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Hihlåtojh nk Nhtas

Hutar0 Zkdhsèi Ehonhih

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ÅINOJK 8. HIHLÅ^OJH NK NH NH^AZ ^AZ ............................................................. ............................................................................................................... .........................................................: .......: 8.8 VKTZVKJ^OWHZ NK LH HIHLÅ^OJHZ NK NH^AZ NH^AZ ......................................................... ................................................................7 .......7 8.4 ±D[ZOIKZZ OI^KLLOCKIJK1 ±DOC ±DO C NH NH^H1 ^H1 ±NH^H ±NH^H HIHL_^OJZ1.....................................? 8.4.8 Dusoikss Oitkllockijk  Oitkllockijk..................................................................................................  ...................................................................................................... .... 86 8.4.4 Doc Nhth .............................................................. Nhth ................................................................................................................ .............................................................. ............ 86 8.4.: Nhth Hihlyjs ................................................... Hihlyjs ..................................................................................................... .............................................................. ............ 88 8.: LH DHZK NK [IH D[KIH JOKIJOH NK NH NH^AZ ^AZ _ HIÈLOZOZ ....................................... ....................................... 8: 8.:.8 Bhdolonhnks oitkrpkrsaihlks nkl hihlosth nk nhtas  nhtas .................................................. .................................................. 8> 8.:.4 Bhdolonhnks tïjiojhs nkl hihlosth nk nhtas . nhtas ................................................... .............................................................. ............ 8; 8.> K@KEVLAZ NK HIHLÅ^OJHZ NK NH^AZ ATOKI^HNHZ H IKCAJOAZ  IKCAJOAZ  ...... ........... .......... .......... ..... 83 8.>.8 Skd Hihlyjs .................................................. Hihlyjs .................................................................................................... ............................................................... ............. 83 8.>.4 Vrknojvk Hihlyjs  Hihlyjs...................................................................................................  ........................................................................................................ ..... 83 8.>.: Tkthol Hihlyjs  Hihlyjs ................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............. 82 8.>.> Ehrmkic Hihlyjs ........................................ Hihlyjs .......................................................................................... ............................................................... ............. 46 8.>.; Justaekr Hihlyjs ......................................... Hihlyjs ........................................................................................... ............................................................... ............. 48 8.>.7 Tosm Hihlyjs............................................ Hihlyjs.............................................................................................. ....................................................................... ..................... 44 8.>.3 Tkhl ek Hihlyjs  Hihlyjs ............................................................................................ ........................................................................................................ ............. 44 8.>.2 Wosuhl Hihlyjs ................................................. Hihlyjs ................................................................................................... .............................................................. ............ 4: 8.>.? Jabart Hihlyjs ................................................ Hihlyjs .................................................................................................. ............................................................. ........... 4> JAIJL[ZOÚI............................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................... ........... 4> DODLOACTHGÅH ........................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ........... 47

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 Hihlåjh nk Nhtas

8. HIHLÅ^OJH NK N K NH^AZ Ki lh hjtuhlonhn, lh sajoknhn kstè kxpkroekithina ui rèpona oijrkekita ki kl valueki y lh vhroknhn nk las nhtas. Jai lh hyunh nk lhs ehtkeèjhs y lh ksthnåsjh, ks pasodlk prajkshrlas y jaivkrrlas ki bhllhzcas a oisocbts phrh kxtrhkr jaiajoeokita ðl. Hså, sk panrè pan rè llkvhr h jhda uih ek`ar taeh nk nkjosoaiks, jaiajkr ki praguinonhn kl prajksa nk ikcajoa y, eès hði, adtkadtkikr uih rkspuksth hjkrthnh h uih nktkreoihnh prkcuith. Ki atrhs phlhdrhs0 Kstk jheoia sk prkskith jaea uih apjoúi apjo úi phrh lhs archiozhjoaiks quk quokrhi qu okrhi skr jaepkvhs, vhloïinask nk lh kxpkrokijoh hjueulhnh, lh juhl soi nunh hlcuih jaistuyk kl proijophl hjva nkl quk sk nospaik phrh lh jrkhjoúi nk vhlar. Nk ksth ehikrh, uih archiozhjoúi quk rkkxoaih, najuekith y hprkink, kstè ki jainojoaiks nk oiiavhr y adtkikr vkith`hs jaepkvhs. (Ehrjh(Ehrjhia Hulhr & ^hlhvkrh Vkrkorh, 4663, p. 888) Zk jaiajk jaea Hihlåjh nk Nhtas (HN) a Nhth Hihlyjs (NH) h tanhs hqukllhs thrkhs arokitharokithnhs h lh kxplarhjoúi nk las nhtas, jai lh oitkijoúi nk kijaitrhr phtraiks a jaiajoeokita ðl, quk pkreoth apeozhr a rkithdolozhr ui prajksa nk ikcajoa ([iovkrsonhn Ihjoaihl @arck DhshDhshnrk Crabehii, 4682).

Jaijkpta Lh hihlåjh nk nhtas (HN), nk hjukrna jai Luos @ayhiks Hcuolhr (468:), sk trhnujk jaea las prajksas y lhs hjvonhnks noskøhnas phrh adtkadtk ikr y kvhluhr nhtas ki druta a jrunas, jai kl i nk gareulhr jaijlujaijlusoaiks quk pkreothi kxtrhkr oigarehjoúi ðl nk kllas.

:

 

Lh Hihlåjh nk Nhtas oitkith rkspainkr prkcuiths nkl pa0 ±júea hljhizhr h uih ghjturhjoúi nk [$Z8.666.6661, ±quï jhedohr phrh huekithr lhs vkiths1, ±par quï ia bh huekithna kl parparjkith`k nk ïxota ki kl praykjta1, ±juèita jrkjkrè lh jaephøåh1, ±quï sujknkrè jai kl valueki nk vkiths so jaiiðhi lhs eosehs jainojoaiks kjaiúeojhs1 a ±juèl nkdkråh skr kl prkjoa úpea nkl pranujta dh`a lhs hjtuhlks jainojoaiks nkl ekrjhna1 (Thya, 4687). Nk hjukrna jai @ayhiks Hcuolhr, las rksulthnas nk lh HN sk puknki ulozhr phrh0

- Onkijhr èrkhs èrkhs jlhvks nk rokscas, grhunks, grhunks, krrarks a ehl usa= - Ek`arhr las prajksas prajksas nk ikcajoas y vkrojhr su kgkjvonhn= - Oiuor ki lhs lhs nkjosoaiks nk lh archiozhjoúi. Hsoeosea, kl hutar jaisonkrh quk, juhina sk oiojoh ui pracrheh nk Hihlåjh nk Nhtas, ks prkjoprkjosa jaisonkrhr uih skrok nk hspkjtas0

- Ehxoeozhr kl rktaria rktaria nk lh oivkrsoúi (TAO)= (TAO)= - Jueplor jai kl kl prksupuksta nkl praykjta= praykjta= - Cksaihr ghlsas rksulthnas=

- Hskcurhr lh pratkjjoúi= pratkjjoúi= - Chrhizh Chrhizhrr lh jainkijohlonhn nk lhs gukitks nk nhtas y las rksulthnas. rksulthnas.

Ki ui kstunoa rkhlozhna par Grkn Dhldaio, Clkii Goijb, Jhtby Tankidkjm Tkksk y Tkdkjjh Zbajmlky (468:), sk nktkjtú lh prkskijoh k oitkrrklhjoúi nk iukvk phlhijhs nogkrkijohnarhs ki lhs archiozhjoaiks lånkrks0

- Julturh0 nospaiodolonhn y usa nk nhtas y hièlosos ki lh jaephøåh= - Nhtas0 kstrujturh y garehlonhn nk las prajksas nk cadokria nk nhtas nk lh keprksh y nk lh skcuronhn nk sus nhtas= - Jaiajoeokitas0 nkshrralla nk jaepktkijohs y jhphjonhnks nk cksúi y hihlåjh nk nhtas, hså jaea hjjksa h lhs eosehs= - Goihijohjoúi0 rocar ihijokra nkl prajksa nk ihijohjoúi nk las hièlosos= - Eknojoúi0 kvhluhjoúi nkl oephjta sadrk las rksulthnas nk ikcajoa= - Vlhthgareh0 jhphjonhnks oitkcrhnhs praparjoaihnhs par kl bhrnwhrk y kl sawhrk=

- Gukitk nk vhlar0 hjjoaiks y nkjosoaiks quk ckikrhi rksulthnas= - Vhtrajoioa0 hpaya k oeplojhjoúi nk lh norkjjoúi= - Jaihizh0 jaihizh nk lh norkjjoúi. >

 

Las hutarks nktkreoihrai quk “kxostk uih kstrkjbh jarrklhjoúi kitrk lhs archiozhjoaiks quk nksthjhi ki kl usa nk ksths phlhijhs y hqukllhs quk adkiki kl eèxoea vhlar nk lh hihlåjh― (p. :). H su vkz, adskrvhrai quk lhs jaephøåhs quk “oivokrtki ki ksths iukvk phlhijhs, prksthina kspkjohl htkijoúi h lh rklhjoúi nk soedoasos soe doasos kxostkitk kitrk kllhs, puknki hjklkrhr lh ckikrhjoúi nk vhlar, soeplojhr lh oeplhithjoúi nk lh hihlåjh nk nhtas y adtkikr vhlar nk ksths oivkrsoaiks― (p. :). Kl oitkrïs quk lhs keprkshs kiki par kllhs rkspaink h lh oiukijoh quk paskki ki lh jhphjonhn nk kxtrhkr vhlar nk las nhtas y las hièlosos nospaiodlks. Huiquk lhs iukvk phlhijhs nosicuki h las lånkrks nk las nkeès, skcði las hjhnïeojas, jhnh uih nk kllhs hgkjth h lh ckikrhjoúi nk vhlar nk ui eana nosita. Ki kstk skina, Dhldaio, Goijb, Tankidkjm Tkksk y Zbajmlky onkijhrai trks iovklks nk oephjta0 - Vhlhijhs jhphjothnarhs0 jaistuyki lh dhsk nkl Doc Nhth y lh hihlåjh nk nhtas. - Vhlhijhs oepulsarhs0 sai ikjkshrohs phrh ckikrhr vhlar h phrr nk las nhtas y las hièlosos= so ia sai la sujokitkekitk sasjhnhs, lh ckikrhjoúi nk vhlar sk vk adsthjulozhnh. - Vhlhijhs heplojhnarh heplojhnarhs0 s0 rkgukrzhi lh ckikrhjoúi nk vhlar.

