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  Jrl`efs`sf kgkfhfaf `rtf y`el ajkphga. Jrl`efs`sf y`el o`fa d`p`t dfhfb`t d`rf dgs`fe struatur y`el ogrcuelsf kgesupjrt tumu`e ofsefs d`e prjsgs sgi`r` spgsfcfa `t`u d`p`tt kghfb d`p` kghfb`t `t pgag pgagrm``e rm``e fedfvfdu uetua kgei`p`f kgei`p`f tumu` tumu`ee ogrs ogrs`k`. `k`. (Vjdgr & \fsg, (?>03) K`e`mgkge K`e`mgkge str`tglf str`tglf d`h` d`h`k k jrl`efs`sf jrl`efs`sf ?>03). Kgeurut D`vfd ?>03). D`vfd `ed I`rjhfe` (?>03) kgrup`a`e us`b` uetua kged`p`ta`e kged`p`ta`e d`e d`e kgkpgrt`b`ea`e kgkpgrt`b`ea`e aguelluh`e aguelluh`e ajkpgtftfc. Kgelfdgetfcfa`sf vfsf, kfsf, tumu`e, d`e str`tglf jrl`efs`sf `d`h`b tftfa `w`h y`el hjlfs uetua uet ua k` k`e`m e`mgkg gkgee str str`tg `tglfs lfs a` a`rge rge`` sft sftu` u`sf sf d`e aje ajedfs dfsff pg pgrus rus`b` `b``e `e s`` s``tt fef d`p d`p`t `t kgel kg elb` b`h` h`el elff st str` r`tg tglf lf tg tgrt rtge getu tu d` d`ee o` o`ba ba`e `e kg kged edfa fatg tg tf tfed ed`a `a`e `e tg tgrt rtge getu tu.. Yg Ygtf tf`p `p jrl`efs`sf kgkfhfaf vfsf, kfsf, tumu`e, d`e str`tglf, o`ba`e mfa` ghgkge-ghgkge fef tfd`a dfr`ei`el, dftuhfs, `t`u dfajkuefa`sfa`e sgi`r` s`d`r. M`w`o`e `t`s agk`e` sgou`b jrl`efs`sf ogrm`h`e d`p`t dftgetua`e sgo`lf`e ogs`r d`rfk`e` jrl`efs`sf ftu  ogr`d`. ^rjsgs k`e`mgkge str`tglfs ogrsfc`t dfe`kfs d`e ogragsfe`ko ogragsfe`kouel`e. uel`e. ^gruo`b`e p`d` s`h`b s`tu ajkpjege ut`k` d`h`k kjdgh fef d`p`t kgeygo`oa`e  pgruo`b`e p`d` p`d` ajkpjege k`e`pue k`e`pue `t`u sgku` sgku` ajkpjege ajkpjege (D`vfd & I`rjhfe`, I`rjhfe`, ?>03) D`h`k su`tu jrl`efs`sf y`el o`fa b`rus kgkfhfaf efh`f-efh`f y`el df`eut sgi`r`  ogrs`k`. K`sy`r`a`t kgkfhfaf efh`f-efh`f uetua kgelbjrk`tf, tjhgr`esf, ifet`, sjhfd` sjh fd`rft rft`s, `s, ag` ag`dfh dfh`e `e,, ago agoge` ge`r`e r`e d`e d`e t`e t`ellu lluelm elm`w` `w`o. o. Ygo Ygo`l` `l`ff sg sgjr` jr`el el k`e k`e`mg `mgrr df ruk`b s`aft, kgkfhfaf t`elluelm` t`elluelm`w`o w`o kgkogrfa`e st`ed`r st`ed`r tfellf tget`el tget`el gtfa` d`h`k  pr`atga k`e`mgkge dfk`e` p`d` struaur struaur fecjrk`h kgkogrfa`e k`ae` p`d` pgagrm``e pgagrm``e y`el ogragko`el sgrt` kgeuemuaa`e o`l`fk`e` agofm`a`e d`e kgel`tur dfe`kfa` jrl`efs`sf jrl`e fs`sf.. Kfsf _uk` _uk`bb Y`aft kgrup`a`e kgrup`a`e `h`s `h`s`e `e pgr` pgr`eey` eey` dfk`sy` dfk`sy`r`a` r`a`tt (_glj, (_glj, @r`ýmj @r` ýmj,, & Ygr Ygrréj réj,, ?>0 ?>07). 7). Ygk`af Ygk`afee kg kgefe efela` la`tey tey`` agout agoutub` ub`ee k`sy`r k`sy`r`a` `a`tt `a`e `a`e  pgh`y`e`e agpgr`w`t`e y`el gcgatfc d`e gcfsfge, sgbfell` pgh`as`e``e pgh`as`e``e aglf`t`e agpgr`w` agpg r`w`t`e t`e abus abususey usey`` p`d` p`d` prjsg prjsgss pgrge pgrgei`e` i`e``e `e Yuko Yukogr gr D`y` K`eu K`eusf` sf` (YDK (YDK)) s`el`t pgetfel dfpgrb`tfa`e, a`rge` s`el`t kgegetua`e gcgatfvft`s d`e gcgsfgesf df d`h`k aglf`t`e pgh`y`e`e agpgr`w`t`e (Eurs`h`k, ?>07o). Ygjr`el pgkfkpfe b`rus pgri`y` o`bw` su`tu tumu`e `a`e kud`b dfi`p`f  ofh` dfagrm`a`e sgi`r` ogrs`k`-s`k` d`e kgrga` dfogrfa`e fecjrk`sf tget`el efh`f?

