ANÁLISIS MICROBIÓLOGICOS EN CARNE Y PRODUCTOS CÁRNICOS-Trabajo de Investigación

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

IÒHQGL CCC0 Z_LBARF FGCIAEXLR BÆ_ECBLR S RQR HA_C]FHLR BLE BFGCHFH A CELBQCHFH  RQOIÒHQGL C0 _AFGCPF FEÆGCRCR MÉRCBLR, VQÉICBLR S ICB_LOCLGÒNCBLR ZA_XCEAEXAR AE BF_EAR

 F  FEÆ EÆG G CRCR ICB_LOCÒGLNCBLR ICB_LOCÒG LNCBLR AE BF_EA S Z_LHQBXLR BÆ_ECBLR

 FGQIEF  F GQIEF00 ARBFICGGF ARBFICGGF IF_NF_CXF

8XL RAIARX_A ‗F’ 

XÃBECBL AE Z_LHQBBCÒE CEHQRX_CFG HA FGCIAEXLR

MFBCGCXFHL_0  I. B. IF_ÉF MÃGC[ RLRF _ASAR 

 FBFXG  F BFXGFE FE HA LRL_CL, ZQAOGF, ZQAOG F, 2: HA IF IF_PL _PL HAG ?:?:

Di Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg.1.AgBfrratarf ifastrl, Fbftgæe Fbftgæe -ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

ÉEHCBA LO@AXC]L……………………………………………………………………………………… .2 CEX_LHQBBCÒE……………………………………………………………………………… ..8 HARF__LGGL………………………………………………………………………………… ..1 Feægcscs icbrloclgònc icbrloclgòncbl bl………………………………………………………………… .1 Bletrlg ha bfgchfh icbrloclgòncbf…………………………………………………… ..= Ofbtarcfs ha cetarãs pfrf gf sfguh pðogcbf …………………………………………… = Mfbtlras cetréesabls…………………………………………………………………… .3 Mfbtlras axtréesabls………………………………………………………………… ..6: Xlif ha iuastrfs…………………………………………………………………… ..6? Zrapfrfbcòe ha iuastrfs………………………………………………………… ......6? Zruaofs icbrloclgòncbfs icbrloclgòncbfs ae bfreas………………………………………………… .62 BLEBGQRCÒE………………………………………………………………………………… 6= OCOGCLN_FMÉFR……………………………………………………………………………… 6>

Di Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg.1.AgBfrratarf ifastrl, Fbftgæe Fbftgæe -ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

LO@AXC]L Blelbar gfs ofsas asaebcfgas y gf ciplrtfebc ciplrtfebcff ha gls feægcscs icbrloclgòn icbrloclgòncbls cbls ae bfrea y prlhubtls bærecbls pfrf plhar rafgczfr ue prlhubtl bærecbl qua saf ha bfgchfh a celbuchfh.

Di Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg.1.AgBfrratarf ifastrl, Fbftgæe Fbftgæe -ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

CEX_LHQBBCÒE Ra sfoa qua iubkl fetas ha qua sa blelbcarfe gls icbrllrnfecsils, yf sa kfbéfe fgciaetls blil ag pfe ble gavfhurf, gfs gabkas mariaetfhfs y gfs oaochfs, blil ag vcel y gf barvazf. Gls mforcbfetas aetlebas el sfoéfe ec aetaehéfe ag prlbasl, y su trfof`l arf plr fbcartl y arrlr.  Ae ag scngl [C[, nrfbcfs f gf blipga`f gfolr hag pfhra ha gf Icbrloclglnéf, Glucs Zfstaur, sa glnrf hailstrfr gf hcrabtf fslbcfbcòe ha gls icbrllrnfecsils ble gf prlhubbcòe y hatarclrl ha gls fgciaetls fsé tfiocãe blil gf ragfbcòe ha gls icbrllrnfecsils ble gfs aemariahfhas qua sumréf ag kliora. Aetra gls >: l iæs föls scnucaetas, gls bcaetémcbls glnrfe hataricefr qua uef nrfe bfetchfh ha icbrllrnfecsils prlhubéfe aemariahfhas fgciaetfrcfs. Asa saréf ag blicaezl ha gf Icbrloclglnéf ha gls Fgciaetls, y ag prlnrasl ha aggf saréf plscoga plr gf bletrcoubcòe fplrtfhf plr ag Cestctutl Zfstaur Zfs taur ha Gcgga (Mrfebcf), plr ag BHB ha Ftgfetf (AQF), ag Baetrl ha Cevastcnfbcòe Bcaetémcbl Bcaetémcbl Cehustrcfg, ae Fustrfgcf, ag Cestctutl ha Cevastcnfbcleas ha Fgciaetls y Bfreas, ha Nrfe Oratföf, y baetaefra baetaefrass ha hapfrtfiaetls ha Icbrloclglnéf ae Qecvarschfhas ha tlhl ag iuehl. Rce aiofrnl, y kfstf uels 1: föls ftræs, f pasfr ha taear blelbcicaetl hag ciplrtfeta pfpag qua taeéfe gls fgciaetls ae gf hcmuscòe ha bcartfs aemariahfhas, gf Icbrloclglnéf ha Fgciaetls arf blescharfhf blil pfrta ha gf Icbrloclglnéf Naearfg, y fsé gf Icbrloclglnéf ha prlhubtls mariaetfhls sa aesaöfof ae gfs mfbugtfhas ha Fnrleliéf, gls pftònaels qua bfusfofe gfs aemariahfhas arfe astuhcfhls ae gfs asbuagfs ha Iahcbcef y Mfrifbcf, y gls feægcscs a cevastcnfbcleas sa rafgczfofe ae gfolrftlrcls a cestctubcleas nuoarefiaetfgas. F bcaebcf bcartf el sa sfoa buæehl mua ag cecbcl ha gf icbrloclglnéf fgciaetfrcf, parl astl kf fyuhfhl haifscfhl f ia`lrfr gf bfgchfh ha gls fgciaetls y avctfr f nrfe asbfgf gfs aemariahfhas fgciaetfrcfs. Di Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg.1.AgBfrratarf ifastrl, Fbftgæe Fbftgæe -ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