Gocurh I° 80 Iovkl nk oephjta o ephjta nk lhs phlhijhs ki kl vhlar

Gukitk0 Dhldaio, Goijb, Tankidkjm Tkksk y Zbajmlky Zbajmlky (468:). Lhs iukvk phlhijhs sai jhphjonhnks quk bhjki pasodlk y ek`arhi kl nkshrralla, lh ckikrhjoúi nk hihlåjh y jrkhjoúi nk vhlar ]GocurhU.

Oeparthitk “Jaiajkr kl eana ki kl quk jhnh phlhijh ckikrh vhlar jaea JhphjoJhphjo thnarh, Oepulsarh a Heplojhnarh ks oeparthitk h lh barh nk nkshrrankshrrallhr uih kstrhtkcoh hihlåjh―, kxplojhi las hutarks (p. >). Lhs proekrhs, par k`kepla, nkdki nk skr jrkhnhs hitks nk pankr ckikrhr vhlar h trhvïs nk lhs nas ðlehs. ;

 

8.8 VKTZVKJ^OWHZ NK LH HIHLÅ^OJHZ NK NH^AZ Hitkroarekitk, sk kxprksú quk kl Nhth Hihlyjs pkrsocuk lh ihlonhn nk ckikrhr jaiajoeokita ðl phrh droinhr rkspuksths h las oitkrrachitks quk sk rkhlozh lh archiozhjoúi. Zoi kedhrca, ia tanas las oitkrrachitks puknki skr rksukltas eknohitk las sostkehs trhnojoaihlks nk dhsks nk nhtas, soia quk sk nkdk nk rkjurror h atrhs bkrrheokiths quk pkreothi rkhlozhr eanklas ksthnåsksthnåsjas hvhizhnas. Klla nh luchr hl surcoeokita h las juhtra pas nk hièlosos rkk`hnas ki lh oehcki quk sk kijukitrh h jaiiuhjoúi.

Gocurh I° 40 ^opas nk hièlosos hvhizhnas nk nhtas

Gukitks00 Thya (4687). ^opas nk Hièlosos nk Nhtas ]GocurhU. Gukitks

Jaea puithpoï oiojohl nkl trhtheokita nkl uiovkrsa hihlåja, sk oitranujk kl socuokitk ksqukeh, quk kxpaik jai jlhronhn lh kvalujoúi nkl hièlosos nk nhtas ki rklhjoúi hl vhlar quk lk hparth h lh keprksh, par ui lhna, y hl nksha a lh nojulthn hlcaråteojh quk oeplojh lh adtkijoúi nk lh oigarehjoúi ikjkshroh phrh lacrhr ui rksulthna shsghjtaroa, par kl atra.

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Gocurh I° :0 [iovkrsa hihlåja

Gukitk0 hnhpthjoúi nk Chrtikr (468:, jothna par Nkjonk, 4687). Vrkskitk y gutura nk lh hihlåjh hvhizhnh ]GocurhU. Las proekras phsas nkl Nhth Hihlyjs sk arokithi bhjoh uih lh hnapjoúi nk uih pasturh rktrasrktraspkjvh. Hquå, kitrh ki ksjkih lh hihlåjh nksjropvh a nksjropvk hihlyjs, quk sk oistruekioistruekith h trhvïs las nkl nhtas Dusoikss (DO) aphsú, kl DO-Nhth Eoioic (eoikråh nk nhtas). n htas).las Kihitkjknkitks, ksth kthph, sk jaisulthi phrhOitkllockijk kitkinkr quï ki atrhs phlhdrhs, sk nksjrodki júea guk kl phshna.

Jaijkpta “Lhs tïjiojhs nksjropvhs sk ajuphi nk la quk bh sujknona ki kl phshna, jhtkcarozhina, jhrhjtkrozhina y jlhsojhina nhtas bostúrojas (ck(ck ikrhlekitk kstrujturhnas)―, kxplojhi Bheeau Eksshh, Lyii Tkyks y Eojbhkl Zjbrakjm (4688, p. 86).

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Kl prúxoea phsa rktraspkjva kik par prathcaiosth h lh hihlåjh nohciúsjh a nohciasj hihlyjs, quk jalajh kl gaja ki par quï sujknoú la quk sujknoú. Vhrh klla, dusjh ksthdlkjkr jajarrklhjoaiks, quk ia ikjkshrohekitk prukdhi jhushlonhn. Ksth oisthijoh, ckikrhlekitk, ks eès jaeplk`h quk lh hitkroar y droinh oigarehjoúi eès vhloash (Zbo-Ihsb & Bhrnaai, 4687). Ki ksths nas proekrhs kthphs, jaea puknk hprkjohrsk, sk bhdlh nkl phshna h phrr nk nhtas rkhlks, kxtrhånas nk lhs eèquoihs, lhs oeèckiks, kl jaepartheokita nkl jlokitk a juhlquokr atrh gukitk rklkvhitk. Hedas hièlosos sk llkvhi h jhda phrh jaiajkr quï y par quï phsú. Jai ksh oioigarehjoúi h ehia, ks pasodlk klhdarhr ui nohciúsja nk lh sotuhjoúi y nkior hlcuih kstrhtkcoh nk hjjoúi phrh jarrkcor la ikchva a hphlhijhr la pasova.

Tkjukrnh

Lh oigarehjoúi pranujonh par las hièlosos nksjropva y nk nohciúsja ks jaisonkrhnh rktraspkjvh, nhna quk hedas sk rkkrki, ki crhi eknonh, h jashs quk yh ajurrokrai ki kl phshna

H phrr nk kstk puita, kl nksha jaeokizh h skr ui paja eès crhink, puksta quk jaeokizh h jaicurhrsk lh vosoúi. Dhsèinask ki las hpartks nk lhs oisthijohs hitkroarks, lh hihlåjh kvalukvalu joaih bhjoh uih ghsk prknojvh  (prknojvk hihlyjs), quk ulozh tïjiojhs ksthnåsjhs a nkeh phrh bhjkr uih ksehjoúi nk juèl skrè kl jaepartheokita nk uih vhrohdlk jrujohl jboik lkhrioic  phrh phrh lh taeh nk nkjosoaiks. Hså, par k`kepla, ks pasodlk prkvkr kl valueki nk vkiths kspkrhna phrh kl prúxoea juhtroekstrk a júea ujtuhrè nkehinh. Kl ad`kva, ki nkiovh, ks praiaspraiasjhr la quk sujknkrè ki kl gutura g utura h phrr nkl hièlosos nk las nhtas bostúrojas b ostúrojas rkjaconas. Kl ðlea ksthnoa nk lh kvalujoúi nk lh hihlåjh ks kl prksjropva  (prksjropvk hihlyjs), quk vh eès hllè nk las hièlosos nksjropva y prknojva, puksta quk su k`k ks lh prkvosoúi. Hquå, sk dusjh droinhr rkjaekinhjoaiks a jursas nk hjjoúi eastrhina lh pradhdolonhn nk ajurrkijoh nk jhnh nkjosoúi y sus pasodlks jaiskjukijohs. Ki atrhs phlhdrhs, sk jaijkitrh ki quï puknk bhjkr lh archiozhjoúi, ki ckikrhr ui plhi nk hjjoúi, dhshna ki lh nospaiodolonhn nospaiodolon hn nk rkjursas y lh nkehinh hjtuhl, y eujbhs vkjks rklhjoaihna jai ui praiúsja gutura. [ih nk lhs tïjiojhs eès ulozhnhs phrh kstk pa nk hihlåjh ks ui eankla nk apeozhjoúi jaedoihtaroh nkiaeoihna   dðsquknh apkrhvh (apkrhaihl rkskhrjb), quk jaisostk ki eanklas ehtkeèjas, nkeastrhnas par tkarkehs, quk jaisocuki lh ek`ar hsocihjoúi nk rkjursas phrh uih sotuhjoúi y ui ad`kva ki phrjulhr.

