Analog Communication Lab Manual VTU

Narayana Swamy.R Dept of ECE/TCE T.John Institute Of Technology 10/26/2009

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

! " #$

"

!

%

&

&

!

'

&

)

$(

0

-

#

.-

3 .

0

!

-

. !

0

1((

..-

0

5

.-

-

-

, .

!

! -

# 3 %3

%

+

6

7" 65

'

+

6

7 - 5

)

#

-

(4 6

#

1((

! .

$

2

!

#

(4 -

-

!"

&

## !

* + +, /

(

$

%

&

' !(

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

, +, +

89

5

8

+

( ,

# $ ?4 (

(4

&6

# 6 ;-

@ ;- 4(

9 '

"

6 ="> 66

: 1 -

+ ,-. /0

1 .+#

2 *'

A1 '

.

. (

(

. 23

# .

(

. 1423

( )

(

%

!0 0 /0

'

!

5 /!0

.

)

!

6

.

*

$

4 1 6 < 61 $

+ ;-

(4 *'

1

$ 66 6 ;4

* '/

/7

!0

)

1 !/ 0 # 44 8! 9 " 00 # !/0 /! # ! / !7 # / ! !/ 7 $8 7! 8! 8 0 !/ 7 0 " !/0 7 7 : 0 7 0/ !7 / /; "" 01 ! 7!8 !0 /! 0 0!7 " / ! 7!8 !0 0 0 "!/0 7 00 0 0 "/!00!7 ! !0 7 0 # ! #!!7 2 /!0 0 / < #= 7 8 7!7 ; 0 //!0" 7 " /!0 0 / < 8 ! 7 0 8! 0A

(

0

&

8!/

" # !/ C

! ; ! # .=

!D

5 !/!A • • •

!"

#

$

! ' 00 7D # ! # !/ 01

#

$

%

&

' !

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

0-

-(

8 4- 9

# 98 <

8 4;1! 6 ">

9

9

: :

F9

-

8

-

B9 F

G

& <

# F9

-

B9 F

1 ( 1 ( 1 ( 1 ( 1 ( 1 ( 1 ( 1 ( 1 (1 ), 1 ) 1.( 1( . 1 ,1(.. 1 . 1 41( .,1 ( 1 ))14,4 -.14)(

+

66 +

66 6

+

66 6

!"

#

$

< G G 0B E < 1 . N < ))14,4== < '

%

* 0B

&

' !

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

;-

1+ 4 O > 0 N #/!: ! P >0N

;

GH 76

+ $ +

- $ 0 66 < ' 0B

!"

#

$

%

6

6

-

&

66 6 ;-

1

6

="> 6

' !,

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

, +, +

89 "8G"

8

+

( ,

# $ ?4 (

(4

&6

# 6 ;-

;- 4(

1

$ 66 6 ;4

= 1 -

+ ,-.

2 *'

A1 '

.

. (

(

. 23

# .

(

. 1423

( )

/0

1 .+#

%

!0 0 /0

'

!

5 /!0

.

)

!

6

.

*

$

9 -

"

"

6 ="> 66

+ ;-

(4 *"

" #$ 4 1 6 < 61 $

* '/

(

/7

!0

)

1

" 00 # !/0 /! 0!7 44 /!: / ! /!J! # 9 #/!: ! ; 01 * ! 0 "" 0 # 7! ; 70"! 2!/ 0;0 ! 01 0 00 # ! !/ ; ! #/!: ! ; / ! #/ / 7 . GH ( 2GH #/!: ! ; 7/ 8!/0 < 9!! !/0= ! 7 !7 # 9 #/!: ! ; 7 0 0 # 0 ## ! ! !/ ; ""! / !/ " !/ 01 " 00 # !/ ! 9!! ! / 7 7 7 0 7 ! 9!! !/ " !/ 0 9 "/!8! 9 #/!: ! ; "/ / !/ #/ /! ! 9!! !/1 J 9 9 " 00 # !/ # / ! 9 #/!: ! ; 7/ 8!/ < 7 " 00 ; !/ # !/0 # / !/ 7/ 8!/0= ! " 00 # !/ 0 " / # 9 02 9 0 H =II1 ! "" 0 ! # ! 9 " 00 0 ! " 00 # !/ 9 /!J! 0 0 0 ! 9 0 ## #/!: ! ;1 % ! #/!: ! ; 7 !: # / 0! 7 /7!/ " 00 0 A G 0

