tiger, is /g hu^

mean

outcry..

89

259 ^rtt

^^

^

^

An

tin^.

ingot of silver.

c/iin\ metal, is the R., the

(S| ting*.

To

td

fix,

167th. (See No. 13.)

settle, certain, quiet.

It is

order jE chen^ (See No. 12) in the house >^ mien^ (see No. 1) i.e. peace, quiet. (W.

112 1.) An ingot of silver ^ is therefore a fixed or certain ^ lump of metal ^. 260 AA> fcB?



S

^

way

road, a

44th R. (W. 26 F.)

pP.

fc

in contact, one

the

sbib^,

reversed,

men

;'a

and one

kind.

a picture of a foot at rest, the tsu*» circle above indicating rest as opposed to motion enough, full, pure. It is the R. the 157th. (W. 112 B) cT. jh chilP sec No. 10. Motion is expressed by §. ko\ Each. (See No. 272.) The way /u^ is that through which each Ao* goes JS. tsu^ (W, 31 B.) one

The

foot,

;

^

%

#

Jhi,

>< IC

J^nan^', Light, bright

;

honor, naked, smooth

;

,

the presence of a distinguished person.

Anciently

it

was twenty "b" fires ^.

modern form fire

^£

or torch

is

i'C.

The bearing alofb a

a man JL A- » the R. (W. 24

J.)

ts'aPf Vegetables, herbs, greens, food, viands. -«/- dnli

/r\'

^

^s'ao^, is the R., ts'ai*.

To

the 140th.

pick flowers or

firuits

;

variegatied

;

The upper part is ^ cAaoS *the contracted modern form of flCV the right hand prone or reaching down,

to gather objects.

the paws, claws. Normally at the top of a character because of its meaning and here

it is

above a

tree

;fc

meaning to pick

96

^ fruit from a tree

It is often written

jjc.

with a hand at the side ^. radical

means the small

it

(W. 49 B.) 282 ch'P,

To

?|g.

4

a verb an auxidenoting the beginning and continuto begin

rise,

liary

^

With grass

vegetables,

;

after

ance of the action. tsou', to walk, is the R., the 156th.

(See No.

"'

146.)

£<

chP,

^

yang*,

283

rau*,

is

self,

the phonetic.

A pattern,

wood,

3R.

^

kind, model, manner.

the R., the 75th, as patterns

is

are often

(See No. 191.)

made

The

of wood.

character

has the same meaning and pronunciation without the R. yang*, A rising or unceasing flow of water (same as yun^ w^ith i^yang^ added as phonetic) uniformity,, mod^, pattern,

^

;

tediousness.

^.

'iiC

y^^^j

is

284

JW^'

in

a variation of 7jc shuP, adding foam and ripples. (W. 125 D.) yatig", Sheep, (see No. 253). (W, 103 A.) thfe

^ ®^

unceasing flow of w^ater in veins

j'u^,

eai-th,

duration, perpetuity.

Fish, the

195th

parts of

fish.

R., relating to

It is

names and

,

body,

It is

fins, scales

a

picture of head,

and, tail.

The four dots

below stand not only for fire 3^ but also for tail, and feet in % niao^ bird, ^ ma* (W. horse, ^, kao^ lamb wei^ monkey.

%

142

A.)

'97

^^ '0^

y.

"S

JHan^ Steamed bread or dumplings. sA//J^ food,

to eat, to

184th.

feed,

wa« * Long. @|| resemljles (See No. 130)

the R., the

is

(W. 26 M.)

(See No. 75).

closely

(W. 33

hooded heads

J.)

286

To grasp, to collect to push out, a comb. 4^,^ shott\ hand is the R., the 64th. f^,^|,^\ lan^, A dragon, imperial, glorious, the 212th R., contracted from a picture of the animal'. The modern form has on the right a contraction of jH /eiS to fly or the ^y^ wings (picture of a crane flying W. 11 A.) and on the left at the bottoin is ^ = ^ joa* meat or body, and above it ^jr li*, said to be a contraction of ^ t'utig^, slave boy, as phonetic. This is probably an artificial interpretation of a conventional modification of the picture. ' (W. 140 A.) JH is a hand :^ on a dragon f|, able to grasp or gather together legs, wings, tail and all. lang^,

;

»

Phonetic. 287

_„

To

a bundle to sura up to unite to comprise, to manage before a negative it makes a strong as-

isung',

collect

and

tie

up

in

;

;

^

;

sertion. mi*, called

MW^ ^^^ cbiad' ssu\

is

the radical,

the 120th.

J§>.^

ts'ung^

To feel alarm

;

excited, restless.

When

excited or restless, one

ones mind j6 is looks anxiously through the

windows

j^

ch'uang^, and makes a forecast of pro-

98

bable outcome

288

40

D.)

To

tell,

now

;

written

W.

(W.

Phonetic combination.

^t^ su\

r/|»

accuse.

jT

yen^, words, is the R.,

the 149th.

J^,J^,f^

To

attack; a modern abbreviation of J^ to attack a man jfr i*, in liis house r yetf to expel, to scold. is said by the Shuo Wen to be =f- kan^, an offence doubled, though not completely, and so having the idea of repeated offence as in (W. 102 D.) jen', See No. 139. vJp su* is to attack J^ with words 3".

ch'ih*

;

5M

.

"^

1*

^

289 iy-t

-

^J

^

tmg

A

, ,

.1

nail

metal,

chin^,

ting

;

is

to nail.

,

the R., the

167tii, being the

material of which the nail

~r,

^

4v>

la

I.M

/«S Father.

This

character

The

seal character

the

is is'

a

88th

radical hand holding a

hand which wields authority. The modern writing failed in bringing out this idea (W. 43 G.) rod, the

318 „..

Frame, staging, a rads, to support. yfC «Ju*, Radical 75, wood. hn chja*, Phonetic to add to. To- add M muscle Muscle is :fj to persuasion fcl, violence. chia*,

;

^

iJ

J'*,

(W. 53. this

O

k'ou'^,

D.).

phonetic

indicates

When wood it

a command.

* is

added to

indicates that this

is

a

frame on w^hich articles can be added. 319

m

Hang*,

A

classifier

of

carriag^Sj

a.

pair

of

wheels, the important part of a cart.

cAV, Radical 159, a "jSa

liatig^,

The

cart,

a barrow:.

phonetic, two, (See No. 35.).

an appropriate phonetic as the two wheels of a cart should be a pair, equal in size. With the addition of the This

is

cart radical the numerative of carts

is

completed. 320

A

donkey. md', Radical 187, ahorse. (See No. 261). This phonetic lu^ The phonetic; a hound. might have been selected as a donkey

lu',

small and

not very different in size a large from hound. This phonetic also means a vessel or pan. It is from ;& hu^ and ft tzv^ a vase. This is now made like EB t'/enS a field, but it has nothing in

is

109

common with

it.

a redundancy.

is

added later, (W. 135. D.) and

ELaiitf,

(W. 150 A). 32^

ctien^,

To

ride,

to mount, to drive.

Radical 4, a stroke to the left. This is a character which does not divide

p'ieh},

and phonetic. It is a picrepresentation of a war chariot in

into radical torial

the seal writing (^'. 31. E.)

4b=^

ch'uaif

represents men sitting" baifek to back.

The an awning over the men. A good symbol for riding or mounting.

chariot has 322 cbiad*,

A

sedan, chair.

cAV, Radical 159, a i,

^

cart,

a barrow.

something high, as a

tree,

the top of which bends forwards. 75. B.). It is composed of

^W.

ch'iao^.

Phonetic

^

;

a man bending his head forward getting ready to jump. ch'iad' is the phonetic in (W. 61 B.). bridge, i^ and as a sedan chair when carried looks like a moving bridge, this

X. y^. (W. 71. L.). jS yiieh is a halberd with an additional hook thus something extra is itiferred. With the

yiieh*

;

addition of the above I'adical

it

forms the

character for exceed. 330

fn,^

D

^

Harmony

with. Radical k'ou^, 30, the mouth. grain and mouth are adapted ho^. Phonetic one to the other, hence the meaning of Ao*,

;

;

harmony. 331 tsai*, Sin,

pit |j^

crime.

wang% Radical 122, a net. With the addition of ife?, Phonetic, not right. wanj^ the idea

that transcaught in the net of the law and it is called sin. This charactsui*, (W. 102. ter was formerly w^ritten p5q

gression

#

/ei\

is convej'-ed

is

^

H.).

A

malicious scribe substituted the

character M. huang^ for this character and the Emperor Ch'in-sliih-huang forthwith

changed the writing of tsui* by Imperial decree to its present form and tabooed the former writins:-

112

332

jh^

To

pei\

*

ing /\,^,y\

^ -^

increase, fold, times.

was

jen\ Radical

The

a speaker short by (W. 133.

in his speech,

older writing

mouth and a

k'ou'',

chu^,

cut

him

interrrupting

P

mean-

a man.

9,

t'on' Phonetic, to

A).

Original

to rebel.

which

is

fi^

pu^ above on*' top

>f

stroke

said to. represent expression

The present meaning of the

of contempt.

character

is

little

seems to have been given

it

without et3'mological reason. 333

agg cho', or chao-, Kight, to just hit, after

a verb

the sign of the success of the action.

^

yatig^, Radical 123, sheep.

This

is

a modern character and it is ^ The phonetic

written in several .ways.

which can best be explained che^,

is

This SA'mbol.was invented to represent the clauses of a sentence nected, the

on

g

which

w^ere being con-

tzu* is the central

either side are branches or

part and

arms

w^hich

take hold of the clauses and bring them together.

(W. 159 B.)

331 hsiatig*, Like, resembling,

yS^,-^

^

jen',

an image of a man,

Radical 9, man.

This representing the animal.

hsiang*, Phonetic, elephant. tive,

is

a primi-

On

top

is

the trunk, then are the tusks; the body legs, and tail make up the rest of the character.

(W. 69.

L.).

It is difficult to ex-

113

plain

why

this

symbol should* have been

taken for an image. 335

To

kai*.

^'.W '^,^

cover, a cover; to build.

ts'ao\ Radical, No. 140, grass. ^^^ Phonetic a dish filled and covered why not ? With the addition of the character is used for the roof or any cover. ;

;

^

The

ifiili

ts'ao^, indicates

character

was

thatched.

(W. 38. G.)

that where

ithis

housed

were

coined,

'

336

ffi

To

cAuS

,\j^n^

"i

^^

dwell, to stop.

Radical No.

"

''

a man. cAu\ Phonetic, a lamp with the flame rising. (W. 83. D.). By extension, a man who 9,

:

sheds forth light. (See No. 210). With the addition of the radical, the character

stands

was

:

^s

A

-wu^,

I

p*

shih^,

ac

[qI

publishing his decision

g,.

a shop. p* shil^, Radical No. 44, a corpse. This is another character which cannot be divided up into radical and phonetic aj^'the base of the character is R ch'ilf, the expanded hand, a span and P k'oti^, the mouth. The explanation given is that in fixing up a shop one must not onlj' use the hand but the mouth must also be used to inquire chi?,

an

office,

.

the best

mode

of procedure.

There

is

another explanation of the character The which may be eaisier to remember.

128 ch'ih^ ;^ is

P

a

square foot) and the

foot, (a

one of the positions on a chess chess board a foot square is large enough and the squares are places (W. 32 F,). for stopping or resting. k'ou^

is

A

board.

378

igg 'iTO

^ •^

-

'

^"» Happiness, prosperity'. shih*, Radical

No. 113 to reveal. (See No. 227). ;

(W. 75

Phonetic, abundance.

-d» fu*

most satisfactory

'

The

D.).

explanation

of

this

a contraction of Wt Aao\ high and ffl t'ien', a field, the products of the field piled higli is a good symbol tor With the addition of the abundance. radical the idea is that a superhuman inphonetic

'

is

that

it is

has decreed abundance, hence meaning happiness, (cf. No. 267).

fluence

379-^ ~^!^,

-d*

.

To

bsiang'.

^^ -*-*

the

receive, to enjoy.

Radical No. 8, above. This character does not divide up

t'oa^,

was two

ing

The ancient

and phonetic.

radical

iti

into

writ-

characters, one upright

and the other inverted, they were contracted to ^. Hei-e is another illustration of the reversing the meaning of a character bj'

part -^

and is

inverting

it.

The

the ordinary

is w^titten in

means superior the lower part means inferior. The © ;

form

is

the gift which

handed up to the superior by the (W. 75 D.).

@C

cheng*:,

way

inverted and

in the seal

380

upper

To

rule

;

government.

is being inferior.

129

^

seal character is

(See No. 17).

rod.

Tr

The a right hand holding a

p'u* Radical No. 66, to strike or tap.

cheng*. Phonetic, right, exact.

A govemment

should act :£ p'u* in an orderly and exact jE manner. (See No. 12). (W. 112 I). ifc

381

Mft

t'ieh^,

To

paste.

^ cban\ pei*,

f*

Radical No. 154, precious. (See No. 38). Phonetic, to usurp, to seize, to divine.

An

old definition of the character 5fi is " to leave in pledge." An article left in

marked by pasting a written statement upon it. It is possible that the meaning which is now prevalent The above originated in this way. phonetic also means to divine, but the meaning to usurp seems to be more (W. 56 B). logical in this combination. pledge

is

382

m

mo*. Ink. -p t'a*. Radical No. 32, earth. Gg heP, Phonetic, black. The]^seal writing of this

^*n,sins.

a vent^for^ smoke and the lower part is two fires, one above the other, indicating a succession of fires. Around the vent lampblack accumulates, hence a very appropriate symbol for black. Mixing lampIt is the 203rd radical character

is

•

black with earth ink

"^m

was

first

± is

made.

probably the (W. 40 D).

Dark. jih*, Radical No. 72, sun. y^"^' Phonetic, sound. This

way

an*,

H ei

is

the 180th, radi-

130 (See No.

cal.

There

39),

are several

characters which have this radical as their

phonetic and have a i^ieaning of dark or

obscure

;

it

may be, that this meaning has

been attached to this phonetic owing to sound being invisible. When the sun is 384

(W. 73 E).

invisible it is dark.

M fSS

Grace, to

en^t

Jl^ hsin^,

m

show

favor.

Radical No. 61, heart. (W. 60 B).

Phonetic, because.

yirH^,

ginal

meaning

man

confined in

of this

The

ori-

was a cannot One but

phonetic

a cell. a prisoner thus confined. If this feeUng of sorrow leads one to hberate him, that is grace and it is repre-

feel sorrj^

sented

for

by placing

heart, j& bsin^ under

@

yin^.

J^,

^

Kind, grace. hsit^, Radical No. 61, heart. This is supposed to reprech'uan\ Phonetic. sent an ox w^ith a trace attached to a

hui*,

>L^

and at the end of a hook for attaching which are to be drawn. By ex-

bar behind the horns the trace there objects

;

is

when ones heart is drawn into work he is kind, he allows his better

tension,

his

feelings to enter into

91E,G).. 386 iBi

)itt(

:>^,

^v

.

,

tietf,

A

-,.

(W.

,,

.

dictionary, records.

J^ pa^, Radical No. 12,

nn

his actions.

eight.

This is an old character and has dropped out of use. It, in

-.lUL ch'aP, Phonetic, books. ,

131

the

writing,

seal

represents

bamboo

The lower part of the character was a table % wu^, and not A pa\ but when radicals were sought to

books placed

in order.

classify all characters, the legs of the table

A

pa^

(W. 156 C).

Radical No. 163, a

city.

(See No. 11).

were taken 387

'$

:

& ^

yu^. i\

for

Post house.

bough loaded with leaves and drooping flowers (W. 13 E). Chalfant says that this phonetic is a spray of wistaria. As these flowers hang pendent, this symbol has been adopted for charac-

ch'uP, Phonetic, a

ters

convey

w^hich

ing or suspension.

the idea

Thus

of hang-'

M shui* to sleep,

implies that the eyelids are drooping and

are suspended over the eyes. w^as on the frontier.

This

A post-house

was

the only

place w^here the Governn;ient maintained

postal communications, the Emperor especially desiring to

know

the condition of

which were located on the fringes of his domain. They are looked upon as the "hanging on " cities. affairs in the villages or cities

BALLEE LESSON 388 fu^,

A

prefecture

Radical f*^ yen^

vj^

fu*,

;

a

XIV.

palace.

No. 53, a covering, a hut.

With the addition of the radical the meaning of the character is a place J" where taxes arfc=;

tuarP, Short, deficient.

g

3^ "^

sbih^,

Radical No. Ill, a dart.

(See No. 100).

(W. 165 A.) The character for short was formed by putting

tou*, Phonetic,

together

a

dish.

two

of the shortest utensils of the

a dart and a dish. The character for long ^, was hair that was so long it 'had to be fastened with a brooch. (For long, see W. 113 A).

ancients,

namely,

394 hsin^,

JX

^

New,

recent.

Radical No. 69, an ax. (See No. 358). chen^ Phonetic, the Chinese hazel bush. Rods of this shrub were used for beating criminals and, for this purpose, it was necessary chin^,

that they be

brush

^

symbol

cheti^

for

Thus hazel chiti^ became the as the ax by the

freshly cut.

and ax Jf

new

or fresh,

side of the rods implied that they

were just

(W. 102 H). The present writing of cheii^ is not like the above, which hazel cut.

W

is

the old writing.

395 chiu*, Old,

worn out,

fornlerly.

^^

ts'aq^ Radical No. 140, grass. (SeeNos. 22, 40),

Q

chiu^, Phonetic,

a mortar.

This seems to be a

134

^

was

chiwi,

originally used for j^ chim, a corpse placed in a coffin. In the shops coffins are euphemistically spoken of as %i^ shorn ts'ai^, material for the aged or old.

This usage

meaning writing coffin.

may have stamped

the chiw^ as in the above represented the corpse in the

of old it

on

(W. 103 C)

^

(cf. 42.8.)

396 huai*,

;^ m;

To

spoil, ruined.

t'u^ Radical No. 32, earth. huaP, Phonetic, to hide in the bosom, covered from the eye by putting in the breast.

(W. 16 J). The upper part of the phonea cover, the part which looks like m

tic is

w^ng^

is

order that space,

g mu* it

vsrritten

may

horizontally in

not take

the loAver part

is

vip

so much

the radical for

clothing with the cords which are used as fasteners across the breast of the garment

represented.

Others explain that

5ji

tai*

means to hide as the eyelashes fall over the eye and hide it, and is here placed in-

J

side of the ,

-,;

cf.

^

i.e.

No. 82, ;X.

to hide in the clothing.

'

With the addition of the radical for earth the idea may have been, —if instead of hiding the article in the breast in the earth it

would be

it

was

buried

ruine'd.

397 c/2'a^.

To

examine, to search into.

mu\

Radical No. 75, wood. (See No. 22). TfC n ch^ieh^ Phonetic, a chair, without a back. It

is

used here as a simple phorietic. This char-

135

was

acter

originally used

ceremonies and tioil

of

many

it

in

sacrificial

enters into the composi-

With the addi-

characters.

wood h was originally used as a proper name and afterwards it was

tion of

^

written instead of Thus it has ch'a'. no etymology. Correctly written $.

398

^ J^

nan^, Difficult, to cause distress.

Rad. No. 172, a short tailed bird. (See 21). in the sun. In the old seal writing the sun is shining on the loess with fiery heiat and drying out the mois-

chui'

Qt| /jan* Phonetic, dried

With the addition of the radical for short tailed birds, (most water fowl have ture.

short tailg) the idea

is

that

when the pools

where these birds get their food are dried up they are in distress. (W, 171 B). 399 ts'ao^r Grass, herbs. ljn|l_

-tt ts'ao^ Radical No. 14Q, grass. (See No. 111). *sao*, Phonetic, early.

M

character originally

stood for a kind of

was used

grass which

This

tor dyeing articles

With the addition of the radical it now means any kind of grass or herb. (W. 143 E).

black ^.

400 chiao^,

v^

;^ &.

To

teach-;

a

religion

;

p'u^ Kadical No. 66, to strike.

to allow. (See No. 17).

The seal writing is X=i*, above a son ^. (W 39

hsiao^, Phonetic, to learn.

two crosses B).

If hete indicates question

and answer.

X

has the it, 5^ vao^ (See No. 165). The character meaning of influence from the cutting of shears

which

it

pictures.

Here being

136

doubled

it

emphasizes the influence of the

teacher on the pupil ^.

With the addi-

tion of the radical :£ the idea of applying

the rod

is

portrayed.

(W. 39 G, H).

The

modern writing of this phonetic is identical 401

with ^ hsiao*, filial piety, but it has nothingbut ^ in common with it. (W. 30 E).

-y.

To boil.

chu\ ^*^^

iK,*^^^ /zuo^ Radical No. 86, fire. >§ che' Phonetic, a final particle,

a suffix. (See No. 270). This phonetic can be regarded as the pronoun it then the etymology is> fire iK it ^. Boil it by putting fire under it. ;

402 »/^ chin*,

To

enter

in,

to advance.

cho^ Radical No. 162, walking chui}-

Phonetic,

a

phonetic significance

172nd

and stopping.

short-tailed bird.

radical.

in

this character.

(See No. 21).

addition of the radical 5_

It has no

it

With

the

stands for to

advance this may be because birds in flying always move forwards, they never fly backwards. ;

403

Jt>|.t

njfll

^W

A time,

an occasion. cA'eS Radical, No. 159, a cart. (See No. 136). shang*, Phonetic, a roof of a house. (See No. 52). (W. 36 E). With the addition of the cart radical it is used for the number of times a trip has been taken. The cart suggests that the idea may have been, — the number of trips the cart made to a certain house and back. t^ang*,

^*'

Advantage,

JE mm^

profit.

Radical No. 108, a dish, (See No. 233).

137

^V

The character is lying indicating overflow, or abund-

sAai^ Phonetic, water.

on

its side,

A

ance.

dish

M

overflowing stands for

advantage or profit. (W. 125 C). This is an old character and antedated the glazing of pottery. Unglazed pottery if made of sandy clay will not hold water, but pottery made of good clay will retain it. It would not be strange if pottery which held water was taken as the symbol of advantage or profit. 405 sao^,

^

To

sweep.

shou^, Radical No.

64 the hand. ;

chou^ Phonetic, a dusting brush.

406

^

(W. 44 K).

In the seal writing a hand ^ is represented as holding a broom. The addition of the hand radical at the side was made about 200 B.C.

a. •^

hsiao*,

To honor

parents,

"T^ tzu^, Radical No. 39,

^

lao^,

filial

piety.

a son.