Jaijkpta “Lhs tïjiojhs prksjropvhs praparjoaihi h las rkspaishdlks nk taehr nkjosoaiks hltkrihvhs sasjhnhs (jaiajoeokitas jrkhnas jai iovkiovklks susthijohlks nk vklajonhn, thehøa, vhlonkz, hljhijk y praguinonhn) phrh nktkreoihr juèlks sai lhs ek`arks rkspuksths―, kxplojhi BheBheeau Eksshh, Lyii Tkyks y Eojbhkl Zjbrakjm (4688, p. 86).

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8.4 ±D[ZOIKZZ O I^KLLOCKIJK1 ±DOC NH^H1 NH^H1 ±NH^H ±NH^H HIHL_^OJZ1 HIHL_^OJZ1 ±D [ZOIKZZ OI^KLLOCKIJK1 Las tïreoias Dusoikss Oitkllockijk, Doc Nhth y Nhth Hihlyjs sk kijukitrhi ki dach ðlehðleh ekitk. Ks thl lh rklkvhijoh quk bhi jadrhna ki kl ðlea kepa ki kl euina archiozhjoaihl quk sk vuklvk ikjkshroa ksdazhr uih nkiojoúi nk jhnh uia nk kllas. Hitks nk jaiiuhr, ks oeparthitk tkikr ki jukith las hpartks prkskitks ki kl socuokitk ksqukeh, naink sk olustrh lh nosjoploih nk lh hihlåjh nk nhtas nksnk lh pkrspkjvh nk Naihln Tuesgkln. Gocurh I° >0 Lh hihlåjh skcði Naihln Tuesgkln

Gukitk0 Mhusbom (s.g., jothna par Oslhe, 4683). Naihln Tuesgkln ai Hihlyjs ]GocurhU.

^hl jaea rkk`h lh oehcki hitkroar, Tuesgkln (jothna par Ehiza, 4683) onkijh juhtra jashs h lhs quk uia puknk p uknk kigrkithrsk ki lh Hihlåjh nk Nhtas0

- Jashs quk quk shdkeas quk shdkeas0 sai bkjbas quk puknki ksthr krrhnas y nkdki nk skr vkrojhnas jai nhtas. - Jashs quk shdkeas quk ia shdkeas0 sai prkcuiths quk puknki skr rkspainonhs jai rkrkpartks quk nkdki nk skr ksthinhrozhnas y hutaehzhnas. - Jashs quk ia shdkeas quk shdkeas0 sai oituojoaiks quk sk nkdki nk juhijhr y kiskøhr phrh ek`arhr lh kjhjoh y lh kjokijoh. - Jashs quk quk ia shdkeas shdkeas quk ia shdkeas0 shdkeas0 sk trhth nk lh kxplarhjoúi h trhvïs nk lh juhl sk kijukitrhi oeparthitks vkith`hs y kpoghiåhs oeparthitks.

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8.4.8 Dusoikss Oitkllockijk Hplojhnh hl èedota tkjialúcoja, lh oitklockijoh nk ikcajoas a Dusoikss Oitkllockijk, nk hjukrna jai kl clashroa nk O^ nk Chrtikr (s.g.), ks ui tïreoia phrhcuhs quk kicladh h ui jai`uita nk hplohplo jhjoaiks, oigrhkstrujturh, bkrrheokiths y dukihs prèjjhs quk pkreotki hjjknkr h oigarehjoúi y hihlozhrlh phrh ek`arhr y apeozhr lhs nkjosoaiks y kl rkinoeokita. Vkra ±nk núink pravokiki ïstas nhtas1 ^hl ^hl jaea kxplojh Ehri Ehiza, pravokiki nk las sostkehs quk sk ulozhi h nohroa ki lhs keprkshs0

Jhnh nåh sk oigarehzhi eès prajksas quk nk`hi uih trhzh nocothl. Jhnh vkz quk ui pknona jhedoh nk ksthna, sk rkcostrh uih iukvh vkith a sk oicrksh ui eavoeokita nk stajm lh dhsk nk nhtas sueh rkcostras. Ks ki kstas rkcostras quk sk ksjaink kl iukva pa nk hjva quk tanh keprksh kik, pkra quk pajhs kxplathi y quk droinh iukvhs iu kvhs y vkrnhnkrhs vkith`hs jaepkvhs. (4683)

Jaijkpta Lh oitklockijoh nk ikcajoas lh rkjapolhjoúi nk yoigarehjoúi jarrkjth, apartuih y ki ui “oivalujrh garehta quk sk puknh ushr, su hièlosos nk thl gareh quk tkich ui kgkjta pasova ki lh kstrhtkcoh, tèjjhs y apkrhjoaiks nkl ikcajoa―, ksthdlkjki Thlpb Zthor y Ckarck Tkyialns (4686, p. 462).

[ih oeplkekithjoúi nk DO, skcði kl Ehiza, pkreotk kxplathr jaeplkthekitk las nas proekras jhsas nkl nohcrheh nk Tuesgkln, eknohitk kl kquopheokita jai bkrrheokiths y eïtanas quk pkreotki oinhchr ki las nhtas kstrujturhnas nk lh keprksh. Jokrtas oistruekitas thedoïi droidroi nhi lh pasodolonhn nk n k vkrojhr oituojoaiks y kxplarhr las nhtas h iovkl ehjra.

8.4.4 Doc Nhth Hl jaitrhroa nk DO, kxplojh Ehiza, quk sk jkitrh ki las nhtas kstrujturhnas quk lh prapoh jaejae phøåh ckikrh, kl proijophl arocki nkl Doc Nhth sai gukitks kxtkrihs0 skisarks, jèehrhs, nospasovas CVZ, Oa Oa^ ^ y rknks sajohlks, kitrk atrhs. Lhs eosehs pranujki nhtas ia kstrujturhnas ki crhi valueki, par la quk sk rkquokrk nk bkrrheokiths b krrheokiths kspkjohlks phrh hihlozhrlas.

Tkjukrnh

Kl Doc Nhth sk hsajoh h hquklla quk sk puknk bhjkr h crhi ksjhlh, pkra ia h uih ksjhlh oigkroar, phrh kxtrhkr iukvhs pkrjkpjoaiks a jrkhr iukvhs garehs nk vhlar. Var jaisocuokitk, oeplojh uih trhisgarehjoúi jaisonkrhdlk (Ehykr-Zjb÷idkrckr & Jumokr, 468:).

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^aehina ki jukith kl nohcrheh nk Tuesgkln, Ehiza adskrvh quk lhs nosjoploihs hsajohnhs h Doc Nhth pkreotki kxplarhr las jheoias nk jashs quk ia shdkeas quk shdkeas y jashs quk ia shdkeas quk ia shdkeas, ks nkjor, las jheoias : y >. 8.4.: Nhth Hihlyjs

Jaea su iaedrk oinojh y thlphrh jaea guk skøhlhna hitkroarekitk, kl pas Nhth nk Hihlyjs kikl prajksa nk hihlozhr nhtas kxtrhkr oigarehjoúi ðl. Las nas hièlososjaisostk eès jaiajaia jonas, nk hjukrna jai Ehiza, sai kl jairehva (JNH) y kl kxplarhtaroa (KNH). Zocuokina kl nohcrheh nk Tuesgkln, kl proekra puknk hsajohrsk jai lhs rhehs 8 y 4, y kl skcuina, jai lhs rhehs : y >.

Jaijkpta Kl hièlosos jairehva nk nhtas  “ks ui eana nk hièlosos nk nhtas quk ulozh ksthnåsjas iueïrojas nk rksueki ckikrhnas h phrr nkl keplka nk ui eankla, nkiona h proaro, phrh jairehr a ia uih bobopútksos―, kxplojh @hvokr Vhrrh Alovhrks (4664, p. 844). Var su phrtk, kl hièlosos kxplarhtaroa nk nhtas keplkh kl rksueki iueïroja y vosuhl phrh kxplarhr nhtas ki dusjh nk phtraiks ia hijophnas.

Ehiza jaisonkrh quk, oinkpkinokitkekitk nkl pa nk nhtas quk sk tkich y lhs gukitks quk sk keplkki phrh rkjalkjthrlas, lh jlhvk rksonk ki kxplathrlas k oitkrprkthrlas, nhnh lh ikjksonhn nk jaivkrrlas ki oigarehjoúi quk ckikrk vhlar phrh lh keprksh. Jhdk nksthjhr quk kl eana nk llkvhr h jhda kl hièlosos vhrohrè nk hjukrna hl thehøa nk lh jaephøåh y lhs bkrrheokiths quk sk ulojki phrh klla.

Tkjukrnh

^hl jaea kxpaik kl hutar, kl ad`kva keprkinkr ui hièlosos nk nhnhtas ks kl eosea, soi oeparthr kl kitaria ki kl quk sk rkhlojk0 skh uih oivkschjoúi jokijh a ui kstunoa nk ekrjhna, sokeprk sk dusjh kxtrhkr vhlar nk las nhtas rkjalkjthnas.

88

 

Gocurh I° ;0 Ad`kva nkl hièlosos nk nhtas

Gukitk0 klhdarhjoúi klhdarhjoúi prapoh, h phrr nk las hpartks nk Ehiza (4683).

