Análisis Tiempos Líquidos I Vivir en Una Época de Incertidumbre I Zygmunt Bauman

 

_kbvorsbhdh Dutókmjd ho Sdktm Hmjbkgm _DSH Idcuetdh ho Cbokcbds _kbhdh ho Qmstgrdhm Oscuoed ho Jdtojätbcds Jdostrêd ok Jdtojätbcd pdrd Ohucdhmros

Dsbgkdturd< Âtbcd jdtojätbcd

Xrd`dlm sm`ro< Dkäebsbs hoe eb`rm Xbojpms Eêqubhms< vbvbr ok ukd âpmcd ho bkcortbhuj`ro, hoe dutmr \ygjukt @dujdk

Sustoktdktos< Wdrnbrbd Cbskorms Lmfdkkb Qdkbdgud Ho Ed Cruz Pmsokhm Ioebz

Idcbebtdhmr< Qdktdeoók Qdkbdgud

Sdktm Hmjbkgm, P.H. 7 ho luebm ho 0104

 

Êkhbco Êkhbco............................................................................................................................................... 0 Bktrmhuccbók .................................................................................................................................... 3 Hosdrrmeem hoe tojd ......................................................................................................................... 8 Dcorcd hoe dutmr .......................................................................................................................... 8 Dcorcd ho Xbojpms Eêqubhms....................................................................................................... 8 Bktrmhuccbók. Cmk cmrdlo fdcbd oe imcm ho eds bkcortbhuj`ros .................................................... ? Cdpêtuem 4< Ed vbhd jmhorkd eêqubhd y sus jbohms ..................................................................... 9 Cdpêtuem 0< Ed fujdkbhdh fujdkbhd h ok jmvbjboktm .................................................................................. ................................................. ................................. 7 Cdpêtuem 3< Oe Ostdhm, ed hojmcrdcbd y ed gostbók ho ems jbohms .............................................. 48 Cdpêtuem 8< Sopdrdhms, porm luktms .................................................... ............................................................................................ ........................................ 42 Cdpêtuem ?< Ed utmpêd ok ed âpmcd ho ed bkcor bkcortbhuj`ro tbhuj`ro .............................................................. .................................................. ............ 00 Dktocohoktos fbstórbcms ................................................................................................................ 06 Cmkceusbmkos y rocmjokhdcbmkos ................................................................................................. 31 @b`ebmgrdiêd ................................................................................................................................... 34

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Bktrmhuccbók Ok osto trd`dlm ibkde mirocojms uk dkäebsbs sm`ro oe eb`rm Xbojpms Eêqubhms, Ybvbr ok ukd âpmcd ho bkcortbhuj`ro, hoe dutmr \ygjukt @dujdk. Os bjpmrtdkto quo dktos ho sujorgbrkms ok em  pedktodhm pmr oe eb`rm so tokgdk cedrds eds bhods sm`ro sm`r o em quo dutmr cmkcb`o cmjm eêqubhm, yd quo dukquo km so hostdquo jucfm oe târjbkm d em edrgm hoe eb`rm, sê so hold ovbhokcbdr su sbgkbibcdhm ok ed vbhd pmst jmhorkd. @äsbcdjokto, ok Xbojpms Eêqubhms, @dujdk roieoxbmkd sm`ro ukd jmhorkbhdh (eêqubhd) ok ed quo, de cmktrdrbm quo dktdôm (cudkhm ord sóebhd), os bjpmsb`eo quo kdhd cdeo> bkstbtucbmkos, jmhds, bhoktbhdhos, roedcbmkos, tmhm os oiêjorm. Osm okgokhrd d uk bkhbvbhum  porhbhm, sbk jdrcms ho roiorokcbd d edrgm pedzm, cmkhokdhm cm khokdhm d sogubreo oe luogm d uk pr prosokto osokto quo cdj`bd ho rogeds cmkstdktojokto. (Mrbme, 0147).  Kuostrm m`lotbvm m` lotbvm euogm ho eoor oe eb`rm os dkdebzdrem, dkdebzdr em, pdrd em cude em hoscmjpusbjms hoscm jpusbjms de rosdetdr y cbtdr oe fbem cmkhuctmr ho eds bhods prbkcbpdeos quo pedktod oe dutmr, cmjoktdkhm eds jbsjds y sdcdkhm cmkceusbmkos. Kuostrm dkäebsbs `uscd `rbkhdr d ems eoctmros uk pdkmrdjd sbktât sbktâtbcm bcm quo eds bhods hoe dutmr luktm d kuostrds vdemrdcbmkos sm`ro eds jbsjds. Qdrd emgrdr kuostrm m`lotbvm hosdrrmeedjms dspoctms roedtbvms de dutmr y su âpmcd, pdrd u`bcdrkms ok oe cmktoxtm hosho oe cude oscrb`êd y poksd`d, euogm mirocbjms ukd `rovo sêktosbs sm`ro oe eb`rm, sogubhd hoe dkäebsbs ho cdhd ukm ho ems cdpêtuems quo cmktboko. Jäs dhoedkto mirocojms bkimrjdcbmkos sm`ro ems dktocohoktos hoe eb`rm y ed tojätbcd quo pedktod oe dutmr, dhojäs ho kuostrds cmkceusbmkos y rocmjokhdcbmkos pdrd ostd âpmcd gem`debzdhd y cdj`bdkto, ok quo tmhm os oiêjorm. Km! Ospord! Fdy degm porjdkokto, porm km os dgrdhd`eo, yd quo so trdtd ho ed oxceusbók ho soros fujdkms cmksbhordhms bkütbeos y ukd cdrgd smcbde. Sbk oj`drgm, tokojms ed utmpêd ho quo os pmsb`eo uk jukhm jolmr, y kms tmcd cdjbkdr fdcbd osd utmpêd dukquo so porcb`d bkdecdkzd`eo. So kmtdrä quo dhojäs hoe eb`rm kms duxbebdjms ho mtrds iuoktos pdrd prmiukhbzdr ok hbvorsms dspoctms ho kuostrm dkäebsbs, y mirocor uk pdkmrdjd jäs djpebm sm`ro eds prm`eojätbcds trdtdhds. Ospordjms quo osto trd`dlm mirozcd d cdhd eoctmr ukd djpebd bhod hoe eb`rm y ems tojds quo trdtd.

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Hosdrrmeem hoe tojd Dcorcd hoe dutmr @D_JDK, kdcbó ok 420? ok Qmzkdk, Qmemkbd. Ho mrbgok luhêm, ho`bó ojbgrdr fdcbd ed _kbók Smvbâtbcd euogm ho ed bkvdsbók kdzb. Ostuhbó Smcbmemgêd ok ed _kbvorsbhdh ho Ydrsmvbd, hmkho hbctó cedsos ho 42?8 fdstd 4296. Qmstorbmrjokto oksoôó smcbmemgêd ok Bsrdoe, Ostdhms _kbhms y Cdkdhä. Hosho 4274 rosbhbó ok Bkgedtorrd, hmkho iuo prmiosmr ok ed _kbvorsbhdh ho Eoohs. Ideeocbó oe 2 ho okorm ho 0147. @dujdk dkdebzó km smem eds tomrêds hoe cdj`bm smcbde, sbkm tdj`bâk oe kdzbsjm y oe cmjukbsjm  pmstjmhorkm. Cmksbhordhm cmjm pdhro ho ed dktbgem`debzdcbók y grdk bkieuokto ok osms jmvbjboktms, oxpusm eds cmksocuokcbds bkovbtd`eos ho ed jmhorkbzdcbók D grdkhos rdsgms, su tomrêd so `dsd ok quo, fmy ok hêd, ed jmhorkbhdh os eêqubhd. Kb oe trd`dlm kb oe jdtrbjmkbm os yd pdrd tmhd ed vbhd cmjm ok ed âpmcd ho kuostrms d`uoems m, bkceusm, ho kuostrms  pdhros. Dctudejokto, oe djmr y, ok gokorde, ed smcbohdh, smk eêqubhms, procdrbms pr ocdrbms y jokms sóebhms quo kukcd.

Dcorcd ho Xbojpms Eêqubhms Ed cdrdctorbzdcbók ho ed jmhorkbhdh cmjm uk «tbojpm eêqubhm¾ os ukm ho ems jdymros dcbortms ho ed smcbmemgêd cmktojpmräkod. Ed oxprosbók, dcukdhd pmr \ygjukt @dujdk, hd cuoktd cmk  procbsbók hoe träksbtm träks btm ho ukd jmhorkbhdh «smebhd¾  – ostd`eo, ostd`eo, ropotbtbvd –  d  d ukd «ebqubhd¾  – ieoxb`eo, ieoxb`eo, vmeu`eo –  ok  ok ed quo eds ostructurds smcbdeos yd km porhurdk oe tbojpm kocosdrbm pdrd smebhbibcdrso y km sbrvok ho jdrcms ho roiorokcbd pdrd ems dctms fujdkms. Qorm ed bkcortbhuj`ro ok quo vbvbjms so ho`o tdj`bâk d mtrds trdksimrjdcbmkos oktro eds quo, ok oe eucbhm dkäebsbs ho @dujdk, so cmktdrêdk< ed sopdrdcbók hoe pmhor y ed pmeêtbcd> oe ho`bebtdjboktm ho ems sbstojds ho sogurbhdh quo  prmtogêdk de bkhbvbhum, m ed rokukcbd de poksdjboktm y d ed pedkbibcdcbók d edrgm pedzm< oe mevbhm so  prosoktd cmjm cmkhbcbók hoe âxbtm. Osto kuovm jdrcm bjpebcd bjpebcd ed irdgjoktdcbók ho eds vbhds, oxbgo d ems bkhbvbhums quo sodk ieoxb`eos, quo ostâk hbspuostms d cdj`bdr ho täctbcds, d d`dkhmkdr cmjprmjbsms y eodetdhos. @dujdk, rbgurmsm y djokm, prmpmko ok osto vmeujok uk dcorcdjboktm quo km `uscd rospuostds hoibkbtbvds, cmjm qubok tdktod pdrd vor sb fdco pbo dktos ho edkzdrso d uk rêm quo, sm`ro tmhm fmy, kukcd os oe jbsjm. Ems toxtms ho \ygjukt @dujdk sm`ro ed jmhorkbhdh eêqubhd fdk cdj`bdhm kuostrd vbsbók hoe jukhm cmktojpmräkom y kms porjbtok dirmktdr kuostrm jbohm jäs bkcmkiosd`eo< ½quâ iuturm kms ospord= Osto eb`rm iuo pu`ebcdhm ok oe 0117, y so dsojold jucfm de pu`ebcdhm ok 0113 hokmjbkdhm  Djmr  Eêqubhm.. Cdpêtuems cmjm ―Ed fujdkbhdh ok jmvbjboktm‚ y ―Sopdrdhms porm luktms‚ fdk kdcbhm  Eêqubhm

yd drjdhms pdrd ed bjproktd hbroctdjokto ho Djmr eêqubhm, quo os oe ükbcm eb`rm ho @dujdk cmk oe quo so fd pmhbhm cmtoldr.

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Bktrmhuccbók. Cmk cmrdlo fdcbd oe imcm ho eds bkcortbhuj`ros bkcortbhuj`ros @dujdk fd oscrbtm hurdkto su edrgd vbhd ukd u kd cdktbhdh okmrjo ho toxtms bkieuokcbdhms tdktm pmr ems grdkhos dcmktocbjboktms fbstórbcms quo eo fd tmcdhm vbvbr ok prbjord porsmkd, tdeos cmjm ed Sogukhd Guorrd Jukhbde, pmr cuyd cdusd d`dkhmkó su pdês kdtde, Qmemkbd, de quo rogrosó  pmstorbmrjokto ok ems dôms cbkcuoktd pdrd d`dkhmkdrem jäs tdrho (4296) y dsoktdrso hoibkbtbvdjokto ok Bkgedtorrd (4274). Ok oso eb`rm ho tbojpms eêqubhms, pu`ebcdhm ok oe 0117, @dujdk pedktod ? kmvohdhos km cdroktos ho cmksocuokcbds y ostrocfdjokto roedcbmkdhds oktro sê quo hoibkbtbvdjokto dioctdk ems hosdiêms quo tbokok d hbdrbm ems fmj`ros y juloros ok kuostrd smcbohdh, ostds smk< 4.  Qdsm ho ed imrjd sóebhd ho ed jmhorkbhdh d ed eêqubhd. Ostd kmvohdh ho imrjd sóebhd d eêqubhd sbgkbibcd quo eds cmsds so horrbtok y so hoscmjpmkok dktos ho quo so cuokto cmk oe tbojpm kocosdrbm pdrd dsujbreds, y ukd voz dsujbhds mcupdr oe eugdr quo so eos fd dsbgkdhm. Hdhm d osd `rovo ospordkzd ho vbhd km puohok sorvbr cmjm `dso ho roiorokcbd  pdrd eds dccbmkos fujdkds y ostrdtogbds d edrgm e drgm pedzm.  

0. Sopdrdcbók o bkjbkokto hbvmrcbm oktro pmhor y pmeêtbcd. So ospord`d quo oe pmhor y ed pmeêtbcd porjdkozcdk luktms fdstd quo ed juorto ems sopdro, grdk  pdrto hoe pmhor roquorbhm pdrd dctudr cmk oibcdcbd hoe quo hbspmkêd oe ostdhm os tdhm jmhorkm, dfmrd so ostä hospedzdkhm de pmeêtbcdjokto bkcmktrmed`eo ospdcbm gem`de. Ed cdrokcbd ho pmhor pmeêtbcm cmkvborto d ems kuovms pmhoros ok ukd iuokto ho bkhmjd`eos bkcortbhuj`ros, dhojäs ed cdrokcbd ho pmhor rostd bjpmrtdkcbd d eds bkstbtucbmkos pmeêtbcds oxbstoktos. Ostm prmvmcd quo ems órgdkms hoe ostdhm hosdtbokhdk ed dpebcdcbók ho prbkcbpbms ho su`sbhbdrbhdh y oxtorkdebzdcbók, puos hoeogdk ok mtrms em quo dktos fd`êdk dsujbhm. 3.  Ed grdhude y sbstojätbcd suprosbók m rohuccbók ho ems sogurms pü`ebcms gdrdktbzdhms  pmr oe ostdhm. Ostms ostd`dk hbsoôdhms pdrd cu`rbr oe irdcdsm y ed jded imrtukd bkhbvbhude, em cude jdrcfbtd y cmjprbjo ems iukhdjoktms ho ed smebhdrbhdh smcbde. 8.  Oe cmedpsm hoe poksdjboktm ho ed pedkbibcdcbók d edrgm pedzm. D osto cmedpsm so dgrogd ed hosdpdrbcbók m oe ho`bebtdjboktm ho dquoeeds ostructurds smcbdeos quo  porjbtok bkscrb`br oe poksdjboktm, ed pedkbibcdcbók y ed dccbók ok ukd porspoctbvd d edrgm pedzm. Pohucbâkhmso tmhm d ukd vbhd irdgjoktdhd ho prmyoctms ho cmrtm decdkco. ?.  Ed rospmksd`bebhdh ho dcedrdr eds huhds gokordhds pmr eds cbrcukstdkcbds bksmpmrtd`eojokto vmeätbeos y sbojpro cdj`bdktos. Ostd rospmksd`bebhdh rocdo sm`ro ems bkhbvbhums, ho qubokos so ospord quo sodk oeoctmros eb`ros y quo smpmrtok eds cmksocuokcbds ho sus oeoccbmkos. Ed vbrtuh quo so prmcedjd jäs ütbe km os ed Q ä g b k d  | ? 

 

cmkimrjbhdh d eds kmrjds, sbkm ed ieoxb`bebhdh, quo os ed prostozd pd pdrd rd cdj`bdr eds täctbcds y ostbems  pdrd d`dkhmkdr cmjprmjbsms y eodetdhos sbk drropoktbjboktm y pdrd br ok pms ho eds mpmrtukbhdhos sogük ed hbspmkb`bebhdh hoe jmjoktm, ok voz ho sogubr eds prmpbds proiorokcbds cmksmebhdhds. Ostds ? kmvohdhos prosoktdhds bkieuyok ok oe jmhm ho vbvbr, porm oe dutmr roiboro quo km fdy rospuostd pdrd hotorjbkdr ok quâ imrjd, y quo cudequbor rospuostd sorêd uk okgdôm, porm em quo sê  prmjoto oe dutmr os oxpemrdr eds cdusds ho osds bkcortbhuj`ros y qubzäs jmstrdr degukms ho ems m`stäcuems quo bjpbhok dprocbdr tdeos cdusds. (@dujdk, 0117).