Phonetic, old. This phonetic is not brought out in the modern writing. (W. 30 E). The phonetic in ffcfj; chiao^ in

#

is the same as hsiao*, but it has nothing in common with it in etymology. (See No. 400). Lao^ old, stands for parents and the ^p tztP son should render that devotion and reverence

modern writing

^

which

is fitting

and proper.

407 ching^,

;gj

To

reverence.

j^

p'u^ Radical No. 66, to strike.

ra

chi* Phonetic, to restrain

G).

This phonetic

is

(W. 54 made up of yang^ ones

self.

^

138

and

sheep, contracted,

'^

pao^ to cover

To stand meek

and n as a sheep and restrain ones words. With the addition of the radical which here can k'ou^ the mouth.

be taken as the one w^ho wields pow^er the idea is to be modest in the presence of those in authority. 408 t'ang^,

A

hall,

a ineeting place.

i

t'u^ Radical No. 32, earth.

-^

shang*. Phonetic, a house, (See No. 52) this is

a suggestive phonetic.

;

hence

With

the

we

have an inclosure n which is roofed over »^ but the earth is the floor, a condition which is by no means uncommon at the present time. (W. 36 E). addition of the radical for earth

409 ch'u*,

^ hu\

A place,

circumstances.

Radical No. 141, a tiger.

^Jjt c/z'u*,

Phonetic, a place.

The

(See No. 258).

Suggestive phonetic.

primitive idea of this phonetic

to have walked until tired,

^

sw}^,

was and

come to a seat JL chP. This character had the radical hu^ added to it when the characters were being put under radicals but

it

contributes nothing save difficulty

in writing.

To

breviated form

the present day the ab-

^

is

without this

radical.

(W. 20 B). 410 ch'ang^, Constantly. |tj

chin^,

Radical No. 50, a napkin.

(See No.

143).

[^ shang\ Phonetic, a house,

(See No. 52) (W-

139

36 E). The radical cbin^ is a banner which is constantly ^ floating in front of the headquarters, fl shan^, of the general. 411

^

Numerative of trees.

/c'o^,

>^

mu*, Radical No. 75, wood. (See No. 22). kuo\ Phonetic, fruit. (W. 120 F). The fruit represented by IH fier^ on the tree. This combination would make an appropriate numerative of fruit trees, but it is used for is

all

kinds of trees.

412 shu^,

A tree.

Mu\

Radical No. 75, wood. (W ^=1 chu^ or shu*, Phonetic, upright, vertical. 165 D). This seems to be a hand ^t '^^

beating a vertical'

drum M.

may have

chou^.

The idea of

been derived from the

position in which the

drum was

held.

part is a drum n on a stand and an ornament. With the addition of the wood radical we have vertical or

The

left

above

is

standing wood,

trees.

BALLER LESSON XV. 413 hou*, Thick, generous.

f^

ban* Radical No. 27, a cliff. (See No. 42). is the hou^ Phonetic, liberal, generosity.

^

reverse of

and the

^=^

i.e.

«^=^. The.0

is

a

gift

rest of the phonetic is first five

strokes of i^ AaoS high, reversed is

a

A

superior

gift

come down to an

man

;

thus

'it

inferior -^.

or the gods would give

140

meaning of generous The f' han* is not cliff but a stroke which indicates descent or the coming down of the gift from above. (W. 75 G). lavish gifts, thus the is

414

/^

J^

attached to this phonetic.

ch'uan^,

^ -^

_

J^

^ ~

jen^,

To propagate

;

to

hand down.

Radical No. 9, man.

chuati^, Phonetic, singly, particular.

g

(W. 91

The upper part of this phonetic is an ox harnessed and a trace dragging behind with a ring for attaching F).

ch^uan^

loads which are to be drawn.

When the

lower part of the phonetic -^ hand, is added, it is the character for a writing tablet which was worn attached ;^ to the -^ wrist. These tablets were worn by the

what

A man A

scribes.

official

proclaims

^

written on his wrist-tablet U,

is

preaches from notes.

1^, nl^

A

AsjV,

^ ^

/p^

To

repair, to build, to cuMvalse, adorn.

jen^, Radical No. yu^ Phonetic, to

with a

9,

man. ones

feel

stick

^.

way

across a ford

(See No. 160).

This

^

.,„

phonetic has added to it shan^, feathers, long hair, ornament. This compound phonetic and the radical for man stand for to cultivate, to repair. (W. 12 C).

^

__^ f

pao^ An herb of the mint family

W'

Pr

ts'ad',

i^

p'a^,

Radical No. 140, grass, with the first meaning of S|.

;

thin, mean. is

connected

Phonetic, a wide expanse of shallow

water

^Jc.

phonetic

(For

iT fu^ see

No. 151). The of an adult, W,

M fu^, the hand ^

141

broad, amplitude. From this meaning the idea of breadth runs through several characters which have this phonetic, (W.

109 D).

Here breadth without depth

suggests thinness, meanness. 417

To laugh at, to smile. chu\ Radical No. 118, bamboo. hsiad^,

YS

^^

J'^oS Phonetic, a

man

in

(See-No. 7).

the act of bending

forward in order to jump, march or laugh

more easily.

With the addition of bamboo

the character

is

used

for,

to laugh, because

when the wind waves the bamboo it resembles the movements of a man convulsed with laughter. (W. 61 B) (See No. 323). 418 rst yiian^, |~|

g

g

Round.

weP, Radical No. 31, enclosure. yuan'. Phonetic, round. (W. 161 B).

Origi-

was the full writing of weP was added later. now has two weP radi-

nally this phonetic

the character, but

The character

above the §, pe/* The meaning was something a cowrie ^.

cals as the small square

weP. round like is

419 rPC

fp cbiang-^,

lis.

I.

An artisan.

/ang^ Radical No.

22, a log hollowed

out.

(W. 51 A). /T, /^

'

•

chiii^,

Phonetic, an ax.

No phonetic significance.

(W. 128 A). The seal writing is said to be a representation of the instrument. The little stroke to the right is thought to be a chip of wood. This is the 69th

142

No. 358). When the radical for a hollowed out log is added it stands for an artisan or the work of an artisan.

radical.

(Cf.

The hollowing out of trees to make boats

was probably one

or vessels

of the

first

mechanical devices employed. "'~^

ch'in^,

i^

1^

^^

hsin^,

The

affections, the feelings.

Radical No. 61, the heart.

ch^jng^, Phonetic, the colors of nature, (See

63), (W.

No. With the addition ot

115 D).

the radical for heart

^e

character stands

which are pure or natural to the heart of man.

for

those

feelings

421 sbih^, Real, true, really, solid. t^--

«

a

mien', Radical No. 40,

roof.

kuan*, Phonetic, long strings of cowries or

(W. 153 A). The upper part of the phonetic, which by the w^ay has ^no

cash.

phonetic value,

is

two

—

articles

w strung

;» kuan\ and the together on a string lower part shows that these articles are cowries or coins "

^

,

pei*.

When

roof

is

added the character stands for real wealth stored away where it is available for use, not a false pretense of wealth.

422

bsin^, to become sober after being drunk, to

wake _

^ yu^

a kind of jar which was used for keeping fermented liquors. The —

Radical No. 164

;

shows that there (W. 41 G).

,^

*

up, to startle.

is

hsin^, Phonetic,, stars.

something

in the jar,

(W. 79 F).

The

143

oldest writing of this character has three ^,

>v

shih*,

Radical No. 113, to reveal.

(See No.

227).

1^ kaa^

Phonetic, a defect in the conformation of

the bones of the

mouth a cleft palate.

When

No. 119).

(See

the above radical

is

combined with this phonetic there is the suggestion of divine judgment. If a child is born with a hare lip or a cleft palate j^ it is regarded as a calamity |^ sent from heaven^. (W. 118 A). 424

k'u\

-^

P ^

To

cry.

k'ou^, Radical No. 30, the

ch'uan^,

Phonetic,

mouth.

dog, — without

phonetic

remarked that The this character is a picture of a dog. ua a call or indicate bsuan^ two mouths

significance.

outcry, hence after the

425

Confucius

^ means

to howl or cry ra

manner of dogs

i^.

(W. 72 C).

v cWien^, Shallow.

7K,

^

sbuP, Radical No. 85, water. cbien^ Phonetic, to exterminate, to destroy,

The common work of two or more halberds. (W. 71 R). (See No. 13). This phonetic always gives a bad dangerous.

144

or insignificant color to the character.

Shallow water

^^/^ —

'

Jffk

shih^,

iS

An

age,

Radical No.

san^ shih^,

is

dangerous to a

a generation, thirty years. 1, one.

Phonetic,

traction of three

X,A

j]\-

is

phonetic the con-

+ shih^ or thirty and the

horizontal line below in 427

No

thirty.

(W. 24 O).

significance.

— one.

sailor.

ifi:,

is

the radical i^

Thirty years make one generation.

wen', Strokes,

lines, literature,

This

Radical No. 67. characters and the grain in

it is

wood

elegant.

one of the oldest supposed to represent or ripples on water. is

(W. 61 F). 428 ch'uan*,

^ H"

To

exhort, to advise.

Radical No. 19, strength. kuati*, Phonetic, a heron.

(See No. 212).

li\

(W. 72 J). A chui^, with egrets, X short-tailed bird or horns, which has a loud call "^ bsiiad. The horns of a sheep are taken to repre-

#

sent the egrets.

The Sbuo Wen has no

etymology for this phonetic in combination with the above radical. It may be that this combination was used owing to the

great patience of the heron.

Chinese

common name

is

Its

" old waiter

",

gaze into the water iot hours without moving, in order to secure lao* ten'^.

It will

a fish. If we could use the same patience and vigilance in J)ersuading men much would be accomplished, hence it is not an inappropriate symbol for, to exhort.

145

*^^

P^ i^

"'^*' '^'^ curse,

to

revile.

P^,|^ wang^ Radical No.

^

122, a net.

(See No. 38),

(W. 39 C). ma^. Phonetic, horse.

Radical No. 187.

(See

No. 261), (W. 137 A). The Shuo Wen does not explain this character ^. It seems to be an arbitrary combination of radical and phonetic. Catch a horse 15 in a net 1^

and you

will w^ant to revile ^.

430 -gH?

i^^

je*,

To

provoke, to

irritate.

Radical No. 61, heart. (See No. 18). Phonetic, the primitive sense is to pick 3) herbs ft to eat P to select. (W. 46 G).

^H^ hsin\

^

^^ ^ '

jc*,

;

The ordinary meaning

is

if.

Just

why this

combination of radical and phonetic should mean to irritate is not verj' apparent. If the ^ je^is regarded as selecting, one who is over particular in selecting is most exasperating, or irritating to the mind ^6.

—

~fflc rf»»>'

^$-

mm

wu^. Without, none.

J^ AHo^ Radical No.

86,

fire.

...

Fire

was arbitrari-

Ij considered as the radical of this charac-

ter

;

in the old writing there is

element in

its

composition but

no such

# forest

is

the original form for the -"". Chalfant suggests that this character is made up of

^

.^&

ch'en^, primitive meaning, a warriors wang^, lost. This last characcar and

C

an old writing, is placed where the horses should be and the idea, according to the above mentioned authority, is that the animals have strayed away in the ter, in

forest.

The

forest is represented

by

#

146

:5p

XK

til

^

two trees. Plate XXYIII, and W. 10

virang^ is

placed between the

(See Chal-

fant

I).

chieh*,

H

and the

in seal writing

lin^,

A

boundary, a

limit.

t'ien\ Radical No. 102, afield. chieh*, Phonetic,

A

parate

(See No. 207).

boundaries, the lines that se-

pa\ men

A

(W. 18

/'enl

With the addition of the field

the idea of

field

F).

radical for

boundaries

is

very

evident.

433

A basket.

lan^,

^^,^

Radical No. 118, bamboo. (See No. chien^, Phonetic, to examine, to oversee, a cbu",

(W. 82 F).

By

(See No. 294).

the meaning of this phonetic as a place of confinement, then

of the

bamboo

utensil in

radical

which

articles

by the

taking jail or

addition

we have a

may

7). jail.

wicker

be placed or

confined, for safe transportation.

434 shui^,

g

^

mu\

To

sleep.

Radical No. 109, the eye.

ch'uP, Phonetic, to

(See No; 387).

(See No. 102).

hang down. (W. 13 E), With the addition of the

radical for eye the idea of the eyeUds com-

ing

down and

covering the eye

is

set forth,

naturally suggesting sleep. 435 chiao^'^, chiieh^.

@

chien*.

To

perceive, to

feel.

Radical No. 147, to see, to perceive. (See No. 85).

(W. 158 C).

P^

hsiad' Phonetic, to learn.

(W. 39

I).

The two

147

two hands of

sides of the phonetic are the

the teacher pressing

down on the '— waste

space where ignorance reigns in the head

two Jii i* between the hands indicate the questioning and answering of teacher and pupil. jJ = doubl-

of the pupil; the

ing of X> cutting shears, idea of influence (see No. 400 and 165). With the addition of the radical, to perceive, the characrer means, to perceive, to know.

^

436

^ 1=1

BA.LLEB,

/^ .

hai*,

iol

'^

To

VOGABULAEY

III.

injure to contract a disease. Radical No. 40, a roof, (See No. 1). This being a verj' old character it does not ;

mieti^

fall easilj'

into radical

and

phonetic.

The

phonetic should be a combination of ^ chieh* and n k'ou^ but we find no such •

combination outside of this character. chieh* is

the

first

after the knotting of strings.

^ on a injured by these word for mouth, notches

|

^

mnemonic invention stick.

It represents, stick

was

When

the

The

notches.

k'ou^, is "added the

that one injures another by slander and when the above radical is added, the injury is done under cover '^ i.e. secretly. idea

is

(W. 97 E). ^ CAie/z* is very a leafy bough, (See No. 312). 437

like,

^ feng^

ping*, Disease, defect. jf^

ni*

or chP Radical No. 104, disease. This radical is made up of — i^ a straight horizontal line,

the position of a sick person, and bed

148

Thus

means, to be sick. The scribes arbitrarily added a dot on top(W. 127C). ch^iang^.

tI

p)^"

it

ping' Phonetic, the third of the ten stems.

[jijl

It

is a fire jJH in a house f\ and thus it is a suggestive phonetic, as a feverish person, a When the sick person, is hot (W. 41 A). is added to this phoneradical for disease

tic it

438

€^ m^

hstieh^,

^5*, j^l

j^ ,

-J

forms a fitting symbol for disease.

Snow.

J'^^ Radical No. 173, rain.

(See No. 61).

(W. 44 A). The original phonetic was broom, ^ izai* but it has been contracted to ch'ou^ and there is little use in remembering the original

ch'otr' Phonetic,

a hand.

phonetic, save to explain wh^^ the present

phonetic has no phonetic value.

AQQ

(W. 44

With the addition of the rain radical J). we have the rain '^ .which can be taken up in the hand a- or swept aw^ay ^. A good combination for symbolizing snow.

S

isa**

i\

To

heal.

yu^, Radical No. 164,

wine or a

cordial.

(See

No. 422). i^

Phonetic, to take out ji shu^ arrows

E

the Cjuiver

?.

The idea

is

^ from

that these

arrows are to be shot at the deinon of disease.

cordial radical

indicates that .spirits

it

440

The

ministered to the patient.

r^

yang^,

•^

shih-,

To

g

are

is

added as

to be ad-

(W. 131

C).

.

nourish, to rear.

Radical No. 184, to eat, (W. 26

J\I),

(See

M9

^ yan^^a

Phonetic, sheep, (See No. 253).

mutton 441

-M3^V)

#^

is

means of securing (W. 103 A). ^

one

is

nourishment,

^ TT

This

suggestive phonetic as the eating -% of

*

yi^^i Brave, heroic; England. -H- ts'ati" Radical No. 140, grass, (See No. 22).

H^

/jK

man

yati^, Phonetic, a large space,

man

in. the

rt

;

:fc

in the

midst of a jungle.

With the addition of the idea of jungle

midst of a

in the seal writing it is

still

is

a

(W. 60 K).

radical

,h-

the

further elaborated.

bravery to enter a jungle where beasts abound.

It requires fierce

442

^fo l^^

£eS Virtue,

^

^

moral

excellence.

ch'ih* Radical No. 60,

a step with the

left foot.

(See No. 128). te^

Phonetic, virtue,

This

heart.

ig chihr' upright, >& Asin*

was

the original w^riting of

%., but it was finally put under the 60th radical. i[See No. 99 for explanation of phonetic). The addition of the radical may impart the idea of action or going out ^ in order to develope virtue it must be exercised, and go

the character

;

out to others. 443

yuan*, A court yard a public building. In the seal /u^Radical No. 170, a mound. writing a mound F is depicted with three ;

B,^

steps

#

leading to the top of a terrace.

(W. 86 A).

^

(See No. 93). watf, Phonetic, finished, done. reference to buildhas often This phonetic

ings and with the above radical

it

indi-

150

a

cates

large

court surrounded

with

buildings, or public offices (W, 29 H).

M4

|§j

huatig^, Imperial

;

the sovereign.

Q

paP, Radical No. 106, white.

qrT

wang^, Phonetic, king, ruler, royal. (W. 83 C ) Chalfant has the most likely explanation of this character. He has found old

(See No. 6).

.

writings which seem to indicate that

was a covild

was

string of jade beads

J

only be afforded by the royalty,

indicate the ruling class.

The

Plate XVIi;.

from

g

M

to

(See Chalfant,

g paP

is

contracted

and thus the huang^ originally meant a

tzu* beginning,

character

this

was adopted

the s^anbol which

it

as jade beads

;

self,

king by right of birth. 445

m

lang-,

^ ,^ g S

A

wolf, cruel.

ch'iian^ Radical

No. 94, a dog.

(See 424).

77an^, Phonetic, good, sagacious.

This phonechanges with the

has undergone many varying ideas as to man's original nature. The primary meaning was the nature of man, a gift from heaven, is good. The tic

gift

is

represented

by ©.

down from heaven was

The coming

represented by/*.

The next more modern form is 1.. The two convergent strokes at the top are heaven and earth coming together, the middle part of the character is the gift and the bottom part indicates that this gift may be lost li, (W. 75 F). This seems a

most inappropriate phonetic explanation

is

as follows

:

for wolf; tbe

—The

wolf

is

151

extremely sagacious, in knowing where to go to escape danger and where food can

be obtained, he 446

best of the

^

dog

an expert

is

dog,

g.

j^,

tribe.

ii^g^i Spirit, spiritual, intelligent.

~KtK.

^ ^^ ^

yv?, Radical No.

173

ling^ Phonetic,

the falling of rain

rain.

;

(See No. 61). in large

drops, the large drops are indicated

the three

These

circles.

changed

circles

have been

into squares as usual in

modern

writing.

contain

all

by the

This phonetic does not conform to the usual rule of phonetics, in that it includes the radical and does not

(^

the radical

parts of the character except

M

;

wu^ was added to the

character at a later period.

was something very the crops, and they

The rain

earnestly desired for

made

supplication for

The lower part of the character is a symbol w^hich represents witches M dancing to obtain rain the work X of witches M. (W. 72 K and for wu" W. 27 E).

it.

;

Because the spirit

were invoked for rain has been used to represent

spirits

this character

or spiritual.

447 rit_ han^,

7^,

/S.

The

soul.

kueP, Radical No. 194

(W, 40 C).

The

the spirits of the dead.

old character

tive representing a

into the air.

;

is

a primi-

human being vanishing

This character has under-

gone several changes. The upper part is said to be the head of a demon, the lower part is a human being and the X» is a

.

152

made by

representation of the swirl

demon when :2^

yiJn'',

it

moves.

borrowed to mean This phonetic adds the idea of

Phonetic,

speak.

clouds,

The

evanescence.

the natural eye. 448

SJ^l

/e?,

not

spirit is

visible to

W. 9 3 B )

(

Thunder.

1^

yff, Radical No.

[Tt

t'ien^,

173

Phonetic,

®

was

four

rain, (See No. 61).

;

Without phonetic

field.

written with three

orif^inally

and a small symbol

ig t'ieti'

the noise of thunder

account

of the

fields

Chalfant, Plate VII.

was

or'

in the

center which indicated reverberation if

sig-

This character

(See No. 45).

nificance.

^y

the

;

as

caused on

impinging.

See

(W. 149 F).

449 ts'eng', /

A

story (of a house), a layer.

shlU, Radical No.

recumbent

or

44

a person

;

the

sitting

in either the

posture.

A

living person w^ho was, in ancient times,

impersonate the dead, and was worshipped at the funeral. (W.

dressed

to

32 A). ts'en^. Past, already

add.

The

radical

t&etig^,

;

f

still

shih^ seems

more, to

an inap-

propriate radical, a plausible explanation is

as follows

:

—the character " story "

was

when houses were l)uilt more than one story high. This was another room

needed

#

M

wu^ (See No. 337) added tseng (See No. 230) above the ordinary room. It was may be that the character ts'en^

M

originally written; i^

i.e.

M room # added,

158

but was afterwards

contracted

to

its

present form. 450 *a^,

yy%

chih^,

To

s/zu?,

Radical No. 85

^r

cure, to heal, to govern.

Piionetic,

ones

I,

This

cance.

and

;

water, (See No. 79).

self.

was

No

phonetic sienifi-

originally the

name

of

a

seems to have been adopted to stand for the verb to cure without river

it

etj'mologlcal justification. .451

«

ming^,

P

/f'oui,

A

name, fame, reputation. Radical No. 30, mouth.

No phonetic value. J^ hsf Phonetic, evening. In the evening -^ one should call out p his name ^, in order that others may know who approaches. (See No. 14). 452

m

^^ S.

J

tao',

To

pra3'',

prayer.

Radical No. 113, to show, to (See No. 227).

shih\

make

known,

(W. 144B). The upper part of this phonetic is supposed to represent a ploughed field J ch'ou^, and indicates constaiit repetition, the furrows are turned over one after the other. With

sAou*, Phonetic, longevity.

the addition of

inquiry

is

k'oa^ the idea of repeated

convej^ed.

has hand,

P

p

-rf-

ts'un*,

The present phonetic added by the

side of

k'ou^, as gestures aid the petition.

With

the addition of the radical this character fulfills

the heathen idea for prayer;

they think

much 453

m

shih^,

A

the\^ shall

speaking."

lion.

— "for

be heard for their

154

^

-^

No. 94, a

ch'iiatP Radical

dog.

(See No.

a leader or master.

Composed

424). pip shih^, Phonetic,

of ^ tuf^ an elevation of two steps, elevated, and rfJ chin^ and ?, one or first.