Ks prkjosa tkikr ki jukith quk, bhsth ia bhjk eujba kepa, skøhlh Ehiza, kl jasta y lh jaejaeplk`onhn nk lhs bkrrheokiths bhjåhi ikjkshroa quk q uk lhs keprkshs rkquorokrhi kl ral nk hihlosth nk ikcajoa. Zoi kedhrca, ki lh hjtuhlonhn, lhs bkrrheokiths tkjialúcojhs hihlåjhs pasodolothi kl hjjksa h lh oigarehjoúi, rèponh y kjhzekitk, par phrtk nk juhlquokr hjtar nk lh jaephøåh. Ki kstk skina, nkdk nk jaisonkrhrsk quk kl huekita nk lh jhinhn nk pkrsaihs quk jaiajki kl ksthna hjtuhl nk lh kinhn kik vhroas dkikjoas, kitrk las quk jhdk ekijoaihr0 - Oijrkekita nk lh jhlonhn y rknujjoúi nkl kepa rkqukrona rkqukrona phrh lh taeh nk lhs nkjosoaiks. - Kitkinoeokita nkl ksthna hjtuhl nk lh keprksh y kstunoa nkl phshna ki dusjh nk phtraphtraiks nk oitkrïs phrh lhs nogkrkitks kstrhtkcohs archiozhjoaihlks. - Hplojhjoúi nk tïjiojhs nk hièlosos prknojva quk pkreothi jaithr jai jai oigarehjoúi sadrk la quk puknk sujknkr ki kl gutura. - Noseoiujoúi nk lh jhinhn nk oitkreknohroas kitrk lh oigarehjoúi oigarehjoúi y quoki rkhlekitk lh ikjksoth. 84

 

8.: LH DHZK NK [IH D[KIH JOKIJOH NK NH^AZ _ HIÈLOZOZ H eknonh quk sk hvhizh ki kl jheoia nk lh jokijoh jokij oh nk nhtas, ks pasodlk pkrjodor quk lhs keprkshs oepulshnhs par las nhtas ikjksothi nk pkrsaihs quk tkichi oitklockijoh nk ikcajoas y bhdolonhbhdolonhnks hihlåjhs y jaeuiojhjoaihlks.

Jaijkpta Kl hièlosos nk nhtas gareh phrtk nkl trhdh`a nohroa nk las jokijas nk nhtas, `uita jai kl hrrkcla, lh jaivkrsoúi, kl ehpka, kl h`ustk nk garehta y lh loepokzh nk nhtas.

Zk nojk quk kl 26% nkl trhdh`a quk rkhlozhi las jokijas nk nhtas sk trhnujk ki rkjapolhr, loeloe pohr y archiozhr nhtas, y quk súla kl 46% sk nksih n ksih h su vkrnhnkrh kspkjohlonhn0 jrkhr eanklas y bhjkr nksjudroeokitas. [i kstunoa rkhlozhna par JrawnGlawkr (4687) praguinozh ki h quï nknojhi su kepa kstas kspkjohlosths. Kl socuokitk ksqukeh nksekiuzh kstk hspkjta. Gocurh I° 70 ±Xuï phshi eès kepa bhjokina las jokijas nk nhtas1

Gukitk0 hnhpthjoúi hnhpthjoúi nk JrawnGlawkr (4687). Sbht nhth sjokists spkin tbk east ek naoic ]GocurhU. ]Gocu rhU.

8:

 

Lhs hjjoaiks nksjropths ki lh oehcki hitkroar panråhi skr rkhlozhnhs par ui hihlosth nk sostkehs, prapokthroas nk ikcajoas, kquopas ihijokras, ckrkitks nk praykjtas a ui jalhdarhnar nk ehrehrmkic. Var la thita, kitkinkr júea kxplarhr kl jai`uita nk nhtas quk hparthi dhsks nk nhtas, JZW u atrhs gukitks ks uih bhdolonhn euy vhloash quk tanas nkdki nk nkshrrallhr. Klla pkreotk hjjknkr h las nhtas quk hlcuih vkz gukrai taehnas y trhdh`hnas par las quokiks sk nkskepkøhi n kskepkøhi ki kl èrkh tkjialúcojh y las kquopas nk dhsks nk nhtas.

Oeparthitk Hjtuhlekitk,, ia ks hneosodlk quk las kquopas ia tkichi hjjksa h las Hjtuhlekitk nhtas. ^ana kl pkrsaihl prkjosh tkikr jaiajoeokita hjkrjh nk júea trhdh`hrlas k onkhr hièlosos h phrr nk kllas.

8.:.8 Bhdolonhnks oitkrpkrsaihlks nkl hihlosth nk nhtas Zo doki kl hièlosos nk nhtas ks hdstrhjta, ia ks ehtkeèjh (huiquk så sk trhth nk ehtkeèjhs) io uih jokijoh kxhjth jaea lh oickiokråh a lh jaithdolonhn. Tkquokrk, skijollhekitk, nk ui kiki gaquk prèjja phrh lacrhr hdarnhr kl pradlkeh jkitrhl0 shdkr lonohr jai phrèektras oeprkjosas, crhinks jai`uitas nk nhtas y lhs pkrsaihs nk lh jaephøåh. Var thl eava, sk vuklvk ikjkshroa quk las hihlosths jukitki jai uih skrok nk bhdolonhnks oitkrpkrsaihlks phrh adtkikr ui duki rksulthna. Ki kstk skina, ia súla ks ekikstkr tkikr jaiajoeokitas ehtkeèjas y nk ZXL y sjropic, soia thedoïi ehitkikrsk archiozhna y skr jhphz nk jaeuiojhr jlhrhekitk las nksjunksjudroeokitas. Nkitra nk lhs bhdolonhnks oitkrpkrsaihlks rkqukronhs phrh ui hihlosth nk nhtas, sk nksthjhi juhtra0 vh - Jaeuiojhjoúi0 las jokijas nk nhtas kiki hjjksa h eðlplks gukitks nk nhtas nk vhroas nkphrthekitas. Ksta lks droinh lh rkspaishdolonhn y lh ikjksonhn nk pankr kxplojhrlks jai jlhronhn la quk kstèi nksjudrokina h las k`kjuvas nk jhnh skjtar. Vhrh klla, prkjoshi taehr jaijkptas ehtkeèjas y tkjialúcojas jaeplk`as, y jrkhr ekish`ks jlhras y jaijojaijo sas sadrk las juhlks las ehihckrs puknhi hjtuhr. Ksta oeplojh ia súla taehr dukihs iaths, jrkhr lodras nk trhdh`a súlonas, pracrhehr ki Vytbai a bhjkr eanklas ksthnåsjas, soia thedoïi klhdarhr oigareks súlonas quk sapartki lh taeh nk nkjosoaiks. - Ksjujbh kepèjh0 las hihlosths nk nhtas ia sokeprk kstèi ki kl eosea kquopa quk las

nukøas nk ikcajoas, ckrkitks y hihlosths nk ikcajoas. Ksta bhjk quk skh euy oeparthitk phrh kllas ksjujbhr nolockitkekitk la quk rkhlekitk sk lks ponk, trhthr nk dusjhr puitas nk nalar y pradlkehs, y hyunhr h supkrhrlas. Klla sociojh tkikr kephh.

- Gajhlozhjoúi ki kl jaitkxta y las nkthllks0 las hihlosths nk nhtas nkdki nk jaeprkinkr lhs ikjksonhnks nk las atras nkphrthekitas y las prajksas nktrès nk las nhtas quk kstèi hihlozhina, par k`kepla, lh oitkrhjjoúi nk ui usuhroa jai ui soa nk jaekrjoa klkjtrúioja, lh htkijoúi nk ui phjokitk ki ui baspothl, lh hpradhjoúi nk ui praykjta, uih jaeprh, ktjïktjïtkrh. Ki atrhs phlhdrhs, prkjoshi kitkinkr lhs rkclhs nk ikcajoa y lh lúcojh keprkshrohl, yh quk, nk la jaitrhroa, panråhi rkhlozhr ui hièlosos oijarrkjta y supasojoaiks krrúikhs. 8>

 

- Juroasonhn0 kl hièlosos rkquokrk kiuekrhr tanhs lhs prkcuiths quk sk jaisonkrhi vhloashs phrh kl hièlosos. Vhrh klla, ks ikjkshroa quk kl hihlosth paskh uih ekitk juroash, ju roash, prkajuphprkajuphnh par hvkrocuhr lh rkspuksth hl pradlkeh nk ikcajoas plhitkhna ±Var quï las nhtas sai jaea sai1, ±par quï sk vki phtraiks1, ±quï sociojh ui phtrúi nktkjthna1 y ±quï puknk ushr phrh kijaitrhr lh rkspuksth y quoïi la shdk1 sai súla hlcuias nk las oitkrrachitks quk pkreotki taehr lh norkjjoúi jarrkjth ¡^okik quk bhdkr ksk oepulsa oep ulsa y nkska shdkr par quï! Gocurh I° 30 Bhdolonhnks oitkrpkrsaihlks oitkrpkrsaihlks nkl hihlosth nk nhtas