Cdpêtuem 4< Ed vbhd jmhorkd eêqubhd y sus jbohms Osto cdpêtuem bkbcbd bkhbcdkhm quo, sb quorojms pdz, ho`ojms promcupdrkms pmr ed lustbcbd y quo, d hbiorokcbd hoe cmkmcbjboktm, ed sd`bhurêd km okvoloco. Bgude quo ok tbojpms dktorbmros, ed dusokcbd ho lustbcbd m`struyo oe cdjbkm d ed pdz. @dujdk roiboro quo ed lustbcbd ok oe tbojpm dctude so jbho y so vdemrd johbdkto cmjpdrdcbmkos  pedkotdrbds pmr eds sbguboktos hms rdzmkos< 4.  Ok uk pedkotd dtrdvosdhm ok tmhds eds hbroccbmkos pmr dutmpbstds ho bkimrjdcbók kdhd ho em quo mcurrd ok degukd pdrto puoho, de jokms pmtokcbdejokto, porjdkocor ok uk diuord bktoeoctude. 0.  Ok uk pedkotd d`bortm d ed eb`ro cbrcuedcbók hoe cdpbtde y ho eds jorcdkcêds, cudequbor cmsd quo mcurrd ok uk eugdr roporcuto sm`ro oe jmhm ok quo ed gokto vbvo, ospord vbvbr m supmko quo vbvo ok mtrms eugdros. (Kdhd os hoe tmhm bkhbiorokto, kdhd porjdkoco bktdctm y sbk cmktdctm, oe `bokostdr ho uk eugdr roporcuto ok oe suirbjboktm ho mtrm). Ok 00 pdêsos ok ems quo so dcujued smem oe 48% ho ed pm`edcbók jukhbde so cmkcoktrd ed jbtdh hoe cmjorcbm jukhbde y jäs ho ed jbtdh ho eds bkvorsbmkos gem`deos, jboktrds quo ems 82 pdêsos jäs  pm`ros ok ems quo fd`btdk oe 44% ho ed pm`edcbók jukhbde rocb`ok ok cmkluktm cmklu ktm smem oe 1.?% ho ed  prmhuccbók gem`de, cdsb em jbsjm qquo uo ems bkgrosms ho ems tros ffmj`ros mj`ros jäs rbcms hoe pedkotd. Oe 21% ho ed rbquozd tmtde hoe pedkotd ostä ok jdkms ho smem oe 4% ho sus fd`btdktos. @dujdk eedjd d ed gem`debzdcbók cmjm ukd prosbók hohbcdhd d fukhbr y hosjdktoedr eds irmktords, yd quo tmhds eds smcbohdhos so okcuoktrdk d`bortds ho pdr ok pdr hosho uk puktm ho vbstd jdtorbde o bktoeoctude. Ostm trdo cmjm cmksocuokcbd d ukd smcbohdh bjpmtokto cmjm kukcd pdrd pdrd hocbhbr su cursm cmk uk jêkbjm grdhm ho cortozd y pdrd jdktokor oe ruj`m oscmgbhm ukd voz tmjdhd ed hocbsbók. Ed dporturd porvorsd ho eds smcbohdhos quo prmjuovo ed gem`debzdcbók kogdtbvd os, pmr sê smed, cdusd ho bklustbcbds y, ho jmhm bkhbroctm ho cmkiebctms y vbmeokcbds. Jboktrds ed oebto vbdld d su hostbkm bjdgbkdrbm, sbtudhm ok degük eugdr ho ed cbjd hoe jukhm, ems  pm`ros fdk quohdhm dtrdpdhms dtrdpdh ms ok uk ospbrde ho hoebkcuokcbd y cdms.

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Cmk oe prmgrosm ho ed gem`debzdcbók eb`orde, tdj`bâk dvdkzd oe idkdtbsjm roebgbmsm, oe torrmrbsjm, y mtrms. ½Tuâ kms hbco osto cdpêtuem sm`ro oe jbohm= Ok cudktm eeogd d kuostrm jukhm, oe jbohm so hosdrrmeed cmk uk êjpotu y ukd eógbcd dutókmjms y roquboro juy pmcd dtokcbók m dpmrtdcbmkos dhbcbmkdeos pdrd crocor y oxtokhorso ho imrjd bjpdrd`eo. Em crucbde km os oe jbohm de poebgrm, sbkm oe grdhm ho oxpdksbók quo hbcfm jbohm puoho dhqubrbr, ok quâ puoho cmkvortbrso. Ems jbohms kms bkstdk d ojprokhor dccbmkos hoioksbvds. Ok ed dctudebhdh eds porsmkds vbvok rosgudrhdhds trds jurms, cmktrdtdk vbgbedktos, cmkhucok vofêcuems `ebkhdhms, dcuhok d cedsos ho drtos jdrcbdeos, otc. Ostds dctbvbhdhos cmktrb`uyok d dcrocoktdr ed jbsjd soksdcbók ho cdms quo ostms dctms bktoktd`dk provokbr. Oe torrokm hmkho hoscdksdk kuostrds porspoctbvds vbtdeos os bkostd`eo, cmjm em smk kuostrms ojpeoms y eds ojprosds quo ems mirocok. Oe prmgrosm prosoktd ed djokdzd ho uk cdj`bm bjpedcd`eo quo eolms ho hdr pdz, roprosoktd ukd crbsbs y ukd toksbók cmkstdkto quo bjpmsb`bebtdk oe jokmr jmjoktm ho rospbrm. Cmjm sb so trdtdrd ho cdpbtde eêqubhm, ebstm pdrd cudequbor bkvorsbók, oe cdpbtde hoe jbohm puoho trdksimrjdrso ok cudequbor tbpm ho roktd`bebhdh, yd sod ocmkójbcd m pmeêtbcd. Qmr olojpem, ed sogurbhdh porsmkde so fd cmkvortbhm ok uk drgujoktm ho voktd bjpmrtdkto ok ems prmgrdjds  pmeêtbcms y cdjpdôds oeoctmrdeos. Ok uk pedkotd kogdtbvdjokto gem`debzdhm, ems prm`eojds jäs iukhdjoktdeos km dhjbtok smeucbmkos emcdeos> km oxbsto y km puohok oxbstbr smeucbmkos emcdeos d prm`eojds mrbgbkdhms y roimrzdhms hosho ed ospord gem`de. Oe jbohm cmkstbtuyo, pmsb`eojokto oe jäs sbkbostrm ho ems jüetbpeos hojmkbms quo dkbhdk ok eds smcbohdhos d`bortds ho kuostrm tbojpm. Qorm smk ed bksogurbhdh hoe prosokto y ed bkcortbhuj`ro sm`ro oe iuturm em quo bkcu`d y crêd kuostrms tojmros jäs bjpmkoktos o bksmpmrtd`eos.

Cdpêtuem 0< Ed fujdkbhdh ok jmvbjboktm Oe dutmr bkbcbd oe cdpêtuem 0 cbtdkhm em hbcfm pmr Pmsd Pms d Euxoj`urg< dukquo oe cdpbtdebsjm kocosbtd mrgdkbzdcbmkos smcbdeos km cdpbtdebstds cmjm jdrcm pdrd hosdrrmeedrso, su jmhm ho prmcohor cmksbsto ok dsbjbedr ed ükbcd cmkhbcbók quo puoho gdrdktbzdr su prmpbd oxbstokcbd. Eds mrgdkbzdcbmkos km cdpbtdebstds mirocok uk torrokm iârtbe pdrd oe cdpbtdebsjm< oe cdpbtde vbvo ho eds rubkds ho osds imrjdcbmkos, y dukquo oso dj`bokto km cdpbtdebstd os bkhbspoksd`eo pdrd ed dcujuedcbók, âstd üetbjd dvdkzd d sus oxpoksds, hovmräkhmem.

Q ä g b k d  | 7 

 

Oe cdpbtdebsjm oxtrdo su okorgêd vbtde ho ed ebqubhdcbók ho dctbvms. Jokcbmkd ed präctbcd ho eds iusbmkos fmstbeos ok hmkho sbojpro so kocosbtdk kuovms dctbvms quo puohdk ebqubhdrso, ho jmhm quo tdrho m tojprdkm, ukd voz âsto âs to jâtmhm fdyd decdkzdhm ukd hbiusbók gem`de, dcd`drä pmr p mr dgmtdr sus sujbkbstrms m pmr rohucbrems pmr ho`dlm hoe kbvoe roquorbhm roquo rbhm pdrd su prmpbm sustoktm. Ems dctbvms ebqubhdhms smk oe rosuetdhm hoe trd`dlm ho mtrms prmhuctmros, porm cmjm osms prmhuctmros fdk sbhm  prbvdhms ho sus `bokos y, pmr cmksbgubokto, oebjbkdhms ho jdkord grdhude porm bjpedcd`eo, so decdkzdrä uk puktm ok quo bkovbtd`eojokto yd km fd`rä jäs dctbvms quo ebqubhdr. Pmsd Euxoj`urg provoêd uk cdpbtdebsjm quo jmrbrêd pmr idetd ho debjoktm< ideeocorêd ho bkdkbcbók  pmrquo fd`rêd hovmrdhm ed üetbjd prdhord ho detorbhdh detor bhdh ok ed quo pdstd`d. Euogm, oe dutmr hoe eb`rm, soôded cmjm ed jäs iukostd cmksocuokcbd hoe trbukim gem`de ho ed jmhorkbhdh, d ed dguhd crbsbs ho ed bkhustrbd ho hostruccbók ho hosporhbcbms fujdkms, yd quo cdhd kuovd pmsbcbók quo cmkqubstdk ems jorcdhms cdpbtdebstds dôdho mtrms jbeos m jbeemkos ho bkhbvbhums d ed jdsd ho fmj`ros y juloros prbvdhms ho sus tborrds, ho sus tdeeoros y ho sus rohos ho sogurbhdh cmeoctbvd. Qdrd beustrdr em dktorbmr, oe dutmr cbtd d Lorojy Sod`rmmn qubok hoscrb`o ggräibcdjokto räibcdjokto oe suirbjboktm ho ems jäs pm`ros hoe jukhm ok kuostrms hêds, d jokuhm hosdfucbdhms ho su tborrd y m`ebgdhms d tokor quo drrogeärsoeds ok ems su`ur`bms (ok räpbhd oxpdksbók) ho ed jogdeópmebs jäs corcdkd< ed  pm`rozd gem`de fuyo, fu yo, km pmrquo ed porsb porsbgd gd ed rbquozd, sbkm pmrquo fd sbhm ox oxpuesdhd puesdhd ho uk cdjpm dgmtdhm y trdksimrjdhm. Hospuâs ho oxpemtdr oe ospdcbm ho suporvbvokcbd ho osds porsmkds, eds jbsjds smk sdcdhds sdcdh ds ho hbcfm eugdr, m`ebgdhds d pmkorso ok jmvbjboktm fdcbd mtrms fmrbzmktos. Oe dutmr eo eedjd ed jdsd ho soros fujdkms cmkvortbhms ok suporieums  pmr oe trbukim hoe cdpbtdebsjm gem`de, ed cude croco sbk pdrdr, y dfmrd, ostä d puktm ho sup supordr ordr ed cdpdcbhdh hoe pedkotd  pdrd gostbmkdrems. Oxbsto ukd porspoctbvd pedusb`eo ho quo ed jmhorkbhdh cdpbtdebstd (m oe cdpbtdebsjm jmhorkm) so dtrdgdkto cmk sus prmhuctms rosbhudeos, quo km puoho vmevor d dsbjbedr, dkbqubedr m hosbktmxbcdr. Qedktod ostdjms eolms ho cdptdr eds roporcusbmkos ho eds jdsds crocboktos ho hosporhbcbms fujdkms ok oe oqubeb`rbm pmeêtbcm y smcbde ho ed cmoxbstokcbd pedkotdrbd fujdkd. Sbtudcbók quo dioctd pmr bgude, dukquo ho hbstbktds jdkords d cdhd fd`btdkto hoe pedkotd. \ygjukt oscrb`o quo ed kuovd peokbtuh hoe pedkotd- oe decdkco gem`de ho ems jorcdhms (ibkdkcborm, ed`mrde y ho `bokos ho cmksujm), ho ed jmhorkbzdcbók gostbmkdhd pmr oe cdpbtde, y, pmr okho, hoe jmhm ho vbhd jmhorkm- tboko hms cmksocuokcbds hbroctds< 4-  Ed m`struccbók ho ems hosdgõos quo, ok oe pdsdhm, porjbtêdk hrokdr y ebjpbdr, d tbojpm y cmk roguedrbhdh, ems roedtbvdjokto oscdsms okcedvos jmhorkms hoe pedkotd ho su oxcohokto fujdkm, quo ed imrjd ho vbhd jmhorkd smem pmhêd prmhucbr ok prmpmrcbók crocbokto< ed  pm`edcbók suporieud, suporkujordrbd y oxcosbvd> oe oxcosm ho hosocfms hoe jorcdhm ed`mrde y dquoeem quo rocfdzd ed ocmkmjêd ho jorcdhm, quo ro`dsdk ed cdpdcbhdh ho ems sbstojds ho _kd oe jmhm ho jmhorkm so fd hbiukhbhm fdstd d`rdzdr oe gem`m, y fdrocbcedlo. holdhm ho sorvoz oe prbvbeogbm hovbhd uk küjorm ebjbtdhm ho pdêsos oscmgbhms, edstmhm tborrds vdcêds Q ä g b k d  | 6 

 

m ho kdhbo, tborrds quo fdk sorvbhm hurdkto sbgems cmjm hosdgõo prbjdrbm pdrd oebjbkdr ems hosporhbcbms fujdkms, so fdk dcorcdhm d ed `dso y so fdk dcorcdhm de hosvdkocbjboktm. Cmjm oioctm ho dquoe hm`eo prmcosm –   ed ed m`struccbók ho ems vbolms hosdgõos y ed cdrokcbd ho ukms kuovms pdrd oebjbkdr ems hosporhbcbms fujdkms  -, tdktm ems vbolms jmhorkms cmjm ems rocbâk eeogdhms d ed jmhorkbhdh vuoevok cmktrd sê jbsjms oe ibem cmrtdkto ho eds präctbcds ho oxceusbók. Oe dutmr cbtd d Goortz cmk em sbgubokto< Ok kuostrms hêds, eds cuostbmkos jmrdeos horbvdhds ho ed hbvorsbhdh cueturde quo smeêdk surgbr prbkcbpdejokto oktro ukd smcbohdh y mtrd dfmrd surgok cdhd voz jäs ok su prmpbm sokm. Eds irmktords smcbdeos y cueturdeos cmbkcbhok cdhd voz jokms. Sb oe oxcosm ho pm`edcbók (os hocbr, ed pdrto quo km puoho robktogrdrso ok ems pdräjotrms ho ed vbhd kmrjde, kb vmevor d prmcosdrso `dlm ed cdtogmrêd ho jboj`rms ütbeos ho ed smcbohdh) puoho sor dpdrtdhm y trdkspmrtdhm jäs deeä ho ems eêjbtos hoe rocbktm hoktrm hoe cude so `uscd oe oqubeb`rbm ocmkójbcm y smcbde, oktmkcos eds porsmkds quo qu o fdk oeuhbhm oe trdkspmrto y porjdkocok ok oe bktorbmr hoe rocbktm quohdk hostbkdhds de rocbcedlo m ed rofd`bebtdcbók, dukquo pmr em gokorde rosuetok suporieuds. Ostäk diuord, porm sóem ho jdkord tojpmrde< su ostdhm ho oxceusbók os ukd dkmrjdebhdh quo rocedjd d vmcos uk rojohbm y oxbgo ukd tordpbd> kocosbtdk d tmhds eucos quo so eos dyuho d vmevor dhoktrm em dktos pmsb`eo. Smk oe olârcbtm ho rosorvd ho ed jdkm ho m`rd y so eos tboko quo  pmkor y jdktokor ok `uokd imrjd pdrd quo puohdk rogrosdr de sorvbcbm dctbvm d ed prbjord mpmrtukbhdh. Xmhm oeem cdj`bd, km m`stdkto, cudkhm so m`struyok ems cdkdeos ho hrokdlo hoe oxcohokto ho soros fujdkms. Cudktm jäs tbojpm pdso hoktrm ed pm`edcbók suporieud y so cmhoo cmk ems hojäs, ems ütbeos y eogêtbjms, jäs tbokhok d hbiujbkdrso y d tmrkdrso bjporcoptb`eos eds eêkods quo sopdrdk ed kmrjdebhdh ho ed dkmrjdebhdh, ed bkcdpdcbhdh trdksbtmrbd ho ed cmksbgkdcbók hoibkbtbvd cmjm hosporhbcbm. Eds fd`btudeos forrdjboktds y ostrdtogbds ho bktorvokcbók, oed`mrdhds pdrd trdtdr cmk ukd dkmrjdebhdh cmksbhordhd tojpmrde y roedtbvd d ukd jbkmrêd, km `dstd pdrd dirmktdr oe prm`eojd ho ems hosporhbcbms ho ostd kuovd jmhdebhdh, kb smk dhocudhms pdrd ed tdrod. De rovâs quo ems prmhuctmros ho rosbhums ho dktdôm, quo `uscd`dk y okcmktrd`dk smeucbmkos gem`deos d ems prm`eojds quo oeems jbsjms gokord`dk emcdejokto, ostms rocbâk eeogdhms d ed jmhorkbhdh so vok m`ebgdhms d `uscdr smeucbmkos emcdeos d prm`eojds cdusdhms gem`dejokto, cmk oscdsds y d jokuhm bkoxbstoktos pmsb`bebhdhos ho âxbtm. Eds guorrds y jdsdcros trb`deos, ed prmebiordcbók ho trmpds guorrbeeords m ho `dkhds crbjbkdeos y trdibcdktos ho hrmgds okjdscdrdhms cmjm cmj`dtboktos pmr ed eb`ortdh, ojpoôdhms ok hbozjdrso ukms d mtrms, d`smr`bokhm y dkbqubedkhm jboktrds tdktm oe oxcosm ho pm`edcbók  (ed jdymrêd  lóvokos, bkcdpdcbtdhms pdrd trd`dldr ok cdsd y sbk porspoctbvds)> âstds os ukd ho eds oxtrdôds y  porvorsds psouhmsmeucbmkos emcdeos d prm`eojds gem`deos   d eds quo ems rocbâk eeogdhms d ed jmhorkbhdh so vok m`ebgdhms d rocurrbr m ostäk rocurrbokhm. Qorsmkds oxpuesdhds ho sus cdsds, dsosbkdhds, y m`ebgdhds d tokor quo drrogeärsoeds eolms ho eds irmktords ho su pdês. Tubzä ed ükbcd bkhustrbd próspord ok ed tborrd ho ems rocbâk eeogdhms (pdêsos ok vêds ho hosdrrmeem) os ed prmhuccbók ok sorbo ho roiugbdhms.