—

This combination stands for the banner of the commander-in-chief, the fjl

first

,

master

.or

conveyed by this character.

is

With the addition of the dog idea

is set

454 n^t

A

ch'iang^,

radical, the, is

the king

split log,

(See No.

forth that the lion

(W. 86' B).

of beasts.

^

—banner

over the fort g thus the idea of leader

wall.

ch'iang^, Radical No. 90,

a

84).

^

she*

se*.

Phonetic, grain inclosed in a granary,

frugal, stingy.

The present writing of the

phonetic has no phonetic significance, but

;^

|g ch'iang^,

means a wall and

it

may have

been originally used as the phonetic and contracted to the present form. (W. 76 E).

®

^ She* is composed

for putting: grain in,

(contracted) and

^

of hn^ "^ a place

A>

A jv*, to put

in,

laP, grain, also con-

tracted.

(W. 13 C), (See No. 64).

character

now means

to come).

(This

The

m

represented bearded grain hanging from

the stalk.

"With

radical which

the

addition

of the

a symbol of strength, we have a good combination for wall. Walls were early built around is

155

*55

j^l

^J

chi*, [j

,

To

adjust, to trim

;

A

dose of medicine.

71 tao\ Radical No. 18, a

^K ^6

cA'i^

• knife. (See No. 37). Doses of medicine should be of uniform size. (W. 174 A). This is the 210th radical. In the seal character

Phonetic, even.

there are three stalks of grain.

Stalks of

grain, standing in the field, are practical-

These three appear to us as quite uneven, but this is because our ideas of the perspective differ

ly all of equal heighth.

from those of the framer of the character. The lower of the two horizontal lines at the bottom, is the foreground and the upper of these two lines is the background, thus because each head of grain ground, the is equally high from the character stands for even. With the addition of the knife radical we have the idea of the apothecary using the spatula in apportioning doses of medicine.

456 :?H£

yao*, Medicine.

+f

ts'ao^ Radical No. 140. grass, (See No. 22).

an ornamented frame on which drums and a bell are placed. The drums are on the sides and the bell is in the middle. (W. 88 C.) This instrument

j'ao*,jueA*, Phonetic, ie*

gives the five sounds of the Chinese scale. to observe the seal necessary is It

writing in order to see the intention of the symbol. These five parts of the instrument are all in tune. With the addition of the radical for grass, the idea anj^

vegetable substance which

is

will re-

.156

store the proper functioning of tile

harmony.

restore

were

first

used as

YegetallDle

pei^,

body

XVI.

a sign of the passive,

Bed-clothes,

;

substances

niedicinefe.

BALLEE LESSON

^^

i

to

suffer.

^

:^

i\

Radical No. 145

;

(See No. 51).

clothes.

(W. 43 H.) (See No. 224). This is the 107th radical. Its use here as a phonetic with the radiThe cal for cloth or clothing is logical. integument not being sufficient* to keep

tb p'P, Phonetic, skin or covering.

the individual w^arni, blankets w^ere re-

garded as cloth

The use

skin.

of this

character as the sign of the passive and

its

use meaning to suffer are without etymological

458

J^ ch'iao^,

-yj^

A

warrant.

bridge.

7^

mu*, Radical No. 75, wood,

m

ch'iao^ Phonetic, loft3^

75 B). often

459 pa*,

To

A

bridge

made

stop

;

(See No. 322), (W.

is

of w^ood

(See No. 36).

a high

^

structure,

TfC-

finish, resign

:

sign of the im-

perative, interrogative particle.

™, W\ wang\

Radical No. 122, a net, (See No. 38.)

]|g neng; Phonetic,

able.

(W. 27

J).

(See No.

The explanation of ^ by the Shuo Wen is an ofl5cer,gg an able man, taken in the meshes [^ of the law and 357).

;

dismissed.

157

^^0 i^f

To

tnetig^,

cover, to conceal

;

sign of passive.

-»^ ts'ao\ Radical No. 140, grass.

^ .

^V

^

(See No. 22).

(W. 34

meng^, Phonetic, to cover.

T).

The

upper part of this phonetic is D mad'; to cover something. The lower part is sA/A^, a pig under cover. Another explana-

^

tion

that

is

it is

a representation of the

wistaria w^iich forms dense foliage and hides from view an\^ thing beneath

The ^ ed and 461

M

p'en^.

shih'' is

coiled

To'' strike

it.

not pig, but the vine twist-

around

against

itself.

;

to

happen

;

to meet

with.

^

shiW, Radical No. 112, a stone.

;4f;

pfng^'

(See No. 42).

Phonetic, together. (W. 115B). From jf chUen two scale pans or shields (? evenly poised in pin^ a man is placed above each pan, or shield, indicating that the two are going along together. When one comes into collision with a stone he is struck J^. )

^^

^#

;

5

462

e^ J^ t^sf^ v^

To

hstieh^,

•^

tzff,

learn, to study.

Radical No. 39, son.

(See No. 1).

eJ3 hsiao' hsueh^ Phonetic, to learn.

(See No. 435).

bination with for,

463 ;ig^

;^ '^ J^

J5^. ^^

.

^

(W. 39

I).

This phonetic in comtzu' is a good symbol

to learn.

shou*, To. receive, to endure.

3^ ya\ Radical No.

29, the right hand, (See No.

This character cannot be broken up into radical and phonetic the upper part 43).

;

is

;iv

chao^, the right

hand and below

is

the right hand of a second person, (writ-

158

Between these two hands, one of which is giving and the other receiving, there is a boat, only seen

ten in anotlier way).

in

the

seal

common

writing.

occurrence

a boat and (W. 49 E.)

received

to

464 Ifei

;

This portrays a articles are brought shipment,

for

miao ^temple. .

.

,

,

Radical No. 53, a covering a shelter.

r*^ yen^,

(See No. 132). ,

f|l

morning to have an audience with the Emperor. (W. 117 D). This phonetic is made up oi kaif (See No. 137), and ^ chou^, a boat, changed to ^ in modern writing. The rising of the mist

chao^, Phonetic,

;

;fij-

"7

through the jungle i^ as seen from-the deck of a boat, in the morning. By extension, morning the Imperial court, so ;

called because court

was

held early in the

morning. A temple

is a place f where one can have an audience with the gods.

465 hsiang^,

To

think, to ponder, to hope.

Radical No. 61, the heart, (See No. 18). j^ jjQ hsiang^, Phonetic, to examine, to inspect. (W. *" 158 B), (See No. 106). There is another hsiti\

explanation of this phonetic which is not, given under the 106th character which suggests one of

lows

its

meanings,

it is

as

fol-

—When

about to build, one goes into the wood, tjc and examines g mu* the trees until one is found which answers :

the requirements.

With

tl;is

explanation

a 159

brought out. In hoping, the heart longs for that which is considered appropriate, or that which

the idea of appropriate

is suited

466

m.m

to

is

its needs.

The countrJ^ (See No. 11). ?, Radical No. 163, a city, hsiaa^ Phonetic, cooked grain. (See No. 75). (W. 26 L). This character is made up of two ^ R 7 radicals, one on the right, written in the usual manner and one on the left is reversed ^ The % is written hsiang^,

&, B

^

|S

-

between these for the country is the region between cities, AArhere food is produced.

y^, P'^

^

^

To toy with to do kung^ Radical No. 55, hands joined.

nung*,

;

(See No.

247.) X

•^"*'

Without phonetic significance. (See No. 124.) The hands are toying w^ith a string of jade beads, Phonetic, jade.

—

very natural procedure. ne?, Within, inside.

lAt

1

/u*,

Radical No. 11, to enter.

(W. 15 A.)

(See No. 35)

ri

H

chiun^ Phonetic, space, a waste area. (W. 34 A.) The two vertical strokes indicate the limits, and the horizontal stroke indicates the space between.

When

X

is

added, the idea of going into this area is set forth, so this character is the symbol for inside.

-^j

A'u^, Bitter,

sorrow, suffering.

160

pu

^ ku\

ts'ao^ Radical No. 140, grass.

_f^

^

(See No. 22).

Phonetic, old. (See No. 17.) (W. 24 F.) This phonetic plus W, grass, originally stood for a bitter plant which became

sweet after freezing.

It is

now used

mere-

ly as the character for bitter.

470 isao^,

To

meet, to encounter, a turn.

erallj'-

Gen-

used in a had sense of encountering

evil conditions.

J_

^m

cho* Radical No. 162, to walk. ts'ao^ Phonetic, judges (W.

cient tribunals,

t^?vo

(See No. 10.)

120

K.).

In an-

judges sat

in

the

Eastern Hall, represented by two 'M. characters,' to pronounce judgment El on cases brought before them. When \_ is added, we have the picture of a man who goes before the judges to endure an unpleasant ordeal.

ing

Thus the character

with undesirable

im.plies

meet-

conditions.

The

modern arbitrary contraction makes the character lose much of its original significance. 471 3i

_^

"^

^^

2*,

To

discuss, to talk over.

jen^, Radical No. 149, words. 2*,

(See No. 10.)

Phonetic, harmony-, righteous, public,

(W.

71 O.) This phonetic is made up of ^ wo^ (See No. 2) and ^yavg^, sheep. (See (\Y. 103 A.) No. 253). When the above

two has

characters are combined, the

^ wo'

original meaning, namely,

a con-

its

— two spears attacking each other. With the addition of ^ yang^, the two combatants have changed and become

flict,

•

;

161

lamblike

cord

is

yet?,

:

—neither

one

is

aggressive, con-

With the addition of

restored.

0"

combination stands for dis-

this

cussing affairs in the spirit just described. Discussion

=

in

a righteous

^ way.

472

To

7/ng^,

^^

^

lead, to guide

yeA*, Radical No. 181,

;

to receive.

a man —head and body

but the meaning often is restricted to the head. (See No. 105.) ling*. Phonetic, an order. (See No. 61.) With the addition of M, a man, the idea is that this

man

or leader gives the order of pro-

cedure.

473

W

A

a hamlet. (See No. 36.) >fC rnu*, Radical No. 75, wood. -U« ts'un*, Phonetic, hand niodern meaning—an ts'un^,

village,

;

inch.

(See No. 69.)

acter for village Avas

Originally the charffip,

ts^un^

;

but i^ has

supplanted the former entirely. As there no etj'mological reason for using the

is

present character, therefore there is no In looking over the logical explanation. winter, the North China plains in villages seem to be nothing but little clumps or handfuls ^ of trees :^, and by keeping this in mind one can remember

how 474

tt ^^fj

to write the character.

-r^ ^

f^

Jing*,

P

Separate, besides, extra.

Fot^, Radical No. 30, mouth. This does not break up into phonetic and In the seal radical, as it is a primitive. character it represents a knuckle bone.

162 (joint)

extending out from apiece of meat.

In the seal wi'iting

sembles

7cua^

iWj

but

;

closely re-

verj'

it

it is

not the same.

The knuckle or bone extending beyond the meat is taken as the sj'mbol for that which is extra, or something (W. 118 B.) 4yg -jy« -»sr

To

shang^,

consult,

over.

left

to give advice," to de-

liberate.

P

k'ou\ Radical No. 30, mouth. This is a character wrhose modern radical does not agree with the original composi-

The

tion of the character.

and

§

the

lower two

words

is

A ju*,

sj'mbol

the

gives others,

w^here

elements

to enter,

idea

H

is

(See No. 10).

of

is

a house, Between

of jen^

the

inserted.

This

away

from

being

two persons can

consult

In the oldest writing two day) characters are added, thus implying that the consultation took place between two days, at night. To in

private.

H

jih* (sun,

trade or to do business

a secondary meaning but as bargaining requires much is

;

consultation

it is logical.

476 ch'ou', Silk.

^ m

ssu\ Radical No. 120,

silk.

chou\ Phonetic, complete, (W. 109 C). This is a combination of ^ yutig*, useful, and

7

cbP, the old writing of ^.

ffi

is

an arrow piercing the

and when

R

ed arbitrarily

The

idea of

target, ability,

7 (which is now changto n k'ou^) is added, the

or

)

163

idea

is ability

to hit every target hence,

With the addition of the silk, it is a simple phonetic in

rimversally.

radical for

the character for silk fabric. It may be that originally silk threads were sometimes mixed with other fibre, and this was to indicate that

477

it

was pure

silk.

-^^ -^ ',

tsun\ Honorable, noble. (W. 47 C.) Radical No. 41, a hand or measure. (See No. 69.)

Y'^

">]* ts'un*,

^

chiu^ Phonetic, liquor

tation

is

M yu^, when the fermen-

over and the dregs are entirely

A pa\

Thus spirits that have settled and are kept in a w^ine vessel, only used on sacrificial occasions. With the separated

addition of

-^,

w^hich in the seal character

two hands f% we have the idea of offering good spirits with both hands, rever-

is

ently to a distinguished guest.

^^

pei* ordinary, vulgar.

W. 47 wine

C.) (See No. 526).

glass, presented

(W. 46 E a common

with the

tang^,

^g

tang*,

left

hand ^ .

BALLEE LESSON

i^

;

It is

only.

478

Compare

XVII.

To value, appraise, to compensate. To be equal to, to pawn, ought. (W.

36 E.)

H

t'ien',

-^

shang*, Phonetic, a house.

Radical No. 102, a

field.

(See Xo. 82.

(See No. 52.) This

character shows that the Chinese have

long been in the habit of pawning. House

164

being of most value, all other articles are included and because in pavs-ning the value of the article or thing

and

field

;

that of most importance, therefore the character stands for " to be equal to," to is

479

value.

^ ,

E?3 f"^

J"^)

Q

To

cAiV,

give, with.

character tar

a mortar. The supposed to picture a mor-

No.

Radical is

134,

but the representation

;

is

not strik-

was arbitrarily given, ing. and has nothing in common with the This radical

original idea. -p yii^ Phonetic, giving food from a spoon; to give,

f^

a full spoon with —in it. (at the top) shows that something is being given away, i.e., removed from the with.

-^

indicates

—

bowl of the spoon.

was

is still

Pk

so

S

,

receiver

a place,

that which, whatsoever.

hu*, Radical No. 63, one leaf of a door

a house.

seal writing

No.

5

,

|a,

and

But it has suffered The hands of the giver fei f^ have been added.

and the

tension,

JX /q

way

so abbreviated.

great changes.

fyf^

This character

originally written in this

^

is

;

by ex-

(W. 129 .A.) In the one half of P5 meti^. (See

5.)

chivvy Phonetic,

,

an axe

;

catt}'.

It

has no pho-

netic significance, because the character

Sf

was made before radicals and

were adopted. this character

chopping.

phonetics

The Shuo Wen sajs J5|f

that

represents the sound of

It w^ould

be more logical to

1G5

say

it

represents the place where the fuel

was done near the has come to mean a door or house P, it (W. 128 A.) place or building, ^ft.

is

481

j^ ^^

prepared*

^

this

a tube. chu^, Radical No. 118, bamboo. kuan\ Phonetic, an official. (W. 86 C.)

kuatf,

YS

To

As

care, to control

;

(See

No. 310.) With the addition or ft chu^, it forms the character for tube and it is reasonable to suppose that this was the original mean;

ing,

and that the meaning to control or was added by extension, as a

to care for

tube controls the flow of w^ater. /fjQ

shao^, iK., jK.

To

burn, to heat, to roast

Auo^ Radical No. 86,

fire.

A

sentation of a flame of .

^ ^S

;

fever.

pictorial repre-

fire,

in the

seal

writing.

yao^ Phonetic eminent, great. (See No. 77.) (W. 81 G.) The phonetic is made up of ^yao^, earth heaped up, and wv*, a stool or platform. (W. 29 K.) Thus the idea of very high is set forth. When the ;

%

is added, the character stands for a big blaze or great heat.

radical for fire

483

hung^,

P |[.

-t»-

^^'^T|

r^

/i:'ou^

To

cheat, to deceive.

Radical No. 30, the mouth.

kung*, Phonetic,

all,

together.

(W. 24

I.)

In

one old w^riting four hands are represented as working in unison. With the addition of

n

k'ou^, the idea of unison is

hands to words. If several persons assist by saying the same transferred

from

166

thing, deception

(The

ment.

seal

Pairs of hands. 484

DO

^

^

writing

twenty

is

"W-

f=^.)

•

keii^,

^

easier of accomplish-

is

To

foUow^, the heel, and, with.

(W. 112 B.) The Shuo Wen says that the upper part of this radical is O; the circle indicates that the foot is at rest. When motion is indicated ^, 7E is used. The lower part is

tsu^ Radical No. 157, the foot.

chih^,

.ih

to stop.

J£ is

now

used for the

foot-in general. ^, /£ p'P^ {shu^), the

was

radical,

the counterpart of

JE.

103rd

The

shows the *? on top of ih, a motion. The use of ik seems un-

seal writing

foot in

but in walking the foot is constantly starting T and stopping ih. The

fortunate

;

is a bolt of undone by turning it over

present use of /E p'i^ (shu-) cloth.

This

is

and over, —a repetition of stopping and

The character ;$ pu*, to walk, also represents stopping ih and starting The is ih chih^, reversed so meaning to start. Thus walking is a repetition of stopping and starting of the feet. (W. 112 C, G.) starting

^

?("'.

^

jtE-

Phonetic, perverse, obstinate.

kctl^

(See No.

(W. 26 L.)

In following' there must be persistence of action, or it is not accoinplished. The fixed or hard part ^ 223.)

of the foot is

485

t^ Hi

sht^,

^

Jg.

is

the order to a

To

"To

the heel KB.

dog to

heel"

follow.

redeem, to atone, to ransom.

pei\ Radical No. 154, precious.

(See No. 38.)

yu^ Phonetic, to hawk, to peddle, (W. 79

J.)

The modern writing of this character identical with K mai\ to sell but it ;

from a

and

different root,

is

is

this explains

why so many characters with this phonetic have a

u instead of a/. The phonetics map and M, mai* are used in onl3'- a few characters as phonetic. The upper part final

M

^

is ik /u*, a mushroom, a plant ^ that stands as a man ic. Below the there is a S mv^, eye, written hori'^ mu*, a loving eye. zontally. With the

of this phonetic

^

—

addition of the

hawking

radical K, the idea of

Hawkers look on

is set forth.

and

their w^ares with great regard,

way

in this

they induce purchasers to give the

highest price.

With the addition of a second K pei* this is the symbol for to ransom in ransoming the full value must be paid. ;

486 mien*,

r&I, Is)

The

face,

a

surface,

a

side.

(W. 160 B.)

Radical No. 176, the face.

This radical heg,d, line

is

made up

and a primitive

of a face.

The

O fn,

H which of

shotP, the is

the out-

while said to be

nose @, all save the—dash above. The nose is the most prominent part of the face.

the face,

487

S**

g»

^

is

ka?, Should, ought, to owe. yefl^ Radical No. 149, words.

(See No. 10.)

-** hai* Phonetic, nine to eleven P.M., in

the horary cycle.

—

a sj^mbol (W. 69 K.) (See

168

No. 180) When com'oined with it has only simple phonetic force.

^J^

haa^,

Flowers

a

yen^

to spend.

;

(See xNo. 22.) -H- ts'ao^ Radical No. 3 40, grass. J^ hua\ Phonetic, to change. (W. 30, D.) Originally ft, was S fS, man tumbled heels over

radical

head

i.e.

;

changed and

A feti^ was added.

The

enters into the composition of

When

(See No. 209).

ts'ao\

later the

character

^ /ao^ old. is

added to

forms the symbol that part of a plant which is strikingly different or changed from the /j«a*, it

ft

A

for flower.

flower

is

other parts. 489 ^1

^

pp. That, the other, there. ch^ih* Radical No. 60 a step, to go. ;

r^ p'i^ Phonetic, skin. (W. 43 H.) (See No. 224.) This is the 107th radical. It is here used as a simple phonetic. The radical -t going, is chosen for the demonstrative pi-onouri " that," because it is distant and one must go ^ to it. Jtb t'su^ here, has _ih stop, as the radicalone stops and that object now becomes

^

,

"this." (cf491.) 490 ke^, IJ

^^ Jj

To

cut, to hack,

to reap.

tao\ Radical No. 18, a

knife.

hai\ Phonetic, to injure.'

(F.

(See No. 37.)

97

E.)

(See

No. 436.) This when combined with 71 tao^ is a suggestive phonetic, as in reaping violence

has to be done to the standing grain. To

169

was

reap

meaning of

probablj' the first

this character.

491 jifc.

^^

(W. 112 A.)

t'zu\ This, here.

(Chalfant, ih chih^ Radical No. 77, to stop. Plate VIII.) Chalfant has an old writing

which represents a plant withered from lack of moisture.

\^

(\

pP

Phonetic, to turn one's self around

is

identical

^ hua*, change, (W. 30 D)

the

The modern

(W. 26 B.)

21st radical.

writing of this radical

;

;

with

\^

but they are " This turn li " is

quite different in the seal writing. Jifc

is

the place to stop Jh and

and Jh a convenient mnemonic for chiH' is a logical radical, as one going to a distant object, (® designated as that, there,) stops on arrival and may now say jIfc,

this,

here

(cf.

Jtfc.

489).

492 iag-

advantageous.

pien*, Convenient,

1^^,

Radical No. y, man. y^ J\^ ketJg'^, Phonetic, to change, to improve. -^ jen^.

^

(W. from ping^, fire comes a 41 A). This 0i| burning a house, calamity. When ;^ p'u, a right hand using a rod, a sign of control, is added, the fire, instead of being a de^ stroyer, is a convenience, an advantage. (See No. 226).

When idaa

the radical for

is set

sol that

493 R^^

nH

suP,

To

man

is

added the

forth that affairs are adjusted

men

are satisfied, get advantage.

follow, to

accompany.

170

^\l^

^"*

Radical No, 170, a mound. (W. 86 A.) In the seal -writing it represents a terraced

embankment

^

by extension earthworks,

;

einbankments, suP, Phonetic,

etc.

to follow (W. 46 D.).

phonetic has

its

root in |^

earthworks about a

to*,

This

to build

city in order to be-

The tc left hand repeated indicates that the enemy is in great numbers, and siege

it.

that the action the besieged.

contrary to the action of In Pf (meat cut up) one of

the ;£

replaced bx"

tso^, is

is

E

jou*.

This

may have been suggested on

account of the mutilation of the vanquished With the addition of 3l_ cho*, the character indicates following around the ramparts, perhaps in order to avoid being wounded, !

(mutilated). 494

Ija

c/jiV,

77

li^,

To add

to,

(W. 53 D.)

to increase.

Rad. No. 19, strength, muscle.

(See No,

212.)