5 ! #QQ# !: /!7 !0 ! 9# 0 0 /! 0: /! # ! #/!: ! ; / 1 5 ! #E# !: /!7 !0 N%R@ 7 0 0 /! ! !7 ; 5 ! #SS # !: /!7 !0 R 7 / " 00!0 0 # / R1 5 0!

!"

! 7 /7!/

#

$

9!/ #/!: ! " 00 # !/1

%

!0

/! 0

&

;

" 9!/ # ( !:

!

!7 ;

!

!#

/ @1 7! ;

!

7!0 / !0

' !

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

- , # (

" #$

,

#

!/! /! ; # !/ ;"!0 7 9 ;0 "! ! ! !/!I0 8! 9 " 00 # !/ I0 /! ; 0 " # !7 # (E ) 7 ! " "0 ! 0 ; # 9!/ < ?E0 / 7 .E "! =1 !0 ( " ! 6 !/9 / # !/ /!: /!0 J 0 #!9 0 !"01 0!

## #/!: ! ; # D

6 < )

:C

-

% '

) * /

6!# /! 9 / ! / ! 2 ! " ! 0 0 ! !/ 7 !0 !/1 !0 ! # !/ # / 7 2! ! ! 0 00 9 / 7 / 1 ! ! 0 ! !/ / < " 8 != " 7! 0 ; .C"! 2 "! 2 7 0!/8! ! " 0 7 76 ; > 01 !"

#

$

%

&

' !4

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

0-

-(

8 4- 9

# 98 < 9

8 4;1! ">

: :

- 49-

# !

F9

-

B9 F

G

& <

# F9

-

B9 F

,)1 4( 1 ( ,1 ( -41 -.1 , ))1 -) ( 1,, .,1 . 41( 1 ( 1 14-) 1 1() 1 ) 1 ( 144, 144, 144 144 14 4

+

66 ## # +

!"

66 6

#

$

/ E H! ! !/ # 0 0 ! / 0#!//!7 0;0 ! 9 ! H ! !/#!/! ! / "! 0 01 6 7 " 00 # !/0 " 00 ; 7 # #/!: ! !0 9 ! ! #/!: ! !0 0 7! ! 71 ! 0/ 0 " 7! 801 #/!: ! ; / " 0 !7 0"! / " # ! / !/ 0 /8! # ;" ! 7 " 00 # !/1 ! ## #/!: ! !0 . 7 ( /! ! #/!: ! !0 9 ! " 0 " 9!/ # 0 # # 0 !8! ! ! !/ #/!: ! ; # ! # !/1 !8 ! ( . !>"/!00!7 !/ H < * =">

6 6$ 6$

!"

#

$

1

%

G G G G G

+ 66 < 0B,

!"

#

$

= =

- 4-

# !

F9 B9 F

G

& <

# F9 B9 F

9

%

&

' ! .4

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

-

% '

) * /

6!# /! 9 / ! / ! 2 ! " ! 0 0 ! !/ 7 !0 !/1 2! ! 0 00 9 ! / 7 / 1 ! !0 ! !/ / < " 8 != " 7! C "! 2 "! 2 0 ! 9 8! 7 0!/8! ! " 0 7D 76 P > 01 ?/ / " 7! !/ ! 79 7 7 @1 ;-

1+ 4

+ $ +

-

6

6

-

66 6 ;-

6

< ) =">

6

<

="> 6

66 6 !"

#

$

%

&

' !(

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

)

".8

+8GG +

( #

$(

(4

##

@ ;- 4(

$

-

9 '

+ ,-.

!0 0 /0 %

!

5 /!0

'

!

6

)

$ #

* '/

62

QQQQQQ@

QQQQQQ

+ ;-

(4 *'

6

2

A1

*'

'

.