HARF__LGGL  Fe ægc sc s i icb cbrr lo clgò cl gò ncb nc b l

Ag bletrlg icbrloclgòncbl ha gf prlhubbcòe ha fgciaetls tcaea blil mcefgchfh suicecstrfr prlhubtls sanurls l celbuls, eutrctcvls y sforlsls, ble uef vchf bliarbcfg fhabufhf y f ue blsta rfzlefoga pfrf ag blesuichlr. Fg rafgczfr ue feægcscs icbrloclgòncbl ag astfogabcicaetl rasplesfoga ha gf prlhubbcòe l vaetf, vaetf , sa prltana ha nrfvas prlogaifs ragfbclefhls ble gf sanurchfh ha gls fgciaetls blil gf cetlxcbfbcòe fgciaetfrcf. Gls feægcscs icbrloclgòncbls tcaeae hcmaraetas prlpòsctls, fgnuels ha gls iæs bliueas sle0 6. Gcoarfr ue glta ha prlhubbcòe prlhubbcòe.. ?. ]fgchfbcòe ha vchf ðtcg ha ue fgciaetl (Mabkf ha ]aebcicaetl). 2. Bletrlg cetarel ha bfgchfh. 8. Cevastcnfb Cevastcnfbcòe còe ha uef aemariahfh trfesictchf plr fgciaetls. 1. Bliprlofr gf amabtcvchf amabtcvchfh h ha ue prlhubtl fetcofbtarcfel. =. ]fgchfbcòe ha ue Zuetl Brétcbl ha Bletrlg (ZBB). >. ]arcmcbfr sc gls prlb prlbasls asls ha gcipcazf y hascemabbcòe hascemabbcòe sa rafgc rafgczfrle zfrle blrrabtfi blrrabtfiaeta. aeta. Gls rasugtfhls ha gls feægcscs icbrloclgòncbls cehcbfe sc kfy bletficefbcòe ae gls fgciaetls, buæg as ag icbrllrnfecsil y gf bfetchfh, aetra aet ra ltrls. Asta prlbasl puaha sar kabkl f trfvãs ha feægcscs plr icbrloclglnéf bgæscbf l plr chaetcmcbfbcòe ha icbrllrnfecsils plr sabuaebcfbcòe ha FHE, ae ag qua as plscoga chaetcmcbfr gf prasaebcf ha ofbtarcfs pftònaefs ae tlhl tcpl ha fgciaetl. Zfrf qua ue fgciaetl taenf ouaef bfgchfh sfectfrcf haoa astfr gcora ha icbrllrnfecsils pftònaels. As `ustfiaeta gf cenastcòe ha ue prlhubtl ble sumcbcaeta bfetchfh ha asls icbrllrnfecsils qua prlvlbfe gf cetlxcbfbcòe Di Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg.1.AgBfrratarf ifastrl, Fbftgæe Fbftgæe -ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

fgciaetfrcf, uef aemariahfh aemariahfh plr fgciaetls as bfpfz ha ggavfr f gf iuarta. Aetra gfs ofbtarcfs blescharfhfs ae gf gancsgfbcòe vcnaeta axcsta tlgarfebcf barl pfrf Rfgileaggf, axpgébctfiaeta prlkcochf pfrf ag blesuil kuifel. Bletrlg ha bfgchfh bfgchfh icbrloclg òncbf

Ag lo`atcvl prcebcpfg ha gls bletrlgas icbrloclgòncbls as nfrfetczfr fg blesuichlr ag fofstabcicaetl ha prlhubtls ha fgtf bfgchfh a celbuls y avctfr ag hatarclrl icbrloclgòncbl ha gls icsils. Ble ag bletrlg icbrloclgòncbl sa ousbf y sa ofsf ae0

  Bfgchfh

l

Kcncãecbl-sfectfrcf0  Blebarecaeta

f

avctfr

gf

hcstrcoubcòe

ha

icbrllrnfecsils pftònaels (pfræsctls, ofbtarcfs, vcrus) pfrf gf sfguh pðogcbf, f trfvãs ha prlhubtls fgciaetcbcls hastcefhls fg blesuil kuifel. l  Bfgchfh Bliarbcfg0  Aebfrnfhf ha avctfr gf prasaebcf ha icbrllrnfecsils fgtarfetas, qua ilhcmcquae ag prlhubtl, trfesmlriæehlgl, f ue fgciaetl el bliastcoga (fuequa el safe pftònaels). Ae asta fspabtl sa vagf, plr ag tcaipl ha vchf ðtcg hag prlhubtl, pfrf su bliarbcfgczfbcòe y plstarclr blesuil. 