While n

k'ou^, occupies the place of the

has no phonetic value. The give the order, P and if it is not heeded follow it up with chastisement (muscular punishment) ij. phonetic,

it

idea

first

is

:

495 p'ao^,

J£

^

To

run.

tsa^ Radical No. 157, the foot. pao^, Phonetic, to

This

is

wrap

made up

of

(W. 54

up.

O

^

B.)

pao^, a person

bending over to enfold an object (See No. With the addition of E S- it means 80). to -w^rsLp up. The primitive ineaning was

171

a simple phonetic, but when one runs the feet J£ may be wrapped -gj in a cloud of dust.

gestation.

496

To

fei*,

^

pel*,

In

Sfe

the "Q

is

waste, to expend.

Radical No. 154,

shell, precious.

(See No.

88.)

*.ft

fu'*

Phonetic, not.

which bend

Two

rods,

bound together

in opposite directions, there-

fore opposition, negation.

In the charac-

a suggestive phonetic,—to look on valuables (money) as if they were of no value thus to waste them. ter SJ it is

;

497 J

fuUg^, Throtigli, universal. cho* Radi6al No. 162, to walk.

i.

498 I3H "

/^

(See No. 10.)

rafl^ Phonetic, blossoming. 5 ban, a bud, opening flower (W. 55 K). The phonetic of this phonetic is ffl with the addition of 5_ cho*, to go, the idea is that it is open This character was on in all directions. all " cash " to indicate that it was current coin, passing everywhere, M^7kp, A door screen, an ante-room, feminine apartments. men\ Radical. No. 169, a door. (See No. 5.) (See No. ke*, Phonetic, each, to be separate.

(W. 31 B.) This phonetic implied separation and when the radical P5 men^, 272.)

;

(door)

is

added,

apartments

is

the

idea

of separate

obtained.

BAIiLEE, liESSON XVIII 499

A lien-,

To

connect.

(W. 167 B).

172

^

cho^ Radical No. 162, to walk.

(vSee

cA'eS Phonetic, cart or carriage.

No. 10.) (See Xo.

136.)

Without

lahonetic force.

The Shuo Wen

says that the character represents a string of carriages moving along as if connected.

Thus the idea of to connect Carts '^ moving leave a

is

obtained.

continuous

track, not broken like the track of a man. ;A|J^

3P

To

/an*,

-^

^

transgress, to offend.

ch^uatf Radical No. 94, a dog.

seal

a pictorial representation (W. 134 A.) (See No. 424.)

character

a dog.

The

li han^ Phonetic

is

;

of

to blossom, expansion, erup-

(W. 55 K). (See No. 497.) This combination of radical and phonetic is very apt. What could be more suggestive of heedlessness than a dog in a flower garden ? unless it were a bull in a china tion.

—

shop. ^^^

^

*aoS

^

To

fall

over.

J\^ jen^, Radical No. 9, ^Ij tao*. Phonetic,

The

man.

to arrive at.

original

(See No. 88.)"

meaning of this phonetic may

have been similar to the expression

"

The liaugman's noose wiU be his end " as a sword was used for executions, the man ;

is

prostrate

when

present meaning

by

the knife descends. The

may have

been acquired

extension.

\Yhen the executioner's axe the

man

A

falls

M-

73 arrives

¥

— 173

502

1^

^

"®^

kati\

To

(W. 71 F.)

influence, to affect.

*t^

hsin\ Kadical No. 61,

j^

hsierf Phonetic,

A wound

all).

(W. 71 P.)

wound

lieart.

to bite (modern meaning

jr^

made by

J^

the

wu*, a halberd.

jgJt

mouth p. //st?, is

a

by a halberd, the -dash, being the wound. Where k'ou^ is added, inflicted

the character

by

is

used for a

wound wound

inflict-

most painful therefore when ;6 is added it forms an appropriate symbol for moving the emotions. This is the character which ed

This kind of

teeth.

is

;

used for physiological stimulation.

is

503

^^

>^»

^

^°*

^\

pr:

p'^^^f

f>Tl

By

the side

of,

others, border, lateral.

(W. 117 A.) It is supposed to be two boats lashed together so that they fonn a square pontoon. •^ j[ p'ang^ Phonetic. A space with three boundaries. The -i- shang^, is the top, and tlie two lower lines are the side limits. The radical :§ fang^, w^as added later, and it conveys no additional meaning, as the sides are the parts of the character on which emphasis is laid. cf. M. i.

jj

fang", Radical No. 70, square.

pi'' ^^"st, certainly.

)f}( ^1^^

hsiTi\

(W. 18 G.)

Radical No. 61, heart.

(See No. 18.)

This character has been so mutilated in its modern writing that all of its etymology is lost but a glance at the seal writing enables one to understand the meanpa^ eight, forms the two sides, and ing. ;

A

174

means to divide between these two strokes is a dart. The arrow must strike the ;

target in a certain spot, like the arrow shot by WiUiam Tell. It seems primaril3r to have

an

been

pointing

interjection

out a strict order. The placing of this character under the radical for heart is

a mistake. 505

Though, even

suP,

^ ^

chuP

-Radical

if.

No. 172, a short-tailed

bird.

(See No. 21.)

The phonetic of this character is not common, and is not found in the dictionaries. Williams says the character is composed of Pi weP, only, and A, ch'uti^, a worm,

and that it was a lizard. Others say it is an insect iU w^ith a special head UThis meaning has long since been lost, and the character now means though. 506

„

JBii',

.^

>AC.'^^^

tt^

Yes hand.

still,

;

nevertheless,

on the

other

(W. 65 G.) huo\ Radical No. 86, fire. (See Xo. 482.) Jan' Phonetic, dog meat. From F3 jou^, and i^ ch^uarf, dog. With the addition of the radical for

was

fire

the character originally

used for roasted dog meat

now

as a conjunction,

used

sequently there

no

is

logical

;

but

and warrant

it is

confor

its ijresent use.

507

Am

r a sign of the past. .

chP, Since

^

;

1

wa" Radical No. 71, without. (W. 61 C.) A lame man ± wartg^, who makes an eifort,

175

but meets with an obstacle — which he is unable to overcome. While the above is the radical under which Kang Hsi places this character, it has nothing to do w^ith it. It is chi* (W. 99 E), to breathe in, or to swallow which is the reverse of ch'ien*, to breathe out but as this is not a radical it was placed under wu^. Cf. 273. (W. 26 L.) 6 hsiang^ Phonetic, boiled rice. is a kettle, and the dash — is its contents U is the spoon with which it is eaten.

^

^

;

^^

;

(See No. 75.)

an endeavor to put into pictorial form an intangible condition, and therefore belongs to a class of characters which but here v^re have is often disappointing an exception. The ^ is to swallow. The

This

is

;

remainder of the character is boiled rice, a mouthful or a meal swallowed is something finished or ended, hence it is taken as the sign of the past. 508

=^ __ .HL .

/2si^

^.

p J^

.St

Pleasure, joy.

phonetic value. it

and by

§n

P

When n

k'ou'

is

added

Thus the character and instrumental music,

stands for singing.

represents vocal

^°^

(W. 165 B.)

k'ou^, Radical No, 30, mouth. chou^ Phonetic, a drum on a stand, the P representing the head of the drum. Above are the ornaments. This phonetic has no

extension, joy.

ch'ueh\ Yet, still, to reject. (W. 17 H.) cA/eF Radical No. 26, a joint. (See No. 42.) It

has the idea of restraint, as

it is

part

176

The meaning of joint may have originated owing to this being only a section of the of a seal,—a seal prevents forgery.

seal.

^, -^

ch'iao* Phonetic, the upper lip

^

the flesh

;

above the mouth p Ivovi^. This phonetic when "P chieh^ is added means to restrain one's desires

more

to reject, because nothing

;

is desired.

We

speak of " keeping " when undergoing that

a stiff upper lip which requires determination. 510

E3

;? ;,

weP, The tail of animals. (W. 100 B.) a person in the shih^, Radical No. 44

P,

1^ I=»

;

cumbent postui'e. (See No. 449.) The phonetic in the seal character 773a o^ inverted

ten

is

^

it

but the scribes have writin the regular way in the modern ;

Inverted

character.

hair

re-

>

it

indicated that the

was growing downward.

511

huan^. Pleased, rejoiced, happy.

'K

M

Radical No. 76, to exhale (See No. 273.)

ch'ien*,

;

to owe.

kuan* Phonetic, the heron. (See No. 428). When a heron has just swallowed a fish

it

emits

frequentlj^

satisfaction

;

and

f and to exhale

this

^

may

a

scream

be

why

of

heron

are used to express

rejoicing.

512 pien*,

^

A

queue

;

to plait.

ssu Radical No. 120, pien* Phonetic.

102 H.)

^-

silk.

Two hsh}

^f:-

is

(See No. 8.)

hsin^,

criminals (W.

composed of ^

/er/,

a

,

177

serious offence*

ing)

;

and

Jfc,

sbang*

("^

to ofifend one's superior.

old writ-

In the

two criminals are supposed to be mutually incriminating one another each accusation is met with a retort of the

phonetic

;

With the addition of the radical for silk the character is used for, to plait, as the two outer strands are other's deeper guilt.

repeatedly thrown across to the opposite side.

In

all

compounds

has the idea of

it

reciprocal action.

BALLEE, liESSON XIX. 513

Everywhere, the whole. cbo* Radical No. 162, walking. (See No. 10.) thin pietf. Phonetic, a tablet, or signboard and flat an inscription hung over a door. (W. 156 D.) With the addition of i^

pien*.

;

;

cbo*, the idea of universal is conveyed, as

go where you

will,

the tablets are seen

over doors. 514 jaa^.

To

forgive, to pardon, to overlook.

shih\ Radical No. 184, food. (See No. 75.) yac^. Phonetic, eminent, great earth heaped ;

on a high

base.

addition of -ft

With the meaning was Thus by extension

(See No. 77,)

shih^, the

first

the abundance of food to forgive. If one has plenty .

(the first forgive 515

J4I

^

g of food -^

article used in barter) he should

a debt to one

ma?. To bury to ;

lie

in

in wait.

want.

178'

-j-

Radical No. 82, earth.

t'u',

(See No. 13.)

Phonetic, a Chinese mile; old meaning,

IP,

farm land, Milage;' ( W. 149 D. ) (See No. 339). Because ±^uS is added, it is re'

asonable to suppose that the

first

use

was

These cut for farming, only the

trenches for military purposes.

up the land as

if

trenches were deeper and longer.

M^

chun^, 1

To

allow, to permit

piti^, Radical No. %6,

;

exactly, certainly.

ice.

The

seal writing

represents the ice crystals that form

water

"

7K,

7^

when

(W. 17 A.)

is freezing.

shu?, Radical No. 85, water.

(See No. 79.)

shun^ Phonetic, a falcon, which always comes to roost on one branch

and

moyements, swooping ipn

is

its

sure in

its

(W.

prey.

,168 B.) ?iisacontraction;of^. Thus* shiin^, is taken as a sign of certainty. Water 7jC or ice " js the most level sub-

Formerly ^ chan^, was used as a syipbol for weighing the scale pans were always {M shun^) even or level (7jC shuP or 7 ping^)This old meaning is obsolete^ ^ and the present meaning is certainly, br to allow. The meaning to allow came abo^t thus when one applies for pferiiaission to do a certain thin^, he must assemble reasons sufficient to equal the reasons opposing this mode of action before lie can obtain the desired stance in the worlds','

:

:

,

permission.

517

''

3ik Ry^C

_^

t'anP,

^ yen\

To

chat, to converse.

Radical

Nc>.'

I4^','^dfd^.

(See

Not..

10.)

179,

3^ yer^ Phonetic, flames riising. (W, 126 D.) Flames that rise high. This is indicated, as there is one fire above another. When the radical

§

yet^ is added, the idea is that in conversing words follow each other, or pile up like flames>' and one be-

comes interested (warm) in the process. (See No. 178.)

518 g^t^

^>

A' un^, Lest, fearful.

^L^ t)I

Radical No. 61, the heart. A' MDg^ Phonetic, to take hold of, to undertake. /js/'n^.

From

(W. 11 F.)

i^ l^ (abbreviated)

to take an instrument in the hand

order to do

work

X

taken a piece

of

519

who

has'

heart under-

work

trepidation j5 bsin^ lest to accomplish

;

in

When

kung^.

j6 bsin^, is added, the one

^

91 k'ung^ has he will be unable

it.

_ buo*, Goods, wares.

pei\ Radical No. 154, money, valuables.

(See

No. 38.) man changed to 'fb hua*, Phonetic, to change When pei\ is added, the etymology t; is goods which ai-e to be exchanged for ;

money. 520 ^Hfc

IQ

bsi^, *|»

{

,

dtb.

^,

it^

To

X

K

.

Articles not for sale are not

regard, to love, to be

bsm\ Radical No. 61, heart.

^ bsP

Phonetic, strips of (See No. 222.)

meat

sparmg

M-

of.

(See No. 18.)

dried in the sun.

These strips

of,

meat ap-

pear shriveled and worthless, but they are nutritious.

With the radical for heart.

180

added the idea

one should be sparing in the use of the prepared meat. (W. 17 J.). >& hsin^

'"'M 3C4\

To

shti^,

is

:

forgive, to excuse.

it^ hsin\ Kadical No. 61, the heart.

hn

ju^.

Phonetic,

like.

(See No. 18.)

To

(See No. 325.)

with womanly

speak

conformity to the

skill in

circumstances, and the disposition of the

man (husband) When hsin^, is ifjf

she desires to wheedle.

added, the idea

is

to act

with the higher impulses of one's nature, or in harmony with the de-

in accordance

sires of the suppliant,

'"^mM

fu\ :f

•^

To

return, to repeat.

ch'ih* Radical No. 60, /u*

is

(W. 75 to

derived from

fortifications.

The

I.)

(See No. 10.)

step.

to return

Phonetic,

phonetic

a

forgive.

i.e.,

quarters.

^^

This

kuo^, walls,

seal writing

o

in the

and the two smaller above and one below, —are the gates, each surmounted by a tower. In £ the lower gate and tower are rechih\ to walk single file. placed by center is the city, circles,

—one

^

With the addition of ;f nothing is added to the meaning thus the 60th radical is ,

;

here a redundancy.

was 523

mu*,

A

To

return to quarters

the original meaning.

grave.

-U t'u^ Radical No. 32, earth. (See No. 13.) ** mu^ Phonetic, the sun setting to disappear. (W. 7 8 G.) The sun is seen through the vegetation, $+ mattg^ setting in the west.

^

;

181

When

£'u^ is added, the idea

corpse disappears in the earth,

that the

is

—

is

buried

in the grave.

^,

^ :;fC

wei\ Not yet, not. (W. 120 C.) »""*» Radical No. 75, wood. (See No. 36.) The phonetic is a curved line in the seal writing

;

and contrasting

this character

M^

with mo*, the highest branches or twigs of a tree, it may be that in ^ the tree had not yet attained its full growth. In ?fe the top or end is emphasized In it is small, hidden, not yet grown.

—

525

.

^

1^ 4^

A^grave, a tomb.

ieii',

J2. t'«*.

hS* "^

Radical No. 32, earth. ornaments. (W. 78 F.)

fen* Phonetic,

vegetation, and

and

^

pei*,

shells.

shells w^ere the first articles

When dh means a grave. When

decorating.

the grave

is

more or

# huP, Plants used in

added, it burying the dead

t'u^,

less

is

elaborately de-

corated.

526

-r^ ^1^

peP,

>^

^

A

shiti',

stone tablet, a tombstone.

Radical No. 112, a stone.

(See No. 42.)

«^ peiS Phonetic, ordinary, mean. (W. 46 E.) Originally this phonetic was a drinking vessel which had a handle on the left side, and which was held with the left hand f^ .

There was another drinking

vessel, the

was

used only for the sacmeaning, honorable. (W. 47 C). The^pei^, was a common, permanent thing, not something only seen on dg:

tsun^, this

rifices,

hence

its

sacrificial occasions.

Hence

its

use with

182 ;^,

;

.

5

to represent a permanent tablet,

of.

No. 477. 527

;;j^

^p

^ 4n 41 •^' '

To. promise, to allow, perhaps. -C (Seie Nbl 10.) yet^, Radical No. 149, words, ^"^' Phonetic, noon. (W. 130 A.) Chalfant and Wieger give different explanations of Chalfant appears to conthis symbol. form more nearly to the meaning imparted /Isu^

by

sents a

pole

down through

.

is

a" is

that ones words

will be iulfilled,—a

fcannot depend

i^(^

with

coincides

kai^, Generally,

on

is

for the

this

ridge

When

the gable.

When word

noon.

seal writing repre-

noon mark drawn from the

shadow ing

The

this phonetic.

mark

added,

tlie

the

it is

mean-

exact ^, and prornise which one aSre

no promise.

most

part.

Original

meaning—a striker to level off the grain from the top of the measure. (See No. 36.) ^fc mt^, Radical No. 75, wood. (modern meaning chi^. Phonetic, to swallow —since, already). (See No. 507.) The striker pushed off all the grain which was higher than the top of the measure, —all ;

cannot be held inside of the measure; thus the idea of sum, general, average. thg,t

529

'

^ i^, ^

AueiS chien*,

Rvtle,

custom.

,

(W. 131 F.)

Radical Np. 147, to

see,

to perceive.

(See; No. 85.),; fti\

Phonetic, an adult. s/w'A*,

This should be

an arrow ^ee No. 100)

;

^

but owing

183

1

to the seal writing of ^/a^ and 3c shih^, ;being very similar (a*^ fu^ shih?) was

^

^

for^. Neither of these phonetics has any phonetic significance, as -the character is old, having been in substituted

was

use before the system of phonetics

The

well established.

significance of the

was

original cbmbiiiation

in order to

:

one niust act as when

corifortn to rule

practicing archery,

—observe, M the target,

according to reand adjust the arrow quirements. To watch % the workmen ^, and keep them to the rules S. 530

m

huo^. Living, lively

;

niovable.

y

(See No. 79.) s^"'""' Radical No, 85, water. hold in one's mouth; (W. Phonetic, to iuo* g& 114 C), abbreviated to =S she^. This phonetic comes frbiii a different writing of

7K,

^

'

Sk tP

^

pronounced kuo^ fixed kuo' the

In

257).

The idea

+

;

(see

No.

shih^ is deleted.

permanent When water was added

that something

is

is

mouth. this formed the character for living. This in the

charactier

showed that the physical con-

ditions were early studied

P^

lively

'

lueh*.

'

ffi

is

Slightly,

mary.

;,

-<

they observed

that nibisture in the mouth was a sign of health and life. A moist 7K tongue "S is

'

'

:

an easy mnemonic.

a

little,

Original

meaning

that separate every '

in general,

(W. 31B.) "59' t'/M Hadieai No. l02, a

a sum-

— boundaries

# ko*, field H

fietiK

"

.

field

;

(See No. 82.)

:

i

f

^ ko\ The

PhohetiGJ eachj

every.

(See

original me'aning of B&

.

No.

272.)

was

liieh*,

but owing to the tendency of the farmers to encroach little by little on the land of their neighbors, it has obtained a new meaning, of few, slightly. logical

532

it-ff

H^

;

aiS E:?clamation of disgust, Alas

P 3t

!

k'ou^, Radical No. 30, the mouth. This phoneai*, Phonetic, artemisija, a plant. tic is made up of the two blades of shears ? (W. 39 B) and +•• ts'ao\ grass. It is used here with A' ou* as a simple phonetic.

X

533

ya\ An

HJj

P

interjection.

k'ou^, Radical

No. 30, the mouth.. arlJa^ Phonetic, the teeth. (See No, 97.) It is the 92nd radical. It is used here with k^ovi^

as a simple phonetic.

BALLER, LESSON XX. 534 ftzL jrj^

t^o

%,^

^

,

To

cast

off,

to abandon

;

to undress.

iou\ Radical No. 130, flesh (See No. 133.) yueh, tui*, Phonetic, to exchange, to barter. ;

Original meaning, to dispel grief and give pleasure, (See No, 72)

<

Shuo

Wen

tion,

but

if

one recalls

to throw off clothing

may 535

The

(W. 29 D).

does not explain this combina-

how

pleasant

it is

when over warm

aid in the writing of the character.

J^ yueh^,

/|»V

^

To

bind,

a covenant, an agreement.

ssu\ Radical No. 12Q,

silk,

(^See

No.

8.)

it

18

Aj shao%

Phonetic,

No.

a spoon.

(W. 54 H.)

(See

•

6.)

The Shuo Wen

is silent

on

this character.

In order to aid the memory as to its construction one should remember that at the conclusion of a treaty or contract there are presents of ^ silk and a feast. shad^, spoon, stands for the feast. !

^

536,

chieh^ or ke^,

Jp'. IS

^ sT

To separate

;

divided

by a parti;

tion.

M

Radical No. 170, a moUnd.

(See No. 493.)

a large three-legged caldron a (W. 155 statesman; radical No. 193. A.) This being large, it differed from ordinary utensils and -with the addition of a radical ^vhich indicates lofty, it forms a character which suggests separation or a removal from the common class.

ke* Phonetic,

;

;

'

^¥, ^g

P

shan\ Good, moral. (W, 73 D.) k'on\ Radical No. 30, mouth. This character, in

modern form, Avill radical and phonetic.

its

not break up into Kang Hsi has used P k^oti^ instead of b" yet^, word, for the radical. It had its root in a character composed of two b chin^, to dispute. yen^ characters, i.e. It is now often written j^ and when #:

^

:

above ft it implied yang'' was that harmony or good feeling was restored after a quarrel. (See^^ i*, righteousAs this character was ness, No. 471.) w^ritten

"

complicated

it

was

abbreviated

present form by the scribes.

to

Onea

its

jen^

186

has been discarded, and the seal writmg is partially followed in the one retained. 538 -gS-

j^^

o*,

Read wu*,

Evil, wicked.

it

means to

Radical No. 61, the heart. (W. 82 H.) Phonetic, ugly.

hate*

i^\ hsin^,

P5

j'a',

posed to be

It is sup-

two hunchback men

to each other.

When

heart

is

talking

added, the

person's heart takes the ugly characteristics, i.e., evil,

539

wicked.

-H- -M-

^,

He, she, it. (W. 70 C.) paS Radical No. 12, eight. cb'f,

Tnf-

/^

^

a phonetic is a

-y- ch'i Phonetic,

the

object.

sieve,

,

(W. 70 A.)

The

pictorial representation of

In the seal character

the

bottom part of this character is % wtj*, a stand, and not A pa^. This character lost its original meaning, and is borrowed for a personal pronoun. 540

rlfc?