. 23

(

.

4 23

.

.

/7

.

!0

)

1

$( ## 0 " / / / /" / !0 " 0 8! #!!7 21 5 ! ! " 0 !/ !/ 0! /!0 7 ! " 0 V9 ! ! " 0 ! 9 !/ < 9!/= 0! /!0 7 ! " 0 9V 9 ! ! " 0 ! 9!! ! 9 ! " /! 0 0 8 !1 ! ## 00 !7 ! 0! ! " /! 0 08 ! ! " !0 0 ## ! ; / !/ !1 0 7 /!0 7 0 !7 ! 7 " !0 ! / !/ 0 0 ! ! /;1 ! ! !# # / !/ 8!/ / 9 ; 0 ! " /!0 7 0 /! !/ 0 ; < 0! ;=1 ! 0; # / / !/0 / 7 / 0 0 / !9 ;0 !/!0 0 0; 1 ! / !/ 0 " / / "" 9 09 !0 ! " ! 8! 9 ! ! " " 00!0 "9 /7 / " 0 8! /!#!/! ! 8 !1 ! 0!0 ! 8! #!!7 2 "/!8! 09 2 ! !/ 0 ! ! " " 00!0 / 9!/ /!0 7 8 ! 00 H ! 09 0 / " 7 / !/ ; 0! 0 " 00!0 ! / !/ " . ? /! 0 90 8!/ " / / 9 " 0 8! #!!7 21 0 / 8!/ 0 //! / 0 "!7 9 8! 0: /! 9 8! / " 0!1 ! / 02 9 0 ! / !/ / : / / 1 ? /! 0 90 ! " 0 8! #!!7 2 " / /9 0 "" !7 ! ! 8! " 1 ! " 8 ! C / !/0 ! " 8 !C !8!/; ! !> !!70 !/ 8 ! !8! 0 !7 ! ""!/ /!0 7 8 ! CM 7 ! 9!/ /!0 7 8 ! C !0! /!0 7 8 !0 /! 7!/ 8!7 0 " ! 7 8 7!/ . N (1 ! 8 ! / 00 . 0 #!7 2 ! 8!/ " # ! " "1

!"

#

$

%

&

' ! (.

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

!8 ! / 00 . 7!"! 70 !8 ! 7" / ; # ! " 8 !C 9 ! C E BC0 !8 ! / 00 . 0 !7 ! M""!/ /!0 7 8 ! CM ' 7 0 8! 0 92 < + B + K + K9 * ! !/ 7 9 ! C E C0 !8 ! / 00 . 0 !7 0 ! 9!/ /!0 7 8 ! C ' 7 0 8! ; 9 < + B + K+ 9 / !/ 0 " / / / 0 7! 0 " 0 8! #!!7 2 9 /!0 0 ;0 !/!0 0 7 ! /; !##! 1 " / 0 "! !! ! 0 / !/0 8! 9 /!0 7 !8! 01 6! 9!! !0! /!0 7 8 !0 M. 7 M( ! 0 ! # " 7 !0 I !9 00 !7 ;0 !/!0 01 !##! 0 H!0 " 0 / " 7 / !/ ; 0!1 6! 9 0 9 / !/ 0 0 " /!7 # 0 " ! 8!/ !/ 7 / !/ 8!/ !/A

5! 0!! /!0 7 7!"! 70 /0 9 /70 M 9 /70 H!/ /!0

/ !/ / !/ 0 0 /! /! " !> ! " 0 7 /! # " 8 ! / 0!$7/ "1 5 ! " 0 0 7 ! /!0 7 0 M( 9 ! " 8 ! 0 7/ "" 7 ! ! M.1

- , # (

!"

#

$

%

&

' ! ((

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

,

# M 2

< '9!

2

< 9 9

<

9

< 2 2

K 7

00

< <

+ B + K+ + B + K+

R9 6 R 9

9

<

! 0!