 

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Astfocgchfh0  Vua ag prlhubtl taenf uef bfgchfh blestfeta bfhf vaz qua sa

prlhuzbf raspabtl f gls hls blebaptls iæs frrcof iaebclefhls.  Ofbtarcfss h a cetarãs pfrf gf sfguh pðog cbf Ofbtarcf

Rle fquaggfs qua bfusfe gfs aemariahfhas trfsictchfs plr fgciaetls, blelbchfs blil ofbtarcfs pftònaefs.  Ranðe ag iabfecsil ae qua fmabtfe fg klspaharl, sa hcvchae ae hls bftanlréfs0

 

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Cemabbcleas fgciaetfras0  Bufehl ag fnaeta pftlgòncbl as ue icbrllrnfecsil

trfesictchl plr ag fgciaetl y guanl sa iugtcpgcbf ae ag cetarclr hag trfbtl hcnastcvl cevfhcaehl fg klspaharl l prlhubcaehl tlxcefs (Bfipyglofbtar `a`uec, Rfgileaggf spp. axbaptl R. Xypkc, Gcstarcf ilelbytlnaeas, Asbkarcbkcf blgc, Bglstrchcui parmrcnaes). Di Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg.1.AgBfrratarf ifastrl, Fbftgæe Fbftgæe -ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

 

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Cetlxcbfbcleas fgciaetfras0  Bufehl gf aemariahfh as bfusfhf plr tlxcefs

prãmlrifhfs y prasaetas ae ag fgciaetl fg iliaetl ha sar cenarchl (Bglstrchcui oltugceui a Rtfpkyglblbbus furaus).  As ciplrtfeta iaebclefr qua gls icbrllrnfecsils icbrllrnfecsils astæe prasaetas ae tlhfs gfs pfrtas y puahae sar pfrta ha gf mglrf elrifg ha pcag, ifels, bfvchfh lrfg, trfbtl nfstrlcetastcefg, véfs raspcrftlrcfs, léhl axtarel, ble`uetcvfs, véfs naectlurcefrcfs, ha tfg ifearf qua as plscoga mæbcgiaeta bletficefr ue fgciaetl. Gls icbrlocls uef vaz haetrl hag lrnfecsil blicaezfe f raprlhubcrsa, y pfrf blesanucrgl, tcaeae qua suparfr gls iabfecsils ha hamaesf hag klspaharl, ha sar fsé, puahae hasfrrlggfr gf aemariahfh. Aetra gfs ofbtarcfs fslbcfhfs f aemariahfhas trfesictchfs plr fgciaetls bærecbls, sa haoae hastfbfr gfs scnucaetas0 l  Rtfpkyglblbbus furaus0   Gls astfmcglblbls sle fefarlocls mfbugtftcvls, qua sa iugtcpgcbfe ble ifylr vaglbchfh ae prasaebcf ha lxénael. El plsaae mgfnagl ec bcgcls, plr gl bufg sle cebfpfbas ha ilvarsa plr sc icsils. Gf taiparfturf chafg pfrf su iugtcpgcbfbcòe as ha 2>°B y sloravcva ae fgciaetls f taiparfturfs cemarclras cemarclras f -?:°B. ag R. furaus sa hastfbf plr sar uels ha gls prcebcpfgas icbrllrnfecsils rasplesfogas ha cetlxcbfbcòe fgciaetfrcf, ae hleha gls ifecpugfhlras ha fgciaetls sle gf prcebcpfg muaeta ha bletficefbcòe.   l

sugmctl-rahutlras0  Ofbtarcfs Nrfi-plsctcvfs, ofbcgls fefaròocbls,   Bglstréhcls mlrifhlras ha asplrfs. Rlgfiaeta hls aspabcas sle ha cetarãs ae ag bfipl ha gf

sfguh pðogcbf. Axcstae habaefs ha aspabcas, sce aiofrnl, gfs aemariahfhas trfesictchfs plr fgciaetls sle prlvlbfhfs plr0 

 

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Bglstrchcui oltugceui0 Ag oltugcsil ha lrcnae fgciaetfrcl as ue pfhabcicaetl

nrfva, bfusfhl plr cenastcòe ha fgciaetls bletficefhls ble uef pltaeta eaurltlxcef, pravcfiaeta mlrifhf ae gls fgciaetls cemabtfhls. Gfs asplrfs ha B. oltugceui sle tlgarfetas f taiparfturfs agavfhfs, fg mrél y bfpfbas ha Di Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg.1.AgBfrratarf ifastrl, Fbftgæe Fbftgæe -ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

sloravcvcr plr ue tcaipl cehataricefhl ae fgciaetls ramrcnarfhls y/l blenagfhls. Gls hascemabtfetas usfhls ble mrabuaebcf ae gf cehustrcf ha fgciaetls, blil ag paròxchl ha kchrònael, slgubcleas ha bglrl y ha clhl, sle amcbfbas ae su hastrubbcòe. 

 

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Bglstrchcui parmrcenaes0  Astæ prasaeta ae ag fnuf, suagl y fgciaetls. Gf

aemariahfh prlvlbfhf plr astf ofbtarcf as cehubchf f trfvãs ha gf aetarltlxcef, prlhubchf plr gfs bãgugfs vanatftcvfs ha sarltcpl F (mrabuaetaiaeta cevlgubrfhf ae cemabbcleas tòxcbfs ha gls fgciaetls) y plr gfs bãgugfs vanatftcvfs hag sarltcpl B (as rfrf su lburraebcf y astæ fslbcfhf f ue pfhabcicaetl haelicefhl, aetarctcs eabròtcbf). 