 

efh`f y`el df`eut sgbfell` fedfvfdu fedfvfdu `a`e kgkou`t kgkou`t agputus`e y`el y`el tgro`fa. B`h fef fef dfuela dfu ela`p `pa`e a`e mul mul`` d` d`h`k h`k mur mure` e`hh

Tbg kfssfje st`tgkget= jrl` jrl`efs`t efs`tfje`h fje`h iuhtu iuhturg rg

 pgrspgitfvg  (?>02) y`el ogrtumu`e uetua

kgelgt`buf ajetrfousf tgrb`d`p pgk`b`k` pgk`b`k`ee

 pgrey`t``e kfsf d`e cuelsfey` d`h`k kgkofkofel pgrfh`au a`ry`w`e d`rf pgrspgatfc   oud`y` jrl`efs`sf. \`w`ei`r` tgrsgout uetua kgelajecfrk`sf pgr`e kfsf d`h`k Jrl`efs`sf efs`sf Iuhtu Iuhtur  r   y`el df`eut `t`u kgelajkuefa`sfa`e Jrl` kgelajkuefa`sfa`e `t`u dfdgah`r`sfa`e, dfdgah`r`sfa`e, w`h`upue  pgedga`t`e y`el ogrogd` uetua kgei`p`f ajkftkge a`ry`w`e tgrb`d`p kfsf

jrl`e jrl `efs` fs`sf sf d` d`p`t p`t dff dffdg dgetf etfcfa cfa`s `sff sgb sgbuou uouel` el`ee dge dgel`e l`e uau uaur`e r`e jrl jrl`e `efs` fs`sf sf (O` (O`oef oefa, a, Orgzefa, Dgrkjh, & Ůfri`, ?>04). Mure`h  _gh`tfjesbfp ogtwgge o`h`eig jc mjo dgk`eds-ijetrjh `ed sb`rgd  kfssfje/vfsfj kfssfje /vfsfje e cjr ohugohug-ijhh` ijhh`rr gkphj gkphjyggs yggs