Q ä g b k d  | 2 

 

Oe rbcm Mccbhokto, pmr uk edhm rocfdzd cmjpdrtbr oe osiuorzm ho oebjbkdcbók y rocbcedlo ho hosocfms, y pmr oe mtrm fdco tmhm pdrd ostbjuedr ed prmhuccbók ho hosporhbcbms> h osporhbcbms> ho jdkord bkhbroctd, hosjdktoedkhm ukm d ukm tmhms ems sbstojds ho hbsoôdhms ok oe pdsdhm pdrd ed prmibedxbs dktbrrosbhums y oebjbkäkhmems pmr bjprmhuctbvms m ocmkójbcdjokto bkvbd`eos, y ho jdkord hbroctd, ojprokhbokhm guorrds ho gem`debzdcbók y hosostd`bebzdkhm uk küjorm cdhd voz jdymr ho smcbohdhos. Qmr juy sorbms quo sodk ems osiuorzms pmr hotokor ed jdrod ho ed ojbgrdcbók ocmkójbcd, km smk oxbtmsms. Oe suirbjboktm prmemkgdhm prmvmcd ed hosospordcbók ho jbeemkos porsmkds y, ok ukd ord ho zmkd irmktorbzd gem`de y ho crbjok gem`debzdhm, rosuetd hbiêcbe poksdr quo idetok kogmcbms dksbmsms pmr cmksogubr uk hóedr m ukms cudktms jbeos ho jbeemkos ho hóedros sdcdkhm prmvocfm ho osd hosospordcbók. Ho dfê ed sogukhd cmksocuokcbd imrjbhd`eo ho ed grdk trdksimrjdcbók dctude< 0-  Jbeemkos ho bkjbgrdktos hodj`uedkhm pmr ems cdjbkms quo dktdôm trdksbtd`d ed pm`edcbók oxcohokto, hospohbhd ho ems vbvorms ho ed jmhorkbhdh, smem quo ostd voz vdk ok hbroccbók cmktrdrbd y km cuoktdk cmk dyuhd ho olârcbtm ho cmkqubstdhmros, cmjorcbdktos y jbsbmkorms. Qdrd beustrdr cbtd d Rmukgo, qubok hbco quo, cmkceuyo quo oe 41 ho soptboj`ro oe jukhm jukh m ord uk eugdr sbk eoy ok oe quo ems rbcms y ems pm`ros sd` sd`êdk êdk quo ed rdzók os hoe jäs iuorto, quo ems grdkhos y pmhormsms puohok oeuhbr y proscbkhbr hoe horocfm bktorkdcbmkde bkto rkdcbmkde  cdhd voz quo oso horocfm so eos dktmlo bkcmkvokbokto, y quo ed rbquozd y oe pmhor km smem hotorjbkdk ed ocmkmjêd sbkm tdj`bâk ed jmrdebhdh y ed pmeêtbcd hoe ospdcbm gem`de , y  pmr tdktm, tmhm em cmkcorkbokto d eds cmkhbcbmkos ho vbhd ok oe pedkotd. pedk otd. D ems smebcbtdktos ho dsbem (fuêdk ho rogêjokos mibcbdejokto rocmkmcbhms cmjm jdems y vbmedhmros ho horocfms fujdkms) km so eos porjbtêd tokor imkhms kb demldjboktm kb cmjbhd, y so eos prmfb`êd  `uscdr trd`dlm rojukordhm de jbsjm tbojpm qu quoo so eos kogd`d oe dccosm d ems su`sbhbms smcbdeos. R km pmhêdk cmktrmedr ok d`smeutm cuäkhm, m hókho, so trdjbtdrêdk sus smebcbtuhos ho dsbem kb sb ostm eeogdrêd d mcurrbr. Osd sbtudcbók iuo cmk tmhd prm`d`bebhdh uk oioctm hoe d`drrmtdjboktm y oe hos`mrhdjboktm ho ems cdjpdjoktms, prmyoctdhms m bjprmvbsdhms, d ems cudeos so trdkspmrtd`d ho jdkord fd`btude d ems smebcbtdktos ho dsbem kdhd jäs tmcdr tborrd. Oe küjorm ho vêctbjds ho ed gem`debzdcbók, dpätrbhds y sbk tocfm, croco hojdsbdhm hoprbsd pdrd quo so puohd sogubr su rbtjm d ed fmrd ho prmyoctdr, emcdebzdr y cmkstrubr ostms cdjpdjoktms. _km ho ems oioctms jäs sbkbostrms ho ed gem`debzdcbók  os ed hosroguedcbók ho eds guorrds. Dkto ed pârhbhd ho pmhor hoe Ostdhm, ukd voz so eo hd rbokhd suoetd, eds fmstbebhdhos cmkvbortok eds eoyos  prmjuegdhds pmr oe Os Ostdhm, tdhm, tdktm eds oj`rbmkdrbds cmjm eds yd cmksmebhdhds, cmks mebhdhds, ok bkolocutd`eos y kueds d oioctms präctbcms. Ed pm`edcbók gokorde ho uk Ostdhm sojoldkto s ojoldkto so okcuoktrd oktmkcos ok uk ospdcbm sbk eoy> ed pdrto ho ed pm`edcbók quo hocbho d`dkhmkdr oe cdjpm ho `dtdeed y cmksbguo oscdpdr so okcuoktrd cmk mtrm tbpm ho vdcêm lurêhbcm< oe ho ed zmkd irmktorbzd gem`de. _kd voz iuord ho eds irmktords ho su  pdês kdtde, ems iugbtbvms so vok prbvdhms hoe rospdehm ho ukd dutmrbhdh ostdtde rocmkmcbhd quo puohd tmjdrems `dlm su djpdrm, robvbkhbcdr sus horocfms o bktorcohor ok su idvmr dkto eds pmtokcbds oxtrdklords. Ems roiugbdhms smk dpätrbhds, porm dpätrbhds ok uk kuovm soktbhm< su cmkhbcbók ho dpätrbhds so oeovd d uk kbvoe cmjpeotdjokto kuovm, hdhd ed bkoxbstokcbd, m ed prosokcbd purdjokto Q ä g b k d  | 41 

 

idktdsjdgórbcd, ho ukd dutmrbhdh ostdtde d ed cude pmhor roiorbr su portokokcbd d uk Ostdhm. Smk ems  prmhuctms ho ed gem`debzdcbók, oe opêtmjo y ed okcdrkdcbók jäs peokd ho su ospêrbtu ho zmkd irmktorbzd. Cbtdkhm d Dgbor, bkhbcd quo< so eos fd drrmldhm d ukd cmkhbcbók ho horbvd ebjbkdr, y km sd`ok, kb puohok sd`or, sb os pdsdlord m porjdkokto. Kukcd so voräk eb`ros ho ed tmrjoktmsd soksdcbók ho trdksbtmrbohdh, bkhotorjbkdcbók y prmvbsbmkdebhdh ho cudequbord ho sus dsoktdjboktms. _kd voz quo so os roiugbdhm, so os pdrd sbojpro. Cudkhm ed MK_ ems hocedrd cmjm km roiugbdhms, yd km tbokok horocfms d ed dyuhd fujdkbtdrbd, sbk oj`drgm, so kbogdk d jdrcfdrso> de pdrocor, km crook quo oxbstd uk fmgdr de quo puohdk rogrosdr, yd quo ems fmgdros quo rocuorhdk rocu orhdk iuormk dsmedhms y sdquodhms. Ed kuovd tdrod ho sus gudrhbdkos fujdkbtdrbms cmksbsto ok fdcor q uo so jdrcfok,… so cmrtd oe sujbkbstrm ho dgud, so cborrdk fmspbtdeos, so suprbjo ed hbstrb`ucbók ho debjoktms y euogm so bkbcbd ed oxpohbtbvd juhdkzd ho ems bktorkms iuord hoe porêjotrm hoe cdjpdjoktm, oe cude, so drrdsó pmr cmjpeotm pdrd ovbtdr cudequbor bktoktm ho rotmrkm. Os dsê cmjm jbeos ho porsmkds fdk hosdpdrocbhm ho eds ostdhêstbcds ho roiugbdhms. Ho cdjbkm d ems cdjpdjoktms, sus iuturms mcupdktos so vok hospmldhms ho cudequbor soôd ho bhoktbhdh oxcoptm ukd< ed ho roiugbdhms sbk Ostdhm, sbk eugdr, sbk iukcbók y sbk pdpoeos. Hoktrm hoe rocbktm hoe cdjpdjoktm, ems roiugbdhms smk rohucbhms d ukd jdsd sbk rmstrm, fd`bâkhmeos kogdhm oe dccosm d eds jäs oeojoktdeos cmjmhbhdhos quo cmkimrjdk ed bhoktbhdh, d ems fbems quo trdhbcbmkdejokto tolok ed trdjd ho eds bhoktbhdhos. Cmkvortbrso ok uk roiugbdhm sbgkbibcd porhor ems johbms quo sbrvok ho `dso d ed oxbstokcbd smcbde< tborrd, cdsd, dehod, cbuhdh, pdhros, pmsosbmkos, mcupdcbmkos y mtrms roioroktos cmtbhbdkms, quohdr d ed horbvd y d ed ospord cmk ukd vbhd hoskuhd quo hopokho ho ed dsbstokcbd fujdkbtdrbd. Jo pdroco roeovdkto, ok soktbhm ho ed âtbcd, rosdetdr oe sbgubokto pärrdim< Ed ibgurd hoe cmmpordkto fujdkbtdrbm, cmktrdtdhm m vmeuktdrbm, ½km os uk bjpmrtdkto osed`ók ok ed cdhokd ho ed oxceusbók= Fdy qubokos so proguktdk sb eds mrgdkbzdcbmkos fujdkbtdrbds, de osimrzdrso de jäxbjm pmr deoldr d ed gokto hoe poebgrm, km ostäk dyuhdkhm sbk quoror d ems ebjpbdhmros âtkbcms. Dgbor so proguktd sb oe trd`dlm fujdkbtdrbm km os uk dgokto ho oxceusbók ho cmsto jêkbjm  y, em quo os tmhdvêd jäs bjpmrtdkto, uk hbspmsbtbvm hostbkdhm d hoscdrgdr y hbsbpdr ed dksbohdh hoe rostm hoe jukhm, d d`smr`or ed cuepd y d cdejdr ems oscrüpuems ho ems ospoctdhmros, dsê cmjm d jbtbgdr ed soksdcbók ho urgokcbd y oe jbohm d ed cmktbkgokcbd. Ho focfm,  pmkor d ems roiugbdhms ok jdkms ho ems trd`dldhmros fujdkbtdrbms (y corr corrdr dr ems mlms d ems gudrhbds drjdhms quo ostäk hoträs) pdroco sor oe jmhm bhode ho rocmkcbebdr em brrocmkcbebd`eo< oe brrosbstb`eo hosom ho hosfdcorso ho ems hosporhbcbms fujdkms kmcbvms de jbsjm tbojpm quo ukm sdtbsidco su cmkjmvohmr hosom ho roctbtuh jmrde. Ems roiugbdhms  smk ed okcdrkdcbók hoe hosporhbcbm fujdkm, prbvdhms ho hosojpoôdr cudequbor iukcbók ütbe ok ed tborrd d ed quo fdk eeogdhm y ok ed quo porjdkocok ho jdkord tojpmrde, sbk bktokcbók kb porspoctbvd ho vorso dsbjbedhms o bktogrdhms ok oe kuovm cuorpm smcbde. Hosho ed dctude u`bcdcbók, oe vortohorm, km fdy cdjbkm pdrd vmevor dträs kb pdrd sogubr fdcbd dhoedkto. Oe crbtorbm iukhdjoktde, d ed fmrd ho oscmgor sus cdjpdjoktms porjdkoktojokto p orjdkoktojokto tojpmrdeos, cmksbsto ok ukd hbstdkcbd em `dstdkto grdkho cmjm pdrd bjpohbr quo ems oieuvbms vokokmsms ho ed hoscmjpmsbcbók

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smcbde decdkcok eugdros fd`btdhms pmr ed pm`edcbók dutóctmkd. Iuord ho h o oso eugdr ems roiugbdhms smk vbstms cmjm uk m`stäcuem y cmjm uk prm`eojd> hoktrm, smk mevbhdhms. Eds pmsb`bebhdhos quo tbokok ems roiugbdhms ho sor rocbcedhms cmjm jboj`rms eogêtbjms y rocmkmcbhms ho ed smcbohdh smk, cmjm jucfm, vdgds vd gds o bkibkbtdjokto rojmtds. So fdk tmjdhm tmhds eds johbhds pdrd gdrdktbzdr su porjdkokcbd ok ed oxceusbók. Ydydk dhmkho vdydk, kdhbo quboro d ems roiugbdhms  y eds so eos hold `bok dsê. Dquoeems rocmkmcbhms cmjm  (os hocbr, porsmkds quo cedrm sbguokquo emsosprocoptms ho ed bkjbgrdktos ocmkójbcms oeoccbók rdcbmkde, tdk ded`dhd pmr oe cmrm komeb`orde, y quo, ok cmksocuokcbd, `uscdk johbms ho su`sbstokcbd deeê hmkho oxbstok ok voz ho porjdkocor hmkho km ems fdy) smk cmkhokdhms d`bortdjokto pmr ems jbsjms gm`borkms quo bktoktdk pmr tmhms ems johbms quo ed ieoxb`bebhdh ed`mrde sod ed vbrtuh cdrhbkde ho su oeoctmrdhm, y quo oxfmrtdk d ems hosojpeodhms dutóctmkms d  pmkorso jdkms d ed m`rd o br dhmkho fdy f dy trd`dlm. Em dktorbmr roieold ed idetd ho bktogrbhdh y hm`eo jmrde ho eds dutmrbhdhos, quo smem `uscdk eeogdr de pmhor ok `dso d eds beusbmkos ho ems kocosbtdhms, debjoktdkhm ospordkzds quo kukcd porjbtbräk rodebzdr, y d eds cudeos oeems smk oe prbkcbpde m`stäcuem. Ems smebcbtdktos ho dsbem, cmkceuyo Rmukgo, tbokok jäs pmsb`bebhdhos ho sor vêctbjds quo  porpotrdhmros ho dctms crbjbkdeos. cr bjbkdeos. Em dktorbmr os bjpmrtdkto, ok vbstd ho quo ems jbsjms smebcbtdktos ordk vokhbhms cmjm ed pedgd y djokdzd ho ed smcbohdh. Ho ed cude ems gm`borkms fdcêdk tmhm em pmsb`eo pmr ovbtdr y eb`ordr d sus kdcbmkos. Ems cdjpdjoktms ho roiugbdhms so dsojoldk jäs quo cudequbor mtrm jbcrmcmsjms smcbde drtbibcbde de tbpm bhode ho bkstbtucbók tmtde ho Orvbkg Gmiijdk< mirocok, pmr dccbók u mjbsbók, ukd vbhd tmtde ho ed quo km fdy oscdpdtmrbd, quo bjpbho cmk oibcdcbd oe dccosm d cudequbor mtrd imrjd ho vbhd. Ed porjdkokcbd ho ed trdksbtmrbohdh> ed hurd`bebhdh ho em oiêjorm> ed hotorjbkdcbók m`lotbvd quo km so roieold ok oe cdräctor cmksocuokcbde y su`lotbvm ho eds dccbmkos> oe rme hoibkbhm sbojpro ho jdkord bkdhocudhd m pdrd sor jäs oxdctms, ukd bksorcbók ok oe ieulm ho ed vbhd sbk oe dkced ho uk rme smcbde cmk cdrdctorêstbcds ho ed jmhorkd vbhd eêqubhd quo, luktm cmk mtrds vbkcuedhds d oeeds, fdk sbhm oxpuostds y hmcujoktdhds ok eds bkvostbgdcbmkos ho Dgbor. Cmjpdrdkhm cdjpdjoktms ho roiugbdhms cmk vbhd eêqubhd surgo ed proguktd< fdstd quâ puktm ems cdjpdjoktms ho roiugbdhms puohok vorso cmjm ed`mrdtmrbms ok ems quo so pruo`d y so oksdyd oe kuovm jmhoem ho ed vbhd eêqubhd porjdkoktojokto trdksbtmrbd. Ems smebcbtdktos ho dsbem y ems bkjbgrdktos ocmkójbcms smk râpebcds cmeoctbvds ho ed kuovd âebto hmjbkdkto hoe jukhm gem`debzdhm, ho ed quo jucfms smspocfdk, y cmk rdzók, quo os ed vbeedkd ho ed m`rd. De bgude quo ostd âebto, km ostäk vbkcuedhms d kbkgük eugdr> eugdr> okcdrkdk oe bksmkhd`eo ospdcbm ho ieulms hmkho fukhok sus rdêcos ed procdrbohdh dctude ho ed cmkhbcbók fujdkd. Ostms tojmros y ostds dkgustbds, de `uscdr ok vdkm mtrds sdebhds jäs dhocudhds, ojorgok `dlm ed imrjd hoe rosoktbjboktm pmpuedr y oe jbohm d ems oxtrdôms corcdkms . Qdrd koutrdebzdr y hbsbpdr ed bkcortbhuj`ro, km sbrvo uk okiroktdjboktm hbroctm cmk ed mtrd okcdrkdcbók ho ed Q ä g b k d  | 40 

 

oxtrdtorrbtmrbdebhdh< ed âebto gem`de quo so juovo iuord hoe decdkco hoe cmktrme fujdkm. Ostd âebto os hojdsbdhm pmhormsd pdrd okiroktdrso okiroktd rso d oeed y rotdred sbk jäs, bkceusm sb so cmkmcboso su u`bcdcbók oxdctd. Ems roiugbdhms, ok cdj`bm, hosvokturdhms o bkhoioksms, smk uk `edkcm vbsb`eo, bkjóvbe y sm`ro oe quo rosuetd iäcbe hoscdrgdr oe oxcosm ho rd`bd, sb `bok km smk ed cdusd ho ems suirbjboktms kb hoe jbohm d sogubr suirbokhm quo mrbgbkdrmk osd rd`bd. Pospoctm de pärrdim dktorbmr eedjd d ed dtokcbók oe focfm ho quo dkto sbtudcbmkos hoscmkcortdktos d kbvoe gem`de so croo tomrêds ho cmkspbrdcbók, y hbcfds sbtudcbmkos smk prmvmcdhds pmr ed âebto  pmhormsd quo so jokcbmkd ok oe eb`rm. Dquoe grupm poquoôm quo hmjbkd oe jukhm y tbokok cmkmcbjboktm o bkceusm ho ed oxbstokcbd ho vbhd oxtrdtorrostro, kms cmktrmedk cmkt rmedk johbdkto ed tockmemgêd y protokhok bkstdurdr uk kuovm mrhok jukhbde, cmk uk smem gm`borkm hbrbgbhm `dlm su pmhor. Hostdcdjms oe sbgubokto pärrdim cmjm rocmkmcbjboktm ho quo oe jbohm y ed bkcortbhuj`ro  smk eds cdrdctorêstbcds quo bjpuesdk de rocfdzm ho ems roiugbdhms  (oe quo tboko jbohm ho degukd imrjd dtdcd)< Irokto d uk ieulm ho imrdstorms, ems ostd`eocbhms tbokok sm`rdhds rdzmkos pdrd soktbrso djokdzdhms. Dhojäs ho roprosoktdr em hoscmkmcbhm quo tmhm oxtrdklorm okcdrkd, ems roiugbdhms trdok oe rujmr hbstdkto ho guorrds y oe fohmr ho fmgdros drrdsdhms drrds dhms y pm`edhms cdecbkdhms quo smem puohok rocm rocmrhdr rhdr d ems ostd`eocbhms cuäk iäcbejokto puoho sor quo`rdhm m hostrubhm oe cdpueem ho su rutbkd sogurd y idjbebdr, y cuäk beusmrbd puoho sor ed sogurbhdh ho su dsoktdjboktm. Oe roiugbdhm os uk päldrm ho jde dgõorm. Oe `emquom ho eds smeucbmkos gem`deos d prm`eojds prmhucbhms ho jdkord emcde, y jäs oxdctdjokto ed crbsbs dctude ho ed bkhustrbd ho oebjbkdcbók ho hosporhbcbms fujdkms, roporcuto ok oe trdtm quo hdk d ems roiugbdhms y d ems smebcbtdktos ho dsbem dquoeems pdêsos fdcbd ems quo jbrdk ems bkjbgrdktos gem`deos ok su `üsquohd ho sogurbhdh dkto ed vbmeokcbd, y ho pdk y ho dgud pmtd`eo, y ostä jmhbibcdkhm ho jdkord rdhbcde tdj`bâk ed hbiêcbe cmkhbcbók ho ems oxceubhms bktorkms (su`cedso) ok dquoeems pdêsos. So pedktod uk cdj`bm ho âkidsbs sbgkbibcdtbvm hosho ed jmhdebhdh hoe `bokostdr d ed pokde. Ed jmhdebhdh pokde, jäs prmjbkokto, so fd vuoetm jäs pukbtbvd, jäs oxprosbvd, jäs promcupdhd promcup dhd pmr ed sogurbhdh.jäs Ed coktrdhd , dhojäs ho ho ems porhor bjpmrtdkcbd, so fd vuoetm jäs jmhdebhdh `bokostdr cmkhbcbmkde, ok oehoe hoebtm, jäs cmkscbokto rbosgms. Em dktorbmr prmvmcd quo ems hoebkcuoktos km sodk vbstms cmjm porsmkds kocosbtdhds ho dpmym, sbkm cmjm soros cuepd`eos, bkhbgkms y juy poebgrmsms. Embc Wdcqudkt cmkstdtd ukd rohoibkbcbók ho ed jbsbók ostdtde> oe Ostdhm so rotbrd ho ed drokd ocmkójbcd, dibrjd ed kocosbhdh ho rohucbr su pdpoe smcbde d idvmr ho ed djpebdcbók y oe imrtdeocbjboktm ho su bktorvokcbók pokde.  Kdmjb Neobk fd soôdedhm ukd tokhokcbd cdhd voz jäs iiuorto uorto y jäs gokordebzdhd gokord ebzdhd (prmjmvbhd pmr ed _kbók Ourmpod, porm sogubhd räpbhdjokto pmr Ostdhms _kbhms) fdcbd ukd imrtdeozd rogbmkde cmk vdrbms pbsms<

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_k cmktbkokto imrtdeozd os uk `emquo ho kdcbmkos quo sujdk iuorzds pdrd oxtrdor cmkhbcbmkos cmjorcbdeos idvmrd`eos ho mtrms pdêsos, jboktrds pdtrueedk eds irmktords oxtorkds cmjpdrtbhds pdrd jdktokor iuord d ed gokto ho hbcfms pdêsos. Dfmrd `bok, sb uk cmktbkokto prmcoho cmk sorbohdh ok cudktm d imrtdeozd, tdj`bâk tboko quo bkvbtdr d ukm m hms pdêsos pm`ros d ostdr ost dr hoktrm ho sus jurms,  puos degubok fd ho fdcor oe trd`dlm sucbm y posdhm. Ok pmcds pded`rds, ems pärrdims dktorbmros pedktodk quo ems pdêsos jäs iuortos quo cmkimrjdk cmktbkokto imrtdeozd smk qubokos so dvoktdldk cmjorcbdejokto y pmr tdktm ho jdkord ocmkójbcd, irokto d ems pdêsos pm`ros quo smem utbebzdk pdrd oxpemtdrems ok `okoibcbm prmpbm. Osm so hold vor johbdkto ems jbsjms dcuorhms ho eb`ro cmjorcbm, hmkho ems pdêsos jäs pmhormsms y cdpdcos ho cujpebr ems ostäkhdros ostd`eocbhms smk qubokos torjbkdk idvmrocbâkhmso irokto de rostm ho pdêsos, cuyms fd`btdktos smk utbebzdhms cmjm jdkm ho m`rd `drdtd, pmcm oxbgokto y hbspuostd d dcoptdr cudequbor cmsd quo so eos mirozcd. So jdktbokok d`bortms d ems kogmcbms, porm corrdhms d ed gokto. Eds tokhokcbds dktorbmros, ho oxceusbók o bkceusbók, prmcohok ho ukd rdêz cmjük< ed prmpdgdcbók gem`de ho ed imrjd ho vbhd jmhorkd , quo fd decdkzdhm d ostds deturds ems eêjbtos jäs rojmtms hoe pedkotd. Dfmrd oe pedkotd ostä eeokm, y ostm bjpebcd, quo prmcosms têpbcdjokto jmhorkms, cmjm ed cmkstruccbók hoe mrhok y oe prmgrosm ocmkójbcm, so hdk ok tmhds pdrtos y, cmjm cmksocuokcbd, pmr tmhds pdrtos so prmhucok y so oxpuesdk hosporhbcbms fujdkms  ok cdktbhdhos cdhd voz jdymros> ostd voz, km m`stdkto, idetdk ems `dsurorms kdturdeos dprmpbdhms pdrd su dejdcokdjboktm y  pmtokcbde rocbcedlo. rocbcedlo. Oe prmcosm quo fdco uk sbgem dktbcbpdrd Pmsd Euxoj`urg fd decdkzdhm su eêjbto eêjbto oxtrojm.

Cdpêtuem 3< Oe Ostdhm, ed hojmcrdcbd y ed gostbók ho ems jbohms Osto cdpêtuem pdrto hoe pedktodjboktm ho ed prmpoksbók de jbohm y m`sosbók pmr ed sogurbhdh  pmr  pdrto ho eds porsmkds quo fd`btdk f d`btdk ems pdêsos hosdrrmeedhms. Oe dutmr em pedktod dsê< Fd sbhm ok tmhd Ourmpd y ok sus dktbgums hmjbkbms, dsê cmjm ok degukms mtrms pdêsos hosdrrmeedhms, hmkho ed prmpoksbók de jbohm y eds m`sosbmkos pmr ed sogurbhdh fdk dvdkzdhm ho jdkord jäs ospoctdcuedr ok ems üetbjms dôms. Lustm ok ems pdêsos hosdrrmeedhms, hmkho smk smcbohdhos jäs sogurds, y fdk sbhm crbdhms oktro jbjms y degmhmkos, os hmkho so sboktok jäs djokdzdhms, bksogurms y dtojmrbzdhms. Oe dutmr hostdcd< smjms ems jäs jbohmsms y ems jäs bktorosdhms ok tmhm em quo tokgd quo vor cmk ed sogurbhdh y prmtoccbók jucfm jäs quo ems fd`btdktos ho ed jdymrêd ho eds smcbohdhos cmkmcbhds.  Kmsmtrms hocbjms quo oe jbohm os d porhor p orhor ed sogurbhdh quo pms pmsook, ook, puos smem tojojms porhor em quo tokojms> dquoeems quo km fdk cmkmcbhm oe soktbrso sogurms y prmtogbhms km tbokok quo tojor d  porhor em quo km tbokok, sbjpeojokto dprokhok d vbvbr ok johbm ho eds bksogurbhdhos jboktrds dkfoedk ed pdz quo crook quo prmpmrcbmkdk ems eugdros sogurms, hmkho cmktrdhbctmrbdjokto eds  porsmkds smk jäs jbohmsds. So cbtd d Sbgjukh qubok  ok dpdrbokcbd Irouh d`mrhó hbroctdjokto oe bksbstokto okbgjd ho ems jbohms bklustbibcdhms y sugbrbó quo, ed smeucbók ho`êd `uscdrso ok oe hosdiêm ho ed jokto fujdkd Q ä g b k d  | 48 

 

d ed ärbhd eógbcd ho ems focfms. Oe suirbjboktm fujdkm (dsê cmjm oe tojmr d suirbr, oe olojpem ho suirbjboktm jäs brrbtdkto o bksmpmrtd`eo) prmvboko ho ed suprojdcêd ho ed Kdturdeozd , ho ed cdhucbhdh ho kuostrm prmpbm cuorpm  y ho ed bksuibcbokcbd ho kuostrms jâtmhms pdrd roguedr eds roedcbmkos fujdkds ok ed idjbebd, ok oe Ostdhm y ed smcbohdh. Ok cudktm d ems jbohms dktorbmros, sd`ojms quo kukcd cmksogubrojms hmjbkdr hoe tmhm ed  Kdturdeozd, quo kuostrm mrgdkbsjm km eeogdrä d sor bkjmrtde, kb tdjpmcm bkjuko de bjpedcd`eo  pdsm hoe tbojpm, pmr em cude, ok osms äj`btms ho`ojms cmktoktdrkms cmk ukd smeucbók ho sogukhd cedso. Sb km pmhojms orrdhbcdr tmhms ems suirbjboktms, pmhojms oebjbkdr degukms y dtokudr mtrms. Ho`ojms utbebzdr kuostrm tbojpm y okorgêd ok oebjbkdr ems suirbjboktms quo so puohd, rocmkmcor dquoeem quo os bkovbtd`eo y dsujbrem m dtokudr su oioctm. Os em quo kms hold hbcfm oe pärrdim dktorbmr rospoctm d cójm gostbmkdr oe jbohm de suirbjboktm. Eds cmsds smk `dstdkto hbioroktos ok oe cdsm hoe torcor tbpm ho suirbjboktm < ed hoshbcfd quo tboko uk mrbgok dutâktbcd y supuostdjokto smcbde. Cudequbor cmsd focfd pmr soros fujdkms puoho sor rofocfd pmr soros fujdkms. Ok osto cdsm, pmr em tdktm, km dcoptdjms eêjbto degukm d ed fmrd ho rofdcor ed rodebhdh> rocfdzdjms ed pmsb`bebhdh ho quo kuostrds dctbvbhdhos puohdk tokor eêjbtos  proostd`eocbhms i bldhms ho ukd vozkmpmr tmhds, eêjbtos quo km pmhojms trdspdsdr ed ho`bhd hmsbs ho osiuorzmyyibldhms `uokd vmeuktdh< eeogdjms d cmjprokhor pmr quâ eds kmrjdscmk crodhds pmr kmsmtrms jbsjms km ho`orêdk sor ukd prmtoccbók y ukd voktdld pdrd cdhd ukm ho kmsmtrms . Cdstoe eeogd d ukd cmkceusbók sbjbedr, trds fd`or hoscu`bortm quo ed bksogurbhdh dctude km prmvboko ho ukd cdrokcbd ho prmtoccbók, sbkm ho ed idetd ho cedrbhdh ho su cdjpm ho dccbók  ok uk ukbvorsm smcbde quo so fd mrgdkbzdhm ok tmrkm d ed `üsquohd bkibkbtd ho prmtoccbók y de dkfoem irokâtbcm ho sogurbhdh. Ed oxporbokcbd ho ed bksogurbhdh, hmemrmsd o bkcurd`eo, os uk oioctm socukhdrbm ho ed cmkvbccbók ho quo ed sogurbhdh d`smeutd puoho decdkzdrso , cmk oe bkgokbm y oe osiuorzm dhocudhms. Ho osto jmhm , sb rosuetd quo km so fd decdkzdhm, oe irdcdsm puoho oxpebcdrso smem johbdkto uk dctm jdevdhm y jdebktokcbmkdhm . ½Tubâk os oe vbeedkm= Qmhojms dibrjdr quo ed vdrbdkto jmhorkd ho bksogurbhdh so cdrdctorbzd cedrdjokto pmr oe jbohm  y d  pmr dtrdvosdhd pmr dhojäs ed jdehdh ems jdefocfmros hoscmkibdkzd d ems y sus fujdkd bktokcbmkos, oe rocfdzm dfujdkms cmkibdr .okOstä ed cmkstdkcbd y oked ed ibd`bebhdh ho ed cmjpdôêd fujdkd  y, ok üetbjd bkstdkcbd, horbvd ho kuostrd bkcdpdcbhdh m hosgdkd pdrd cmkvortbr tde cmjpdôêd ok hurdhord y sogurd, y, pmr tdktm, ok hbgkd ho cmkibdkzd. Cdstoe dtrb`uyo ostd sbtudcbók d ed bkhbvbhudcbók cmktojpmräkod> sugboro quo ed smcbohdh jmhorkd, de suprbjbr eds cmjukbhdhos y eds cmrpmrdcbmkos, ostrocfdjokto ukbhds, quo ok oe  pdsdhm hoibkêdk eds kmrjds ho prmtoccbók y voed`dk pmr oe cujpebjboktm, y sustbtubreds pmr oe ho`or bkhbvbhude ho mcupdrso cdhd ukm ho sê jbsjm y ho sus dsuktms , so fd ohbibcdhm sm`ro eds drokds jmvohbzds ho ed cmktbkgokcbd (bksogurbhdh). Ok ukd smcbohdh sojoldkto, ems soktbjboktms ho bksogurbhdh oxbstokcbde y oe tojmr d poebgrms bkhoibkbhms smk, bkovbtd`eojokto okhâjbcms.

Q ä g b k d  | 4? 

 

Ok Ourmpd, ostd bkqubotdkto soksdcbók ho bksogurbhdh km fd`rêd surgbhm sb ok oe cmktbkokto km so fu`bosok hdhm hms kmvohdhos sbjuetäkods quo euogm, d voemcbhdhos hbstbktds, so prmpdgdrmk prmp dgdrmk d mtrds zmkds hoe pedkotd< 4-  Ed sm`rovdemrdcbók ho ems bkhbvbhums, eb`ordhms  ho eds rostrbccbmkos bjpuostds pmr ed hoksd roh ho vêkcuems smcbdeos. 0-  Hospmldhms ho ed prmtoccbók quo mirocêd ok oe pdsdhm hbcfd roh ho vêkcuems smcbdeos, ems bkhbvbhums so tmrkdrmk irägbeos y vuekord`eos cmjm kukcd. Cmk ed prbjord kmvohdh, ems soros fujdkms bkhbvbhudeos vbormk d`rbrso dkto oeems djpebms ospdcbms, ojmcbmkdktos y sohuctmros, ok ems quo oxporbjoktdr y pmkor ok präctbcd eds kuovds drtos ho ed ojdkcbpdcbók y ho ed dutmsupordcbók. Qorm ed sogukhd kmvohdh votd`d (prmfb`êd m bjpohêd) d ed jdymr pdrto ho ems bkhbvbhums ed oktrdhd ok uk torrbtmrbm tdk dtrdctbvm. Sor uk bkhbvbhum ho horocfm km gdrdktbzd`d ho jmhm degukm ed bkhbvbhudebhdh ho focfm, y jucfms cdrocêdk ho ems rocursms pdrd fdcor vdeor ems horocfms bjpeêcbtms ok ed prbjord kmvohdh kmv ohdh d ed fmrd ho eucfdr pmr ed sogukhd. Jbohm d ed bkdhocudcbók os oe kmj`ro ho ed okiorjohdh rosuetdkto. Oe Ostdhm jmhorkm so okcmktró hosho oe prbkcbpbm dkto ed bkgokto ed`mr ho gostbmkdr oe jbohm. Cmktrd ed mpbkbók gokorde, oe küceom coktrde hoe Ostdhm smcbde , cmjm cmksocuokcbd bkovbtd`eo hoe hosdrrmeem Ostdhm jmhorkm, ord ho provokcbók cmeoctbvdhoirokto d edocmkójbcm, hosgrdcbd ed prmtoccbók bkhbvbhude)hoe y km ed rohbstrb`ucbók ed rbquozd (ed . Qdrd ed gokto prbvdhd cdpbtde cueturde y smcbde, ed prmtoccbók puoho sor cmeoctbvd m km sorä kdhd. Pospoctm d em dktorbmr kmtdjms quo ok ed smcbohdh pro-jmhorkd, eds dyuhds smcbdeos  ordk cmeoctbvds, bkstbtucbmkdeos, cmkstdktos, pmr em quo pmhêdk jdktokorso d rdyd ems bjprovbstms hoe jorcdhm ed`mrde, ed bkcortbhuj`ro quohd`d jbtbgdhd m hosdpdrocêd pmr cmjpeotm, y ems tojmros ordk hostorrdhms de äj`btm jdrgbkde ho ems gmepos hoe hostbkm y ho ems dccbhoktos idtdeos, ok voz ho sdturdr oe cursm ho ed vbhd cmtbhbdkd. Qmr okcbjd ho tmhm, dquoeems jucfms quo km cmktd`dk cmk mtrm cdpbtde quo su cdpdcbhdh ho trd`dlm pmhêdk cmkibdr ok ed cmeoctbvbhdh. Ed smebhdrbhdh trdksimrjó ed cdpdcbhdh ho trd`dlm ok uk cdpbtde sustbtutm, ok uk tbpm ho cdpbtde hoe quo so ospord`d, km sbk rdzók, quo cmktrdrrostdso oe pmhor cmkluktm ho ems mtrms cdpbtdeos. Pocmkstruyokhm   so eógbcd sm`rosoedfd`êd cudebkbcbdhm so tolbócmk oe oe sbgkbibcdhm hosogurbhdh horocfms porsmkde bkhbvbhudeos okcuoktrd quo, oe ed edrgm prmcosm, suoôm ho ed , de quo sbgubó ukd edrgd eucfd cmktrd oe pmhor dr`btrdrbm ho royos y prêkcbpos . Ed sogurbhdh porsmkde smem pmhêd m`tokorso bktrmhucbokhm rogeds quo vbkcued`dk d tmhms ems lugdhmros. Sogük Jdrsfdee, ed hojdkhd ho horocfms pmeêtbcms , os hocbr, hoe horocfm ho hosojpoôdr uk pdpoe sustdkcbde ok ed crodcbók ho eds eoyos, iuo ok `uokd eógbcd oe pdsm sbgubokto, puos ukd voz cmkqubstdhms ems horocfms porsmkdeos ord kocosdrbm hoiokhorems > ho em hbcfm, puoho cmkceubrso quo ems hms grupms ho horocfms, porsmkdeos y pmeêtbcms, smem pmhêdk sor robvbkhbcdhms (rocedjdhms m hoiokhbhms), cmkqubstdhms m cmksmebhdhms luktms< hbiêcbejokto pmhêdk m`tokorso y hbsirutdrso pmr sopdrdhm. Ed prmtoccbók ho eds porsmkds y ed sogurbhdh ho sus prmpbohdhos smk cmkhbcbmkos bkhbspoksd`eos pdrd quo âstds sodk cdpdcos ho eucfdr cmk oibcdcbd pmr oe horocfm d ed pdrtbcbpdcbók  pmeêtbcd, pormvbkcuedktos km puohok hopokhd cmktdr cmk sóebhds y rdzmkd`eojokto hurdhords d jokms quo ed imrjd ho eds eoyos ho`dsos sus `okoibcbdrbms. Q ä g b k d  | 49 

 

_km km puoho ostdr sogurm ho sus horocfms porsmkdeos d jokms quo puohd olorcor sus horocfms  pmeêtbcms y fdcor vdeor osd idcuetdh ok oe prmcosm ho oed`mrdcbók ho eds eoyos> km m`stdkto, eds  pmsb`bebhdhos ho fdcor vdeor osd idcuetdh soräk, so räk, cmjm jêkbjm, hâ`beos, d jokms quo oe pdtrbjmkbm (ocmkójbcm m smcbde) cmktrmedhm porsmkdejokto y prmtogbhm pmr ems horocfms porsmkdeos sod em  `dstdkto cmksbstokto cmjm pdrd quo so em bkceuyd ok ems cäecuems hoe pmhor. Ed pm`rozd, dktbgud m kuovd, gokord hosospordcbók y sujbsbók, d`smr`o tmhd ed okorgêd ok ed eucfd pmr ed suporvbvokcbd, ybktordccbók sbtüd ed vmeuktdh d jorcoh hoporsmkdeos prmjosds vdcêds okgdôms bksbhbmsms. Oe oktroedzdjboktm ed oktro ems horocfms y pmeêtbcms pmeêtybcms smk pdrd ems pmhormsms , pdrd ems rbcmsy, km pdrd ems pm`ros, smk pdrd dquoeems quo ostäk sogurms sb so eos hold smems, porm km pdrd dquoeems quo kocosbtdk dsbstokcbd oxtorkd pdrd eeogdr d soktbrso sogurms. Smem pmhrêdk olorcor oe horocfm de vmtm dquoeems quo pmsoyosok suibcboktos rocursms ocmkójbcms y cueturdeos pdrd ostdr d sdevm ho ed sorvbhuj`ro vmeuktdrbm m bkvmeuktdrbd quo cmrtd ho rdêz cudequbor pmsb`eo dutmkmjêd ho oeoccbók. _kd porspoctbvd jäs djpebd d ed hoe pärrdim dktorbmr, ok ed quo so djpebdrd oe horocfm de suirdgbm d dquoeems sbk rocursms ocmkójbcms y cueturdeos, so cmksbhord`d cmjm ukd dgrosbók cmktrd ed hojmcrdcbd y km cmjm su trbukim. Em dktorbmr so ho`o de supuostm ho quo qubokos km tokêdk km ojpeodrêdk oe hmk ho ed pdrtbcbpdcbók pmeêtbcd pdrd hoiokhor ed sogurbhdh ho ed prmpbohdh y oe ostdtus smcbde, oe tbpm ho horocfms porsmkdeos quo eos bktorosd`dk. Dquoeem ord ukd hojmcrdcbd ebjbtdhd d qubokos tokêdk pmhor . Sb ems horocfms pmeêtbcms puohok ojpeodrso pdrd dibdkzdr y cmksmebhdr eds eb`ortdhos porsmkdeos   `dsdhds ok oe pmhor ocmkójbcm, oktmkcos hbiêcbejokto pmhräk gdrdktbzdr oe olorcbcbm ho sus eb`ortdhos porsmkdeos d ems hospmsoêhms, quo km tbokok pmsb`bebhdh degukd ho dspbrdr d ems rocursms sbk ems quo km puoho cmkqubstdrso kb hbsirutärsoed eb`ortdh porsmkde. Dkto ed eógbcd dktorbmr, ed hojmcrdcbd pmhrêd porpotudrso ok ed präctbcd, porm tdj`bâk ho jdkord imrjde y oxpeêcbtd, cmjm uk dsuktm osokcbdejokto oebtbstd. Km m`stdkto, pdrd p drd Qdmem Iemros h¸Drcdbs smem fd`êd hms smeucbmkos pmsb`eos d osto hbeojd < r ostrbkgbr ostrbkgbr oe suirdgbm d qubokos yd cmktd`dk cmk tdeos rocursms  m rovmeucbmkdr prmgrosbvdjokto ed smcbohdh fdstd cmkvortbr osms prbvbeogbms –   –  rbquozd  rbquozd y cueturd –  ok horocfms quo ostuvbosok gdrdktbzdhms d tmhm oe jukhm. Ostd sogukhd smeucbók bkspbró  oe jmhoem ho Ostdhm hoe `bokostdr  ho Emrh @ovorbhgo, ed okcdrkdcbók jäs cmjpeotd ho horocfms smcbdeos  ho X.F. Jdrsfdee, dquoe torcor osed`ók ok ed cdhokd ho ems horocfms sbk oe cude oe prmyoctm hojmcrätbcm ostä hostbkdhm d hotokorso dktos ho cmkceubr. Sbk horocfms pmeêtbcms ed gokto km puoho ostdr sogurd ho sus horocfms porsmkdeos> porm sbk horocfms smcbdeos, ems horocfms pmeêtbcms sogubräk sbokhm uk suoôm bkdecdkzd`eo, ukd ibccbók bkütbe m ukd `rmjd cruoe pdrd dquoeems jucfms d qubokos ed eoy, imrjdejokto, eos gdrdktbzd tdeos horocfms. Sb ems horocfms smcbdeos km ostäk dsogurdhms, ems pm`ros y ems bkhmeoktos km pmhräk olorcor ems horocfms pmeêtbcms quo, ok tomrêd, pmsook. Oktmkcos, ems pm`ros smem cmktdräk cmk ems horocfms quo ems gm`borkms ostbjok mpmrtukm cmkcohoreos y ok ed johbhd ok quo ems cmksbhorok dcoptd`eos dquoeems quo cuoktok cmk ed iuorzd pmeêtbcd kocosdrbd pdrd cmkqubstdr oe pmhor y jdktokorem. Jboktrds sbgdk sbk rocursms, em jäxbjm d quo puohok dspbrdr ems pm`ros os d sor hostbkdtdrbms ho trdksiorokcbds, km sulotms ho horocfms.

Q ä g b k d  | 47 

 

Emrh @ovorbhgo ostd`d ok em cbortm de croor quo su vbsbók ho uk sbstojd ho prmtoccbók cmeoctbvdjokto gdrdktbzdhm y djpebdhm d tmhms   ord, de jbsjm tbojpm, ed cmksocuokcbd bkovbtd`eo ho ed bhod eb`orde y ed cmkhbcbók bkhbspoksd`eo pdrd ukd hojmcrdcbd eb`orde peokdjokto hosdrrmeedhd. Ed eb`ortdh ho oeoccbók  vd dcmjpdôdhd ho bkibkbtms o bkkujord`eos rbosgms ho irdcdsm. Qdrd jucfms, ed eb`ortdh ho oxprosbók sogubrä sbokhm uk suoôm d jokms quo oe jbohm d ed horrmtd quoho jbtbgdhm pmr ukd póebzd ho sogurms suscrbtd d kmj`ro ho ed cmjukbhdh. Ed cdpdcbhdh pdrd dirmktdr ems rotms vbtdeos, os oe jbsjm tdeeor ok oe quo so jmehod m imrld ed cmkibdkzd ok ukm jbsjm. Hoe jbsjm jmhm quo ems horocfms pmeêtbcms smk kocosdrbms pdrd bkstdurdr ems horocfms smcbdeos, tdj`bâk ems horocfms smcbdeos smk bkhbspoksd`eos pdrd jdktokor mpordtbvms ems horocfms pmeêtbcms. Dj`ms horocfms so kocosbtdk pdrd sm`rovbvbr, y ostd suporvbvokcbd smem  puohok emgrdred cmkluktdjokto. Ems jbohms ospocêibcdjokto jmhorkms surgbormk hurdkto ed prbjord meodhd ho eb`ordebzdcbók –   jäs –  bkhbvbhudebzdcbók  bkhbvbhudebzdcbók, cudkhm so diemldrmk m so rmjpbormk ems edzms ho pdroktoscm y vocbkhdh quo so fd`êdk dtdhm ibrjojokto cmk kuhms cmjukbtdrbms m cmrpmrdtbvms y quo pdrocêdk otorkms m oxbstoktos, de jokms, hosho tbojpms bkjojmrd`eos. Oe jmhm ho jdkoldr oe jbohm ho ed ok ok , brrojohbd`eojokto jmhorkbhdh sóebhd  cmksbstbó sustbtubr ems dsmcbdcbmkos, vêkcuems kdturdeos pmr sus oqubvdeoktos drtbibcbdeos imrjd ho sbkhbcdtms y dgrupdcbmkos dhdôdhms, tbojpm  pdrcbde dukquo cdsb sbojpr sbojproo cmjpeotm, ukbibcdhds pmr bktorosos cmjpdrtbhms y rutbkds cmtbhbdkds> ed smebhdrbhdh mcupó oe eugdr ho ed portokokcbd cmjm oscuhm prbkcbpde irokto d uk hostbkm cdhd voz jäs dzdrmsm. Ed hosdpdrbcbók ho ed smebhdrbhdh oscrb`bó uk ibkde pdrd oso ostbem ho gostbmkdr oe jbohm prmpbm ho ed jmhorkbhdh sóebhd. Fd eeogdhm oe turkm ho diemldr, hosjdktoedr m rmjpor ems jocdkbsjms jmhorkms ho prmtoccbók drtbibcbdeos m hbrbgbhms. So pedktod ukd sogukhd idso ho ed eb`ordebzdcbók  –  jäs   jäs  –  bkhbvbhudebzdcbók   bkhbvbhudebzdcbók, prmhuctm ho eds  prosbmkos ho iuorzds gem`deos bkcmktrmed`eos o bkcmktokb`eos (pdrd Ourmp Ourmpdd y OO.__.), d ed cude km eo sogubhm kuovds imrjds smcbotdrbds ho gostbmkdr oe jbohm. Ed tdrod ho dirmktdr ems jbohms quo ojorgok ho eds kuovds bkcortbhuj`ros fd sbhm, cmjm em fdk sbhm ems prmpbms jbohms, eb`ordebzdhd y su`sbhbdrbzdhd, os hocbr, holdhd ok jdkms jdk ms ho eds bkbcbdtbvds y ho ems osiuorzms emcdeos> prbvdtbzdhd pr bvdtbzdhd y trdksiorbhd ok grdk johbhd d ed osiord ho ed pmeêtbcd vbtde, ostm os, oktrogdhd de cubhdhm, bkgokbm y dstucbd ho ems bkhbvbhums, y d ems jorcdhms, tokdzjokto fmstbeos y ojpoôdhms ok mpmkorso d cudequbor imrjd ho bktoriorokcbd cmjukde (pmeêtbcd) y jäs dük, ho su cmktrme. Ed cmjpotokcbd sustbtuyo d ed smebhdrbhdh, y ems bkhbvbhums so vok d`dkhmkdhms d sus prmpbms rocursms, oscdsms o bksuibcboktos. So fd d`bortm uk d`bsjm okmrjo oktro ed cdktbhdh y ed cdebhdh ho ems rocursms kocosdrbms pdrd gokordr ukd sogurbhdh , quo dukquo id`rbcdhd pmr ukm jbsjm, sod ibd`eo y gdrdktbco quo puoho prmhucbrso ukd eb`ordcbók gokubkd hoe jbohm, d pdrtbr hoe cmkluktm ho jdtorbdeos, bkstrujoktms y fd`bebhdhos quo ed jdymrêd ho bkhbvbhums puoho rdzmkd`eojokto dspbrdr d cmksogubr y cmksorvdr.

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Pm`ort Cdstoe deuho de rogrosm ho eds cedsos poebgrmsds. Ed sbjbebtuh oktro ed prbjord y ed sogukhd eeogdhd ho ostds cedsos os pdrcbde. Eds cedsos poebgrmsds mrbgbkdeos  ostd`dk cmkstbtubhds pmr oe oxcosm ho pm`edcbók tojpmrdejokto oxceubhd y tmhdvêd sbk bktogrdr> ukd pm`edcbók d ed quo ed rdpbhoz hoe prmgrosm ocmkójbcm eo fd`êd prbvdhm ho ukd iukcbók ütbe y quo, de hosbktogrdrso d tmhd  prbsd eds rohos ho vêkcuems smcbdeos, torjbkó sbk prmtoccbók degukd. So ospord`d quo ostds cedsos so robktogrdsok, dtokudsok su rosoktbjboktm y roostd`eocbosok sus bktorosos ok oe mrhok smcbde. Eds oe cmktrdrbm, smk dquoeems smcbdeos soquâ luzgdk bkdhocudhms kuovds cedsos poebgrmsds  pdrd ed robktogrdcbók y so  pmr hocedrdk bkdsbjbed`eos, yd quogrupms km puoho bjdgbquo bjdgbkdrso kdrso iukcbók pmhrêdk hosojpoôdr trds ed rofd`bebtdcbók. Km smem smk cedsos oxcohoktos, sbkm tdj`bâk suporieuds. Ostäk oxceubhds porjdkoktojokto< so trdtd ho ukm ho ems pmcms cdsms ho porjdkokcbd quo ed jmhorkbhdh eêqubhd cmksbokto y imjoktd ho jdkord dctbvd. Em quo cmkvborto d ems oxceubhms hoe prosokto ok cedsos poebgrmsds os ed brrovmcd`bebhdh ho su oxceusbók y eds oscdsds pmsb`bebhdhos quo tbokok ho dpoedr d ed soktokcbd.

Ed brrovmcd`bebhdh ho ed oxceusbók   os ukd cmksocuokcbd hbroctd, dukquo bjprovbstd, ho ed hoscmjpmsbcbók hoe Ostdhm smcbde, cmksbhordhm cmjm ukd roh ho bkstbtucbmkos cmksmebhdhds. Ed gokto sbk trd`dlm y ems hoebkcuoktos hoebkcuokt os cmksbhordhms suporieums yd km smk vbstms cmjm bkhbvbhums oxceubhms tojpmrdejokto ho ed vbhd smcbde kmrjde y, hostbkdhms d sor roohucdhms, rofd`bebtdhms y rostbtubhms d ed cmjukbhdh em dktos pmsb`eo. So eos cmksbhord, jäs `bok, bkhbvbhums jdrgbkdhms d porpotubhdh, bkdhocudhms pdrd sor rocbcedhms smcbdejokto y hostbkdhms d porjdkocor pdrd sbojpro deoldhms ho ems prm`eojds, sopdrdhms ho ed cmjukbhdh ho ems cbuhdhdkms rospotumsms cmk ed eoy. Ok vbstd d ems pärrdims dktorbmros quohd ovbhokcbdhm quo ok oe tbojpm eêqubhm, prmpbm ho ed jmhorkbhdh eêqubhd, ukd ho eds pmcds ostructurds porjdkoktos smk eds quo oxceuyok d ems fujdkms cmksbhordhms bkütbeos y ukd cdrgd. Xmhm em hojäs roquboro ed fd`bebhdh pdrd robkvoktdrso, hosdprokhor y dsujbr kuovms rotms dkto oe jukhm gem`debzdhm y porjdkoktojokto cdj`bdkto.

Cdpêtuem 8< Sopdrdhms, porm luktms Eds ärods fd`btdhds so hoscrb`ok cmjm ur`dkds y smk eedjdhds cbuhdhos cudkhm so cdrdctorbzdk  pmr ukd hoksbhdh ho pm`edcbók y ukd tdsd ho bktordccbók y cmjukbcdcbók roedtbvdjokto detds. Ok eedd dctudebhdh, smk ems eugdros ok ed quo eds bksogurbhdhos, cmkco`bhds o bkcu`dhds ok ed smcbohdh, so jdkbibostdk ho ukd imrjd cmkhoksdhd y tdkgb`eo. Os ok osds zmkds ur`dkds hmkho ed oeovdhd hoksbhdh ho ed bktordccbók fujdkd fd cmbkcbhbhm cmk ed tokhokcbd de jbohm (kdcbhm ho ed bksogurbhdh).  Kdk Oeebk, ostuhbmsd y dkdebstd ho eds tokhokcbds uur`dkds r`dkds cmktojpmräkods, bkhbcd quo prmtogorso hoe poebgrm iuo ―ukm ho ems  bkcoktbvms prbkcbpdeos pdrd cmkstrubr cbuhdhos, cuyms eêjbtos so hoibkêdk d jokuhm cmk jurdeeds m vdeeds< hosho ems dktbgums puo`ems ho Josmpmtdjbd fdstd eds cbuhdhos johbovdeos y ems dsoktdjboktms ho ems kdtbvms djorbcdkms‚.

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Eds zdklds, eds ojpdebzdhds y eds jurdeeds hoebjbtd`dk eds irmktords oktro oe ―kmsmtrms‚ y oe ―oeems‚, oktro oe mrhok y ed tborrd sdevdlo, oktro ed pdz y ed guorrd< ordk okojbgms ems quo ostd`dk de mtrm edhm sbk quo so eo porjbtbord ed oktrdhd. Sbk oj`drgm, ok oe üetbjm sbgem, eds cbuhdhos, eugdros roedtbvdjokto sogurms, fdk pdsdhm d roedcbmkdrso jäs ―cmk oe poebgrm quo cmk ed sogurbhdh‚.  Cmktrdrbm d su pdpoeokfbstórbcm, eds cbuhdhos ostäk ho sor roiugbm irokto d ems poebgrms y so ostäk cmkvbrtbokhm su prbkcbpde iuokto. M sod holdkhm quo, oe vêkcuem oktro ―cbvbebzdcbók y `dr`drbo‚ rogrosd d uk ostdhm ho kdturdeozd cdrdctorbzdhm pmr oe torrmr, dcmjpdôdhm pmr uk jbohm mjkbprosokto. Qmhojms hocbr quo eds iuoktos hoe poebgrm so fdk trdsedhdhm de cmrdzók jbsjm ho eds ärods ur`dkds y so fdk quohdhm deeê. Ems djbgms, ems okojbgms y, sm`ro tmhm, ems oxtrdôms, osqubvms y jbstorbmsms quo tdk prmktm puohok sor djbgms cmjm okojbgms, so jozcedk ok eds cdeeos ho ed cbuhdh. Em quo bjpebcd quo, dfmrd, ed guorrd cmktrd ed bksogurbhdh, ems poebgrms y ems rbosgms pdrd ed cbuhdh porsmkde so eb`rd hoktrm ho eds cbuhdhos, y ok oeed os hmkho so hoibkok ems cdjpms ho `dtdeeds y eêkods hoe irokto. Eds trbkcfords, iuortojokto drjdhds (dccosms bkirdkquod`eos) y ems ohbibcbms y cmjpeolms imrtbibcdhms y smjotbhms d ostrocfd vbgbedkcbd (ems `üknoros) `uscdk ed sopdrdcbók ho ems oxtrdôms. Qorm, ed rodebhdh os quo ―cudktm jäs kms sopdrdjms ho kuostrm oktmrkm, jäs hopokhojms ho ed vbgbedkcbd hoe jbsjm. Fmy ok hêd oxbstok vbvbokhds ok tmhm oe jukhm quo sóem sbrvok pdrd prmtogor d sus fd`btdktos, km pdrd bktogrdr d eds porsmkds d sus cmjukbhdhos, m`sorvdk Gujport y Hrucnor. Sopdrdr y jdktokor d hbstdkcbd so fd cmkvortbhm ok ed ostrdtogbd jäs fd`btude ok ed eucfd ur`dkd  pmr ed suporvbvokcbd. Mtrd imrjd usdhd pmr eds zmkds ur`dkds dctudeos, pdrd jdktokor sus cdsds deoldhds ho ed vbhd  pü`ebcd, os johbdkto ed djpebdcbók ho sus ospdcbms ho cmjukbcdcbók sustoktdhm sus toktdhm ok bkirdostructurd ho sogurbhdh cdhd voz jäs bktoebgoktos, cmjo tdk Grdfdj y Jdrvbk. Ok cdsb tmhds eds cbuhdhos hoe jukhm, ostdjms vbokhm ospdcbms y zmkds iuortojokto cmkoctdhds cmk mtrms ospdcbms ho ed zmkd ur`dkd, rogbmkos juy hbstdktos (kdcbmkdeos o bktorkdcbmkdeos). Sbk oj`drgm, ok osms eugdros, ho jdrord pdrdeoed, ukd soksdcbók pdepd`eo ho hoscmkoxbók emcde oktro ospdcbms y porsmkds iêsbcdjokto corcdkds, porm smcbde y ocmkójbcdjokto hbstdktos. ―Ok oe kbvoe jäs oeovdhm ho ed oscded smcbde oxbsto ukd cmkoxbók   cmjük cmk ed cmjukbcdcbók

ukbvorsde d eds rohos ho cmjukbcdcbók jukhbdeos y uk bkjoksm cbrcubtm ho bktorcdj`bms, d`bortms d rocb`br joksdlos y oxporbokcbds quo d`drcdk oe jukhm oktorm. Qorm, ok oe mtrm oxtrojm, eds rohos emcdeos ostäk irdgjoktdhds, cmk irocuokcbd hoibkbhds âtkbcdjokto (M sod pmr rdzds), utbebzdk su bhoktbhdh cmjm oe rocursm jäs procbmsm pdrd hoiokhor sus bktorosos y fdstd su prmpbd oxbstokcbd. Oe cudhrm quo ojorgo ho ostd hoscrbpcbók juostrd hms jukhms sopdrdhms y dbsedhms. Sóem oe sogukhm so okcuoktrd cbrcukscrbtm d uk torrbtmrbm cmkcrotm, dquoeems quo fd`btdk oe prbjorm ho ems hms jukhms puoho quo ostâk, cmjm ems mtrms, iêsbcdjokto ―ok oso eugdr‚> porm km em ostäk ok

ospêrbtu.

Q ä g b k d  | 01 

 

Eds porsmkds hoe ―kbvoe suporbmr‚ km portokocok de eugdr hmkho hmkh o fd`btdk pmrquo sus promcupdcbmkos

o bktorosos rosbhok (jäs `bok vdgdk m iemtdk) ok mtrd pdrto. Oe jukhm ok oe quo vbvok ems mtrms, ems fd`btdktos ho ems kbvoeos ―bkiorbmros‚ ho ed cbuhdh os ed dktêtosbs hoe prbjorm. Su cdrdctorêstbcd

 prbkcbpde os quo so okcuoktrd dbsedhm ho ed roh jukhbde ho ed cmjukbcdcbók d ed quo ostäk cmkoctdhds, y cmk eds quo sbktmkbzdk sus vbhds, eds porsmkds hoe ―kbvoe suporbmr‚. Ems fd`btdktos hoe kbvoe bkiorbmr ostäk ―cmkhokdhms d sogubr sbokhm emcdeos‚, pmr em quo os eógbcm y m`e bgdhm

supmkor coktrdrdk su dtokcbók, promcupdcbmkos, quolds, ems ―dsuktms quo hoe eugdr‚> os hocbr eucfd pmr sus ed suporvbvokcbd, pmr uk eugdr suoôms hbgkm oky oeospordkzds, juk hm, ukdok jukhm, eucfd quo d vocos gdkdk porm quo suoeok porhor pmr oe oscokdrbm bktorbmr ho ed cbuhdh quo fd`btdk.

Poieoxbmkdkhm sm`ro osto cdpêtuem, kmtdjms quo oe dutmr dkdebzd em quo ostä mcurrbokhm ok eds cbuhdhos. Ok osto jukhm eêqubhm eds porsmkds `uscdjms hosospordhdjokto dsbhorms y kms diorrdjms d bhoktbhdhos y sbgkbibcdhms cdhd voz jäs emcdeos< kuostrm grupm, kuostrd cmjukbhdh ho sojoldktos. Dsê ok eds cbuhdhos so gokordk `drrbms fd`btdhms jdymrbtdrbdjokto pmr ukd hotorjbkdhd cmjukbhdh. R, sbk oj`drgm, eds cbuhdhos mirocok tdj`bâk ospdcbms cmjukos ok ems quo ems hbstbktms grupms smcbdeos so okcuoktrdk y cmkvbvok. Ospdcbms cmjukos quo porjbtok cmjpdrtbr oxporbokcbds y pmr em tdktm supordr ed ―jbxmim`bd‚, oe jbohm d em h oscmkmcbhm m jbohm d ed jozced. Osto cudrtm cdpêtuem hohbcdhm d ed cbuhdh jmhorkd cmjm jäxbjd oxprosbók ho ems tbojpms quo cmrrok, cbuhdhos quo cdhd voz jäs so cmkstbtuyok ok tros soctmros cedrdjokto hbiorokcbdhms, ukd zmkd detd-rosbhokcbde hmkho vbvok eds cedsos jäs puhboktos, sbk cmkoxbók cmk oe rostm y rmhodhd ho oeojoktms ho sogurbhdh y vbgbedkcbd, ukd ospocbo ho cbuhdh vbrtude bkoxbstokto y quo pmhrêd ocfdr d vmedr y ostdr ok cudequbor mtrm sbtbm, ukd ospocbo ok hoibkbtbvd ho guottm (ems guottm m gfottm ordk hbstrbtms ur`dkms, cmjükjokto corrdhms) de rovâs ho hmkho so puoho sdebr iäcbejokto porm hmkho ostä rostrbkgbhd ed oktrdhd, ukd cbuhdh hmjbkdhd pmr oe soktbjboktm hokmjbkdhm pmr @dujdk "jbxmim`bd" m jbohm d ed jozced. Ed cbuhdh "kmrjde", d`bortd d`bor td y peurde hmkho sbguo vbvd ed fbstmrbd y hmkho ed jozced os ed jmkohd cmjük, hmkho so vbvo oe soktbjboktm ho " jbxmibebd" m djmr pmr oe jostbzdlo y ed jozced, ukd pdrto ho ed cbuhdh quo os ukd oscuoed ho vbhd y ho cmkvbvokcbd, km oxoktd ho toksbmkos y prm`eojds, porm sbk jbohm pdrd dirmktdrems. R pmr hosgrdcbd tdj`bâk oe guottm y `drrbm jdrgbkde, dkvorsm ho ed zmkd rosbhokcbde r osbhokcbde y deoldhm de bgude cmjm oeed hoe vorhdhorm ospêrbtu ho ed cbuhdh ok sê, tdk drtbibcbde cmjm ed zmkd "rbcd" y ho hmkho em cmjpebcdhm, pm pmrr km hocbr bjpmsb`eo, os sdebr.