 

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Aetarlofbtarcfs0  Rle gf ifylr mficgcf y gf iæs katarlnãeaf ha ofbtarcfs Nrfi-

eanftcvfs. Rle fefarlocfs mfbugtftcvfs, sce bfpfbchfh ha asplrugfbcòe, ae mlrif ha ofstòe, buyfs mlrifs iòvcgas astæe prlvcstfs ha mgfnagls. Rle mariaetfhlrfs ha ngublsf y bfpfbas ha rahubcr ectrftls f ectrctls, naearfgiaeta bftfgfsfs plsctcvfs y lxchfsf eanftcvfs, qua axcstae elrifgiaeta ae ag trfbtl cetastcefg hag Kliora y ha fecifgas, blil icbrllrnfecsils bliaesfgas l pftlnãec pftlnãecbls. bls. 

 

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Rfgileaggf0 As ue fnaeta qua el partaeaba f gf plogfbcòe icbrlocfef elrifg,

su prasaebcf ae ag kliora as scaipra pftlgòncbf. Ag nãearl Rfgileaggf spp. puaha bfusfr hcmaraetas séetlifs bgéecbls qua vfe hasha gcnarfs nfstrlaetarctcs f aemariahfhas scstãicbfs blipgcbfhfs blil gf mcaora tcmlchaf, ae cehcvchuls susbaptcogas, fgnuefs aspabcas puaha tlrefrsa cevfscvfs hasaebfhaefehl prlbasls iæs blipgcbfhls ha mcaora aetãrcbf, 6= saptcbaicf a cemabbcleas glbfgczfhfs. Bufehl astæ f taiparfturfs cemarclras f 61°B braba gaetfiaeta. Gf blenagfbcòe mfvlraba gf iuarta ha Rfgileaggf spp., sle ragftcvfiaeta saescogas fg bfglr yf qua f =2°B sa hastruyae blipgatfiaeta. Gfs Rfgileagfs tcaeae gf bfpfbchfh ha raprlhubcrsa ae suparmcbcas ha baræicbfs, vchrcl, fbarl celxchfoga yae gf pcag kuifef, lrcncefehl mlbls ha Di 1. Bfrratarf Fbftgæe - Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg. Ag ifastrl, Fbftgæe ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

bletficefbcòe ae ag parslefg qua prapfrf gls fgciaetls y ae ag glbfg ha prapfrfbcòe ha gls icsils. Rle ræpchfiaeta agcicefhfs plr gf ifylréf ha gls hascemabtfetas hascemabtfe tas hcsplecogas bbliarbcfgiae liarbcfgiaeta. ta. 

 

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Blgcmlrias0  Rle ofstleas, Nrfi-eanftcvls, el asplrugfhls, fefarlocls

mfbugtftcvls, lxchfsf eanftcvls, eanftcvls, qua brabae ae blehcbcleas farlocfs ae iahcls ha bugturf sagabtcvls bletaecaehl sfgas ocgcfras, y bfpfbas ha mariaetfr gf gfbtlsf, ae 8; klrfs f 2>ºB, ble prlhubbcòe ha æbchl y nfs. Gls blgcmlrias qua prasaetfe gf bfpfbchfh ha mariaetfr gfbtlsf ble gf blesabuaeta prlhubbcòe ha nfs, bufehl sle cebuofhls f uef taiparfturf ha 88 f 81.1ºB, sa haelicefe blgcmlrias mabfgas.  Mfbtlras Mf btlras cetréesabls Rle fquaggls qua prliuavae gf fgtarfbcòe icbrlocfef ae bfrea mrasbf. Gf eabaschfh ha

eutrcaetas, gfs sustfebcfs blestctuyaetas hag sustrftl a cebguscva, gf astrubturf y taxturf hag fgciaetl. ➯ 

Kuiahfh0 Gf eabaschfh ha kuiahfh l ha fbtcvchfh ha fnuf (fw) as aetaehchf

blil gf cetanrfbcòe hag bletaechl tltfg ha fnuf y gfs sustfebcfs ae aggf hcsuagtf (agabtrlgctls, æbchls, fzðbfras, sustfebcfs ectrlnaefhfs slguoga, atb). Gf fbtcvchfh ha fnuf ha gf bfrea mrasbf as ha :,33 l iæs, gl qua bletrcouya f mfvlrabar ag surncicaetl ha nrfe vfrcahfh ha ofbtarcfs. Gls vfglras icecls ha fw qua paricta gf iugtcpgcbfbcòe ha icbrllrnfecsils fgtarfetas ha gls fgciaetls sle ha :,3? pfrf gfs ofbtarcfs y ha :,;; pfrf gls klenls. ➯ 

pK0 Icha gf blebaetrfbcòe ha cleas ha kchrònaels ha ue fgciaetl l slgubcòe.

Gls vfglras ha pK lsbcgfe ls bcgfe aetra :-68. Gf fgtarfb fgtarfbcòe còe ha gf bfrea sa hfræ f ifylr vaglbchfh ae bufetl iæs agavfhl saf ag pK. Fuequa ag brabcicaetl ha ue icbrllrnfecsil saf ?2 plscoga f hcstcetfs blebaetrfbcleas ha cleas ha kchrònael, gf ifylr pfrta ha gfs ofbtarcfs tcaeae su puetl òptcil ha Di 1. Bfrratarf Fbftgæe - Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg. Ag ifastrl, Fbftgæe ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

brabcicaetl ae pK eautrl (pK >). Gls klenls sa hasaevuagvae ocae ae vfglras ha pK aetra ?.: y ;.:. Fuequa sa raprlhubae ia`lr ae ue iahcl æbchl. Gfs gavfhurfs tcaeae ue ouae hasfrrlggl ae pK qua lsbcgf aetra 8.: y 8.1, parl su pramaraebcf pramarae bcf as ue pK æbchl. ■ 

Gls vfglras ha pK ha prlhubtls bærecbls ae ag iarbfhl lsbcgfe aaetra etra 1.6 f =.8, f ifylr hatfgga astls sle0

➯ 

✒ 

Bfrea ha barhl0 pK 1.3-=.6

✒ 

Bfrea ha ra rass ilgch ilgchf0 f0 ppK K 1.6-= 1.6-=.? .?