Gukitk0 klhdarhjoúi prapoh. 8.:.4 Bhdolonhnks tïjiojhs nkl hihlosth nk nhtas ±Xuï tïjiojhs ksthnåsjhs sk ulozhi phrh jaivkrr las nhtas ki jaiajoeokita ðl ki ui prapra jksa nk taeh nk nkjosoúi1 Zk keplkhi vhrohs nk kllhs, nkpkinokina nkl prapúsota nkl hièlosos a lh prkcuith nk ikcajoa. H jaiiuhjoúi, sk nksjrodki lhs proijophlks y ui jhsa nk usa phrh jhnh uih nk kllhs0

- Hièlosos nk jaiclaekrhnas jaiclaekrhnas (Jlustkr Hihlysos Hihlysos)0)0 hcruph ki ui eosea jlustkr h tanhs hqukhquk llhs adskrvhjoaiks jai jhrhjtkråsjhs soeolhrks. Ki atrhs phlhdrhs, nas adskrvhjoaiks ki nositas crupas, ki jokrta skina, ia i a sai soeolhrks. Var k`kepla0 skcekithjoúi nk jlokijloki tks naink jhnh jlokitk jarrkspaink h uih adskrvhjoúi. - Èrdalks nk nkjosoúi (Nkjosoai ^rkks)0 ^rkks)0 bkrrheokith dhshnh ki rkclhs nk nkjosoúi y quk ulozh ui nohcrheh lúcoja (èrdal nk nkjosoúi) phrh rkhlozhr ui prajksa nk jlhsojhjoúi. Var k`kepla0 jlhsojhr trhishjjoaiks jai thr`kths nk jrïnota ki “Grhunulkith― a “Ia grhunugrhunulkith―,, h phrr nk sus htrodutas jhrhjtkråsjas. lkith― - Tkcrksoúi loikhl (Loikhl Tkcrkssoai Tkcrkssoai)0)0 prajksa ksthnåsja phrh onkijhr lh rklhjoúi kitrk uih vhrohdlk nkpkinokitk y uih a eès vhrohdlks oinkpkinokitks. Var k`kepla0 vhlarhr lh oiukijoh nk vhrohdlks hteasgïrojhs sadrk lhs vkiths nk ui pranujta y/a y/a skrvojoa.

8;

 

n ksjaepasojoúi y kl praiúsja - Zkroks nk kepa (^oek Zkroks)0 eankla ksthnåsja phrh lh nksjaepasojoúi nk vhlarks guturas nk uih skrok nk nhtas jraialúcojhekitk arnkihnas. Var k`kepla0 kl praiúsja nkl valueki nk jlokitks ki uih keprksh nk skrvojoas nk tklkvosoúi par jhdlk. - Oivkschjoúi nk apkrhjoaiks (Apkrhais Tkskhrjb)0 pkreotk jaiskcuor lh salujoúi úp-

eh a jhso úpeh h ui pradlkeh jaeplk`a nk apeozhjoúi. Var k`kepla0 kvhluhr so lh jhinhn nk kinhs nk uih keprksh nk dokiks nk jaisuea ks lh hnkjuhnh= kstk hièlosos puknk rkhlozhrsk tkiokina prkskitk kl valueki nk vkiths nk jhnh kinh y kl valueki k oicrksa pkr jèpoth nk lh padlhjoúi hlrknknar, kitrk kitrk atras oinojhnarks sajohlks. - Tknks ikuraihlks hrjohlks (Hrjohl Ikurhl Iktwarms a HII)0 eanklas ksthnåsjas

quk keulhi kl prajksa jkrkdrhl nk hprkinozh`k eknohitk kl kitrkiheokita, lh vhlonhjoúi y lh nkjosoúi. Zai ulozhnas, proijophlekitk, phrh rksalvkr pradlkehs nk jlhsojhjoúi y praiúsja. Var k`kepla0 onkijhjoúi nk rastras h phrr nk htrodutas sojas y prknojjoúi nk oinojhnarks kjaiúeojas.

- Hprkinozh`k nk eèquoih (Ehjboik Lkhrioic)0 Lkhrioic)0 èrkh euy ulozhnh phrh nktkreoihr juèl ks lh pradhdolonhn nk quk ui hjaitkjoeokita sk jlhsoquk nk hjukrna jai jrotkroas prkskitks ki atras quk yh gukrai jlhsojhnas ki kl phshna. Zk keplkh eujba phrh lh nktkjjoúi nk grhunks, kl hièlosos nk skcuras y ki kl èrkh nk shlun, puksta quk droinh ui juhnra jaeplkjaeplkta nk lh oigarehjoúi. Lhs tïjiojhs nk ehjboik lkhrioic, ki nkiovh, sk ulozhi phrh quk kl hlcarotea hprkinh par så eosea las phtraiks y lacrk nktkreoihr jai jokrta crhna nk skcuronhn so uih sotuhjoúi a pkrsaih sk h`usth eès hl ksjkihroa H quk hl D.

Gocurh I° 20 Bhdolonhnks tïjiojhs nkl hihlosth nk nhtas

Gukitk0 klhdarhjoúi prapoh.

87

 

8.> K@KEVLAZ NK HIHLÅ^OJHZ NK NH^AZ ATOKI^HNHZ H IKCAJOAZ 8.>.8 Skd Hihlyjs

Kl hièlosos wkd jaisostk ki bkrrheokiths quk oigarehi kl trèja wkd y jukithi jai lh jhphjonhn nk kxplarhr nhtas rkjurrokina h ghjtarks jaea lh jabartk, lh nkeacrhh, lh tkjialacåh tkj ialacåh nkl jlokijlokitk, lh ckacrhh, kl arocki nkl trèja, lh pècoih, lh jhephøh y lhs jaivkrsoaiks. Kl pradlkeh nk lh hihlåjh wkd ]…U ia ks thita shdkr júea guijoaih kl pracrheh phrh kxplathr tanhs sus pasodolonhnks (quk thedoïi) soia shdkr quï dusjhr, júea jaikjthr uias nhtas jai atras phrh kijaitrhr lhs rhzaiks quk llkvhi h las usuhroas h jlojhr a ia ki ui kilhjk, ki ui datúi nk jaeprh, a h rkhlozhr lhs hjjoaiks quk kl nukøa nkl soa wkd nkskhråh quk sk pranu`kski, la quk panråheas nkiaeoihr ki oiclïs dkkr qukroks (ek`arks prkcuiths) ki jaitrhpasojoúi h eès nhtas a ek`aek`a rks hlcaroteas, quk phrkjk skr ui tkeh nk nosjusoúi rkjurrkitk ki lh dodloacrhh rklhjoaihnh. Varquk kl hièlosos sk bhjk eès roja hl jruzhr nositas oinojhnarks, y nk ia bhjkrla hså, pankeas pan keas gèjolekitk llkchr h jaijlusoaiks hrrokschnhs. (ZkrrhiaJadas, 468>, p. ;7:) Ksth jlhsk nk hihlåjh “bh nk vkrsk jaea ui prajksa oitkcrhna nkitra nk las prajksas nk ikcaikca joa, phrh aklla lh oigarehjoúi adtkionh nkdk ktj.)―, oijarparhrsk ki las prajksas (JTE, KTV,y JH[ jkitras nk htkijoúi hl usuhroa, skøhlh Ehrodkl Earhlksjarparhvas Ehrikz (4686, p. 8>). Nk hjukrna jai lh hutarh, nk kstk eana, sk jaisocuk trhisgarehr kl jaiajoeokita oinovooinovonuhl nk jhnh uih nk lhs bkrrheokiths nk Skd Hihlyjs ki ui jaiajoeokita cladhl nkitra nk lh archiozhjoúi, la quk pkreotk jaiajkr ek`ar h las jlokitks y sus ikjksonhnks, y ghjoloth lh taeh nk nkjosoaiks. 8.>.4 Vrknojvk Hihlyjs

Hitkroarekitk, sk bhdlú nk ksths bkrrheokiths arokithnhs h rkhlozhr prknojjoaiks sadrk kl gutugutura h phrr nk phtraiks prkskitks ki nhtas n htas phshnas. Ki phlhdrhs nk Zthor y Tkyialns, Tkyialns, lh hihlåjh prknojvh ks uih “gareh nk eoikråh nk nhtas quk jaedoih nhtas bostúrojas jai jokrtas supukssupukstas hjkrjh nk jainojoaiks guturhs gutu rhs phrh prknkjor rksulthnas nk kvkitas, jaea lhs vkiths guturhs nk ui pranujta a lh pradhdolonhn nk quk ui jlokitk oijueplorè ui prïsthea― (4686, p. 748).

Oeparthitk Kstk pa nk hièlosos ia kxplojh lh jhush nk ui pradlkeh= súla sk loeoloeoth h oinojhr quk kxostk, skøhlhi Womtar Ehykr-Zjb÷idkrckr y Mkiiktb Jumokr (468:).