-N( .B

M0

9 M0 E (E . ( .E4 ( ( E . R3

7 !:

. E 4 O . R3 E 4 R3

# /0 !: C/!# E

0

!8

! 7!0

00

!0 # . ( M " 9 6 $" 8 ! /!: /!71 # ! 7 " 0 /! !7 #/ 7 / !/ ! C E B C 0 E 0 $ /!#!/! ! 8 !1 !

"

* "

C E < ()

C E " ! ;9 ! " 0 91 ! ! ; ; ! [7I " #/!: ! ; [#I 7 8!/ #;1 M

9

0 ! Q / E 0 G

N8 / / 0 " 7 ; ; !

!/

7 / 0 ! E E 61 % !8 ! 0 ! 0! ! !7 # / 1 ' ; ; ! [7I E Z / [7I E 1 C!/ #; 9 ! !/ ! ! /! 8 !0 /! 0!/8! ! " 01

,

9 8!# /

9

# (1

! 0

Z1

8!

? /0

"

! E

! !7 0 2! 0

/

9

"/

8

!0

7

# !"

#

$

%

&

' !)

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

1(( 86 + < +& < +! $ < * %+ "< < :">! ,- 1 1 ! < ) E .$# E .$ . 2GH E .

0E<

G

B

=

; ; ! E G$ E 1 E 1 X. 0E 1 0 "E 1 0 "E 1 E < N G= E . N 1 E 1 0 " E 1 4) E. ? + E " $ * % E 1 0 $ < 1 4) > 1. #= 0! + < * 3 =C 2

1(( <

:">! ,- 1 1

!

<

/)

E .$# E.$ . 2GH E . 0 E < G B = ; ; ! E G$ E 1, E 1, X . 0 E 1, " E 1, 0 " E 1, E < N G= E . N 1, E 1( 0 E 1 4) 6

0

E. ? +& E $ 1 4) E 1( 0$ < 1 4)> 1. #= E % * =C B 6= E 1, 0 " E 1 4) < < B 6= E 1, 0 $ < 1 4) > 1. #= E . 1 ( 23 + E . 1 ( 23 N )1 23 E / :C + < * 3 :C

+& < % % :C

Schematic Symbol of 555 Timers

!"

#

$

%

&

' ! ).

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

- , # ( 1((

6.8k

6.8k

2

!"

1((

#

$

%

&

' ! )(

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

- 41((

+ $ 1((

!"

0

(#

#

$

0

%

- $

0

6

&

6

0 $ 1((

-

' ! ))

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

3 .

&

( ,

# $ 5

(

(4

0

(-

;- 4(

0

-

# 8 ))) (

9 -

4-

A1

!/

. /0

1 . +# 1 .+#

.B.

- 1- 23

.

.

.

%

!0 0 /0

'

!

5 /!0

.

)

!

6

(

*

$

#

+ ;-

(4 "

6

* '/

3

/7

!0

)

1

0 ! 8 / /< C= # ! !7 !0 ! !/ / / 9 ! 7 / # ! " 0! ! 9 /2 ! !7 !> !/ ; ! !/1 0 " 00 !9 ! ! !/ 0 : 0 0 !< 0 " #/ : 0 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! ! !/ ; ! !7 " / /!#!/! ! !8! 1 ! ! 2! " 0! 9 7 1 ! / 0 # " #/ 0 ! 0 " 0 !7 ; !> !/ / !/ 1 .

0

.-

0

8 / / 0 " 0! 0 7! !/ !7 ; ! 8 / / ! 0 ! # !=1 ? / / !/ # 0 0 /!7 ; !> !/ ; 0 / ! 7! !/ !0 ! ! : 0 0 ! 0 ! 0

-

'

. 0 / 7!71 / !/ " 0 "" !7 " (1 : !0 ! 7 # " 0 " 0 2!" BC 1 / 0 # " #/ 0 !0 ! : 0 0 !0 ! ! 8! " 0! # // 9 9 7 < 9 7 0 !/ !>"! !7 " 0! 9 7 # " 9 8!# / = 7 " 7! # /! !/ B ($) C 0 "" !7 " (1 * " 0 2! #/ " )1 ' - 0 0 ; ! !7 BC 8 7 7! /!0! 1 ' 0 / 7!7 / 1 . ? " / 8 7 0! "/ ! 1 ' < /!0 7= 0 0 / !7 " ,1 /!0 0 / 0 ! !7 ! 9!! " 0 7 1 " 0, 70 / ! " / 0 ! !7 9 ! " 0 ! !7 0 "" ; C 1

!"