✒ 

Xarearf0 pK =.:

✒ 

Bfrea ha plggl0 pK =.?-=.8

✒ 

Bfrea ha lva`f0 pK 1.; ‒ =.?

Zltaebcfg ha lxchfbcòe rahubbcòe0 Cehcbf gf bfpfbchfh lxchfeta y rahubtlrf ha

gf bfrea. Ag pltaebcfg ha lxchfbcòe-rahubbcòe, hapaeha ae prciar gunfr ha gf bliplscbcòe quéicbf y ae sanuehl, ha gf prascòe pfrbcfg ha lxénael hag fgciaetl, asaebcfgiaeta hag nrfhl ha farafbcòe. Gls icbrllrnfecsils puahae fgtarfr ag pltaebcfg ha lxchl-rahubbcòe ha gf bfrea fg puetl ha rahubcr gf fbtcvchfh ha ltrls icbrlocls. Fsé, gls fefarlocls puahae rahubcr ag pltaebcfg f tfg puetl qua gganfe f cekcocr ag brabcicaetl ha gls farlocls. Mfbtlras Mf btlras axtréesa axtréesabls bls

Aetra gls mfbtlras axtréesabls taeails0 taiparfturf ha blesarvfbcòe, kuiahfh ragftcvf hag iahcl, prasaebcf y blebaetrfbcòe, ha nfsas, prasaebcf y fbtcvchfhas ha ltrls lrnfecsils. ➯ 

Xaiparfturf ha blesarvfbcòe0  Zrlofogaiaeta saf gf taiparfturf, ag iæs

ciplrtfeta ha gls mfbtlras fiocaetfgas qua fmabtfe gf vcfocgchfh y ag hasfrrlggl icbrlocfel. Gf taiparfturf taiparftu rf iæs of`f f gf qua ue icbrllrnfecs icbrllrnfecsil il puaha brabar as -28°B4 gf taiparfturf iæs agavfhf astæ plr aebcif ha 6::°B. Ftaehcaehl f gf taiparfturf gls icbrllrnfecsils sa bgfscmcbfe ae0   Di 1. Bfrratarf Fbftgæe - Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg. Ag ifastrl, Fbftgæe ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

6. Xariòmcgls0 Xlgarfetas f taiparfturfs plr frrcof ha 11°b.brabae ocae f 81°B y plr aebcif ha astfs taiparfturfs ble òptcifs aetra 11 y =1°B.  ?. Iasòmcgls0 Brabae ae cetarvfgls ha ?: f 81°B ble taiparfturfs òptcifs aetra 2: y 8:°B. 2. Zscbròmcgls0  Brabae f taiparfturfs ha ramrcnarfbcòe :°B, parl el f taiparfturfs taiparftur fs iasòmcgf (761°B). 8. Zscbròtrlmls0  Brabae ocae f >°B l iaelras taiparfturfs y tcaeae su taiparfturf òptcif aetra ?: y 2:°B. puahae brabar f taiparfturfs ha ramrcnarfbcòee :°B. ramrcnarfbcò 1. Xariltrlmls0 Xlgarfetas f 81°B y tfiocãe f 21°B. ➯ 

Kuiahfh ragftcvf hag iahcl fiocaeta0  Gf kuiahfh ragftcvf hag iahcl ae qua

sa rafgczf ag fgifbaeficaetl tfetl hasha ag puetl ha vcstf ha gf fw ae ag cetarclr ha gls fgciaetls blil hasha ag brabcicaetl ha gls lrnfecsils ae gfs suparmcbcas. suparmcbc as. Bufehl gf fw ha ue fgciaetl as ha :.=: as ciplrtfeta fgifbaefrgl ae blehcbcleas qua el ga parictfe rabuparfr kuiahfh f pfrtcr hag fcra, puas sc el sa kfba fsé, fuiaetfréf su prlpcf fw suparmcbcfg y suparmcbcfg kfstf ue ecvag blipftcoga ble gf prlgcmarfbcòe icbrlocfef. ➯ 

Hcsplecocgchfh ha lxénael0 Gf ciplrtfebcf ha hcsplecocgchfh ha lxénael blil

mfbtlr ha hasfrrlggl ha gls icbrllrnfecsils, scrva pfrf bfrfbtarczfr sus blehcbcleas ha brabcicaetl. Gf ciplrtfebcf ha gf taescòe ha lxénael ae ag brabcicaetl brabcicae tl ha gls icbrllrnfecsils ae gfs bfreas sa blemueha ble ag blebaptl ha pltaebcfg ha òxchl-rahubbcòe y ble gf pfrtcbcpfbcòe ha fquaggf taescòe ae ag ifetaecicaetl hag pltaebcfg ae ecvag agavfhl. Zlr asl, sle vægchls gls blebaptls aictchls ae vcrtuh hag astuhcl hag pltaebcfg ha òxchl-rahubbcòe, ae bufetl f su cemguaebcf ae gf ifecpugfbcòe icbrlocfef. Gf cekcocbcòe hag brabcicaetl ha icbrllrnfecsils farlocls ha gls aevlgtlrcls sa haoa fg bðiugl hag hcòxchl ha bfrolel. Fue fsé, qua ag hcòxchl ha bfrolel cemguyf ae gf cekcocbcòe hag brabcicaetl ha icbrllrnfecsils pscbròmcgls, gls aevlgtlrcls Di 1. Bfrratarf Fbftgæe - Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg. Ag ifastrl, Fbftgæe ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

slgfiaeta bleburrae pfrf ag ratrfsl ha gf iugtcpgcbfbcòe icbrlocfef, bufehl astæe ramrcnarfhls. Xlif ha iuastrfs   Ra ratcrf gf iuastrf ha pcazfs bruhfs. Ra tlife ha ifearf fsãptcbf ble gf utcgczfbcòe ha

nufetas pfrf sar blglbfhfs haetrl ha ue sfbl ha pgæstcbl astãrcg, ag bufg ae prciar gunfr as pasfhl pfrf lotaear uef bfetchfh ha aetra 6:: f 6?: nrfils ha iuastrf plr pcazf, guanl ha rltugfr ag sfbl ble ue bòhcnl ha chaetcmcbfbcòe prlpcl blipuastl ha eðiarl y gatrfs, a hleha sa utcgcbae gatrfs ifyðsbugfs pfrf chaetcmcbfr gls gltas hag fecifg y iceðsbugfs, pfrf gls gltas ha ltrl rfzf l hcmaraeta fecifg. Gls sfbls haoae sar saggfhls fg vfbél y trfesplrtfr trfesplrtfrgls gls fg gfolrftlrcl ha icbrloclglnéf gl iæs fetas plscoga pfrf avctfr ag bletfbtl prlglenfhl ha gfs iuastrfs ble uef taiparfturf fiocaeta. Qef vaz ae ag gfolrftlrcl sa haoae blenagfr f uef taiparfturf ha -6;°B. Gfs iuastrfs parifeabae ?8 klrfs ae blenagfbcòe y haspuãs sa rafgczf su feægcscs blrrasplehcaeta. Zrapfrfbcòe ha gf iuastrf

Fetas ha sar sliatchfs f gfs pruaofs icbrloclgòncbfs, sa ratcrfe hag blenagfhlr y parifeabcaehl ble ag aipfqua saggfhl sa blglbf ae gf eavarf f uef taiparfturf ha fprlxcifhfiaeta >°B pfrf su hasblenagfbcòe hurfeta hls l tras klrfs, trfesburrchl ag tcaipl sa ratcrf ha gf eavarf y sa prlbasf pfrf haspuãs rafgczfr gls astuhcls. Zrciarfiaeta, sa cetrlhubae f gf bæifrf hamgu`l, sa fora ag sfbl y sa pasf, tras plrbcleas ha ?1 nrfils plr iuastrf, sa prlbaha f blglbfrgfs ble uef bfetchfh iéecif ha fnuf paptlefhf, hag vlguiae yf prapfrfhl pfrf bfhf uef ha gfs iuastrfs (??1ig), ae ue sfbl astãrcg y gf trcturfils ae ue klilnaeczfhlr f uef vaglbchfh fgtf plr 6?: sanuehls, ble gf mcefgchfh ha blesanucr uef iuastrf ogfehf pfrf su ia`lr klilnaeczfbcòe ae ag fnuf paptlefhf. Guanl sa blglbfe ae sus raspabtcvls mrfsbls, bfhf uel, blil yf iaebclefils fetas, ble ??1 ig ha slgubcòe ha fnuf paptlefhf, buipgcaehl ble gf rangf ha gf prlplrbcòe 6/6:. Zlr tfetl, taeails uef trcpgcbfbcòe ha Di 1. Bfrratarf Fbftgæe - Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg. Ag ifastrl, Fbftgæe ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

bfhf iuastrf l saf sacs hcgubcleas, 2 ha uef iuastrf y tras ha ltrf. Ra ha`f raplsfr bfhf uef ha gfs iazbgfs i azbgfs plr iahcf klrf, sa rafgczfe gfs hcslgubclea hcslgubcleass ha 6:∟? , 6:∟2 , 6:∟8 . Rògl ae bfsl ha gls iasòmcgls, sa utcgczf hcslgubcleas ha 6:∟1, 6:∟= , 6:∟> . Zfsfhls gls 2: iceutls sa rafgczf ag feægcscs icbrloclgòncbl icbrloclgòncbl.. Zruaofss icbr loclgòncb fs ae bfrea Zruaof bfreass   ➯ 

_abuaetl ha icbrllrnfecsils iasòmcgls tltfgas0  Ra rafgczf gf celbugfbcòe plr

ceblrplrfbcòe, ae hleha sa klilnaeczf y sa trfesmcara 6ig ha gf suspaescòe ha ifylr hcslgubcòe, gf bf`f Zatrc haoa astfr astarcgczfhf a chaetcmcbfhf y sa rafgczf ag prlbahcicaetl ble tlhfs gfs haiæs hcslgubcleas. Haspuãs ha rafgczfr tlhf gf hcstrcoubcòe hag ceòbugl ae gfs bf`fs Zatrc, sa varta fprlx. 61ig ha iahcl ha bugtcvl géquchl f 81°B y sa rafgczfe ilvcicaetls rltftlrcls ae hcmaraetas hcrabbcleas pfrf iazbgfr ag ceòbugl ble ag iahcl ha bugtcvl. Ra ha`f ae pgfbf astãrcg sce celbugfr, pfrf utcgczfrgf ha pgfbf ha bletrlg. Ra cebuofe gfs pgfbfs ae plscbcòe cevartchf f 2:°B ha 8; f ;? klrfs. Ag bletal icbrloclgòncbl sa rafgczf ae uechfhas mlrifhlrfs ha blglecf (QMB/ig) y sògl sa sagabbclefe gfs pgfbfs qua tcaeae ue euiarl bletfoga ha blglecfs (aetra 61 y 2::). Elrif CRL 8;220?::2. ➯ 