Jhdk nksthjhr quk, huiquk ihnok puknk praiasjhr kl parvkior jai jkrtkzh, kstas oistrueki tas sai ðlks juhina sk ikjksoth bhjkr supasojoaiks. Var k`kepla, uih hkralåikh quk kstè jai jai-sonkrhina oivkrr ki uih iukvh ruth puknk oitkithr prknkjor lh nkehinh guturh nk voh`ks phrh ui nksia. Ehykr-Zjb÷idkrckr y Jumokr jothi uih skrok nk jhsas nk hnapjoúi nk ksth jlhsk nk bkrrheokiths ki las prajksas archiozhjoaihlks, sokina uia nk las eès nksthjhnas kl nk [VZ0 83

 

Lh jaephøåh nk trhispartks [VZ llkvh ushina lh hihlåjh prknojvh nksnk ihlks nk lh nïjhnh nk 4666 phrh p hrh eaiotarozhr su allh nk 76 666 vkbåjulas ki Ksthnas [ionas, y hså shdkr juèina nkdk llkvhr h jhda ehitkioeokita prkvkiva. [ih hvkråh ki lh jhrrktkrh puknk jhushr kstrhcas, rktrhshina lhs kitrkchs y rkjaconhs. Hså quk, par prkjhujoúi, [VZ jhedohdh jokrths pokzhs hl jhda nk súla nas a trks høas. Hbarh doki, ksa rksulthdh oikoikjokitk, parquk hlcuihs ksthdhi tanhvåh ki duki ksthna. Nksnk quk sk phsú h lh hihlåjh prknojvh, sk bh hbarrhna eollaiks nk núlhrks hl eknor y eaiotarozhr lhs pokzhs oinovonuhoinovonuhlks y rkkeplhzhrlhs súla juhina krh ikjkshroa. Ki ui jhsa, las nhtas rkvklhrai quk tana ui crupa nk vkbåjulas iukvas tkiåh uih pokzh nkgkjtuash quk panråh bhdkr hjhrrkhna skroas pradlkehs so ia sk budokrh nktkjthna hitks nk quk kitrhsk ki skrvojoa. (p. :?)

Tkjukrnh

“Kl jastk nk rkjackr y hihlozhr las nhtas quk oinojhi juèina hjtuhr prkvkivhekitk ks oigkroar oigkroa r hl nk phrhr lh pranujjoúi―, oinojhi EhykrZjb÷idkrckr y Jumokr (p. :?).

8.>.: Tkthol Hihlyjs

Kl Tkthol Hihlyjs jaisostk ki rkhlozhr ui hièlosos nk las la s praiúsjas y lhs apkrhjoaiks nk lh vkith eoiarosth. Var k`kepla, ui eoiarosth puknk oitkithr prknkjor lh nkehinh nk ui iukva ksla nk zhphta nk eanh par jalar y rkcoúi nk vkiths. Nk hjukrna jai Hiih-Lkih Zhjbs (468;), kstk pa nk hihlåjh kik par ad`kva lacrhr lh hloikhjoúi nk lh agkrth y lh nkehinh, eknohitk kl hpravkjbheokita nk las nhtas nospaiodlks ki lh jaephøåh. Zkcði Thghkl Chedah Borhlks y Ehråh Ekroia Zhiz (468:), sus èrkhs nk hplojhjoúi sai0 - Ehrmkic0

³ Jkitrhna ki jlokitk0 jlokitk0 eojra-skcekithjoúi y pkrsaihlozhjoúi. ³ Lajhlozhjoúi0 ekish`ks h jlokitks quk kstèi jkrjhias a nkitra nk lh kinh. ³ Apeozhjoúi nkl eox nk ehrmkic0 ehrmkic0 ek`arks oivkrsoaiks ki praeajoaiks h trhvïs nk

eanklas prknojvas. ³ Hièlosos nk skieokita0 rkhjjoaiks oieknohths h jaekithroas ki rknks sajohlks.

³ Tkjae Tkjaekinhjoaiks kinhjoaiks nk pranujta0 ltras jalhdarhvas. ³ Euljhihl0 lacrhr soikrcohs kitrk vhroas jhihlks, nksnk rkjackr pknonas rkhlozhnas ki lh

kinh ailoik bhsth ui ek`ar kitkinoeokita nkl jlokitk.

82

 

- Ekrjbhinosoic0 ³ Zurnas y ksphjoa ki hihqukl a cúinalh0  ek`ar kitkinoeokita nkl nkskepkøa nk lhs

ehrjhs y jhtkcaråhs. Hièlosos nk lh jaitrodujoúi h lh ulonhn nk jhnh ehrjh y ZM[ ki lh jhtkcaråh, nksplhzheokita k onkijhjoúi nk kgkjtas nk jhiodhlozhjoúi. ³ Apeozhjoúi nkl prkjoa0 prkjoa0 kitkinoeokita nk lhs klhsjonhnks y las eanklas nk rkspuksths

h praeajoaiks.

³ Noskøa y udojhjoúi0 udojhjoúi0 kgkjta nk lh pasojoúi ki hihqukl y kxbodojoaiks kspkjohlks, jaeprkijaeprki soúi nk lhs ruths nk nksplhzheokita y hunotaråhs nk vosoths h jkitras jaekrjohlks.

- Apkrhjoaiks0 kin h/pranujta/nåh nåh k oijluykina oitkrvhlas nk jaijai³ Vraiúsjas0 prknojjoaiks h iovkl nk kinh/pranujta/ hizh nk las rksulthnas. Vuknki jrkhrsk praiúsjas phrh kvkitas kspkjohlks jaea vhvh jhjoaiks, kl jloeh a loquonhjoaiks, y jhedohrsk lh pracrhehjoúi nk pknonas. Klla droinh dkikjoas thlks jaea ehyar prkjosoúi y jaarnoihjoúi kitrk crupas guijoaihlks, kinhs y pravkknarks kxtkrias.

oigar³ Apeozhjoúi oieadolohroh0 oitkcrhr h lhs dhsks nk nhtas nk las hjvas oieadolohroas oigarehjoúi ckacrèjh (COZ) y rkgkronh h las jastas (nk apkrhjoúi y ehitkioeokita), las hrrkihrrkinheokitas, kl rkinoeokita nk lh kinh h trhvïs nk su jojla nk vonh (hpkrturh, eankriozheankriozh joúi y jokrrk), las jhedoas nk garehta y las praykjtas nk eankriozhjoúi. Vuknk rkhlozhrsk ui hièlosos nk las ksjkihroas, hså jaea nk las nktkreoihitks nkl rkinoeokita ihijokra.

³ Apeozhjoúi lhdarhl0 ek`arh nkl nkskepkøa. ³ Nktkjjoúi nk grhunks grhunks ³ Noskøa nk kxpkroekitas y pratapas pratapas

8?

 

sueoiostra0 - Jhnkih nk sueoiostra0 ³  Hihlåjh0 jrkhr jhnkihs nk sueoiostra eès cladhlks, kxodlks, apeozhnhs y nktkreoihnhs par jokrtas kvkitas. Kl ad`kva ks eoioeozhr kl nkshdhstkjoeokita soi oijurror o ijurror h hltas jasjastas nk oivkithroa. Lhs kqukths nk onkijhjoúi par p ar rhnoagrkjukijoh (TGON) y las lkjtarks kstèi agrkjokina jhnh vkz eès eès nhtas n htas sadrk las eavoeokitas nk pranujtas. Atrh tkitki nkijoh oeparthitk ks lh ckikrhjoúi nk nhtas y hièlosos h trhvïs nk lh jhnkih nk sueoiostra phrh prapojohr lh jalhdarhjoúi jai ghdrojhitks y nostroduonarks.

³ Ikcajohjoúi jai pravkknarks0  ulozhr nhtas nk trhishjjoaiks y jaisueonarks phrh lacrhr ek`arks jainojoaiks.

8.>.> Ehrmk Ehrmkic ic Hihlyjs

Kl Ehrmkic Hihlyjs sk trhth nk ui hièlosos quk kik par ad`kva vkr las rksulthnas nk lhs

kstrhtkcohs nk pranujtas, prkjoas, praeajoúi, pudlojonhn y nostrodujoúi . Var k`kepla, puknk adskrvhrsk quk lhs jlokiths nk kitrk 46 y :6 høas kiki 36% eès nk pradhdolonhnks nk jaejae prhr ui hrjula ki phrjulhr h ui prkjoa H ki jaephrhjoúi jai ui prkjoa D. Lh oeparthijoh nk eknor y hihlozhr kl ehrmkic rkculhrekitk rksonk ki quk pkreotk kloeoihr lhs jai`kturhs sadrk sad rk quï bhjkr h jaiiuhjoúi, kxplojh Vheklh Whucbhi Whucbhi (s.g.). Ki luchr nk taehr nkjosoaiks jokchs sa sa-drk so jaiiuhr jai ui pracrheh ki phrjulhr a kigajhrsk ki ui jhihl eès quk ki atra, skøhlh lh hutarh, ksth jlhsk nk hièlosos puknk droinhr lh oigarehjoúi ikjkshroh phrh nkjonor nk ehikrh oitklockitk.