y`el dfuell dfuell`b `b t`bue t`bue ?>02, ?>02, kgey kgey`t`a `t`a`e `e

 o`bw` sb`rfel  vfsf  vfsf d`e kfsf jrl`efs`sf dgel`e a`ry`w`e d`e aglf`t`eey` `d`h`b i`r` y`el y` el p` p`hf hfel el pg pget etfe fell d` d`h` h`k k pg pgrs rs`f `fel el`e `e,, ab abus usus usey ey`` d` d`h` h`k k sg sgat atjr jr pr prjd jdua uasf sf,, kgelgko`ela`e us`b` kgrga` uetua ograjetrfousf tgrb`d`p kfsf d`e vfsf jrl`efs`sf `d`h`b sftu` `d`h`b sftu`sf sf y`el s`el`t dfb`r`pa`e dfb`r`pa`e d`rf k`e`mgr. @d`ey` pgrs pgrsgpsf gpsf tget`el vfsf jrl`efs`sf o`lf a`ry`w`e fef ogra`ft`e gr`t dgel`e pgagrm``e y`el dfjpgr`sfa`e jhgb kgrga` df pgrus`b``e ftu (Ìfìga, ?>02). ^getfel ^getfel dft`e`ka`e tget`el efh`f-efh`f y`el dfy`afef ruk`b s`aft dfkuh`f s``t kgh`aua`e rgarutkge a`ry`w`e sgbfell` a`ry`w`e  o`ru kgk`b`kf df k`e` tgkp`t kgrga` ogagrm` `p`a`b sgsu`f dgel`e y`el kgrga` b`r`pa`e. ^gegt` gt`p` p`ee sgo sgou`b u`b vfsf, kfsf d`e v`hug st`tgkget   d`h`k sgou`b pgrus`b``e ^ge kgrup`a`e d`s`r d`h`k kgkogrfa`e `r`b`e y`el mgh`s uetua kgegetua`e agk`e`  pgrus`b``e tgrsgout `a`e ogragko`el ogragko`el.. ^gelgko`e ^gelgko`el`e l`e `r`b d`e tumu`e pgrus`b``e kgk`el sgb`rusey` mul` kgel`iu p`d` sgou`b rukus`e y`el sud`b dftgetua`e sgoghukey` (Vjdgr & \fsg, ?>00). B`h fef dfduauel puh` jhg jhgbb mure`h Jrl`efz`tfje`h  vfsfje= gxpgrfgeig `t tbg ueft hgvgh   y`el

dfuell`b dfuel l`b t`bue t`bue ?>02 ?>02 kge kgey`t` y`t`a`e a`e Sfsf

kgkogrfa`e aguelluh`e ajkpgtftfc y`el ogragh`emut`e uetua jrl`efs`sf1 ftu `d`h`b cued`kget cued` kget`h `h o`lf agpg agpgkfkpf kfkpfe`e e`e d`e fkphg fkphgkget` kget`sf sf str`tglf, str`tglf, d`e kgko kgkogetu getuaa `h`t  pgetfel uetua pgel`kofh`e agputus`e sgh`k` pgrfjdg pgruo`b`e `t`u tr`escjrk`sf. Sfsf kgrup`a`e ghgkge str`tglfs y`el pgetfel agtfa` kgko`elue e`k` `t`u rgput`sf  o`lf jrl`efs`sf Agey`k`e`e, Agey`k`e`e, pgkogrd`y` pgkogrd`y``e `e d`e kjtfv`sf `d`h`b t`et`el`e d`h`k  prjsgs rg`hfs`sf vfsf. vfsf. (Auaaur`fege, `t `h h ?>002) ^gr`w`tt d`h ^gr`w` d`h`k `k kge kgem`h m`h`ea `ea`e `e pgh`y pgh`y`e `e`e `e sg sgi`r i`r`` h`elsu h`elsuel el ag agp`d p`d`` p`s p`sfge fge  ogrbuouel`e gr`t dgel`e vfsf kfsf ruk`b s`aft d`e efh`f-efh`f d`s`r y`el kgem`df 9

 

 oud`y` agrm` d`h`k ruk`b s`aft jhgb a`rge` ftu k`egmgr agpgr`w`t`e tgrus ogrus`b` uetua kgkfkpfe d`e kgel`w`sf au`hft`s/kutu pgh`y`e`e sgi`r` ogragsfe`kouel`e d`h`k kgkogrfa`e `sub`e agpgr`w`t`e (@rkstrjel, _fspgh, & ^gee-Aga`e`, ?>07). Ogrd`s`ra`e h`t`r ogh`a`el tgrsgout, k`a` p`d` agsgkp`t`e fef pgeuhfs `a`e kgk`p`ra`e k`a`h`b y`el ogrmuduh ‘@e`hfsfs cfhjsjcf, kfsf d`e tumu`e pgh`y`e`e agpgr`w`t`e‘. O. TWMW@E

0. Tumu umu`e Wk Wkuk uk K`kpu kgelgko`el kgelgko`ela`e a`e vvfsf fsf Kfsf _u`k`b s`aft kg kgem`df em`df Sfs Sfsff kfsf ^gh`y`e`e agpgr`w`t`e sgsu`f dgel`e tgjrf d`e ajesgp ?. Tumu Tumu`e `e abus abusus us `. Kgk`b`kf tgjrf d`e ajesgp tget`el Sfsf, Kfsf  o.  K`e`mgkge ^gh`y`e`e Agpgr`w`t`e ruk`b s`aft. i. Kge Kgelfd lfdget getfcf fcfa`s a`sff Sfsf fsf,, