analisis tiempo historia paso a paso.pdf

Time-history seismic analysis with SAP2000

A step-by-step guide for BEng/MEng/MSc students familiarizing with this piece of software

List of Content • Download recorded accelerograms from the PEER database • Upload a selected accelerogram to SAP2000 • Run the time-history analysis and display the results

List of Content • Download recorded accelerograms from the PEER database • Upload a selected accelerogram to SAP2000 • Run the time-history analysis and display the results

Step #1

DOWNLOAD ACCELEROGRAMS FROM THE PEER DATABASE

PEER Strong Ground Motion Database • The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER), headquartered at the University of California at Berkeley, makes available online over 10,000 strong ground motion records from 173 different earthquakes

http://peer.berkeley.edu/

PEER Strong Ground Motion Database • The database in entirely searchable

http://peer.berkeley.edu/nga/ • As an example, we want to download the accelerogram recorded during the Imperial Valley 1940 earthquake  – Once the event has been selected in the top drop-down list, we must specify to DISPLAY the results “In Table” rather than “On Map”  – Then we can SEARCH

Find the accelerogram

• By right-clicking on the appropriate record (NGA0006 in our case), a new page is shown with all the relevant pieces of information about this seismic event  – If we scroll down, the links to the three components of the accelerogram (180°, 270° and vertical) appear

Download the time history of the ground acceleration • By right-clicking on one of  these links (e.g. the first horizontal component, denote with IMPVALL/IELC180), a new textual page is opened with the corresponding time history of the ground acceleration

Download the time history of the ground acceleration

• The first four lines contain general pieces of information about the record, namely:  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –

Location: “Imperial Valley” Date: 19th May 1940 Time: 4:39am Station: “El Centro Array #9” Direction: Horizontal, 180° Units of acceleration: g= 9.81 m/s2 (acceleration of gravity) Number of time instants: 4,000 Sampling time: Δt= 0.01 s (f= 100 Hz)

Download the time history of the ground acceleration • The other lines list the ordinates of the record (in units of  g), which must be read from left to right, row by row

Download the time history of the ground acceleration • Importantly, the web browser (Explorer, Firefox and etcetera) allows to save this page as a TXT file (you may need to manually change the extension)

Step #2

UPLOAD ACCELEROGRAMS TO SAP2000

Define the accelerogram in SAP2000 • An accelerogram is basically the time-history of the acceleration experienced by the ground in a given direction during a seismic event • We need to input the accelerogram as a generic function defined in SAP2000 starting from a TXT file • Once the mechanical model of the structural system under investigation has been created, SELECT from the menu bar: DEFINE → FUNCTIONS → TIME HISTORIES...

Define the accelerogram in SAP2000 • The accelerogram must be uploaded to SAP2000 as FUNCTION FROM FILE, an option which can be selected from the drop-down list

Define the accelerogram in SAP2000 • We can select:  – Name of the function (e.g. EL_CENTRO_1940)  – Location of the file by using the button BROWSE...  – Number of lines to skip (4 for the PEER database)  – Number of points per line (5 for the PEER database)

Define the accelerogram in SAP2000 • By clicking on DISPLAY GRAPH we can visually check the waveform

Define the accelerogram in SAP2000 • In order to be used in a seismic simulation, the waveform previously defined must be properly assigned to an ANALYSIS CASE • To do this, SELECT from the menu bar:

DEFINE → ANALYSIS CASES...

Define the accelerogram in SAP2000 • The analysis case in presence of accelerogram is a TIME HISTORY, which can be selected from a drop-down list after clicking on the ADD NEW CASE... button

Define the accelerogram in SAP2000 • The appropriate analysis in presence of  accelerograms is a TIME HISTORY case, which can be selected from the drop-down list

Define the accelerogram in SAP2000 • This leads to a more complicated windows, in which few parameters must be input

Define the accelerogram in SAP2000 • In particular:  – The load type is an ACCELeration of the ground (first drop-down list)  – For a planar model, the ground shaking is generally assumed to happen in the X direction, i.e. Load name U1 (seconddrop-down list)  – The records from the PEER website are given in units of g, so the scale factor would be 9.81 m/s2 or 981 cm/s2, depending on the units selected in the model of SAP2000  – The number of time steps should be given by the duration of the accelerogram divided by the sampling time: • In our example: 40 s / 0.01 s = 4,000 steps

Step #3

RUN THE ANALYSIS AND DISPLAY THE RESULTS

Run the dynamic analysis • Once the accelerogram has been defined in SAP2000, it is possible to run the time-history analysis as any other type of  analysis

Run the dynamic analysis • Once the analyses are complete, you can read the pertinent results from tables and diagrams

Display the results • In the next slides the results of the dynamic analysis are shown in terms of:  – Axial Force N (left-had side graph)  – Bending Moment M (right-hand side graph)

• It is worth mentioning that these blue diagrams are the ENVELOPE of the corresponding outputs:  – Indeed, in a dynamic analysis we have a value of the structural quantities of interest (e.g. N and M) for each time steps  – As engineers, we are generally interested in both minimum and maximum value, i.e. by the “envelope” of these responses

Display the results • We can also display the same structural quantities in a specific time instant, e.g. at t = 10 s...  – In this case, for instance, the red colour in the axial-force diagram means compression, while the yellow colour stands for tentions

Display the results • In order to show the time history of a given structural response, e.g. The horizontal displacement of the top floor, you mus SELECT from the menu bar:

DISPLAY → SHOW PLOT FUNCTIONS...

Display the results • In our example, we want to display the displacement along the X direction of the  joint no. 23, for the time range from 0 to 40 s