#

$

%

&

' ! )-

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

))) 8 .

? / !>" / /; 9 $

0

.-

! "!/ !> !/

4

6 $

! -

0

4

#

!/ 0 /! 0

0 9

?4

0

0 /!1

#

0

.-

0

,

# 2

8 /

/

! !00 /;

!/

M

; 9 ! ! " " ) 0 9 1!1 ! / 7 " / 0 0 / !7 / 71 5 ! ! " # 0 ! 9 B.$) C ! " # " / 0!: ! ; ! / 0 0 / / 0 ## 7 ! " # ! " #/ 0 ! : 0 0 !0 ! 00 0 ## ! " / ! 0 / 9 /7 0 !: 15 ! ! /! 0 " B($) C ! " # " / / . !0 9 0 / !/! ; 7 0 / ! " / 0 / !7 # /!1 0 ! " /! / 0 2 " # ! 0 ! 8 / / /! 0 ! ! ; ! /!"! 01 / !/ " " 8 0 9 # /!1 .

!

# ))) (

0 0 !0 ! ! / 00 / 0 8! " 0! 0 "" !7 " ( ! / !/ / !0 9 /!0! 0 ! # " # " 7 " ) !0 1 0 0 ! / 0 9 # /!1 0 ! 7 0 / ! / 0 0 / BC / /!0 0 ! 9 ! /8 ! ! !0 0 ; /! !/ 0! 0 ! # " # "1 ! / 0 0 / !0 7 ! " # ! !/ !0 9 0 0 ! 0 ! #/ : 0 0 ! 0 !1 ! 9 / !/ " 0! 0 "" !71 ! 7 " /8 ! 9 8!# / 0 /! 8

The capacitor C has to charge through resistance RA. The larger the time constant RAC, the longer it takes for the capacitor voltage to reach +2/3VCC. In other words, the RC time constant controls the width of the output pulse. The time during which the timer output remains high is given as tp = 1.0986 RAC Where RA is in ohms and C is in farads. tP = 1.1 RAC

So pulse width,

The pulse width of the circuit may range from micro-seconds to many seconds.

!"

#

$

%

&

' !)

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

- , # (

- 4-

+ 0

(

!"

#

0

$

%

- 4-

$ 4-

$ < QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

&

' !)

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

+ . ,2

8

Aim ?4 ( 6 < ')) ="> (4 - (

6( -

# <

. ="> ?

# $

-

#

( 6 ( -

-

6 #

Components And Equipments Required ? ? ? " 9!/ 0 "" ;

! !/ *1

7

/0

.

$6? .4-

/

00 /

!0 0 /0

"

/0

Theory

? 1< = 0 90 ! 0 / # / 6% 7 /1 0 " 9!/ 00 " # !/ 9 !8! 7 /01 ! 7 / 0 ! / " 9!/ " # !/ 2!0 ! 9 !8! 7 0 7 " # !0 " 9!/ !8! 1 ! 7 " 0 0 " !7 / 7 / 0# / !/ . ! 00 " # !/1 ! 0! 7 /; 9 7 # ! 7 / 0# / !/ 0 ! !7 0!/ !0 9 ! ! / 0 "" ; 8 ! C # ! 00 " # !/1 0 ! 0 7 0 0 "" !7 0!/ !0 9 ! ! / " 9!/ 0 "" ; 8 ! # ! 00 " # !/ "" ; ! / 7 1 ! 0! ! # 7 " 0 !/! 9 ! H!/ 7 8 ! / 00 ! 0! 7 /; # .1 !/!# /! ! ! / 0 "" ; 8 !9 ! "" !7 7 /! ; ! 00 " # !/ ! !/ //! " 0!0 # !: " 7! 7 ! " # ! !7 / 9 ! 0 ! 7; 0 ! 9 8!1 5 ! ! 7 0 /0 ! 1 1 8 ! / 00 ! 0! 7 /; # ! 7 / 0# / !/ 9 ! 77!7 7 0 / !7 #/ ! ! / 0 "" ; 8 !1 0 8 /; 0 "" ; 8 ! 0 ! "" !7 ! 00 " # !/ /!0 8 / 0 ! " 7! # ! // !/ 0 ! 9 8! /7 ! 9 ! 7 !7 0 1 ! 0 " 7! # ! //! " 0!0 0 8 /; /7 ! 9 ! 7 0 1 ! !7 / ! 8!/ 0 ! //! " 0!0 " 7! 7 !7 9 8! 0 0 9 ? 1 < =1