,

_

'

peP^, Grieved, sorry, sad.

Radical No. 61, heart. Phonetic, not. (W. 170 A.)

>L^ hsin^, fei",

Radical No.

175.

This combination

not explained in the Shuo Wen, but the etymology is not difficult to trace. It is something which is not ^^ /eiS according to one's desire j& hsin^ therefore it causes sorrow. is

;

541

'f

_

^ ^

sAangS To wound, to injure, distress. Je^^ Riadical No. 9. a man. shang^, Phonetic, to wound. (W. 101 B.) To wound with a spear. shang^, was

^

the original writing.

The

^

yang',

—

197

which, means to expand, glorious, the rays

^ of the sun, rising i, — was phonetic. Now the

fi

^ shil^, are ^ yati^, the

that remains of the

all

two

above

strokes, /-

A

radical

above the horizon

jen^,

takes

its

place on

the

left.

^^

To

she*,

forgive, to pardon. Radical No., 155, a reddish carnation

ijfe ch'ih*,

color-

It

is

(W. 60 N.) composed of iz

hud',

may mean or it may mean the

pV

hand

66th radical. significance.

Here

,

may

it

ofiicial ,

It has

red #, —

To

rod.

here

The

43 D.) It

is

the

no phonetic

It generally indicates action.

which an petition for pardon

indicate the red,

w^hen the petition

mien^,

a

holding

marks on a ^to

543 jtt^ 'Tf^

flush of anger.

Phonetic, to rap, to tap (W. right

>fi.

the blush of

It

fire.

shame, ;fe

a man, and

ta*,

is

granted, to strike J^

pardon ^.

avoid, to escape, to remit, to for-

(W. 106 A.)

give.

(See No. 107.)

JLje^^ Radical No. 10 man. This character does not break up into radical and phonetic. It is old, and ac'.

,

cording to Chalmers

it

represents

a man

trying to hide himself by drawing himself into

his

clothing,

thus avoiding being

seen.

^**

"a

fi

^^^'

^°

(W. 165 E,) a dish, although

interrogative particle.

It is .a

drum (not g

tou*,

188 is identical) which was beaten with the left hand. The drum which was beaten with the right hand was written thus 5|. The upper stroke is the drum head, the c> is the drum, and the -tA. the Observe the character §^ tai^, stand.

the writing

A dog it is beside himself when a foolish. drum is beaten. As this character has long since lost its original

meaning, owing to

a drum being

this kind of

discarded, the

character has been.adopted for the above

meaning. 545

^^"^>

six

J^

To

dare, to venture.

(W. 146 H.)

P'h^ Radical Ko. 66, to strike.

The phonetic able,

is

is

a bear,

a bear ^ i^. M neng^, and the right part of

the character represents the paws.

But

No. 357). pressed to

person

in ®: the

make room

who

paws

(See

are sup-

for the radical

has the courage to

;

a

strike a

bear, therefore brave. 546

cM, A foundation property. ;

-f

^

fu"",

Radical No. 32, the earth.

ch'P, Phonetic,

it.

(See No. 539.)

The Shuo Wen does not treat of this combination. As ± t'u^ earth, is below S

may

be that the inventor of the character intended to show that the earth ch'P, it

beneath it (a structure) is the foundation, or the place where the foundation must be laid

;

its

^ earth

^J^.

547 tu^f

To

oversee, to superintend.

.'.

189

mu\

g qjj

Radical No. 109, the eye. (W. 158 A.) In the oldest writing two eyelids and the pupil are represented

;

was

later the pupil

suppressed.

M,, jft^ shu\ Phonetic, to collect ^ beans 7^. The character is supposed to represent a stalk /h of beans with two pods attached. This

meaning

now

With the addia person who oversees the bean picking and

tion of

is

obsolete.

g mu* it

implies that there is ;

the character

now

used to

is

and is borrowed younger brother.

mean

for uncle,

seer,

a

over-

father's

548 ktiai*.

't^,

*|*

Strange, to blame.

bsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart.

'?' ±^ kuai^ Phonetic, to till the ground, (W. 81 A.) . over the earth ±.

a hand

The produce of the ground when

%

tilled

struck the ancient Chinese as remarkable,

and when the radical heart the character

is

>6 is added,

used to convey the idea

of strange or abnormal. 549

Jdk

1^

,

^

,

shu,

A

comb.

mu*, Radical No. 75, wood. ;*? £'u^ Phonetic, a child being born, with long

'^^ hair.

(W. 94 F.)

From

:«C

(W. 94 E);

the birth of a child, head presenting

:

the

most favorable position. In the above, hair is added, and it is the striking part of the character. With the addition of the radical for

wood

:^ ma*, it forms the

character for comb, as combs in China are

made

of wood.

^ = ^ inverted.

190 550

-^^

^"

To

s/^e^

give alms, to bestow, to part with, to

reject.

_^

^, T

^

shou^, Radical No. 64, the hand.

Phonetic, a cottage.

she*,

When

(See No. 53.)

(See No. 40.)

hand

the radical for

is

added,

it

forms the character to give. Beggars go to houses in order to get food. 551 >a^, /tfK

PP, 0^

m/ag'*, Ivife

P

^

fate

;

;

destiny

;

a command.

(Wj

141.) A'paS Radical No. 30, the mouth. lin^. Phonetic, an order, a law. (See No. 61.) When the order is stamped it is published or made known P an order

^

;

command by

or

w^ord of mouth.

552

ch'uaif, Entire, perfect,

•^Hh!

A

all,

the whole.

(W.

15 B.) ;«*.

Radical No. 11, to etiter. (See No. 35.) As this character has been placed under

A ja*,

it is not now possible to break it up into radical and phonetic. The more

plausible explanation

is

that

it is

compos-

A chi and X kung^. It is also writ^ and ^ the work X has been com-

ed of ten

In making a chair or other wheii all the parts were finished

pleted A.. article,

and put together

A the article is finished.

553

Ought, proper, respond,

ying^-*,

ji^ i'^\

hsin^,

Radical Nb. 61, heart.

ying^,

Phonetic, the falcon,

( V\

.

168

J.)

It is

fulfill.

now

made up

written

of

M

r yen^, a

house - here indicating domesticated - and '^ cAti? and A jen^ a tame bird which '•

— 191 serves

man.

These birds have long been

With the addition of heart the character means to answer, or obey, to do what one feels This meaning is placed on iC» is proper. used for hunting small game.

;

the character as the falcon sire

554

m

fo^,

^ij«

ft^

the de-

of its master in seizing game.

Buddha.

J^jen^, Radical No.

^

fulfills

Phonetic,

rods or

man. (W. 87 D).

9,

not.

bows

bent

so tied together that their

force is neutralized

for not.

Two

;

therefore they stand

^ man A

This combination not

may have been

by

selected

the Buddhists

in order to emphasize that

Buddha was

a supernatural being. Another writing Western man.

555

is

^=MMA

m S

^ g

yeh\

A final particle.

(W. 146 E). (See No. 71).

er^ Radical No. 128, the ear. /*,

Phonetic, a city. tic value.

(See No. 11).

This character

is

bsieb^ arbitrarily changed.

was

the. name of

of Shantung. erroneous.

now means

At present

these

ters are entirely distinct

a 556

su\

:^ '

^

said to be

%

It originally

city in the eastetn part

a

It

No phone-

depraved,

two charac-

M is only used as

final particle.

To

glean, to revive.

(W. 121 D).

growing

In the head of grain is, weight, hanging to one side

bo^, Radical-No. 115,

seal writing the ear or

owing to its (W. 121 A.)

grain.

.

.

192

Phonetic, a

yff,

This is radical 195. There is no explanation

fish.

(See No. 284);

any

of this character -which throws

light

etymology. To the present day gleaning after the field is reaped is an im-

on

its

portant affair in the rural districts. It is possible that formerly the fishermen left the small fish after they had remoY«i from their nets the larger ones, but the present custom is to remove every thing for them-

Both

selves.

^

fish

and crops $ when

dying for lack of moisture

M

^

may

be revived

by water.

To

ch'ieh\

(W. 33 A).

cut, to slice.

Radical No. 18, a knife. 71 (See No. 32). This f> cA'iS Phonetic, seven. may have been selected as the phonetic as tao^,

the permanent, incisor teeth appear about the seventh year and these are the cutting teeth.

558

BALLEE, VOCABULAEY NO.

m

p'ing^,

J[,

^

A

vase,

a jug, a

IV.

bottle.

(W. 145 Chalfant on Plate XIV, has a very

T^a^ Radical No. 98, earthen ware. A).

plausible explanation of the origin of this radical.

He

believes it to be a pictorial

representation of the Originally .,>

-

^'

•

written

on the roof. and afterward

tiles

-»•

changed to ^

r

ping'^,

two men with shields, marchby side, even, united. Simple

Phonetic,

ing

side

phonetic.

(W. 115 B.)

(See No. 235).

— i9^ 559

J^ ^^' ''*'

Jiatig^,

"^o*-

Ju

(W, 75 C).

Clear, luminous, bright.

t'ou^ Radical No. 8,

a cover or

roof.

This character has been given a radica which prevents its being divided into radical and phonetic. There is an old writing )l^, and it is thus explained

^

:

A at the capital, m

The men

;

those

who

are advisers to the Emperor, are more

The present

enlightened than other men.

writing

of the

modem,

the upper part

character

is

relatively

from i^ kao^, high, referring to the capital and man is subs-tituted for the lower n in kao^. The etymology is the same as that of the older is

writing. 560

r-;

:^,

P? f^H jf\^ iri

pin^. Soldier, military. (W. 47 D). pa^. Radical No. 12, eight. chit^, Phonetic,

A).

an ax or battle-ax.

The lower part of ^

H

is

(W. 128 riot pa* but a

kuti^ thus in the seal writing two hands are wielding a battlecontraction of

iV

ax. 561 t'nfS

To push

^ MU shou% ^ chuP ;t

;

to shirk

;

to refuse.

Radical No. 64, the hand. Phonetic, a short tailed bird. (See No. 21).

No. 172.

Radical

The Shuo Wen

as to the etymology of this character but it may be that it was suggested by poultry raising. When the feed

is

silent

;

surrounded by those first on the spot, the tardy bird pushes and shoves

trough

is

until it reaches the desired place.

m 562 jfct

jb+

ts'&i',

i^

^

J.

Material,

stuff.

™«*. Radical No. 75, wood.

power, genius.

ts'aP, Phonetic, talents,

'

phonetic originally suitable for

was used

building,

was adopted

(See No. 36).

for

its

for material

but gradually it present meaning.

The upper horizontal stroke writing,

the

indicates

of a tree

:

of as

size for

A

befiare it

wood.

Wood

t^saP.

stances :^

tree

building purposes

:^

when

is

is

of

spoken

attains to that

distinction it is referred fire

branches

the second horizontal stroke

# t'saP,

ch^afi,

in the seal

large

the ground (W. 96 A).

proper

This

^^

to as

Financial pow^er

was one

of the

first

p'i'

is If

sub-

worked upon by man.

563 shou^, Ripe

^vi, Wi\

;

experienced

;

versed in

;

cooked

;

intimate.

^, X

^

huo\ Radical No. 86, fire. (See No. 47). shu^ Phonetic, who, which, what but originally, a lamb of proper size and condition for roasting. (W. 75 E). The right side phonetic of the %, ^ chi*, implies holding the animal. (See No. 139) J, ^, Ch'un' is a lamb large enough to be offered as a present 0, to a superior bT. The writing has bfeen' contracted to the present form. (W. 75, ©). With the addition of «» fire, ;

-

the idea of cooked

is set forth.

ae*^ .

^'

^

ku\ A girl. ;l^'.-jc IC ^^^ Radical No. SS, ^^vjioman.

"S.'S

J

ia^r Phonetic, old.

(See No. 16).

(See No. 17).

This

is

a

195

simple phonetic.

(W. 24, F). It is not a fortunate combination for " girl" in a country where, formerly, a girl twenty years of age and unmarried was almost unheard of.

"^m

niang^, -f/^

j^

f^

S «

A girl, a woman^

a woman. (See No. 16). good. (See No. 445). Because this phonetic sets forth respect, dignity and sagacity its combinations also partake of

itazj^, Phonetic,

same. shih^,

i^TV, /i,

-f^

jjtj

a mother.

nvp. Radical No. 38,

To

Mother lose

;

J^ is

to slip

;

a good

to

'Bk.

woman ic.

err.

ta\ Radical No. 37, great.

(See No. 113). This radical was arbitrarily given to the character and has no further use than to it up in the native dictionIn the ancient writing a hand is

aid in looking aries.

seen with the

which indicates slipaway or shooting. There is no resemblance, in the ancient writing, to an arrow as there is in the modern form. This is an old character and it has no phonetic. (W. 48 B). *\

i*,

ping

^

chan^. To rely on

-^JJ^

A

A

_4^

^ ^

;

to fight.

Radical No. 9, man. chan^, Phonetic, ten feet. Under the Chou D3''nasty this was about six and. a half English feet. When a man X is accompanied by a person of over six feet in

jcti^,

^

height (revised

measurement),

assurance of not being molested. •

F),

One can

A to' fight {t.

on fi a ten foot ^(W. 24 E).'^

rely

gives

it

(W. 32 3fc

man

196

568

»M ''

Material; ingredients; to estimate. tou^, Radical No. 68, a peck measure, a dipper. (See No. 117).

liao*,

^

S^

ylv, 7|\ mi^,

Phonetic,

used of other grains.

rice,

The phonetic has no

No.. 47).

(See

phonetic

measured wjth a i|toif, but chaff and straw, on account of their being of less yalue are not thus measured. According to the make up of this character materials of worth are ^ liao\ (W. 98 B), Grain

significance.

569

7t

Jll

'Ctfc,

1^1

kung^, Public

yt

?«\

fair,

;

just

is

male.

;

pa^, Radical No. 12, eight.

Because the two

parts of this radical, in the old writing, are similar in construction and are not united, it

was early adopted

as the symbol

for separation.

^^

O

^^^^ Phonetic, private.

presented a itself into

was

The ancient writing re-

silkworm which has shut

its

cocoon.

used for private,

By

selfish.

extension

(W. 89

This symbol has no phonetic value. character

^ implies

it

A).

The

the right division

A

of private J^ property for the benefit of the public. 570

fu'-'S To

ftfc

n

,

spit,

to vomit.

tl

k'ou^, Radical No. 30, the

_L,

t'u^ Phonetic,

the

From mouth P 571

m

^

mouth.

earth,

soil,

place,

to the earth ±, to

local.

spit,

To hack, to chop to throw stones at. shih\ Radicg,! No. 112, a stone. (See No. 42). A'an^,

;

,;197

^^

ch'ien*,

Phonetic, to breathe out.

This character] stone age

,

may

date

(See No. 273).

back to the

when axes wereimade

of stone.

and

If so the

combination

phonetic

appropriate?; with the steel

. ,

is

choppers often

'

make

of radical

ax

audible expiration

with every stroke how much more diflficult would chopping be if a stone ax were ;

used

!

572

m^ng^.

^ ^ jfe «fi

hsi^*,

To dream a dream. ;

Radical No. 36; evening.

(See No. 14).

xnen^ Phonetic, dimness of vision. The g mu* at the bottom of this phonetic is replaced by ^ hsi^, evening, as dreams belong to the hours of sleep Or the night. (W. 158 F). Dreams are frequently hazy and indefinite, consequently this combination of elements

573

m

is

not inappropriate.

ts'aP, Property.

B S :*,t

pei*.

Radical No. 154, precious. (See No. 38). powers, genius. (See No, 562). This is a happy combination

ts'aP, Phonetic, talents,

of radical

574^^*

and phonetic as

it

idea of ability in the financial

^^

t'an^,

M y^

To

covet

;

portrays the line.

avaricious.

Radical No. 154, precious. (See No. 38). (See No. 18). cA/nS Phoneticj now.

pei*,

The emotion of greied which

is

excited in

M

articles. the presence 4" of valuable charphonetic in this The (W. 14, -H).

acter

and

is

the same as in No. 18,

its rather

is .the

same

in

^

nien*^,

unusual meaning of present,

both instances.

198 405 ifeC

mien*, Flour.

;,

'/"

mai^, Radical No. 199, wheat, barley.

This

made tip of 3}S laP, which originally was the character for barley, (See No. 64), and jfc so/', a man who persists radical

is

advancing in

in

This

obstacles.

sjpite

of trammels and

may have

been added to

indicate the gradual development of the grain.

l5

Phonetic, the face.

raiea*,

here

^,

Its use

as a sunple phonetic. to conceal. (See 122).

"Y nj/eu* Phonetic,

^p^^ ^Jr -u.

is

(See 486).

sbih^, jj

i*

A

form, a pattern.

Radical No. 56, a dart. This radical is not looked on alike by all scholars. Some are of opinion that

it

represents a nail or peg

a wall on which articles may be hung. Still another theory is that it is a tally for counting or ordering ; when this tally was in

placed upon an article, this article pattern.

was

the

Each of these explanation has

advantages, but no one comes up to all requirements. It seems wise to adhere to the first explanation and regard it as a

its

dart, as these must fal»

hare been very plenti-

owing to the state of civiUzation, and

not improbable that they were used as tallies and as pegs. (W. 71, A). kung^, Phonetic, work. No phonetic significance. (See No. ,89). Here the most it is

"Tt

plausible explanation is:—a dart, used for

a peg on which

is suspended

the article ordered.

a pattern

of

id9

^^

KS

y^flj^j

^^ g

/ti*

The sun

;

open, front.

Radical No. 170, a mound.

(See No. 493).

yang^ Phonetic, glorious, open out, a flag the sun above the horizon fi tati.*^ ^ vnt*, rays of light. This is a suggestive phonetic. (W.101,B). ;

578

To marry.

ch'ii^.

5C, re ""*' Radical No. 38, a woman. (See No. 16). Ga> c/i'u*. Phonetic, to take. A hand ^ holding an ear ^ . To hold by the ear, to hold securely. A betrothal in .China has been regarded as more binding than the marriage ceremony in many lands. (W.

^

146 579

*>^ (f^

jtm^y Appearance

Ilbll

^

F).

^^^ tniet^ Radical i'^ ktt^

;

to allow

No. 40,

;

to endure.

a roof.

Phonetic, a deep gorge, a valley.

This is the 150th radical. The old writing depicts two strata or ridges of rock, one above the other and at the bottom a mouth, a place where water flowed. This valley is open and one can see all within, jung^ there is a cover over the but in Here the valley is said to refer to valley. the depths of the heart, the emotions which are concealed from others. Thus the idea of to contain and to allow is

* ^,

g

given the character.

(W. 18 E).

580

^35

A

terrace a title of resipect. Radical No. 133, to arrive. (See No. chih*, 337). The phonetic part of this character kac^ and :t±,}iL chih^. The former is

faPf

^

;

^00

changed both at the top and bottom, on the top the chih^ \j/ i^ plri.ced, which indicates the summit, and M chili'^ replaces the P at the bottom. This character was constructed before they had definitely settled on, the scheme of radicals and is

^ ;

,r

phonetics,

M

kao^ and :^

^

chih^ both

suggest" height but tieither aid

in

pro-

nuniciation.

Mi

A

a head, pendent things. >K, rK raw*, Radical No, 75, wood. (See No. 36). Ih /> shu^ Phonetic, a wing, which on account

of

being short, Tribrates rapidly while

in

£o*,

cluster,

its

flight.

(W. 22.

A).

This

phonetic significance but

it

is

without

suggests the

movement and appearance of pendent flowers in the wind. The modern writing is

identical

with

75

naP.

582 ch'P^,

^

nu^,

A

wife,

Radical No. 38, a

woman.

(See No. 16).

The phonetic part of this character is not used alone # and it is not given a pronunciation. It is a hand holding a duster. It is not an old character. The hand that manages the household affairs is the wife. The present form is a contraction of an older writing. 583

A fan the leaf of a door, Radical No. 63, a door, a window, (See ,No, 480). yii^, Phonetic, win^s; plumes. It is a represhan*,

& .

^

;

hu*, (.

sentation of a pair of wings or

two wing

201 quills.

(W. 62.;E),

In appearance

it is

suggestive, but without phonetic signifi-

cance.

A

fan or the leaf of a door re-

sembles a wing in that its attachment is at one extremity or side and has a vibrating movement. 584

_„ ch'ttang'^,

A window.

Radical No. 116, a cave.

/y

hsiieh*,

^

ch'uang^ Phonetic, a window.

(See No. 97).

There are-two forms of the ancient writing, one seems to

grn^

be partly covered by a curtain or shutter

and the other has lattice work w^ithin. The make up of this character indicates that

it

dates back to the time

and dugouts were

when

caves

in general use.

585 tz^u^,

Compassionate.

jQ* bsiti^,

'

18).

gg

tzti^

(See No.

Radical No. 61, the heart. ''

''

'-'./

Phonetic, the fine velvety appearance of luxuriant vegetation. if

All this disappears

covered by dust or if there is a shortage With the addition of heart the

of rain.

above beautiful

qualities are transferred

Compassion is that is admired by all, owing to the cares and

to the disposition.

quality of heart which

but

is

easily lost

w^orries of

life.

^^

586ift!6t

.

^ ^

ts'ang^,

Wisdom, quick of apprehension,

clever.

Radical No. 128, the ear. (See No. 71). When ts^tttiU, Phonetic, the feelings stirred. A.t is fearful" of being apprehended he is

ei^,

constantly lo jking out of the wind o

w @ to

202

(W. 40, D).

see if the officers are coming.

With the addition of the idea

is

radical

^ ei^, the

to listen -with the same vigilance

that a criminal uses in trying to elude The combination is fortunate but

arrest.

difficult

of application at all times.

BALLEE LESSON

'"^M^

Incense,

bsiang^f

186. this

fragrance.

two seal The oldest is

There are radical.

XXI. Radical

No.

writings of explained as

representing the sweet odor of millet when

The other rethe mouth because

undergoing fermentation. presents millet held in

the flavor 588 Jdl&

is

agreeable.

To pity. bsm\ Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). iin^, Phonetic, an ignis fatuus* This phonetic hen^,

^|»

i^\

^^

has been unfortunately changed so that the original idea is not portrayed by the present writing. It should be ^. The light is supposed, to be seen on old battlefields and is tbe result of the mingling of the blood of men and horses. The light is indicated by ^ ^ yen^, one fire above another. The battle is indicated by ^ \

ch'uan^, to contend, as

variance.

two persons are at

With the addition of jfr

heart,

the character represents the emotion of pity that one would experience on seeing

an

ignis fatuus if he believed it

ed as above stated.

was

(W. 126 D).

caus-

203

^^

^W

chitiy

Wme,

spirits.