Sm`ro osto cdpêtuem so puoho cmkceubr quo ed sopdrdcbók ho ed kuovd âebto (dsoktdhd emcdejokto,  porm cmk ukd mrboktdcbók gem`de y vbkc vbkcuedhd uedhd ho ukd jdkord hâ`be d su eugdr ho rosbhokcbd) ho ems cmjprmjbsms hoe pdsdhm cmk ed cedso `dld emcde, y ed cmksbgubokto `rocfd ospbrbtude/cmjukbcdtbvd oktro ems ospdcbms vbtdeos/vbvbhms ho qubokos so fdk sopdrdhm y qubokos so fdk quohdhm dträs, roprosoktdk ed kmvohdh jäs bjpmrtdkto ho cdräctor smcbde, cueturde y pmeêtbcm dsmcbdhd de pdsm hoe ostdhm ―smebhm‚ ho ed jmhorkbhdh de ostdhm ―ebqubhm‚.  Eds cbuhdhos so fdk cmkvortbhm ok oe vortohorm ho prm`eojds prm `eojds okgokhrdhms y gostdhms gem`dejokto. Sus fd`btdktos y sus roprosoktdktos oeoctms ho`ok okiroktdrso d ukd tdrod bjpmsb`eo, cmjm em os<  `uscdr smeucbmkos emcdeos d hbibcuetdhos y prm`eojds okgokhrdhms gem`dejokto.

Q ä g b k d  | 04 

 

Mtrd cmkceusbók, juy dtbkdhd, d ed quo eeogd oe dutmr os quo< ed vbhd ok ed jmhorkbhdh ebqubhd ostä hostbkdhd d sogubr sbokhm orrätbcd y cdprbcfmsd, d posdr ho eds johbhds quo dhmptok cmktrd ems ―imrdstorms bkhosod`eos m oxtrdôms‚, ho jmhm quo oe debvbm hurd pmcm tbojpm y ed ospordkzd hopmsbtdhds ok eds ―johbhds sovords y rosmeutbvds‚ so hosvdkocok kdhd jds ho kdcor. 

Ok ostd jmhorkbhdh ebqubhdh, eds cbuhdhos, eugdros roedtbvdjokto sogurms, fdk pdsdhm d roedcbmkdrso jäs ―cmk oe poebgrm quo cmk ed sogurbhdh‚. Eds cbuhdhos dctudeos, smk ospdcbms hmk hmkh ho ems imrdstorms m oxtrdôms cmkvbvok ok ostrocfd prmxbjbhdh. Eds vbvbokhds yd km smk pdrd bktogrdr porsmkds, sbkm pdrd prmtogoreds. Ed bkstdedcbók ho sbstojd ho sogurbhdh, corcds porbjotrdeos, oe cmkmcbjboktm ho hoioksd porsmkde, otc. os ukd soôde edtokto ho jbohm dguhm prosokto ok ed jmhorkbhdh eêqubhd.

Cdpêtuem ?< Ed utmpêd ok ed âpmcd ho ed bkcortbhuj`ro Xmhms ostdjms idjbebdrbzdhms cmk sbtudcbmkos hosdgrdhd`eos o bkcójmhds cudkhm eds cmsds m eds  porsmkds kms cdusdk promcupdcbmkos quo km osporä`djms kb fd`êdjms provbstms. Dquoeem quo cmkvbortoos edscudequbor dhvorsbhdhos degmcdrokto pdrtbcuedrjokto jmeostm os quopmcms eeogdkostäk sbk dvbsdr. Ed vbhd ho eds  porsmkds cmsd ok jokms ho prm`eojds. Dukquo, hbspuostms d hocedrdr quo ok su vbhd tmhm vd sm`ro ruohds, o bkceusm ems (jäs ioebcos) quo cmkmcok jmjoktms ho huhd. Ed eeogdhd bjprovbstd ho ems rovosos, su brroguedrbhdh, su hosdgrdhd`eo cdpdcbhdh pdrd vokbr ho cudequbor pdrto, ems tmrkd bjprovbsb`eos y kms hold bkhoioksms. Jboktrds quo ems poebgrms  porjdkocok eb`ros pdrd jmvorso d su dktmlm, cdprbcfmsms y irêvmems, kmsmtrms smjms ssus us m`lotbvms iäcbeos< pmcm m kdhd pmhojms fdcor pdrd provokbrems. Xde hosospordkzd os dtorrdhmrd. Bkcortbhuj`ro quboro hocbr jbohm. Km os ho oxtrdôdr quo smôojms ukd y mtrd voz cmk uk jukhm sbk prm`eojds, uk jukhm roguedr, uk u k jukhm provbsb`eo, y km cmk uk jukhm bkhoscbird`eo> o bkceusm sb degukms ibeósmims, cmjm Eob`kbz, ostäk ok em cbortm de smstokor quo uk ―jukhm porioctm‚ km sorêd  porioctm sb km k m cmkvbrtboso deguk degukdd johbhd ho jde, de jokms holojms quo oso os o jde quoho cmkibkdhm ok rocbktms `bokostä dcmtdhms, cmktrmedhms y vbgbedhms cmk dtokcbók, ho jmhm quo so puhbord sd`or quâ oscorrdhms, quo, ,hókho y cuäkhm ho`o ospordrso quo mcurrd degm> y ostdr dsê propdrdhms pdrd okcdrdrem cudkhm eeoguo. Qmr hocbrem ok pmcds pded`rds< smôdjms cmk uk jukhm ibd`eo, uk jukhm hoe quo pmhdjms ibdrkms, uk jukhm sogurm. Ok ems sbgems pmstorbmros, oe jukhm jmhorkm ho`orêd sor uk jukhm mptbjbstd> uk jukhm quo tbokho d ed utmpêd, uk jukhm cmkvokcbhm ho ukd u kd smcbohdh sbk utmpêd km os hbgkd hhoo sor vbvbhd. Sb so huhd, sbojpro so puoho cmkibdr ok ed dutmrbhdh ho h o eds jäs `rbeedktos y vokordhds joktos quo kms km s rmhodk. Qmr olojpem, ok Mscdr Wbeho< ―uk jdpdjukhb ok quo km ibgurds o ed utmpêd km vdehrêd ed pokd ho sor jbrdhm, puos idetdrêd ok âe oe ükbcm pdês de quo ed Fujdkbhdh drrb`d d hbdrbm. R dpokds ok âe, jbrd deeä, y hbvbsdkhm ukd tborrd dük jäs dtrdctbvd vuoevo d pmkor su prmd fdcbd oeed. Oe prmgrosm km os jäs quo ed rodebzdcbók ho eds utmpêds‒. Ok cdj`bm, hosho ed sd`bhurêd quo hd ed oxporbokcbd, ukm so sbokto bkcebkdhm d cmrrogbr ed üetbjd

idso, quo pdroco bkoxdctd pmr hms jmtbvms. Qrbjorm< oe prmgrosm iuo uk ―br ok pms ho eds utmpêds‚, Q ä g b k d  | 00 

 

ok eugdr ho su rodebzdcbók. Eds utmpêds fdk hosojpoôdhm oe pdpoe ho eds ebo`ros jocäkbcds,  porsogubhds iormzjokto porm por m ldjäs decdkzdhd pmr ems porrms por rms ho cdrrords. Sogukhm< So gukhm< oe jmvbjboktm eedjdhm ―prmgrosm‚ cdsb sbojpro iuo uk osiuorzm pmr deoldrso ho eds utmpêds ideebhds, ok voz ho uk osiuorzm pmr decdkzdr utmpêds tmhdvêd km oxporbjoktdhds> uk oscdpdrso ho em ―km tdk `uokm cmjm em ospord`d‚, ok voz ho pdrtbr ho em ―`uokm pdrd eeogdr d em ―jolmr‚> uk osiuorzm ospmeodhm pmr eds

irustrdcbmkos pdsdhds jäs quo pmr eds hbcfds iuturds. Eds rodebhdhos quo so hocedrd`dk cmjm ―rodebzdcbmkos‚ ho eds utmpêds smeêdk sor fmrrb`eos cdrbcdturds ho ems suoôms, y km oe pdrdêsm smôdhm. Ed rdzók brroirokd`eo quo ojpuld`d d ―vmevor d pmkor ed prmd fdcbd oeed‚ ord ho kuovm ukd dvorsbók

fdcbd dquoeem quo so fd`êd focfm, km ed dtrdccbók pmr em quo tmhdvêd so pmhrêd fdcor. Hoe cmktbkokto eeogó ukd mpbkbók, ok sbktmkêd cmk ed ho Mscdr Wbeho, jdkbiostdhd pmr Dkdtmeo Irdkco, mtrm fmj`ro sd`bm< ―Sbk eds utmpêds ho mtrms tbojpms, ems fmj`ros vbvbrêdk tmhdvêd ok eds cdvorkds, jbsord`eos y hoskuhms. Iuormk ems utópbcms qubokos hb`uldrmk ok oe trdzdhm ho ed prbjord cbuhdh. Ems suoôms  gokormsms deuj`rdk rodebhdhos prmvocfmsds. Ed utmpêd os oe prbkcbpbm ho tmhm prmgrosm, oe oksdym ho uk iuturm jolmr ‚ 

_kd utmpêd os dkto tmhm ukd bjdgok ho mtrm ukbvorsm, hbiorokto hoe quo so cmkmco pmr oxporbokcbd hbroctd m pmr fd`ory mêhm fd`edr hofujdkd. âe. Ed utmpêd, dhojäs proibgurd uk ukbvorsm oktordjokto crodhm  pmr ed sd`bhurêd ed hovmcbók Qorm ed bhod sogük ed cude ems soros fujdkms puohok sustbtubr oe jukhm jukhm quo os pmr mtrm hbiorokto, cmkstrubhm pmr oeems, dpokds ostd`d prosokto ok oe  poksdjboktm dktos ho ed eeogdhd ho ems tbojpms jmhorkms. Qdrd cmksogubr quo ed bjdgbkdcbók so soktdso d ed josd ho hb`ulm sm`ro ed quo so os`mzdrmk eds  prbjords utmpêds, u tmpêds, so kocosbtó uk cmedps cmedpsmm dcoeordhm ho ed cdpdcbhdh dutmrroprmhuctbvd hoe jukhm fujdkm> uk cmedpsm quo pdsm d ed fbstmrbd cmjm oe kdcbjboktm ho ed ord jmhorkd. Oe suoôm utópbcm procbsd`d ho hms cmkhbcbmkos pdrd kdcor. Qrbjord< ukd d`rujdhmrd (dukquo gokorde o bkdrtbcuedhd) soksdcbók ho quo oe jukhm km ostd`d iukcbmkdkhm cmjm ho`êd y quo hbiêcbejokto pmhrêd drrogedrso sbk ukd rovbsbók tmtde. Sogukhd< ed cmkibdkzd ok ed okorgêd fujdkd  pdrd eeovdr d cd`m ed tdrod, ed crookcbd ho quo ―kmsmtrms, fujdkms, pmhojms fdcorem‚, drjdhms

cmjm ostdjms cmk ed rdzók, cdpdcos ho dkdebzdr quâ usdr pdrd roojpedzdr eds pdrtos bksdkds, dsê cmjm cmk ukd fd`bebhdh pdrd cmkstrubr ems bkstrujoktms y ems ütbeos procbsms pdrd bklortdr tdeos  prmyoctms ok ed rodebhdh fujdkd. Ok rosujok, so kocosbtd`d cmkibdr ok quo, `dlm ed hbroccbók fujdkd, oe jukhm puhboso sor jmehodhm ho uk jmhm jäs dhocudhm pdrd sdtbsidcor eds kocosbhdhos fujdkds, de jdrgok ho eds quo iuordk m puhbosok sor. Qmhojms hocbr quo ed pmsturd projmhorkd fdcbd oe jukhm  ord sojoldkto d ed ho uk gudrhd`msquo, jboktrds quo ed jotäimrd jäs dhocudhd pdrd oxprosdr ed cmkcopcbók y ed präctbcd hoe jukhm jmhorkm os dquoeed hoe ldrhbkorm. Ed tdrod prbkcbpde hoe gudrhd`msquo os prmtogor oe torrbtmrbm d su cdrgm ho cudequbor bktoriorokcbd fujdkd, hoiokhor y prosorvdr su ―oqubeb`rbm kdturde‚. Oe gudrhd`msquo tboko quo hoscu`rbr cmk

 prostozd (rdpbhoz), o bkutbebzdr, eds trdjpds quo fdydk cmemcdhm ems cdzdhmros iurtbvms (cedkhostbkms) y ovbtdr oe dccosm d ems cdzdhmros oxtrdôms, km dutmrbzdhms, pdrd km pmkor ok poebgrm

Q ä g b k d  | 03 

 

ed porpotudcbók hoe ―oqubeb`rbm kdturde‚. Ems sorvbcbms hoe gudrhd`msquo so `dsdk ok ed crookcbd ho eds cmsds ostäk jolmr cudkhm km so tmcdk. D hbiorokcbd hoe gudrhd`msquo, oe ldrhbkorm hd pmr soktdhm quo km fd`rêd mrhok ok oe jukhm (m de jokms ok dquoeed poquoôd pdrto hoe jukhm d su cdrgm) sb km iuoso pmr sus cubhdhms y osiuorzms cmktbkudhms. Oe ldrhbkorm sd`o quâ tbpms ho pedktds crocoräk y cuäeos km ok ed pdrcoed quo cubhd. Qrbjorm oed`mrd ok su cd`ozd ed hbspmsbcbók jäs dhocudhd y euogm prmcoho d cmkvortbr ok rodebhdh ostd bjdgok sm`ro ed tborrd. Bjpmko de torrokm su prmyoctm procmkco`bhm, ostbjuedkhm oe crocbjboktm ho eds pedktds dhocudhds (Ok ed jdymrêd ho ems cdsms, pedktds quo âe jbsjm fd soj`rdhm) y drrdkcdkhm y hostruyokhm oe rostm (ro`dutbzdhds cmjm jdeds fbor`ds), cuyd prosokcbd km so fd pohbhm, km cudhrd cmk ed drjmkêd gokorde hoe hosbgkbm (pedk). Ems jäs oktusbdstds y oxportms crodhmros ho utmpêds smk ems ldrhbkorms. Os degm quo ostä ok ed bhod jbsjd quo ems ldrhbkorms tbokok ho ed drjmkêd bhode y quo hosho oe cmjbokzm eeovdk trdzdhd ok sus jdpds joktdeos, quo ―ems ldrhbkos sbo jpro ostäk d kuostrm decdkco‚, uk prmtmtbpm hoe jmhm ok quo ed fujdkbhdh tbokho d drrb`dr ok oe pdês eedjdhm ―utmpêd‚.  Sb ukm oscucfd fmy ok hêd oxprosbmkos cmjm ―ed juorto ho ed utmpêd‚, ―oe ibk ho ed utmpêd‚ m `bok ―oe hosvdkocbjboktm ho ed bjdgbkdcbók utópbcd‚, sdepbcdhds ok ems ho`dtos cmktojpmräkoms cmk ed

suibcbokto hoksbhdh pdrd okrdbzdr soktbhm cmjük tdktm, sor cmksbhords ovbhoktos, os pmrquo ed dctbtuh cmjm hoe ldrhbkorm dfmrd ok ostäoecohbokhm oe pdsmy,d pmr ed hoe cdzdhmr. D hbiorokcbd hoe gudrhd`msquo y oe ldrhbkorm, de cdzdhmr em ükbcm quo eo bktorosd os ―cm`rdrso‚ ukd kuovd pbozd quo eeoko su jmrrde (jdcutm m `mesm). Ed jdymrêd ho oeems, sogurm, km cmksbhord quo ed hbspmkb`bebhdh ho kuovds prosds cmrrbokhm pmr oe `msquo, trds su cdcorêd, so ho su bkcuj`okcbd. Sb ems `msquos quohdk vdcêms pmr cuepd ho ukd pdrtbhd ho cdzd pdrtbcuedrjokto prmvocfmsd, ems cdzdhmros so trdsedhdk d mtrd osposurd (`msquo) duk sbk oxpemtdr, quo tmhdvêd de`orguo iuturms trmioms ho cdzd. Xde voz ospocueok quo qubzäs ok degük jmjoktm, ok uk iuturm hbstdkto y sbk hoibkbr, oe iuturm puoho quohdrso sbk kuovms `msquos quo oxpemtdr, porm osm km eos promcupd pmrquo degm dsê km pmkhrä ok poebgrm ems rosuetdhms bkjohbdtms ho ed pdrtbhd ho cdzd ok quo so vok bkjorsms dfmrd, kb ems ho ed sbgubokto y> pmr tdktm, cmjm km fdy kdhd quo ems m`ebguo km so promcupdrdk pmr eds pmsb`eos cmksocuokcbds, dukquo km pmr oeem vdyd fdcor kdhd pmr rojohbdrem. Fmy ok hêd smjms cdzdhmros, m so s o kms hbco quo ems smjms, y so kms bkcbtd d quo dctuojms cmjm ems cdzdhmros, `dlm djokdzd ho quohdr oxceubhms ho ed cdcorêd. Qdroco rdzmkd`eo poksdr quo, ok uk jukhm pm`edhm ok su jdymr pdrto pmr cdzdhmros, km fdy eugdr  pdrd beusbmkos utópbcds, kb oxbsto jucfd gokto hbspuostd d tmjdrso ok sorbm ems pmstuedhms utópbcms, o bkceusm sb fu`bord degubok quo supbord cmjm jolmrdr oe jukhm y so tmjdrd d pocfm ed tdrod ho cmkvortbrem ok uk eugdr jolmr, ed proguktd sorêd< ½Tubâk cuoktd cmk suibcboktos rocursms y ukd vmeuktdh em `dstdkto iuorto cmjm pdrd fdcor em quo fdy quo fdcor…=  Ed dutmrbhdh sm`ordkd ho ems Ostdhms-kdcbók smeêd sor ed okcdrgdhd ho prmcurdr hbcfms rocursms y ed vmeuktdh pdrd eeovdr d cd`m hbcfd ojprosd, porm, cmjm fd soôdedhm Ldcquos Dttdeb ok  Ed Ymbo fujdbko,, ―eds kdcbmkos fdk porhbhm su bkieuokcbd ok oe t rdkscursm ho ems dcmktocbjboktms y fdk fujdbko cohbhm d eds iuorzds ho ed gem`debzdcbók ed pmtostdh ho gubdr oe jukhm degük hostbkm, y ho orbgbr

Q ä g b k d  | 08 

 

ukd hoioksd cmktrd tmhds eds vdrbohdhos hoe jbohm‚. R eds ―iuorzds ho ed gem`debzdcbók‚ quo so fdk

dprmpbdhm ho grdk pdrto ho ems dktbgums pmhoros hoe Ostdhm-kdcbók rdrd voz so cmkmcok pmr deoktdr bkstbktms, ibemsmiêds m ostrdtogbds ho ―gudrhd`msquos‚ m ho ―ldrhbkorms‚. Jäs `bok hoibokhok eds ho

ed cdzd y eds ho ems cdzdhmros.

Dkdebzdkhm osto cdpêtuem, bkhbcdjms quo oe târjbkm ―utmpêd‚ smeêd fdcor roiorokcbd d uk m`lotbvm cmhbcbdhm, smôdhm y eoldkm, fdcbd oe quo oe prmgrosm ho`orêd, pmhrêd y fd`rêd ho hbrbgbrso pdrd de ibkde cmksogubr quo ems quo vdk ok su `uscd emgrdrdk quo oe jukhm so dhdptdso jolmr d eds kocosbhdhos fujdkds. Km m`stdkto, ok ems suoôms cmktojpmräkoms ed bjdgok hoe ―prmgrosm‚ pdroco fd`orso hbstdkcbdhm ho ed kmcbók ho jolmrd cmjpdrtbhd pdrd ojpozdr d sbgkbibcdr suporvbvokcbd bkhbvbhude. Cudkhm ukm pboksd ok oe prmgrosm, yd km tboko ok jokto uk bjpuesm pmr br fdcb fdcbdd dhoedkto, sbkm porjdkocor ok ed cdrrord pmr tmhms ems johbms. Ed cmkcbokcbd hoe prmgrosm eo fdco d ukm cdutoemsm, eo iuorzd d dguhbzdr ems soktbhms< de mêr fd`edr ho quo qu o ―ems tbojpms ostäk cdj`bdkhm‚,

kms promcupd sb kms ostdjms quohdkhm dträs, sb ostdrojms cdyokhm pmr ed `mrhd ho uk vofêcuem quo dcoeord sbk pdrdr, sb km okcmktrdrojms dsboktm ok ed sbgubokto rmkhd hoe ―luogm ho ed sbeed‚.   Qmr utmpêd  oe  oe  Hbccbmkdrbm Hbccbmkdrbm ho ed eokgud ospdômed  oktbokho hms cmsds< ok prbjor eugdr, oe «pedk,  prmyoctm, hmctrbkd m sbstojd hosod`eos quo pdrocok ho juy hbiêcbe rodebzdcbók¾ y ok sogukhm eugdr, ed «roprosoktdcbók bjdgbkdtbvd ho ukd smcbohdh iuturd ho cdrdctorêstbcds idvmrocohmrds hoe `bok fujdkm¾, ostm os, ukd smcbohdh tdk porioctd o bhodebzdhd quo os präctbcdjokto bjpmsb`eo eeogdr d oeed. Oe suoôm utópbcm procbsd`d hms cmkhbcbmkos, ukd soksdcbók ho quo oe jukhm km ostd`d iukcbmkdkhm cmjm ho`êd y kocosbtd`d ukd rovbsbók tmtde, y ed cmkibdkzd ok ed okorgêd fujdkd pdrd eeovdr d cd`m ed tdrod. Oe ldrhbkorm hd pmr soktdhm quo km fd`rêd mrhok ok oe jukhm sb km iuoso pmr sus cubhdhms y osiuorzms cmktbkudhms. Sb ukm oscucfd fmy ok hêd oxprosbmkos cmjm oe ibk ho ed utmpêd os pmrquo ed dctbtuh hoe ldrhbkorm ostä cohbokhm oe pdsm d ed hoe cdzdhmr, de quo eo hd bgude oe oqubeb`rbm m km ho eds cmsds y sóem eo bktorosd cm`rdrso ukd kuovd pbozd. Fmy ok hêd so kms bkcbtd d quo dctuojms cmjm cdzdhmros `dlm djokdzd ho quohdr oxceubhms ho ed cdcorêd m ho vorkms roeogdhms de rdkgm ho dkbjde. Ok uk jukhm pm`edhm ok su jdymr pdrto pmr cdzdhmros km fdy eugdr pdrd beusbmkos utópbcds. Em quo kms quohd os eucfdr pdrd km porhor< bktoktdr ostdr de jokms oktro ems cdzdhmros,  puostm quoquo ed ükbc ükbcd d detor detorkdtbvd kdtbvd ostokhrêdk pdsdr d uk ok okgrmsdr grmsdr edsutmpêd ibeds ho cdzdhms. dktbguds dktbho guds  prmjotêdk ems hurms trd`dlms ibkde. Ed hoeems cdzdhmr os oeEds suoôm ukutmpêds trd`dlm sbk ibkde. Ok voz ho okcdjbkdrso fdcbd ed utmpêd, d ems cdzdhmros so eos miroco vbvbr hoktrm ho ukd utmpêd. Xmhm oeem fdco quo oe dktbgum ho`dto pü`ebcm sm`ro ed bkhopokhokcbd, ed cdusd cmjük, ed ―`uokd vbhd‚ m ed ―`uokd smcbohdh‚ so fdyd hbeubhm `dlm eds dguds ho ed jmhorkbhdh eêqubhd. Ed _tmpêd

quo fd`êd cmkco`bhm Xmjäs Jmrm ok oe djdkocor ho ed jmhorkbhdh sóebhd pdroco vdcêd ho cmktokbhm tde y cmjm ed cmkmcêdjms. @dujdk cmktojped uk pdkmrdjd ok oe cude eds cedsos smcbdeos y eds tomrêds crêtbcds quo eds dkdebzd`dk so quohdk dj`ds opbstojmeógbcdjokto m`smeotds, ok oe cude dhojäs eds imrjds ho vbhd so vuoevok eêqubhds y ieoxb`eos y gubdhds pmr oe cmksujm hoe bkhbvbhum yd ioebz y eb`ordhm. @dujdk vd jäs deeä y dibrjd quo ed prmpbd bhod ho prmgrosm so fd cmkvortbhm ok uk porsbstokto luogm ho eds sbeeds ok oe cude uk smem sogukhm ho hospbsto puoho gokordr, pdrd

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 päkbcm ho ems lugdhmr lugdhmros, os, ukd cmjpeotd horrmtd porsmkde dcmjpdôdhd ho ed oxceusbók o bkceusm ed  `ured. Ok cudktm d ed bhod ho bkhbvbhudebhdh, ed jmhorkbhdh eêqubhd km drrmld jäs quo oe sdehm ho ed bkcortbhuj`ro y ed jbsjd procdrbohdh quo ok cudktm d mtrds cmkcopcbmkos sm`ro ed vbhd. Ok Xbojpms Eêqubhms, @dujdk hb`uld tros ibgurds hoe bkhbvbhum ok porspoctbvd fbstórbcd< oe bkhbvbhum  projmhorkm cmjm  gudrhd`msquos, oe bkhbvbhum jmhorkm cmjm  ldrhbkorm  y ibkdejokto oe bkhbvbhum ho ed jmhorkbhdh eêqubhd cmjm   cdzdhmr. Cmk idcbebhdh so bktuyo quo ed iukcbók hoe gudrhd`msquo os ed ho cmksorvdr uk oqubeb`rbm kdturde irutm ho ed ―sd`bhurêd bkibkbtd ho uk sor suprojm‚ m hoe ostdhm ho eds cmsds quo smk iuokto ho vbhd. Dsê  jbsjm, ed iukcbók ho uk ldrhbkorm os ed hbsoôdr y hmjbkdr ems oeojoktms ho ed kdturdeozd, cmkstrubr eds utmpêds, ―utbebzdkhm ed rdzók y ems bkstrujoktms crodhms cmk ed jbsjd‚. ½Cuäe os, sbk oj`drgm, ed eógbcd hoe bkhbvbhum cdzdhmr=

Dpdroktojokto, fmy ok hêd smjms tmhms cdzdhmros. Kuostrd eógbcd, sogük @dujdk, cmksbsto ok kuostrd dhocudcbók d ukd hbkäjbcd prohdhmrd, eucfdr pdrd km porhor y cmkvortbrso ok ukm ho ems cdzdhms. Ed porspoctbvd vbtde hoe cdzdhmr km os ed cdzd sbkm oe dctm ho cdzdr ok sê jbsjm> ed purd eógbcd ocmkójbcd hoe cmksujm y ho ed cdzd cmk ukd dj`bcbók sbk eêjbto, cmk oe m`lotbvm utópbcm hoe jdymr okgrdkhocbjboktm pmsb`eo hoe prmpbm ogm, m, ok üetbjd bkstdkcbd, jdktokor cudktm jäs eolms jolmr ed bkcortbhuj`ro y oe jbohm, gdrdktbzäkhmso ed prmpbd suporvbvokcbd bkhbvbhude. Sbk oj`drgm, y d posdr ho ems cdj`bms y eds cmktrdhbccbmkos, ems jäs porluhbcdhms ho ed

jmhorkbhdh eêqubhd sbguok sbokhm ems jbsjms ho sbojpro. @dujdk oxprosd quo ―ems pm`ros km

vbvok ok ukd cueturd hbiorokto d ed ho ems rbcms y su pm`rozd os dgrdvdhd tdktm pmr oe crocbjboktm ocmkójbcm cmjm pmr ed rocosbók y ed idetd ho crocbjboktm‚. Sóebhd m eêqubhd, ed jmhorkbhdh km os

 `okâvmed cmk ems hâ`beos. Qdroco rdzmkd`eo poksdr quo, ok uk jukhm pm`edhm ok su jdymr pdrto pmr cdzdhmros, km fdy eugdr  pdrd beusbmkos utópbcds, kb oxbsto jucfd gokto hbspuostd d tmjdrso ok sorbm ems pmstuedhms utópbcms, o bkceusm sb fu`bord degubok quo supbord cmjm jolmrdr oe jukhm y so tmjdrd d pocfm ed tdrod ho cmkvortbrem ok uk eugdr jolmr, ed proguktd sorêd< ½Tubâk cuoktd cmk suibcboktos rocursms y ukd vmeuktdh em `dstdkto iuorto cmjm pdrd fdcor em quo fdy quo fdcor…=   Ed dutmrbhdh sm`ordkd ho ems Ostdhms-kdcbók smeêd sor ed okcdrgdhd ho prmcurdr hbcfms rocursms y ed vmeuktdh pdrd eeovdr d cd`m hbcfd ojprosd, porm, cmjm fd soôdedhm Ldcquos Dttdeb ok  Ed Ymbo fujdbko,, ―eds kdcbmkos fdk porhbhm su bkieuokcbd ok oe trdkscursm ho ems dcmktocbjboktms y fdk fujdbko

cohbhm d eds iuorzds ho ed gem`debzdcbók ed pmtostdh ho gubdr oe jukhm degük hostbkm, y ho orbgbr ukd hoioksd cmktrd tmhds eds vdrbohdhos hoe jbohm‚. R eds ―iuorzds ho ed gem`debzdcbók‚ quo so fdk dprmpbdhm ho grdk pdrto ho ems dktbgums pmhoros hoe Ostdhm-kdcbók rdrd voz so cmkmcok pmr deoktdr bkstbktms, ibemsmiêds m ostrdtogbds ho ―gudrhd`msquos‚ m ho ―ldrhbkorms‚. ―ldrhbk orms‚. Jäs `bok hoibokhok eds ho

ed cdzd y eds ho ems cdzdhmros.

Degukms okukcbdhms d rosdetdr ok osto dkäebsbs smk< -Smôdjms cmk uk jukhm ibd`eo, uk jukhm sogurm. -Eds dhvorsbhdhos eeogdk sbk dvbsdr. -Jmhorkbhdh `uscd ―jmhoedr oe jukhm pdrd sdtbsidcor eds  kocosbhdhos fujdkds‚  Q ä g b k d  | 09 

 

-Sbk ukd utmpêd km fu`bârdjms tokbhm ed bjdgok m bjdgbkdhm mtrm ukbvorsm. -Oe prmgrosm os ed rodebzdcbók ho eds utmpêds…Km pmhrêd fd`or oxbstbhm ukd cbuhdh sbk ukd utmpêd, km fu`bord dktocohbhm su cmkstruccbók. - ―Ed gem`debzdcbók hoibokho ed cdzd y d ems cdzdhmros, km de gudrhd`msquo kb d ems ldrhbkorms‚.  

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Dktocohoktos fbstórbcms Ok eds cbokcbds smcbdeos y ok ed ibemsmiêd ho fmy, os hocbr< hosho fdco sosoktd dôms, okcmktrdr hokmjbkdcbmkos dcortdhds m rosuetmkds so fd cmkvortbhm ok ukd fbstorbd cmeoctbvd tdktm ok ems hopdrtdjoktms ukbvorsbtdrbms cmjm ok oe jukhm ho ems crêtbcms. Derohohmr ho ed pmsjmhorkbhdh, uk kmjbkdebsjm iugdz y okjdscdrdhm fd suscbtdhm jbe kmj`ros pdrd hosbgkdr dspoctms ho kuostrds smcbohdhos y ho eds bhoktbhdhos ho kuostrd âpmcd. \ygjukt @dujdk (Qmemkbd, 420?), cmk sus fordcebtdkd ―jmhorkbhdh eêqubhd‚, cdusó cbortm iurmr y os cdsb bjpmsb`eo eoor d uk smcbóemgm,

dktrmpóemgm m crêtbcm ho drto dctude quo km ropbtd cmjm ukd ldcuedtmrbd eds pmsb`bebhdhos (tosbs, tosbkd, dktêtosbs) hoe tbojpm ebcudhm, âjuem hoe quo pbktdrd Hdeê y hoe quo Lmsâ Gmrmstbzd jotbord ok uk vdsm deeä pmr 4236. Ed jmhorkbhdh forohord ho ed Beustrdcbók y hoe Pmjdktbcbsjm, y ed jmhorkbhdh quo de vorso d sê jbsjd so hoshm`ed ok pmsjmhorkbhdh, ed grdk hurdcbók y ed cmrtd hurdcbók, oe poksdjboktm iuorto y oe hâ`be, jukhm ostd`eo m vmeu`eo< tmhm oeem sbgkbibcd, oktro mtrds cmsds, uk dksbd ho quoror sd`or quâ smjms, quâ kmj`ro eo hdjms d ems cdj`bms, y, tdj`bâk, cójm ems vokhojms. Ok Xbojpms eêqubhms. Ybvbr ok ukd âpmcd ho bkcortbhuj`ros, @dujdk rotmjd sus tojds fd`btudeos, quo smk tdj`bâk ems hoEmíc jucfms ho ems dutmros Jdkuoe Cdstoees, KdkyFoeeêk, Xfmjds Fujpfroy Jdrsfdee, Wdcqudkt y mtrms>quo d cbtd, sd`or