!"

#

$

%

&

' ! ),

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Circuit Diagram

0-

9( # (4 -

-(

. !

9(

9(

?

(

.1 1)1

-1 )1(

!"

#

$

%

.1( (1.1-

&

? P 1 1.-( 14)

' !)

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Procedure ! 2 ! " ! 0 0 ! !/1 ? 0 !7 ; ! ! 9!! 0 ! !/ / 7 * 9 C.E(C $" 0 !71 6 0 / 00 ! 0 00 "!/ 1 2! ! ! 0 00 9 / 7 / < =1 9 ## ! ? < 7 " = # 7 0 1 ? / // !/ #/!: ! ; [# I *$'1 7 C 7 ! 7 7!>1 ' ! / " 7 0 8!/0 0 7 7!>1

% ' ) * / 3

- 4- 5

6

( Modulation Index (µ) = (Vmax – Vmin )

/ (Vmax + Vmin)

Vm = (Vmax – Vmin ) / 2

Vmin

Vmax

Trapezoidal Waveform

Result 0

.

!"

#

$

6

%

66

(

-

?

&

' ! )4

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

2

.

8 2, . ,2

8

Aim (

?4 $

-

( . #

#

.

#

#

$

6

-

(

Components and Equipments Required (4 /

9 -

00 /

!0 0 /0

%

"

/0

2

A1

. $ 6? .4-

.

.

. 23

.

.

(( 23

(

.

3

-

.

-1,23

)

.

1.+#

.

)

* ,4

.

.

'

7!

'

!

5 /!0

.

)

!

6

.

*

* '/

/7

!0

)

Theory 4"/ " / ' 0 !' /

(4 -

( . ! " 7! # ! !00 / !/ ! !00 /! ! 8!/ 7! 7 !0 /! ! ; 9 !8! 01 Circuit Diagram

R1

RF

Note: If you want to keep the positive-going portion of the input signal instead of the negativegoing portion, simply reverse the two diodes. The result will be a negative-going copy of the positive part of the input signal. !"

#

$

%

&

' ! -4

Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Working / ! ! 8! # ; ! # 0 ! 9 8! " ! " 0 7 ! " 0 8!1 / ! " 0 8! # ; ! ! " 0 7 ! H!/ 1 ! / " 0 !0 0 H #! 20 2! ! 8!/ " # !/ 9 " ! # 7 7!0 77!71 5 ; 9 ^ * ; ! ; 7 !0 ! /! #; 1 ! !/ 0 " ; 2!!"0 ! " " / 9 ! !0 " 70 H!/ 1 ? / ! ! 8! # ; ! " ! " " " !0 " 0 8! # / . / *& 7 ( 0 *??1

D1 OFF

D2

9

20 7 0 J 0 2! ! 8!/ ! " "Y0 " " 16 !/ < ; ! 7 7!Y0 # /9 /7 8 ! C 1 ! 00 8!/ !:

" # !/ !> !" # / 7 7! 0!/ !0 !!7 9 //; ! " " 7J 0 0 0! # ! 1 C= ! !/ 8 ! "" !01

9 < + B+ Y9 ? / .E (E. 2 7C E .C ! " //! / / . 7 ( 0 2! ! 00 8!/ " # !/ ! "