>^,7)C sbu?, Radical No. 85, water.

(See No. 79).

yu* Phonetic, a jar for holding liquors. The old writing is not a bad picture of these jars. When ^/ water is added to the phonetic the character spirituous beverages. 590

am bu^,

A

is

used for

all

(W. 41 G).

lake.

y'./jC sbuP, Radical No. 85, water. (See No. 79). ±H bu^ Phonetic, dewlap. This phonetic is made

up of old "S^ kt^, and ^ jou\ meat. The dewlap is made up of a fold in the skin and is tough, hence the idea of old or tough

is fitting.

this character is

Its use as

a phonetic in

rather far fetched, but

dew on the

heavy the dewlap of the ox plows through it and is wet like the prow of a vessel in a lake.

when

the

grass

is

591 bsia^, Blind.

@

^

ma*. Radical No. 109, the eye. (See No. 102)This bai*, Phonetic, to injure. (See No. 436). but signification, phonetic has no phonetic it indicates why the eye is blind, that is, it

had been

injured.

592

5 m BB,

#1 ^f

Itmg', Deaf.

Radical No. 128, the ear. (See No. 71). Itmg^, Phonetic, the dragon.. (See No. 286). ^j^^ dragon is supposed to be deaf and er*.

with the addition of the radical we have a dragon's ear, or a deaf ear. 598

^^^

fext^y Pain, to

pain,,

to ache.

204

^

J^

ni*

Radical No. 104, disease.

This

is

in the

ancient writing the representatidii of a bed v,rith a horizontal line at the top to indicate the posture of

a person when

ill.

The dot on the top of this line has been arbitrarily added by the scribes.

^^:^

tuB^, Phonetic, winter. (See No. 170). This suggestive and very appropriate is a phonetic as the pain which is .experienced from cold is very intense and there are few persons who have not experienced it. Pain beirig a pathological manifestation the above radical is also a happy se,

lection.

594 ch'iieh^,

f" An

Lame.

niS Radical No. 104, disease.

(See No. 593).

cAiaS Phonetic, scabs and ulcers. This phonetic

not found inmost modern dictionaries. The idea of a swelling is set forth by an

is

addition

M

chia^ of flesh

^

jou*.

Most

lame joints are swollen and enlarged. 595 t'ii?.

The

leg,

the thigh,

M^ .

Sg

JO"*. Radical No. 130, the flesh. (See No. 133). The jg^ fui*, Phonetic, to retreat, to decline. idea of to retreat seems to be derived from

the apparent

movement of the

sun,

^ each

morning it slowly J^ ascends until midday and then slowly recedes. This is not like Wieger's description (W. 31. C). The 162 radical added to the phonetic is a redundancy as it contributes nothing. The limbs in walking go through the same movement, each one is one half of the

205

time ddyanci-ng and -one half the time apparently, receding. 596

To reward,

shang^,

^ ^ sbang* pei*,

to grant

a reward.

;

Radical No. 154, precious. Phonetic, a house.

(See No. 52). estate,

(See No, 38).

(Archaic meaning).

Houses, which includes real

and money

represent all that

^ pei* are here used is

of value or

to

what

would be appreciated as a reward. 597

nn

tz'u\

To bestow,

to confer on

an

inferior, to

give.

pei\ Radical No. 154, precious. i*,

Phonetic, to exchange. represent the

which

is

rapidity.

a creature and moves with great

house

agile

(See No. 38).

It is supposed to

Some

lizard,

think that the idea of

"to change"

is dependent on the creachanging its colour to that of the object on which it rests. The lizards in North China have this power to a certain extent, but it is not noticed when the animal is in the house. With the addition of the radical we have the idea of giving, that is exchanging articles of value. If the giving is always on one side it sooner or later ceases. (W. 101 C).

ture's

598 ex&

OS ^

TM^ Like -4^

*:

;

undecided

still.

;

No. 94, a dog. (See No. 424.) In modern writing, w^hen used at the left'

ch'tian^ Radical

of a phonetic, the present form

is

used

in

order to occupy less space.

g^

chiu^ Phonetic, liquor.

tation

is

A.

liquor after fermen-

completed and the dregs have

settled, divided

A

pa\

were

If

the

Chinese,

a thirsty dog ;;^ the resemblance to water is striking, but the odor would cause him colorless

liquor

to hesitate 624 %ft'o*^^,

JIJ

placed before

® about drinking.

To support with

the hand

(W. 41 G). ;

to com-

mission.

^ rll

^

shoi^, Radical No. 64, the hand.

^t

t'o Phonetic,

(See No. 53).

a plant just appearing above the ground befeiiring the cotyledons. The stalk seems often too delicate to support

these first leaves

and on

this account they

215

attract attention

;

thus the idea of to sup-

by this phonetic. When the radical for hand is added the meaning of to support is changed from the plant to the hand. (W. 33 B). port

625

^

A

c/ju',

^^

shib^,

set forth

is

a pattern, a custom. (W. 82 D), Radical No. Ill, a dart, an arrow. (See rule,

No. 100).

]^

chu* Phonetic, a square.

This

is

an instrument

X kun^, the ordinaryThe square was the guide when building or laying out a plot of ground. larger than the

square.

When

^ shiW

pointed,

is

added

determined,

it indicates,

irrevocable.

apThis

meaning is derived from archery after the arrow is shot one knows the skill of the archer, as its position on the target cannot be changed. Thus this combina;

tion 626

M& /a*.

^

jgj^

is

used for established custom.

The hair

of the

human

,

piao^ Radical No. 190, hair, shaggy hair or In the old writing it is the same locks. cVati^, long, save three strokes as

^

^

are added on

long locks.

^, f^

,

head.

the right, these represent the (Cf.

No. 131.)

pa" Phonetic, a dog led by a leash, by a strap behind the shoulders and in front of one foreleg. During the Manchu rule, prisonThis practise ers were led by their cues. from the down handed been have may dim past as the Chinese have long worn long hair, dressed in different styles as the dynasty determined. The long braided

216

looks like a leash and thus phonetic was adopted. (W. 134 A). hair

627 >SK»

A sparrow

ch'iao^,

^

or small bird.

172, , a

chui^ Radical No.

the

short-tailed

bird.

(See No. 21).

'^,

/|\ As/ao',

Phonetic, small.

It is

pa^ eight, to divide. is

made up

The idea of to

of

A

divide

given to this numeral because in the

seal writing the

two parts

are identical

they do not touch, thus they suggest Between these two parts there is a vertical line. This is an object which is to be divided and as that will make it smaller, this combination is used for small. arid

division.

Add

to this the radical for short tailed

bird and the sparrow family has an ap-

propriate appellation.

(W. 18 N).

628 tiiao^,

A bird.

Radical No. 196.

A

pictorial

representation of a long tailed bird.

BALIiBE, LESSON XXIII. 629

Jfcfe lii£,

To€ow,

to

drift.

(See No. 79). 7jC shuP, Radical No. 85, water. t^u^ Phonetic, position a fetus in the easiest /^

^

^

for delivery,

a head

viz.,

presentation.

to :fe £'a^ the delivery of a save the present phonetic depicts a child with long flowing hair. With the

This

is similar

child, :

:

r.li

addition of the above radical the character is used foi:, the; current or the flow of a

>.;'

" -

.river,

(W. 94 F).

.

.

21.7

'

630

Jk»

•^

kuan*, Accustomed to* practised

f M,,

Radical No. 61, the heart.

hsln^,

vCi^

^

in.

(See No.

kuan*, Phonetic, long strings •& haati* of cowries, g.

pei\ to pierce, to

to string.

tie,

The

sea-shells were kept on a string and only opened when it was necessary to do so to make change. Thus with the addition of heart a character is formed which means, usage, custom or experience. It having become as familiar or common to one as the condition of being strung was to the cowries. (W. 153 A).

'

631 tiao*,

f ,^

^^

To

fall

down, to

lose.

shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand

.

(See No.

53

)

(See No. 56).

cho^ Phonetic, high, elevated.

It represents a kind oi mast w^ith a hopper shaped box half way from the ground to the top. Manj' characters with this phonetic have an ending like the character under consideration, and it is probable that. the phonetic has been abbreviated from one of these. The addi-

tion of the radical

632 lo^,

-^ |M

signifies, to i^ if

ones

^ is not good a fall ^ is inevitable.

A gong.

chin^,

Badical Noi 167, gold or metal.

(See

No. 13).

;

J

sbou^

In climbing such a mast

fall;

hold

^

*^o^>

Phonetic, a net,

made

^ -

of silk

chuT^.

^

These

a gong and

a

sieve.

tni*',

A

net

int

wang'

ssu^ for catching birds

nets, in! shape, resemble

vvhen the radical which

is

218

used for

kinds of metal

all

character for gong 633

m

^

p'o*,

is

added the (W. 39 D).

is

formed.

Broken, to break.

Radical No. 112, a stone. (See No. 42). ri^ p'P, Phonetic, the skin. (See No. 224). The shih',

^

present form of p^o* is quite different from the old writing and this accounts for the variance of the phonetic. (For old form see K'ang Hsi). Although the combination of this character has been arbitrarily changed its present form is not inappropriate: if one comes in contact with a rock or stone, the skin is apt to be broken.

—

634

.._ kuei*,

To

kneel, to

bow down

to.

Jg, tsa". Radical No. 157, the foot. (See No. 484). j^ weP, Phonetic, peril, hazard. This is made up

from f^ weP, a man standing on a rock in order to get a better view. When B. £

means he restrains his movements owing to the height of his position and danger of falling. With the above radical the emotions of one on a rock with a precarious footing chieh^ is added, (See No. 42), it

is

given to the suppliant, he regards him-

self

"'=

Bp -^

er*.

Radical No,

126,

and, yet,

The archaic meaning horizontal

stroke

164 A). The use of this is

(W. 59 H).

with apprehension.

is

is

still,

but.

the beard.

The

mouth.

(W.

tTie

radical as

above

set forth

said to have originated from the fact

219

that the beard

suspended from the chin

is

and the above connectives act as appendages for connecting together the various parts of the sentence.

•

636

A garden,

an orchard. fl weP, Radical No. 31, an inclosure. J^ yuatp Phonetic, trailing robes. This is a combination of :aK i^. clothing and yiian^,

^

^

chuan^, to attach, to drag,

(See No.

at the end of a trace. This is contracted to "^, which is placed at the top df the character, and ri which is

385)

placed between

and lower parts of 3St i*, making ;g and with the additional top yuar^. With the ra.dical which often means a fence, placed around the phonetic we have the character for garden. A garden with its tall stalks and long vines gives one the imupper

the

^

pression that the inclosed plot of earth

has donned 637

its

long garments.

>^ •^

iJ

'^

ta^ to reply, to respond to. Radical No. 118, bamboo.

c/ju^,

he?. Phonetic,

union,

(See No. 103).

agreement,

The

bamboo, harmonize

(See No. 7).

joints of

-g-

ho^,

harmony.

^

chu\

or answer to

positions on the and stalk, as to size shape. From this the idea of to answer or respond to is ob-

each other,

in their

tained.

638

ggi^

^1^^

i ,^

To

sow, to let loose. shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53) scatter, to

2'20

saH* Phonetic, to pound J^ p'a^ meat ^ until the fibres separate, like shredded hemp,

JH^

jjijli

p'ait

(See No. 24).

added to

•

this

scatter or

When

the hand

phonetic the idea

disperse

conveyed.

is

of,

is

to

The'

modern writing is quite arbitrary and it only by consulting the seal character that the etymology can be traced. is

,

639

M ^-,

huan^, To

g fi:

talk wildly, to

lie,

lies.

yen^, Radical No. 149, word.

(See No. 10). g* huang^, Phonetic, wild overgrowth. This

derived from

^ wang^

(See No. 123) an

entering, in of the rivers,

When

overflow.

-*f

is

ch'uan^, an

^^^

ts^ao^

added it of weeds or is

an overgrowth vegetation on wild lands. When word a" is added it indicates wild, indicates

worthless

*

640

worthless talk or

^

^

lies.

(W. 12J).

wa", M^ilitary, warlike.

Jh

chih^,

^i^

Radical No.'TT, to stop.

(See No. 10).

ko\ Phonetic, halberd. (See No. 2). For some unaccountable reason the stroke '

across the handle of the halberd has been placed above the

the

(W. 71K).'

left.

The

:3c who stop Jh the hostile thus allowing the people to

lancers

incursion,

1

horizontal stroke on

,

proceed with their peaceful occupation. 641

J».

t'i\

To

shave.

U 71 tao\ Radical No. .

ti*,

IS,

a

/.

(See No. 37).

wound on a spool. (See The hair grows as;if it were

Phonetic, a thread

No. 86).

knife.

221 "

642

being unvvowild from a hidden spindle and the idea of to shave was set forth by placing a razor 7J tao^ by the side of this phonetic.

,^

cb'iijg^,

y,7^ R.

m.

Clear, pure, correct, as

an account.

shaP, Radical No. 85, water. (See No. 79). ch^ing^, Phonetic, light green, the color of

sprouting vegetation.

As

(See No. 63).

the tips of recent sprouts are translucent,

they are regarded as being pure and with the addition of water, which

is

trans-

parent, the character for clear is obtained. 643 /aH^, Blue, indigo. H*,!''!'

(See No. 22).

ts'ao% Radical No. 140, grass.

to watch.

chien}, Phonetic,

(See No.

294).

This is a simple phonetic and consequently has no logical explanation.

^

614

tt

hsin^. Nature, disposition, a quality. '^

,

J^

^C^ bsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). sbeng^, Phonetic to grow, bear, produce.

^

;

A plant that grows more and more. A whorl w^as added to ili 5l showing increasing growth (W. 79, B, F). When t bsin^, heart, is added the Radical 100.

character

is

used

for

the

natural

in-

clinations or desires of the heart. 645

I

cbia^, Tools, furniture.

>f

,^

^

jin^.

Radical No. 9, a man.

chla^, Phonetic,

•^

is

a family.

(See No. 221). This

an unauthorized character and

found in the old dictionaries.

{explanation

is

:

—what

a

man ^

is

not

The only jet^,

sup-

M cbia^

with tools and furniture are necessary in the home. ports his family

m^^

;

buo^, Tools, furniture.

4 yv

jen^,

/^

huo*, Phonetic,

,

•jt'^

Radical No.

a man.

9,

A pictorial representation

fire.

of a flame of fire.

This, ik like No. 645, is an unauthorized character. It is supposed to have originated from the expression -^rKl^^'X. ten men make one mess or fire. The mess includes the utensils for cooking.

"^m

fif,

^^i".

A

square cloth for tying up bundles. (See No. 51).

Radical No. 145, clothes.

fu^,

Phonetic, to hide, to stoop.

This

is

com-

K

and dog, it- It was first posed of man used as the character for, to ambush, a man ^ assuming the posture of the dog it in

With the becomes a sug-

order not to be seen.

addition of

I

?, cloth, it

gestive phonetic, because it surrounds the articles inclosed,

—^hides them.

BALLEE, LESSON XXIV. 648

^^t

M.inl

exhaust.

chm^.

All, entirely,

rnin^,

Radical No. 108,

a

dish.

pictorial representation of

This

is

a

a dish with a

pedestal such as the Chinese often use at feasts.

^.

W

cbiti*

Phonetic, ashes which remain after the

This phonetic, in modern writing, has one less horizontal stroke than in the

fire.

ancient writing. for the use of

^

It is difficult to account

cA/q* as

a phonetic

in

223

^K Kuei Shih Shuo Wen has the most plausible explanation —he says that H is a contraction of ^ hsiii^

this character.

:

and 'X huo', fire. Thus when the fire has consumed the fuel, its force is expend-

fuel,

nothing remains save the ashes. The radical JDL min^ indicates the stove. It might have been a brazier for holding

ed

;

coals for

warming

the hands of scribes

;$:.

649

To

A'o^

thirst, thirsty.

^,7jC sbui^ Radical No. 85, water.

a' ji

hd" Phonetic, to ask.

(See No. 79).

the addition of the radical the idea

To

ask

^

for

With

(See No. 271).

water

7jC

is

:

because one

is

thirsty M. 650

m

hsieh^. Vicious,

U

depraved, heterodox.

(See No. 11). i\ Radical No. 163, a city. nl Ja^ Phonetic, tooth. (See No. 97). This is a conti'action of the original phonetic ^ hsieti', a garment like a buskin w^hich wraps around the legs, a,wry. The con-

g, '

traction has deprived the character of a

proper phonetic. this

was

the

The

name

radical added

to

of an ancient city in

Eastern Shantung. The city may have Owing to the had a bad reputation. original meaning of the phonetic being, this character has been used for awry,

M

depraved or hetrodox. 651 t'ing',

A .\jen^ *^,

^

To

stop, to delay

Radical No.

9,

Phonetic,

a

t'ing^,

;

suitable.

a man.

(See No. 5).

pavilion, terrace.

This

is

224

W ^a6\

T

ting^, a high, and the lower combination, person. the p, of the ^ao* is deleted. With the addition of the radical the idea is When a ^

formed of

Ifi

A

man comes

— ^ -while :

to a pavilion

on a

journey, he will stop, ff to rest.

652

M.l^M M. chien\ The shoulder. jou\ Radical No. 130 1^ ^ Phonetic, door. jg

/zu*.

;

meat.

(See No. 133).

(See No. 5). A glance a at the development of this character will reveal why ^ Au*, a door has b?een added it has gradually been substitiited for a curved line which represented the arm. ;

Because this line was only used for this one character, its form was not easy to remember; first P shih^, a person in the sitting or reclining posture, was substituted, and afterwards it was changed to ^ ha\ This shows that early in the development of the written language, unusual symbols were gradually replaced by \

those in expense,

common use and this in many instances,

etj-mology.

The

facility

oft recurring elements

changes.

too at the of logical

of remembering

brought about these

The ^ represents the

about the shoulder

joint.

In No. 361, P in farm-

ba* is referred to as " a farmer "

ing the shoulder of

muscles

man and

;

beast must

be strong, the former for carrying burdens and the latter for pulling the plow. This

may

aid in remembering the combination.

653

yuan\ To be

willing, to be desirous of,

a vow.

225

"S

a

yeh*, Radical No. 181,

archaic meaning

is,

leaf of

a book, the

the head.

(Se^-

No.

105).

]^, J/U

yiiati^.

Phonetic, a spring.

It is represented

as gushing out from a

hillside

f

han*, or

a projecting cliff. The little dot at the top of /t\ ch'iian^, and the short horizontal line are the springs and the other lines are the rills which are fed by them, (See W. 125 F). ;^ yeh* is here used to represent the brain or the soul that which issues fiom ;

the soul are desires and aspirations. 654

1^ T^f

chiang^'*,

>]*

flPi,

^

To

take, to hold.

Radical No. 41, an inch ing, a hand.

ts' an*,

;

archaic

mean-

li®.fl© chlaiJg^, Phonetic, three archaic forms of the

character under consideration show its development. The first one is a meat-

block and meat. The second is the same plus salt and the last is the first plus the for preserving the meat. pickle or brine

©

The modern character

is

series plus -^ ts'un*, the

the meat and places (W. 127, B). block. 655 /tdt

.,

tai*,

^ Mf ^^' ^ -Fr.

_ To

treat, to

..

wait

the

first

of this

hand w^hich takes upon the meat-

it

r

for.

(See No. 78). ch'Jh\ Radical No. 60, a step. place where court, a the law ssu*. Phonetic, a

-^ rule

is

constantly iH (continually as

the growth of a plant), applied. (See No. This phonetic has no phonetic 125). value, but it sets forth the way one should

226

tr^at others, viz

The

propriety.

;

6onstantly%.ccording to

radical

appropriate, but

is

not particularly

serves to distinguish

it

the character from others which have the same phonetic. Characters which have this radical generally indicate action.

^J IJ

bs'mg^,

IT/)

To

punish, punishment.

Radical No. 18, a knife. A pictorial presentation of the instrument.

Tt 9^

tao^,

^

ch'ien^ Phonetic,

"^"l"

balanced scale pans.

two

seal writing represents the

This

as being even. phonetic,

#

ching^,

was not

a well

re-

The

objects

the original

is

the archaic

writing and this accounts for the pronunciation.

The

was

well,

of a plot of ground

squares and farmed

in the centre

divided

by

into nine

eight famihes, the

central square w^as farmed for the state

by the joint labor of the eight families. The well being in the centre, w^as where all

pubUc functions were attended

to.

The

knife indicates that punishment, generally

decapitation, w^as inflicted. 657

To wau^.

fa^,

^,

P

fine,

to punish, punishment.

Radical No. 122, a net.

(See No. 38).

There was a mistake made in putting this wang^, as it destroys the phonetic which was ^ li\ to blame or accuse one M with a fault and thus, entangle I^ wang^, them. To this is character under

added the torture.

knife

M

which

is

an instrument

of

227

658

To

go astray. i_ cho^ Radical No. 162, stopping and starting.

J»^

tap,

*^*

deceive, to delude, to lead or

(See No. 10).

TN

mP, Phonetic,

(See No. 47).

rice.

There

is

a

older writing than that referred to in

still

No. 47*

This depicts nine grains of

without any

rice

them as they are identical in appearance it would be impossible to keep track of any one grain if their position were disturbed. It •5:>

may rice

lines dividing

be that this

was adopted

was

;

why

the reason

as the phonetic of this

character. 659 -^ if*^

huo*, i^\ -dg?

To

doubt, to mislead.

hsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). huo*, Phonetic, an appanage, or feudal holding (archaic meaning).

(See

No.

70).

As

had no boundary there must have been continual strife between

these appanages

barons of contiguous regions, as one could never be sure on whose territory he was when nearing the imaginary boundaries. Add heart to this phonetic and we have a

good symbol 660 CSSt

lili)

jp

for " to doubt."

wang^, The full moon to expect, to hope, to look toward. (See No. yueh*. Radical No. 74, the moon. ;

^

43).

^_J^

wang^ Phonetic, (abbreviated), a solemn imThe explanation of this perial audience. phonetic

when

is

that the minister

$

ctieti,

in the presence 5. of the sovereign,

received light from

him as the moon

^

;

228

from the sun. The E ch'en^ is deleted and Cl wang^, destroyed or ruined, is substituted. This is a very old character and the absence of the radical does not leave a definite phonetic this receives light

;

is

because the character

was

in use before

the principle of radical and phonetic was

(W. 81 G).

adopted.