46

 

8.>.; Justaekr Hihlyjs

Kl Justaekr Hihlyjs sk saskik sadrk lh dhsk nk hièlosos quk, h ekiuna, ekiun a, sk ulozhi phrh eaea nklhr kl jaepartheokita nkl jlokitk, par k`kepla, ealnkhr las kvkitas quk jainujki h quk ui jaisueonar sk vuklvh lkhl h lh ehrjh. Nk hjukrna jai lh Sbhrtai Justaekr Hihlyjs Oiohvk (]SJHOU, jothnh par Drhuloa Col, & Jurta Nåhz, 468;), kl eosea bhjk rkgkrkijoh h lh jhpturh, lh cksúi, kl hièlosos y lh ckikrhjoúi nk vhlar kstrhtïcoja nk las nhtas nk jlokitk nk uih archiozharchiozhjoúi. Nk hjukrna jai Iðroh Drhuloa Col y @askp Jurta Nåhz, ksth jlhsk nk hihlåjh sk nogkrkijoh nk atrhs par las socuokitks hspkjtas0

- Crhnuhlonhn nkl nhta0 jaisonkrhjoúi nkl nhta h iovkl nkl oinovonua (jlokitk). - Gaja ki lh prknojjoúi0 ehrjhnh arokithjoúi h lh prknojjoúi, ia súla h lh nksjropjoúi. - Eulplhthgareh0 jaedoihjoúi nk las nogkrkitks jaepartheokitas nkl jlokitk ki las

nositas sostkehs quk rkjacki sus oitkrhjjoaiks (sokeprk h iovkl oinovonuhl). oinovo nuhl). - Eulskjtar/eulhplojhjoúi0 hplojhdlk thita hl jlokitk kxtkria jaea oitkria. - Eulnosjoploihr0 hplojhdlk h eðlplks nkphrthekitas a èrkhs, yh quk sk rkquokrk hl

eosea kepa nk jaiajoeokitas jaiajoe okitas nosphrks phrh pankr kxtrhkr kl eèxoea vhlar.

- Kstunoa nkl jaepartheokita0 oijarparhjoúi nk vhrohdlks nksjropvhs (par k`kepla, nkeacrèjhs) y kspkjohl boijhpoï ki lh jaeprkisoúi k onkijhjoúi nk phtraiks nk jaepartheokita.

- Laicotunoihl0 kstunoa nk júea las phtraiks nk jaepartheokita kvalujoaihi h la lhrca nkl kepa.

48

 

8.>.7 Tosm Hihlyjs

Kl hièlosos prknojva sk ulozh h ekiuna phrh eanklhr las rokscas jaekrjohlks, jaea kl roksroks ca nk jrïnota hsajohna h ui jlokitk ki phrjulhr. Nk hjukrna jai Busskoi Hddhss (468;), kl Tosm Hihlyjs sk nkik jaea kl prajksa par kl juhl sk trhisgarehi nhtas y rkqukroeokitas ki hjjoaiks ulozhina ui pkisheokita nk roksca y uih ektanalacåh nk roksca nosjoploihnh phrh jaeprkinkr lh sotuhjoúi bostúrojh, hijophr y prknkjor kl gutura, sklkjjoaihr kl jursa hprapohna nk lhs hjjoaiks. Klla pkreotk, socuokina hl hutar, oeplkekithr y/a y/a nktkreoihr garehs iavknashs nk apkrhr h iovkl archiozhjoaihl.

8.>.3 Tkhl ek Hihlyjs

Lh hihlåjh ki kepa rkhl jaisostk ki uih skrok nk bkrrheokiths quk kxheoihi las nhtas hjtuhhjtuhlks ki apasojoúi h las nhtas bostúrojas, hedas prajknkitks nk eðlplks gukitks. Var k`kepla, las nospasovas a skisarks nk nktkjjoúi nk oigarehjoúi quk norocki hjjoaiks ki kepa rkhl. Jhdk nksthjhr quk lh iajoúi nk “ki kepa rkhl― hplojh thita hl nkshrralla nk hièlosos jaea h las nhtas ki så eoseas, kxplojh Dyrai Kllos (468>). Hsoeosea, nksthjh Eomk Dhrlaw (468:), lh eoseh sk hsajoh hl prajksheokita nk lh oigarehjoúi ki kl prkskitk, ia ki kl gutura.

Nk hjukrna jai kstk ðlea hutar, kstk pa nk hièlosos sk llkvh h jhda nkl socuokitk eana0

8° Nkslhjoúi nk nhtas0  lh jhph nk nhtas, oiojohlekitk, ks jrunh y sk kijukitrh nksarch-

iozhnh, yh quk jhrkjk nk lh kstrujturh rkqukronh phrh jaistruor eanklas y nkshrrallhr kl hièlosos. Var thl eava, kl proekr phsa h skcuor ks kxtrhkr lhs jhrhjtkråsjhs nk las nhtas ia kstrujturhnas, jaedoihr gukitks nosphrks, ltrhr par padlhjoaiks nk oitkrïs, sklkjjoaihr las rhscas rklkvhitks y kxparthr kl skt nk nhtas nkslhnas.

4° Nkshrralla nkl eankla0 hquå sk llkvh h jhda, ki proekr luchr, ui prajksa nk sklkjjoúi, eukstrka y hcrkchjoúi= ki skcuina luchr, uih ksehjoúi nkl eankla= ki tkrjkr luchr, ui rkiheokita nkl eosea y, par ðlea, saektkrla hl dkijbehrmoic. 44

 

i y nksplokcuk0  lh jlhvk hquå rksonk ki tkstkhr kl eankla ean kla phrh hskcurhr quk guijoa:° Whlonhjoú Whlonhjoúi ih ki kl euina rkhl.

>° Vuituhjoúi Vuituhjoúi ki kepa rkhl0 hquå, hlcuias sostkehs puknki ulozhr kl eosea bhrnwhrk quk

sk keplkh phrh trhdh`hr sadrk lh jhph nk nhtas, pkra p kra ia ulozhrèi las eoseas nhtas (rkjar(rkjarnhr quk buda uih nkslhjoúi nk par eknoa).

jhed ohina, ks ikjkshroa jai;° Hjtuhlozhjoúi nkl eankla0 nhna quk las nhtas sokeprk kstèi jhedohina, thr jai ui eana nk rkgrksjhr ia salhekitk h kstas, soia thedoïi hl eankla jaistruona h phrr nk las nhtas arocoihlks.

8.>.2 Wosuhl Hihlyjs

Kl hièlosos vosuhl sk dhsh ki kl nksjudroeokita y lh vosuhlozhjoúi nk phtraiks ki las nhtas nk uih gareh crèjh. Lhs vosuhlozhjoaiks puknki rkshlthr klkekitas jaeuiks, vhlarks hpojas a tkinkijohs kllas phrh pkreor quk lhs pkrsaihs p krsaihs kikinhi rèponhekitk oigarehjoúi iathdlk. ]…U lh “hihlåjh vosuhl― (ki oiclïs, vosuhl hihlyjs, WH) ks ui èrkh kekrckitk nk lh oivkschjoúi y su prèjjh kik jaea ad`kva hpayhr kl rhzaiheokita hihlåja h trhvïs nk oitkrghjks vosuhlks oitkrhjvhs (^baehs= Jaam, 4667). Ki ïsth, lh vosuhlovosuhlo zhjoúi sk oitkcrh jaea iðjlka y, ki jai`uita jai atrhs nosjoploihs jokijhs, ekek  `arh lh novosoúi nkl trhdh`a kitrk kl baedrk y lh eèquoih, jaedoih kl rhzaiheokita hihlåja jai vosuhlozhjoúi oitkrhjvh, ks nkjor, nkjo r, rkprkskithjoaiks rkprkskithjoaiks vosuhlks y tïjiojhs nk oitkrhjjoúi (quk kxplathi lhs jhphjonhnks pkrjkpvhs nkl hijba nk dhinh nkl a`a buehia phrh p hrh pkreor h las usuhroas vkr, kxplarhr y kitkinkr crhinks jhinhnks nk oigarehjoúi nk gareh soeultèikh), hså jaea tïjiojhs nk hpaya h lh pranujjoúi, prkskithjoúi y nogusoúi nk rksulthnas hihlåjas quk jaeuioquki oigarehjoúi o igarehjoúi ki kl jaitkxta hnkjuhna phrh uih vhroknhn nk hunokijohs (Mkoe= Pbhic, 4688). (Cúekz Hcuolhr, Chrjåh Vkøhlva, & ^bkrúi, 468>, p. 4:3) 4:

 

8.>.? Jabart Hihlyjs

Kl hièlosos nk jabartks jaisostk ki uih kvhluhjoúi nk jaepartheokita nksihnh h kstunohr nhnh tas phrh ui crupa nk pkrsaihs, jaiajona jaea jabartk. Var k`kepla, uih jabartk puknk ksthr oitkcrhnh par su`ktas quk sk rkcostrhrai phrh ui skrvojoa ki ui nåh nktkreoihna a oinovonuas quk bhi vosothna uih pècoih nk pranujta ki phrjulhr ki ui soa wkd. Ki phlhdrhs nk @unhb Vbollops (4687), kl eosea sk trhth nk ui eana nk skcekithr jlokitks hjtuhlks y praspkjtas, dhshna ki lh kvalujoúi nk su jaepartheokita h trhvïs nkl kepa y lhs eïtrojhs quk sk nksnksprkinki nkl eosea.

JAIJL[ZOÚI Lh hihlåjh nk nhtas ia ks uih hplojhjoúi sawhrk quk puknk rksalvkr nk ehikrh eècojh juhljuhlquokr pradlkeh nk ikcajoa quk sk prkskitk. Var kl jaitrhroa, jarrkspaink h ui jai`uita nk hjhjvonhnks quk oivalujrh lh onkijhjoúi nk lhs ikjksonhnks quk kxpkroekith lh jaephøåh, nk las nhtas quk sk prkjoshi phrh dronhrlks uih salujoúi, salujoúi , nk las eanklas ksthnåsjas eès e ès hnkjuhnas y, par ðlea, nkl pkrsaihl jlhvk, nathna nk lhs bhdolonhnks tïjiojhs k oitkrpkrsaihlks rkqukronhs phrh adtkikr rksulthnas quk hpartki vhlar.

4>

 

Gocurh I° ?0 Hihlyjs `auriky

Gukitk0 hnhpthjoúi nk Chrtikr (s.g., jothna par Thinkl, 468;). Oehcki soi tula ]GocurhU.

 

4;

 

DODLOACTHGÅH  Hddhss, B. (468;). Jaeputhaihl Tkn ^kheoic0 ^kheoic0 Tosm Hihlyjs ag Doc-Nhth-ta-Nkjosoais Oitkllo-

ckit Zystkes. Zuozh0 Zproickr. Dhldaio, G., Goijb, C., Tankidkjm Tkksk, J., & Zbajmlky, T. (468:). Hihlåjh nk nhtas0 n htas0 ui praykjta

nk ckikrhjoúi nk vhlar. Júea trhisgarehr Doc Nhth ki rksulthnas, h trhvïs nk lh hihlåjh. IukIukvh _arm0 ODE. Dhrlaw, E. ( 468:). 468:). Tkhl-^oek Doc Nhth Hihlyjs0 Kekrcoic Hrjbotkjturk. Jhlogarioh0 A‟Tkolly EkEk-

noh. Drhuloa Col, I., & Jurta Nåhz, @. (468;). Justaekr hihlyjs. Dhrjklaih0 [AJ. JrawnGlawkr. (4687). 4687 Nhth Zjokist rkpart. Jhlogarioh0 JrawnGlawkr. JrawnGlawkr. Nkjonk. (8? nk hdrol nk 4687). Vrkskitk y gutura nk lh hihlåjh hvhizhnh. Tkjupkrhna kl 86 nk

 `uloa nk 4682, nk Nkjonk0 bps0//nkjonksalujoaiks.ks/prks /nkjonksalujoaiks.ks/prkskitk-y-gutura-nk-lh-hihlojh-hvhi kitk-y-gutura-nk-lh-hihlojh-hvhi-zhnh/ Kllos, D. (468>). TkhlTkhl-^oek ^oek Hihlyjs0 ^kjbioquks ^kjbioquks ta Hihlyzk hin Wosuhlozk Ztrkheoic Nhth. Oinoh-

ih0 @abi Solky & Zais. Chedah Borhlks, T., & Ekroia Zhiz, E. (468:). Hihlåjh ki Tkthol. ZHZ Garue Eïxoja 468:. EïEï-

xoja NG0 ZHZ Garue. Tkjupkrhna kl 64 nk hcasta nk 4682, nk bp0//www.shsjaeeuioty.arc/ ewomo/oehcks/k/k:/EhrohEkroiaThghklChedah.png Chrtikr.   (s.g.). Dusoikss Oitkllockijk (DO). Tkjupkrhna kl 68 nk hcasta nk 4682, nk Chrtikr0 bps0//www.chr /www.chrtikr.jae/ot tikr.jae/ot-classh -classhry/dusoikss ry/dusoikss-oitkl -oitkllockijklockijk-do/ do/

Cúekz Hcuolhr, N., Chrjåh Vkøhlva, G., & ^bkrúi, T. (468>). Hihlåjh vosuhl ki k-lkhrioic. Kl pragk -

soaihl nk lh oigarehjoúi, RROOO(:), 4:7-4>;. Oslhe, ^. (8> nk kikra nk 4683). 48 Jaeeai eosthmks ruoioic yaur wkdsotk ‚ hin grkk taals

ta x tbke. Tkjupkrhna kl 86 nk hcasta nk 4683, nk Apeozkr0 bps0//apeozkrwp.jae/ wkdsotk-eosthmks/

 @ayhiks Hcuolhr, L. (468:). Doc Nhth, Hièlosos nk crhinks valðekiks nk nhtas ki archiozhjoaiks.

Eïxoja0 Hlghaekch. Ehiza, E. (87 nk hcasta nk 4683). DO, Doc Nhth, Nhth Hihlyjs… ±Vukna shjhrlks pravkjba ki 47

 

eo keprksh1 Tkjupkrhna kl 68 nk hcasta nk 4682, nk Jalhp0 bps0//dlac.jal /dlac.jalhp.oa/d hp.oa/do-doco-doc-nhthnhthnhth-hihlyjs-pukna-shjhrlks-pravkjba-ki-eo-keprksh-h8:7j32>j8??

Ehrjhia Hulhr, _., & ^hlhvkrh Vkrkorh, T. (4663). Eoikråh nk Nhtas jaea sapartkh lh taeh nk

nkjosoaiks keprkshrohlks. Apjoúi(;4), 86>-882. Ehykr-Zjb÷idkrckr, W., & Jumokr, M . (468:). Doc Nhth. Lh rkvalujoúi nk las nhtas ehsovas. Ehnron0 ^urikr Vudlojhjoaiks. Eksshth, B., Tkyks, L., & Zjbrakjm, E.  (4688). Kl pankr nk lh hihlåjh ki

kl skjtar pðdloja0 júea

jaiskcuor lh jaepktkijoh hihlåjh phrh hjklkrhr las rksulthnas . Iukvh _arm0 _arm0 ODE. Earhlks Ehrikz, E. (4686). Hihlåjh Skd phrh keprkshs0 Hrtk, oickioa

y hijophjoúi. DhrjkDhrjk-

laih0 [AJ. Vhrrh Alovhrks, @. (4664). Hièlosos kxplarhtaroa y hièlosos jairehtaroa nk nhtas. Ksphjoa Hdokrta,

RO(8), 88;-84>. Vbollops, @. (4687). Kjaeekrjk Hihlyjs0 Hihlyzk hin Oepravk tbk Oephjt ag _aur _aur Nocothl ZtrhtkZtrhtk-

cy. Iukvh @krsky0 Vkhrsai Knujhai. Thinkl, E. (67 nk skpkedrk nk 468;). ^bk ekhioic ag Nosjavkry & Hihlysos oi Dusoikss OitkOitk -

llockijk. Tkjupkrhna kl 64 nk hcasta nk 4682, nk Otkllockijk0 bps0//otkllo /otkllockijkcrau ckijkcraup.jae/us/ p.jae/us/ lajhl-dlac/tbk-ekhioic-ag-nosjavkry-hihlysos-oi-dusoikss-oitkllockijk/

Thya, È. (62 nk `uioa nk 4687). Hièlosos nk Nhtas ki Doc Nhth0 pas y ghsks nk hièlosos. Tkju pkrhna kl 68 nk hcasta nk 4682, nk DO^0 bps0//www.dot. /www.dot.ks/miawlk ks/miawlknck-jkitk nck-jkitkr/ r/hihlo hihlosos-nksos-nknhtas-ki-doc-nhth/

 Zhjbs, H.-L. (468;). Tkthol Hihlyjs0 Oitkcrhtkn Garkjhsic hin Oivkitary Ehihckekit gar VkVk-

rosbhdlk Vranujts oi Tktholoic. Zuozh0 Zproickr.  Zkrrhia-Jadas, @. (468>). Doc nhth y hihlåjh wkd. Kstunohr lhs jarrokitks y pksjhr ki ui ajïhia

nk nhtas. Kl pragksoaihl nk lh oigarehjoúi, RROOO(7), RROOO(7) , ;78-;7;.  Zbo-Ihsb, H., & Bhrnaai, N. (4687). Nhth Hihlyjs hin prknojvk hihlyjs oi tbk krh ag Doc Nhth.

Ki B. Ckic (Kn.), Oitkrikt ag ^boics hin Nhth Hihlyjs Bhindaam. Iukvh @krsky0 @abi Solky & Zais.  Zthor,, T., & Tkyialns, C. (4686). Vroijopoas nk sostkehs nk oigarehjoúi0 ui kigaquk hneoiostrh Zthor hneoiostrh 43

 

va (Iavkih kn.). Eïxoja NG0 Jkichck Lkhrioic. [iovkrsonhn Ihjoaihl @arck Dhshnrk Crabehii. (4682). Oiojoa. Tkjupkrhna kl :8 nk `uloa nk n k 4682,

nk ROR JOOZ [I@DC0 Jaicrksa Oitkrihjoaihl nk Oigareèjh y Zostkehs0 bp0//www.joosthjih. bp0//www.joosthjih. jae/ Whucbhi, V. ( s.g.). s.g.). Hi Oitranujai ta Oidauin Ehrmkic Hihlyjs0 Baw ta Ekhsurk & Apeozk

_aur Ehrmkic Vkrgarehijk. Ehsshjbusks0 BudZpat. Tkjupkrhna kl 64 nk hcasta nk 4682, nk bp0//jni4.budspat.ikt/bud/;:/d /jni4.budspat.ikt/bud/;:/dlac/najs/kdaams/oitranujai-ta-ehrmkic-hihlyjs.png lac/najs/kdaams/oitranujai-ta-ehrmkic-hihlyjs.png

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