_abuaetl ha ilkls y gavfhurfs0 sa rafgczf gf celbugfbcòe plr aspfrbcicaetl ha :.6

ig ha bfhf hcgubcòe pfrf ag iahcl ha bugtcvl Zltftl Haxtrlsf Fnfr (ZHF). Zlstarclriaeta sa cebuofe gfs pgfbfs, ae plscbcòe elrifg, f ??-?1°B hurfeta 8; klrfs ae gf cebuofhlrf. Haspuãs ha gf cebuofbcòe sògl sa sagabbclefe gfs pgfbfs qua tcaeae ue euiarl bletfoga ha blglecfs (aetra 61 y 2::) y sa prlbaha f rafgczfr ag bletal icbrloclgòncbl icbrloclgòncbl y ag rasugtfhl sa hf ae QMB/ig. Elrif EZ 2?>>0 63;>. ➯ 

_abuaetl ha Bglstrchcls sugmctl-rahubtlras0 Ra hcguya ag iahcl ha bugtcvl RZR-sugmctl

plgcicxcef sugmfhcfzcef, ha fbuarhl ble gf EZ-??=? (63;=) ae hls blebaetrfbcleas hcstcetfs, ae hleha uef saræ hloga blebaetrfhl ha iahcl y ltrl ble gf blebaetrfbcòe elrifg hag icsil iahcl, ggfifhf blebaetrfbcòe scipga. Guanl sa cefbtcvf gfs Di 1. Bfrratarf Fbftgæe - Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg. Ag ifastrl, Fbftgæe ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

slgubcleas ifhras plr 6: iceutls ae uef taiparfturf ha ;:°B ae oföl Ifréf. Zfrf bfhf slgubcòe ifhra taehrails 6: tuols y ue mrfsbl ha 1: ig ha iahcl hloga. 1 ha astls tuols bletcaeae 6: ig ha slgubcòe hloga y gls ltrls 1, tcaeae, 6: ig ha slgubcòe scipga, bfhf uel. F pfrta rafgczfils gf iazbgf hag sustrftl hcguyaehl 8 n ha sugmctl ha slhcl fekchrl ae 6::ig ha fnuf. Ra astarcgczf gf slgubcòe plr mcgtrfbcòe. mc gtrfbcòe. Ra nufrhf gf iazbgf f uef taiparfturf blipraehchf aetra ? f 1 ºB. Zlr ltrl gfhl, sa prapfrf uef slgubcòe ha > n ha bctrftl ha kcarrl (CCC) ae 6:: ig ha fnuf. Ra astarcgczf astar cgczf gf slgubc slgubcòe òe plr mcgtrfbcòe. Ra nufrhf, tfiocãe, astf iazbgf ae taiparfturf aetra ? f 1 ºB. Astf slgubcòe vaeba ae ue parclhl ha 61 héfs. Fg iliaetl hag feægcscs sa iazbgfe vlgðiaeas cnufgas 2= ha gfs slgubcleas ha sugmctl ha slhcl y bctrftl ha kcarrl (CCC). Ra föfhae :,1 ig ha gf iazbgf f bfhf mrfsbl qua bletaenf ag iahcl ha blebaetrfbcòe scipga. F gf hcgubcòe ha blebaetrfbcòe hloga sa ga föfha :,8 ig ha gf iazbgf ae gls mrfsbls ha 6: ig y ?ig pfrf gls mrfsbls mrfs bls ha 1: ig. F bfhf tuol ha 6:ig ha iahcl hloga sa ga blglbfe 6: ig ha iuastrf. Guanl f gls tuols ha 6:ig ha iahcl scipga, sa gas blglbf 6 ig ha iuastrf. S mcefgiaeta f gls mrfsbls ha 1: ig ha iahcl hloga, sa gas blglbf 1: ig ha iuastrf. Guanl astls mrfsbls sle cebuofhls plr 8; klrfs f uef taiparfturf ha 2>°B. EZ 2?>>-60 63;> Zfsfhl ag parclhl ha cebuofbcòe prlbahails f gf oðsquahf ha asplrf ha bglstrchcls sugmctl-rahubtlra sugmctl-rahubtlras, s, blescharfehl plsctcvls gls tuols ae hleha sa losarvfe blglecfs eanrfs bfrfbtaréstcbfs, ha hcmaraetas tfiföls, fcsgfhls l blemguaetas y fsé, gls rasugtfh rasugtfhls ls sa axprasfe blemlria astfogaba astfogaba gf Elrif CRL ;633.  ➯ 

_abuaetl ha blgcmlrias mabfgas y Asbkarcbkcf blgc0   Ra a`abutf utcgczfehl ag iãtlhl

Rcipgfta. Ra fhcbclef 6ig ha gf iuastrf (slgubcòe ifhra) ae 3ig hag iahcl Rcipgfta pravcfiaeta prapfrfhl sanðe gfs cestrubbcleas hag mforcbfeta. Mcefgiaeta, sa celbugfe gfs pgfbfs ble asf iazbgf y sa aebuofe plr 8; klrfs f uef taiparfturf ha 2>°B. Guanl ha gf celbugfbcòe celbugfbcòe haoails varcmcbfr sc kuol bfiocl ha blglrfbcòe ae gfs baghfs ha gfs pgfbfs, fquaggfs qua kfyfe bfiocfhl bfiocf hl ha blglr sle gfs blrrasplehcaetas f blgcmlrias tltfgas. Guanl axpleails gfs pgfbfs f guz ugtrfvclgatf, y fquaggfs baghfs Di 1. Bfrratarf Fbftgæe - Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg. Ag ifastrl, Fbftgæe ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

qua safe mgulrasbaetas, saræe bletfhfs blil A. blgc. Gls rasugtfhls sle axprasfhls ae uechfhas mlrifhlrfs ha blglecfs. ➯ 

 

Hatabbcòe ha prasaebcf ha Rfgileaggf0 Guanl ha klilnaeczfr ?1n ha iuastrf ae

??1ig ha fnuf pfptlefhf, sa cebuof plr 6?krs f 2>°B. Zfsfhl asa tcaipl, sa fhcbclef f ag 6-?tast (iãtlhl lmcbcfg FLFB 3;3.62) y sa cebuof plr ue parclhl fprlxcifhl ha 68 f 2: klrfs. Gls rasugtfhls sle axprasfhls axpras fhls f trfvãs ha gf prasaebcf ha Rfgileaggf.  ➯ 

_abuaetl ha Rtfpkyglbblbus furaus0 Haspuãs ha astfr rafgczfhfs gfs hcslgubcleas

partceaetas, sa prlbaha f gf celbugfbcòe plr aspfrbcicaetl ha :.6ig pfrf bfhf uel ha gls iahcls ha bugtcvl Ofcrh Zfrdar (ble yaif ha kuavl fhcbclefhf), ha fbuarhl ble gf Elrif CRL =;;;-606333. Haspuãs sa cebuof gfs pgfbfs ae plscbcòe cevartchf f 2>°B hurfeta 8; klrfs. Mcefgczfhl ag parclhl ha cebuofbcòe, sògl sa sagabbclefe gfs pgfbfs qua tcaeae ue eðiarl bletfoga ha blglecfs (61 f 2::) y sa rafgczf ag bletal icbrloclgòncbl. Ae gfs blglecfs tépcbfs ha Rtfpkyglbblbus (eanrfs) sa bliprloò gf prasaebcf l fusaebcf ha blfnugfsf f trfvãs hf celbugfbcòe ae pgfsif ha blea`l.   ➯ 

 

_abuaetl ha pscbròmcgls0 Sf kabkfs gfs hcgubcleas partceaetas, sa rafgczf gf

celbugfbcòe plr aspfrbcicaetl ha :.6ig pfrf bfhf uel ha gls iahcls ha bugtcvl Zgfta Bluet Fnfr (ZBF). Guanl ha rafgczfr astl sa cebuofe gfs pgfbfs ae plscbcòe cevartchf f >°B hurfeta 6: héfs. Haspuãs hag parclhl ha cebuofbcòe, sògl sa sagabbclefe gfs pgfbfs qua tcaeae ue eðiarl bletfoga ha blglecfs (aetra 61 f 2::) y sa rafgczf ag bletal icbrloclgòncbl. icbrloclgòncbl. Ag rasugtfhl haoa sar axprasfhl ae QMB/ig. Elrif EZ ?2:>0 63;>. 

Di 1. Bfrratarf Fbftgæe - Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg. Ag ifastrl, Fbftgæe ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

BLEBGQRCÒE Gls feægcscs icbrloclgòncbls ha gls fgciaetls sle uef karrficaetf asaebcfg pfrf gf avfgufbcòe ha gf fbaptfocgchfh ha ue prlhubtl, plr aggl, as ha vctfg gf ciplrtfebcf ha gf rafgczfbcòe ha asta tcpl ha feægcscs y ifylriaeta ae ag æraf ha prlhubtls bærecbls plrqua sle uels fgciaetls iuy parabaharls y ble ifylr taehaebcf f gf raprlhubbcòe ha ofbtarcfs, ilkls l gavfhurfs y astl puaha sar haochl f hcmaraetas mfbtlras, parl astæe iæs ragfbclefhls gf mfgtf ha kcncaea, plr aggl gf ciplrtfebcf ha astf karrficaetf as avctfr f nrfe asbfgf gls orltas ha apchaicfs.

Di 1. Bfrratarf Fbftgæe - Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg. Ag ifastrl, Fbftgæe ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1. 

 

  Rabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Zðogcbf Ruosabratfréf ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Qechfh ha Ahubfbcòe Iahcf Ruparclr Xabelgòncbf Fnrlpabufrcf y Bcaebcfs hag Ifr Baetrl ha Ofbkcggarftl Xabelgòncbl Fnrlpabufrcl El. 6 6;8 ;8 ?6HXF:::2X

OCOGCLN_FMÉF Iaehlzf Nfgcehl, R. (?::2). Kcstlrcf ha gf icbrloclglnéf ha gls fgciaetls y su hasfrrlggl ae gftcelfiãrcbf. _avcstf ha gf Rlbcahfh ]aeazlgfef ha Icbrloclglnéf, ?2(6), ;:-;8. _abuparfhl ag ?= ha ifrzl ha ?:?:, ha kttp0//va.sbcagl.lrn/sbcagl.pkp?3/6/XARCR%?:mcefg.phm 

Di 1. Bfrratarf Fbftgæe - Rfe @ufe Cxbfqucxtgf, Blg. Ag ifastrl, Fbftgæe ha Lslrcl, Zuaogf. B.Z. >8383 Xag. :6 (312) 12 8 6; >1.