JQ2>,

chi^.

ix^

Anxious, hurried, urgent. Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). Phonetic, to catch up with. (See No.

i£> hsin",

S ^''^ "ft

c/^J^

324). This phonetic indicates a person running after another and laying hold of him a ;

situation requiring haste

;

and with

the

addition of the radical for heart w^e have the feelings of the pursuer set forth, he

is

fearful lest he will not be able to overtake

his

man.

662 hsieh^,

^

ch^ieti*,

To

to stop.

rest,

Radical

No.

76,

to

owe,

to

lack

archaic meaning, to exhale, to breathe. (See No. 273).

J^

ho''

Phonetic,

an old

why ?

(See No. 271).

etymology breathing

m

is

reading of this character i^ as

now obsolete. The — why not stop for a

"i2o^" but that

6B3

There

is

:

is

spell ?

Sweet, pleasant. "H* kan\ Radical No. 99, sweet. "^ she", Phonetic, the tongue. t'ien^,

(See No. 23). (See

No.

73)^

229

This phonetic has no phonetic significance. The old writing of this character was @. The present writing conveys the idea of sweet owing to the adoption of the

above

radical, viz., that

to the tongue, 664

i

is

sweet

"fr

"S".

suan^, Sour, acid, grieved.

yu\ Radical No. 164, wine.

^^

ifc

^

1=

This

is

com-

posed of JiJl g P, the exhalation of the breath and ^L J^ jenr, man = ;fc ^ yun^, to consent and ^ sui^, to walk slowly. It is probable that the acid was obtained by a process of fermentation and as this is a slovsr, steadily advancing condition,

^

the present phonetic q>|V

(See No. 589).

walk slowly.

tsun^, Phonetic, to

;

665

which

mo^,

To

shoti',

is

appropriate.

smear, to rub over, to wipe. 64., the hand. (See No.

Radical No.

^^, n\ md^, Phonetic, the tips of the branches of a

The

tree.

horizontal

line

indicates the

part of the tree referred to just as in the lower the character i^ pen^, root horizontal line does the same. With the ;

,

addition of hand, which generally indicates motion, the character for rubbing Jfe is

formed. ch'iang'.

To

take openly by

force, to

snatch or

grab.

f

^ shou\

^

Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). This is a conts'ang^, Phonetic, a granary. traction of

^

shih\ food.

(See No. 75).

230

The lower part

is

deleted to

make room

P weP, the store-room for grain. The granary was the most important asset which the farmer possessed, it was his money, it was his very life, therefore he used all diligence in guarding it. When for

the radical for hand

added it implie^s hand of a forager or robber removing grain by force. is

the the

667

ch'eh\

t

,^

To

receive, to meet, to accept.

shou^ Radical No. 64, the hand.

^,^ ch^ieh\

(See No. 53).

a culprit. meaning of this

Phonetic, the daughter of

(Archaic).

The modem a concubine.

composed of ^ kati^, fault, crime, against a superior Jt shang*, and ft hu* a girl or daughter. Children of offenders were appropriated by officials. With the addiphonetic

is,

This

^

H

tion of

hand

is

this

was

first

used for the

taking of a concubine from among the daughters of the vanquished but it now has no restrictions and simply means, to take, or receive.

668 lieti^,

^'^

^, 11^

A

screen.

chu\ Radical No. 118, bamboo. lieti^,

(See No. 7).

Phonetic, the roof and wall ol a house,

frugal.

(W. 121 K).

From

^

r T J'^"^

^

roof or shelter, and M. chien^, stalks of grain held together by a hand, corn stalks

bound together to form a wall. When the radical for bamboo is added to this phonetic

it

indicates the screens which are

231

made

669^

the size of straw and

Suddenly,

//iji^

'C^

hsin

^ "^

^'"^»

together.

all

at once.

Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). Phonetic, a flag of three pennons attached

,

to a

Y

woven

ym iV^S

670

of bamboo, split into strips about

Used to signal a negative reply. When the heart is added it indicates that the action was not intentional but^nstinctive, sudden. (W. 101 A).

V

staff.

A slave girl.

ja^, koti^

6, a barb. no phonetic to this character owing to its being an old symbol which

Radical No.

There

is

cannot be broken up.

a forked

stick

;

abbreviation of

Some take

others think ;4c Hi

it

to be

was an

it

mu*, wood.

Slave

wear their hair in two tufts, wrapped with a cord, which stand up from the girls

.

head and, with the body, resemble the character 671

Y

ya^, therefore

a slave

girl is

called ygHjra^ t'ou^.

^

D

^

jjj[

To mete

out words, to give a command. A'oa^ Radical No. 30, the mouth. fen\ Phonetic, to divide. (See No. 181). iiti^,

As

with -^ seems to

this Phonetic is frequently used

ke?, to give, the phonetic itself

infer giving, after the division is

therefore

n

tion with

^ /en* implies the

A'ou^, the

made

;

mouth, in combinaseparation of

an order from ordinary speech and giving the same to the person addressed. '''''';

672 ntX^ 'ia\

'

''

To

'"

give a

Command.

232

/^

Radical No. 30, the mouth. Phonetic, to give. This represents two men, the one on the tight is only the hand

pl

A'o«*,

?)3

fa*,

of a is

man

"^ giving something, (the article

not pictured), to the man A on the left. k'ot^, the mouth, is added it

When n

indicates the giving of

a command.

BAIjLEE, liESSON XXV. PJJ

^

Eh

yin*,

To

to stamp, an

.print,

official

seal,

a

stamp.

P

chieh^,

Radical No. 26, a joint' or

(See

seal.

No. 42). )|^ f?T~

chad', Phonetic,

the right hand.

This

is

a

pictorial representation of the right hand,

palm down and

resting

on the

tips of the

an old character and the phonetic has no value as such,- but it indicates a hand pressing a seal. It also

fingers.

may

This

is

indicate the use of the imprint ot

finger-marks as a seal. The Chinese have long used finger-prints on bank notes.

With the addition of a

joint, or seal

have the character for the

we

latter.

674 -*ihui^. J(*

Ul

Ashes, dust, lime.

Aao^ Radical No. 86, fire. A sentation of a flame of

pictorial reprefire

in the old

writing.

^,^,

^ ya*, Phonetic,

the right hand, (Archaic).

has no phonetic bination

was

significance.

first

It

This com-

used for ashes

;

the

product of fire w^hich can be handled. Limestone, is burned and converted into

— ^

233

lime and this can be handled, but

to contain

said

which

fire

is

it is

apparent

"when brought in contact with water. 675

:^ ^K ^R, Tw

rH

M

P^^s^ To

a

help,

a

class,

guild.

Radical No. 50, a cloth, a kerchief. No. 143).

chin^,

^ ^^ pan^.The ^

Phonetic, a

leafy

fen^,

bough.

is

a region, a country.

fief,

a primitive representing

The

|5

^

part

is

the

part

is

the seal which

official

residence.

(See

The ^

f*

a

residence is

city,

a

the upper

and the lower

kept in the

represents the

official

wooded

tracts surrounding the official residence.

The

oldest writing of this character

was

with ^ po*, silk, wealth. From Q paP, white and rlJ chiti^, a cloth, a kerchief, or rolls of silk which are still used as legal tender in Mongolia. Thus the help which the emperor recognized was the financial aid received from his nobles. 676

J»L I

L

f r*^

tnan^. Hurried, in haste, busy. i^ hsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart, (A '^

vrang^, Phonetic,

(See No. 18).

to hide, lost, to die.

(See

No. 123). To lose ones senses because of pressure of duties is the etymology. This would be sufficient to enable one to remember the

composition of the character were it not for tou\ Radical No. 191, with

to fight, to grapple

an antagonist.

made up

of

two

jEL^

This

chii^,

radical

is

to lay hold

of,

(W. 11 H). (See No. 139). a market. (See No. 256). The market place is where each man is alert to his own interests and altercations which lead to disturbances are not uncommon. This symbol has no phonetic value but it does aid in explaining the meaning of the combination.

to seize.

ni shih\ Phonetic,

-'

\/ts'

rKE

tsa^.

Mixed, confused. Radical No. 172, a short- tailed bird. (See No, 21). In giving this character a

chui^.

radical the phonetic

was destroyed

in the old writing is

a

M

tree, is

a

;

^ chP,

^ a flock of birds on

collection or

a coming together.

the logical phonetic and the radical

but the latter is w^ritten in an unusual form and consequently the above radical was adopted. A garment made of odds and ends of

should be :^

i^,

clothing

cloth, thus the idea of

;

mixed or confused

is set forth.

680

m

chieh\ Elder sister.

^ nu\ R

Radical No. 38, a

woman.

(See No. 16).

jQ_ ch'ieh^, Phonetic, a square bench. It resembles a chair without a back. This is a very

238

common

of furniture.

article

Women

were regarded more or less as chattels and the make up of this character was not regarded as humiliating. 691

m

mei*,

3C ^_

nii^,

A younger sister.

Radical No. 38, a woman. (See No. 16). not yet a tree in full leaf and

wei*, Phonetic,

;

branch, but probably not of large size. (See No. 524). With the addition of the* rapdical for girl

for

younger

or

woman

sister is

the character

formed.

692 sai*,

^

pei*, sai^,

To

contest, to rival.

Radical No. 154, precious (See No. 38). Phonetic, to w^all in, to shut up, to cork.

An empty

space

X

by

kung^,

men (W. 47 is

added,

it

^ H,

the

T).

is filled with bricks, hands of the workf=^ When ^ pei*, a reward,

gives the idea of competition

to the labor

;

the one

who works

best

is

rewarded. 693 **M.

4b

ch'ietf.

^

W

S,"^

choi^

To

depute, to send.

Radical No. 162, to run fast and stop, to go. (See No. 10).

c/2';eH^

Phonetic, to carry earth in a ^]dui\

basket, for erecting

a

wall,

g (W. Ill

C).

This being an important undertaking, an officer was deputed who had charge of the construction. The sending of a per-

son to have charge radical S- cho*

is

is

implied

694

yu\ Prepared

when

the

added to the phonetic.

before hand, already.

239

^ •H&

S

shih^ Radical No. 152, a pig. (See No. 221). /"^ Phonetic, to pass from one hand to another, to haiid down, to give I, me. (W. 95 A). The seal writing depicts one hand giving to another. This may be just a repetition of the act of passing from one hand to another, as a person, at ;

times, will

mind

is

do unconsciously, w^hen the

Add

occupied.

the radical plus

makes it an elephant ^ and we have a symbol w^hich is suggestive

the part which

of the archaic meaning, -

excursions

viz.,

back and forth, indecision. A caged elephant goes from one side of the cage to the other for hours without stopping. He is all ready to escape at the first opportunity.

695 pei*.

yV,

M

"t

Ml

Complete, to prepare.

Radical No. 9, a man. P^^* Phonetic, to prepare, to This is composed of j^t^,

make

^ ^

ready. ching^,

de-

behaviour, (See No. 407) conyviag^. tracted, the P being replaced by preparation the how indicates The ching 1 ferential

M

is

to be made,

indicates that for use.

viz.,

what

(W. 54

with decorum, and |g is

G).

prepared

is

wanted

This phonetic

was

originally vised for the preparation of the

household necessities by the women.

has had

many

dififerent

addition of the radical

is

writings.

modern.

696 _ ^

k'aang^, Waste, wilds, desert. jih\ Radical No. 72, the sun (See No. 12).

It

The

;;

240

enlarged,

a large

a covering, a

shelter

broad,

Jiuang^, Fhonetic, hall.

From

and

^ huang^,

)" yei^,

yellow, the hue of loess.

(See No. „'07).

A

yellow or imperial house

naturally

is

made large, spacious. (W. 171 A). It is evident that ^ buavg^ was originally used as a synonym of earth or soil, and

^

thus J^ kuang^, a hall, resembles t'ang^, a hall (See No. 408), as they both are used for holding large assemblies and both have the earth as the floor. Kuan^ is

not

now

all

the requirements,

used for a hall, as t'an^

it is

and

When

used for broad.

kuan^

the sun

is

is

added

the symbol for a desert or barren

A

waste.

notwithstanding

hall,

the earth for a floor,

^ k'uang*

and

^

fulfills

is

a

is

it

has

non-productive

large, barren tract of

earth with the sky for a covering and the

sun the only occupant. 697

yeh^,

A

waste, a desert, savage, rude,'^wild,

rustic. IP,

Radical No. 166, cultivated

fields.

(See No.

82).

^^ ^

yiP Phonetic,

To

hand to the

pass

something from one

other, to

hand

over.

(See

a reading of Sf which ^ ^^SC Tuan Shih Shuo Wen has a good description of

No. 694"). is yit^,

but

There

it is

this character

9\-mitm. it is

called

"

is

archaic.

Bj'^m:tMM ^f mit^M Beyond the limits of the

% ch'iad

;

beyond the

city

limits of

,

;

241

the chiac^

it

is

beyond the pasture

A

pasture region

all

mw*

called pasture, ft it is called KF

yeh^."

was not maintained

in

cases outside the limits of the chiao^,

and in such cases the yeh^ was immediately beyond the limits of the chiao^. The $P chiao^

was

w^here intercourse

with the barbarians was were not allowed inside the

^ chiao^, They

held. g,

/*

lest

they

should learn of its, vulnerable points l :ft a knife.'' Horn is put to a number of uses and this has been true for thousands of years. A horn being hard it was a difficult thus a symbol operation to divide it which represents dividing a horn is used as the symbol for to open. A bodkin, 73, made from the horn, ^ of an ox, 4^, and ;

used to untie

H2

M knots.

A

35

mate, to pair, marriage. yt^. Radical No. 164, a jug for holding wine.

j.n

fei^,

p'ei*,

^"^

Phonetic, imperial concubine. -^ belonging to oneself B.

B

A woman Contracted

This combination of radical yu^ and phonetic was used for the wine (contracted), drunk at a wedding feast to

chp.

M

M

and eventually.it assumed the meaning of mate or pair. ( W- 84 A). ;

246

709 rC|| '*

7i*,

Gain, interest, profit, acute.

^

Archaic, to

cut grain. 7J,

Ij

^, ^

knife,

a reaping hook.

standing grain.

(See No. 556).

taoS Radical, No. 18, a (See No. 37). ho^, Phonetic,

In order to secure the benefits fij //*, firom the ripened grain it was necessary to reap it, in other wrords to cut 73 the stalks'

^.

^J

Ic,^'

^1 *,

.

/ei*.

To

bridle, to curb,

to restrain, to

force,

i]

li\

Radical, No. 19, strength, force.

(See No.

212).

^,^,^

ko\ Phonetic, hides, skins with the hair on. (See No. 163). Leather or rawhide is exceedingly strong, and w^ith the addition of ;^ /r*, strength, a good symbol for to curb or restrain lieh,

;^

7,

To

is

formed.

crack, to split, to rip open.

Radical No. 145, clothing.

(See No. 51).

S[J lieh*, Phonetic, to divide, seriatim.

The

M

original writing of this phonetic

was

a river, may have been first used as the symbol for rubbing the hands together, the hands acting as the upper and nether mill-stones 5 and gradually rubbing.

it

was

used for any kind of

26'2

753

^^

cheng*^,

i=t

^

Evidence, proof.

yen\ Radical No. 149^ word. teng^, Phonetic, to ascend.

(See No. 10).

(See No.

240 and

243).

This phonetic indicates cUmbing to a high platform and is to proclaim, from a'

M

high platform, to publish abroad. 754

^ fi

Evidence, according to.

c//u*,

shou^. Radical No. 64, the hand. chii^

(See No. 53).

Phonetic, wild boar, to fight, to struggle.

A

fc, shib^, and a tiger j^ bu^ and neither one letting go his grip on the other. (W. 69 D.) With the addition ofiand the idea of holding firmly Evidence is that which a is set forth. person affirms and holds without wavering in spite of any opposition.

wild boar

fighting,

755 jraiJ^,

To

display, to publish; to extend; to

w^innow.

^

^

,^ "^

shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). jrang^, Phonetic,

to ex;pand,

glorious.

(See

No. 541) The hand placed beside the phonetic indicates that something is exhibited in bright light in order that all

may know and

^P

ch'ai^,

^ ,^

^

To

understand.

break, to destroy.

shou^, Radical No. 64, the hand.

jS: ch'ib\

Phonetic, to attack.

abbreviation of J^. >&

1*

that

(it is it is

T

katH^

(See No. 288)

an

This means to attack, doubled and

repeated attacks) a

man

means in his

263

own

house

/**

yetf.

added it stands (W. 102. D). wo^,

PJK

E

To

lie

the

hand

is

for to break or to destroy.

down.

cKen^, Radical No. 131, a minister, a states-

man.

^

When

(See No.

i^ jen^, Phonetic, a for

a

man

1

20).

The proper position the presence of an official

man.

in

w^as the prone posture, and the above

symbol 82 F).

is

used

for,

"to

lie

down."

(W.

758 ;u*,

^ "~^

:^ fM 3^

i\

A

mattress, a cushion.

Radical No. 145, clothing. (See No. 51). Phonetic, to shame, to insult, to reveal with the hand "sf ^ a disgraceful condi-

/"*»

tion,

122).

M

cA'efl^,

The

§

to be pregnant (See No. 7H* seems to be

a simple

phonetic and the radical 5K indicates that the mattress is made of cloth. 759 chui*,

^ ?ft '^

A

cord, to let

down by a

rope.

(See No. 8). ssi?, mi'' Radical No. 120, silk. chuP, Phonetic, to pursue, to follow. (See No.

745).

The

radical here indicates a rope or cord and the article suspended follows the lowering or raising of the rope.

760

Tax, duty on merchandise. i2o^ Radical No. 115, growing grain. No. 556).

(See

(^ *"'^ Phonetic, to exchange, to barter.

(See

shui*,

^ :=£.

^,

264

No. 72). The character indicates the giving of grain ho^ to -the government

^

for the privileges derived.

^

761

//*,

P

^

An

officer,

a

(See No. 231).

magistrate.

k'ou\ Radical No. 30, ,the mouth.

(See No.

17).

(See No. 368).

chasig^, Phonetic, ten feet.

In the seal writiiig the basis of the character is it sbihP, a scribe, a hand holding a stylus. This is also the char-

^

^

acter for history, as

was

it

the w^ork of

the scribes to record history. 'M H* has one stroke above the ^ this is a contrac;

tion of Jt shang'*.

Thus

this character

stands for those scribes -who tors or rulers of the literati. 762 hsP,

Jf^ rfj

j^

A

mat, a

table,

a

c&iV, Radical No. 50, No. 143).

a

repast,

;

direc-

feast.

a napkin, a

shu* Phonetic, all (contracted)

vsrere

towel.

all

(See

the indivi-

duals of the house gathered about the light of the hearth to

eat.

times meals were served on a

made

In ancient flat surface

of stone, and the family partook

while reclining.

The J^ is composed of and ^ kuan^, light.

f^ yerP, the house,

The

light of the fire

was

all

the illumina-

The rlJ chin^ was originally and is described as being a flat © stone on which the meal w^as served; This eventually gave place to a mat. ^, shu* is a logical element rather than a

tion they had.

written

phonetic.

265 ^63 J|fe

^^

p

A'an^S Joy, peace, repose

;

healthy, delightful.

jer/ Radical No. 53, a shelter. (>See No. 132). The phonetic is not easily separated, as it is only in the modern writing that /T

^

jen* arbitrarily appears. f^ keng^ (a pestle in two hands) is the hulling of rice, and is the same, save that in the

^^

A

latter rice -M is represented. rice

was

firm and could stand the violence

to which

it

was

subjected in the process

The meaning of peace,

of hulling.

and

grain of

repose,

satisfaction is supposed to refer to

the rest which came after the labor of hulling the daily portion of

rice.

(VV.

102 B). V64 _.

„ chien^, Strong, vigorous.

J^ jen^, Radical No. J# 2^ cbien*, Phonetic, 'f

,

No.

(See

(archaic

;

9,

a man.

to write regulations

7),

for the

long strides,

(W. 169 B).

out).

able to

fulfil

march

^

yii^

k. %, yirf

^ cb'ih'^ lengthened A man who was

the regulations

was strong

and vigorous. ^®^

^

:^r;

^^

chin\

To

shib*^,

Radical No. Ill, to reveal.

prohibit.

(See No.

164).

by doubling the radical for tree. ^ bad omens Ty: from trees #, (W. 119 M). The ^ when seen was regarded as a fevelation of divine or supernatural disapproval, and

jsk Ha', Phonetic,

a

forest

;

indicated

thus the character stands for prohibition.

266

766 "gt^

latig^,

g, R

^

i^

A son,

a bridegroom, gentleman, secre-

Radical No. 163, a

liang^. Phonetic,

The character of a city

city.

good. ^15

(See No. 11).

(See No. 445).

was formerly

—a city of excellence.

the

name

The mean-

ing given above -was an expression of the hope of the family in the son or bride-

groom, that he would bring benefits equal to that of a powerful city. 767

n^ p'ei*,

|*pf

To

entertain, to visit with, to aid, to

match

;

to add earth about the roots of

plants.

-^,

o ^,

R ?§\

Radical No. 170, a mound. (See No. 493). *'o«* Phonetic, to cut a speaker short by

/u*

The dot » on the top indicates the interruption, and the 5 /oh* is an adverb of negation i.e. saying P no interrupting him.

^.

a strange phonetic to a character w^hich means "to

This seems

like

be used in visit with," but persons when chatting are constanth' interrupting one another as they speak, in order to get the real meaning, or to correct a w^rong statement. If one is not on intimate terms with the speaker this is not possible.

Bhr

/u^

^||a

To manage a boat

(archaic), to yield to,

to assent, to serve, clothes.

K

^ /S

yueU, Radical No. 74, moon. y«^

(See No. 48).

Phonetic, to hold the seal, authority.

In the modern writing

H

yiieh^

has sup-

planted f^ chov^, a boat, and consequentlj"the etymology is not apparent without a

267

study of the old writing which represents the hand which wields the authority P

X

on the boat M, the captain. The character also sets forth the opposite of to govern, viz.,

to be governed

this is the action of the boat under the direction of the captain, to yield, to assent to to be attached to, ;

;

as to a girdle, therefore, clothes. IT*

^

tai i\

,

A bag,

a pocket, a

purse, sash.

Radical No. 145, clothing.

f|3

chm\ Radical No.

^K

tai*,

50, cloth.

Phonetic, a substitute. cession or substitution of

to supersede It

may have

'T /en^

(See No. 51). (See No. 143).

Order

men

;

-t

of suc-

a reign

;

a dynasty.

;

been the custom, when one

got a substitute to give him a talty

which when presented allowed him to occupy the position of the one for whom he was substituting. The addition of or ftJ may have been sug-t

i*,

(See No. 576)

5fic

gested

when

material,

trying to carry grain or fine

a cloth

w^hen used to carry

[ft

it

or the clothing SK could take the place

of many persons.

™ti H

ch'ia^,

f

,

^ shou\ g

To

pinch, to

claw

;

to twist.

Radical No. 64, the hand.

(See No. 53).

a pit, a pitfall, a snare. This chiu*, a mortar, or hole in comes from the ground or rock for pounding grain. Q hsien* is a pitfall or trap with a man in it. When ^ shou^ is added the idea is that with the hand something is held secure as if in a trap.

hsien^ Phonetic,

;

268 '^^^

^St

7^

^

^^'^» I^^s-d of grain, ear. Ao* Radical No. 115, standing grain.

(See

No; 556). (See No. 385) not the original phonetic of this character, but it has become generally used. It may be that it was used as a recognition of the grace of heaven,

Aui* Phonetic, grace, kindly.

This

is

^

t'ien^, in

giving the increase of the

field

or the gracious part of the standing grain The is that where the seed is borne. original writing was 31^ ^ sui'^, a hand

gathering the heads of grain. 772 wei^,

^ £

To

escort, to defend,

a military

station,

walk.

(See No.

Tientsin. hsing^, Radical No. 144, to

161). wei* Phonetic, refractory

Two men pulling

;

thongs, rawhide.

A in opposite

directions

on an object o, or hide, in tanning it.

^

^

^

±l

=

The indicates opposition, refractory. Compare ^ 4* f ch^iiarf, opposition, error. The refractory have to be bound v^rith leather thongs, hence the meaning leather. As leather is the reverse of

*!=.

strong and used to protect delicate articles is here a suggestive phonetic. The

it

addition of the radical fi indicates the guarding of something while on the march. 773 ch'iieh^, Deficient,

"^.^

a vacancy; broken,

ibu* Radical, No. 121, earthenware.

264).

defective.

(See No.

.

269

•^

^

c/jueF Phonetic, to divide, to break. (See No. 109). A dish /bu*, which is broken ^

^

is deficient.

774

In want, poor, weary. p'ieU Radical, No. 4, a stroke to the No. 176). is?,

'^

}iJ

i*\

chii^

ih stospped before

The inference

(See

written back-

The explanation

wards.

who

±

a

chiU, PhoHetic,

left.

is

:

a person

reaching the line

—

that he w^as exhausted. 1^ has nothing to do with the sign of the possessive

'ii

is

"^ chiU.

775

Ww. ^K

^^^' Dearth, hungry.

^r

shiW, Radical No. 184, food, to eat.

(See No.

75).

n

^

cAf Phonetic, a small table ,

;

a contraction

for

ml.

ch?^\ Phonetic,

When is

little.

food -^

is

(See No. 34).

scarce

M a small table

When

large enough.

food

is

scarce

A.,

^

a time of dearth fL. The character's original meaning seems to have been dearth or famine and hungry is an extenit is

common

condition

o*, e*,

Hungry.

shifi.

Radical No. 184, food, to eat.

(See No.

as hunger during famine.

sion,

is

the

776

75). vro^,

Phonetic,

I.

(See No. 2).

This character

according to Kuei Shih Shuo '^

was

originally written H^

Wen

# K IS

o*, fi)

IC szu^y

;;

270

to feed, and

^ me.

It

was

contracted to

the present form. 777

^P

k^t^,

Dry, decayed, withered,

(as

a palsied

limb).

>^ -^

inu\ Radical No. 75, wood.

(See No. 22).

hi\ Old. Phonetic. (See No. 17). Old wood is probably decayed.

778 k'uei^,

To

peep, to spy.

a cave. (See No. 97). shoot an arrow (archaic) rule, custom. (See No. 529). To shoot hsiieb*. W\ a glance through an opening The present writing of breaks up the etymology, as the fu should be sbib^. In archery the eye aims along the arrow shaft but here the eye shoots a glance through an opening.

y\. hsueh*, Radical No. 116, 4if^

kuei^, Phonetic, to

;

%

M

^

^

;

779

k'ung^,

To

rein in, to

draw a bow,

to check,

to accuse.

^, f

^

shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). k'ang^, Phonetic, vacant, empty. (See No. 302).

This phonetic plus the radical seems to have been first used for draw^ing the bow in shooting an arrow one increases the vacant space k^ung^, between the string

S

and the bow.

In prosecuting a person

was not unlike

it

shooting an arrow at him if the accusation was substantiated, the defendant suffered perhaps more than if hit

by an arrow.

271 780

^1 1^

)m,l^\

chou^, Completely, to extend everywhere.

p

i'ou« Radical No.

30, the mouth.

(See No.

a modern replacement of 17). S contracted to 7. This character is a primitive compound which cannot be broken up into radical and phonetic. It is ffl )ft yung-" (See No. 476) and R chP, Here

it is

to reach to, contracted, (See No. 324).

Every is

bull's eye

has been

hit.

Efficiency

expressed in this character.

781

To

weP,

surround, to inclose.

p^ weP Radical No. 31, an

enclosure.

(See No.

28).

thongs,

H^ w^ei^ Phonetic,

rawhide,

refractory.

The meaning of the pho-

(See No. 772).

be that H is a leather case protecting that which is precious, but more probably it means refractory, 'M- and

netic

may

therefore

when

it is

in CI it

means " incar-

cerated." 782

^

cb'ou^, Grieved, sad.

iCi"*

Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). (See No. ch'iu^, Phonetic, autumn, harvest.

*t^ bsia\

^

169). In the autumn the grain is often blighted with frost and appears as if scorched with When one's desires are thus fire ifi. blighted,

it

causes sadness of heart.

783 j^i/ig*,

7S

Hard, obstinate.

sbih\ Radical No. 112, stone. ketig^'*, Phonetic, to change.

{See No. 42).

(See No. 226).

With the addition of stone :ff sbiB the idea is to change and become hard like

272

This refers either to a phyacal or mental change. stone.

784

#

shen^,

yv,

To

stretch out, to explain.

A

jen^,

^

shen^. Phonetic,

Phonetic No.

9,

a man.

to extend, to stretch.

(See

No. 227) A man who is taking a rope and measuring off a fathom, six feet, with his outstretched arms. A man who is able to explain or straighten out the tangled cord. 785

As?, Rare, seldom. \\}

(See No. 143).

chin\ Radical No. 50, cloth.

The phonetic here is not a character which is

separated from the radical.

sents the texture of cloth chiri^

was

:Jt

It repre-

and the

ill

As the threads

placed below.

it conveys the idea of thus by extenloose as opposed to close (W. 39 G). sion scattered, rare, seldom.

are clearly seen

;

786 >t iu*.

Statute, law.

if ch'ib* Radical No. 60, to step with the (See No. 7). vu* Phonetic, to write.

left foot.

^

With

tlie

acter

is

addition of

^

ch^ih^ the char-

used for written regulations for

the march, and by extension, law^.

Jl^

H

^

tang^,

A

clan,

a

faction,

an

associate,

a cabal.

hei\ Radical, No. 203, black.

shang*, Phonetic,

a house.

(See No. 178). (See No. 52).

The Shuo Wen says that the

M indicates

that the raeffibers of this society are all smoked with one smoke, that is that they

273 niieet

meet

They

together in the same room.

dark H, secretly, form a cabal. The '^ shang* here represents the leader in the

of the clan or association.

J^^^^To

crowd, to gather in a crowd, to embrace.

^f^

^,

T

shou^, Radical No. 64, the hand.

m ^1 J^^^ Phonetic, a

city

The

w^agtail.

;

harmoifiy, union

first is

;

the

the old form of the

&

with a moat «^ embracing it, iDut the second form is now^ in general use. - and e. = ^ as in ^15. With ^ it means the bird that haunts the torders of moats and ponds in harmonious (W. 12 G). This flocks, the wagtail. character, a city

phonetic

is

used to express

harmony

of

with the addition of the it means to jam or press as a radical crowd, and embrace with the arms.

and

action,

^

789 tJkf

^

jt^

To crowd,

to press out. shot^. Radical No. 64, the hand. ebi',

ch'P, Phonetic, even, together.

The hands

^

(See No. 53).

(See No. 455).

working together

#, to

crowd, to press ^. 790

iu^ Jl^^ >f

To stoop,

7efl^ /a',

to bow, to condescend.

Radical No. 9, a man.

Phonetic, a palace. (See No. 388). This is not an old character, but

it

has

The etymology is When a man A comes to an apparent ofiBcial department }U to pay his taxes #, the customs of China require him to show

come

into general use. :

274

and reverence to the official in charge. Thus by extension to bow and

respect

condescend, 791 A-j^

fa*,

To in

fall

i^.

prostrate, to

ambush

;

fall

a decade

on the in

face, to lie

dog days

;

to

subject.

yV 4

a man. J^ ch'uan^ Phonetic, a dog, a pictorial representation, fv is a man A taking the cringing attitude of a dog i^ or compelling another Radical No.

jen^,

to

take

9,

it,

another.

to

i.e.

humble or subject

(See No. 647) (W. 25 E).

792 hsien^ Conspicuous, to

make

plain, glorious.

Radical No. 181, the head, a page, a man. (See No. 105).

yeh*^,

motes

a sunbeam, volatile, minute, fibrous. When a sunbeam shines into a dark room, small motes hke

hsier? Phonetic,

silk fibres,

ing in

it.

in

M ssu^, become visible M. floatWhen M yeb^, the head, is

added the original idea was that the decorations of the hat w^ere very a]Dparent. The character is now used for anything conspicuous. 793 7on*' /u*, Dew; lou*, plain, to expose, to disclose. yu\ Radical No. 173, rain. (See No. 61).

lu\ Phonetic, road.

Shih say's—

(See No. 279).

#^

Kuei

m ^"^^'^^mWm^ "Dew

the secretion of the dark, female pow^er of nature, dew comes from the earth.'' is

Z,u* 5§

seems to be used for earth

±l!l

as

rain from the earth instead of the ordinarj'

275

Rain that wets the feet only, as when walking in grass wet with dew. " The dew is the path of the rain M, and when it falls on grass it turns it white disclosing each stem and leaf." rain of heaven.

^

794

ffi

Mad,

k'uang^,

^ ,J^

wild, raging

cA'uan^ Radical

presumptuous. No. 94, a dog, a pictorial ;

character.

3E,

jt.

w-aK^ Phonetic, rambling.

(See No. 350). This character indicates that dogs have suffered from rabies in China from the

very beginning of their civilization. This character is described as a mad dog. The

animal wanders around from place to place without any definite aim, and thus this is a very apt phonetic for this disease. The character is not confined to this one disease, it is at present used for

any kind

of mania.

"^m ^

yii*,

^

O

To

instruct, to illustrate.

k'ou\ Radical No. 30, the mouth. a small boat, a primitive barge,

/>^ yiP Phonetic, '**"

sampan, ^m,san'pan\M.ZiB^.

"The

commencement of boat-building." Joining

A chP of planks to the rivers

P

k'oti',

{{

kuai*.

form a boat

fj

to

sail

With the addition of

the mouth, the idea

is

conveyed

of giving instructions in the building of the boat

any 796 AtsM k'uti^,

To

;

by extension

kind. bind, to, hamper.

instructions

of

2T&

nri

^ im

\Z'

it

ings of this phonetic

^^.

m

rest bj^

shoti% Radical No. 64, the hand. k'un*, Phonetic, confined.

II.

M

a

a

tree,

^, to stop and to take a nap under a tree

by rocks or

I.

;

which

tree

(See No. 53).

There are two writ-

is

hemmed

in

D

weP,

large trees, and thus restricted

or wilting from confineThis last is the one which is in general use. The addition of band implies that there is an act of repression. It in

grow^th,

ment.

were two characters but they have become

seems probable different

that

these

merged into one. The reason for this view is, the two meanings, viz., sleepy and cramped and hemmed in. The first seal w^riting is in accord w^ith the idea of

sleepy, to stop

a nap.

ll;

under a tree :^ and take

It is difficult to explain

why

this

character should have the tw^o meanings

had 797 tan^' *,

it

To

sprung from one symbol.

caiTy a burden on a pole, a load or

burden.

^, f

shou^ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). fe cban^ Phonetic, to talk impudently. (W. 59 ti).

from f' weP, a man A standing on a dangerous crag f (See No. 634), and A pa^, to scatter, and e" yerP, w^ords to recklessly scatter indiscreet words. The This

is

;

radical

was

^

first

indicates

that the character

used as a verb.

One who talks

a heavy, dangerous burden to bear and this eventually has been

indiscreetly has

277

798

extended to mean a burden of any kind. (W. o9 H). .

-H-

m

raiiao^

A

sprout,

the sprout of grain

;

wild

*

tribes.

-H^

ts'ao'-,

Q

i'ien^ Phonetic,

Radical No. 140, grass.

a

field.

(See No. 22).

(See No. 212).

The sprouting vegetation W of the cultivated field 15. That which is planted just appeai-ing above the ground,

149

s.

(W.

B).

799

Bright sunlight, to dry in the sun. (See No. 12). ^'*^ Phonetic, elegant. This phonetic originalshai^,

Wjgl

^

g

^

jih\ Radical No. 72, the sun.

meant

etc., animals but it early took on the meaning of elegant, perhaps owing to the graceful appearance of the animals. The upper part ^ li*, is a primitive representing decoration. These animals were decorated with horns. jM In* deer is a

ly

which

antelope, deer, jS

lived in droves,

and tail. hsi^, Phonetic, west. (See No. 26). The westem sun is much warmer than the eastern, picture /^ of horns, body, feet

thus this

is

a suggestive addition to the

character, but, like the other phonetic,

without phonetic

is

significance.

800 tu^.

-^

:;^

.

-7^

Solitary, only, childless.

ch'uan Radical No. 94, a dog.

A

pictorial

representation.

sAa* Phonetic, a silkworm sjjinmng its thread. (See No. 749) is

(W. 54

spinning a cocoon

I).

it is

If

a silkworm

working alone

278

and

for

itself,

and when

this phonetic is

used -in this combination the idea of " solitary " is derived from the above

As dogs do not usually roam about ijacks the dog radical is appropriate to

fact.

in

form the character for solitary or alone. •^^,

ao^,

ycS^

^

The southwest comer of a room, where the Lares w^ere placed, mysterious.

ta\ Radical No. 37, large.

(See No. 54).

This character cannot be broken up radical

The above

and phonetic.

is arbitrarily'

writing.

given to

it

iiito

radical

in the ^modern

The Shuo Wen says

thfe

cha-

racter stands for the south-west corner of

the

one

room is

f\ ttiieti^,

the dark corner, w^here

obliged to grope with the hands

order to differentiate 3^ pien^ the articles. 5^ pien^ is the track of a wild f^ in

^

animal and these w^ere easily distinguished, the one from the other, only by hunters or those who frequently saw them thus this is a symbol for discrimination (See No. 837). As there w^as more or less obscurity about such a corner, by extension the character has acquired the meaning of mysterious. (W. 123 F). ;

802 ^fi mi*,

5fe^

^

^

pi'^,

s/2/A*,

Secret, private, divine.

Radical No.

113,

spiritual

ijtifluences'

(See No. 164). Written 4 with a pen^:^. Radical No. 115, standing grain. /^o^ (See

No. 556). il^^ pi*,

Phonetic, must.

(See No. 504).

279

M pi* originally

was

used as a term for a

god or deity and the manifestations of his will must >^> be complied with. |J5 is another writing of the same character. The meaning of secret may have originated from the fact that the will of the gods could not be known unless set forth by revelation or omen. 803 chati*,

g

A

part of a day,

briefly,

jih\ Radical No. 72, the sun.

Sj? chair',

temporarily. (See No. 12).

Phonetic, to decapitate, to cut in two.

This

phonetic

is

a war chariot with

scythes according to the Shuo Wen.

It

may

have been used to exterminate captives, and so, by extension this symbol Df came to mean beheading by an execu-

The character may inean to w^hirl or brandish ^ a battle axe Jr. (W. 128 A). See ilf (No. 812). When a day

tioner.

U

jih* is

divided the time

is

necessarily

short.

J^S >f«

pi*^,

J_ n

To

c/2o*

iu"

press upon, to

Radical No. 162.

ill

use.

(See No. 10).

Phonetic, abundance.

character

When

M

there

should is

(See No. 267).

be

written fg

The pi*.

an abundance of men, a

crowd of people, they press one another, and if the throng is great, the weaker a very ones suffer from the pressure suggestive symbol for oppression. ;

805

]j^

tieh^,

To

stumble, to

fall.

ja

^ rti

Radical No. 157, the foot. (See No. 484). (See sMb^, Phonetic, to lose, to err, a fault. tsu^.

Am

No. 566).

error

mis-step, leads to

^'^

^

s^m\ Personal,

T^ A

of the foot

J£,

a

fall !^.

selfish, secret.

Ao^ Radical No. 115, standing grain. (See No. 556). (See No. 569). szn^ Phonetic, private, selfish. Grain %. was used for paying taxes and the residue

By

807^

a

^

was

extension,

personal /.property ^L

selfiish.

yu*. Passion, lust.

i^

Radical No. 61, the heart. This is yu*. Phonetic, to long for, to desire. (See No. of cHiao*, 135) the made up hsin^.

^

upper

lip,

or the flesh

^ above the mouth,

P k'otf. In this phonetic the upper lip seems to be regarded as the center of selfThe

restraint.

^

deficiency of restraint

to gain, the master3\

added 808

sfe.

indicates

a

which allows desire

When

stands for passion or

;& bsin^ is lust.

from view^, to shade. sbou% Radical No. 64, the hand, (See No. 53). yeif Phonetic, a man making a long stride,

yen*,

^

To

it

cb'ien*

screen, to hide

quickly

;

by

extension, to cover, remain.

man making a and covering ground the length of shenP, the outstretched arms, a fathom. (See No. 784). When hand i sbou\ is added the hand covers or screens from

The

old w^riting, depicts a

stride

:;;*;

e"|3

view.

281 809

.Wffl^ iRetired, in

|5,#.

^

private

life.

Radical No. 170, a mound. '(See No. 493). V7I2* Phonetic, carefnl, care, taking an interest in, freedom from care to enjoj^ the

/a*

;

X

of the work kung^ of one's hands ^> ^. The *ij> hsin^ indicates peace of mind of one who has what he needs results

and

desires nothing else

P fu*

place,

The

(W. 49 G).

a modern substitution, meajiing where fonnerl5^ was written U a

is

hiding place. 810

H

@

ni3h\ To deceive, to conceal. nm\ Radical No. 109, the eye.

mam^ Phonetic,

(See No. 102).

equality. (See No. 306).

When

both eyelids are closed (equally tight), then one cannot see. An old meaning of this character

now means

to

Bji

was

to close the eyes.

It

hoodwink or to cause one

to have closed eyes to the real condition of affairs. 811

ja^, -f|»

To

sprout, to bud, a germ, a shoot.

ts'ao" Radical No.

140, grass or vegetation.

(See No. 22).

^ j^.

Phonetic, a tooth.

(See No. 97).

an interesting process and is watched by those interested in children. The sprouting of seeds seemed to the originators of this character to have a Dentition

is

striking resemblance to tliat process

occurs at the

and the germs appear showing above the gums.

life

;

it

commencement of the new like teeth just

282 812

^ai

by

cbien*, Gradually,

V

TK,

^'^"^^'

degrees.

Radical No. 85, water.

*ii chau?, Phonetic,

(See

No.

decapitate,

(See No. 79).

to cut in two.

Water

803).

cuts

way

its

through great rocks but ages are required This impressed the scribes

in the process.

V

and they adopted

this process as

a symbol

for gradually.

813 ^tt. ku^, Grain, cereal.

5[^

.^

^jXi

^^

hd^,

Radical No. 115, standing grain.

(See

No. 556).

^& ^2 I

a cover

H

and vegetation d:, ^ chihi^. By extension, the husk of grain, the shell of nuts' or of an egg. The 5: shu\ to strike, (See No. 165) is added, as frequently the husk requires

ch'iao^ k'o^, Phonetic,

!

much harsh treatment, moved from the grain.

before it

is

re-

814 ^iL.

li*,

^^

A

tap,

kernel (of grain).

Radical No. 119,

small grains,.

rice,

No. 47).

ly

/i*,

(See

r,:

Phonetic, to establish, to stand.

(See No.

Grain in bulk cannot be piled up a bin it is only a single kernel %t. that can stand jt alone mthout 216).

unless

it is in

;

support. 815

S ^^

chih^,

'^j

A

branch of a

tree.

y^

mu*, Radical No. 75, a tree, or wood.

^

No. 22). chih^, Phonetic, a bow, a branch, to advance

money

;

the 65th Radical.

(See

283 V

:

This phonetic originally was used for the branch of a tree. The old writing shows

.

a hand with a branch as if stripping it from a tree. The radical ;ic is a modem

'

!

816

superfluous addition.

^ [^

yin*, Shad3', to shelter. -^^,

lj«|«

[^

ts'ao' Radical No. 140, grass. yiti^,

Phonetic,

(See No. 22).

dark, Hades, female, This symbol often refers as being over cast now^ cbin^, shade,

secret, cloud 3^

to the skj^ it is

cloudy

superfluous.

^

;

S

The

ytin".

P

fu*,

When -'^ is added it

high,

is

indicates

that the shade comes from trees or some thatched or artificial shelter. 817

liang^, Cool, fresh", cloudy.

J-^ ;

^

^,7K -^

Radical No. 85, water. (See No. 79). (See No. 98). ching^, Phonetic, the capital. ®^"^''

the most important place and in the Empire, by extension it is most cool w^ater is most desirable desirable and refreshing.

The

capital

is

;

818

£u*, A ferry, to ford, to cross a ferry. Radical No. 85, water. (See No, 79). shui\ J/ ^JC capacity tu*, Phonetic, to measure, a degree made up of J^. to cross. This phonetic is ;

;

%

=^ shn\ contracted, (See No. 762), and yu*, the right hand which measures by The important (W. 24 M). spans.

thing in fording a stream is to be sure that the water 7j< is not deeper than you are able

^ water

M to ford, W 7j

/,'|\

(See No. 449).

lou^ Phonetic, the part of the palace

where

;

287

women

The idea of the phonetic here is not the same as that in ® lou^. This M lii^ is a very old character and it is easiest to explain it by commencing with the P shih^, which is a contraction of M Tvtt^, a room (See No. (See No. 392).

are confined.

;

337).

#

niP are

wa^, a negative

two

;

chung^

4", i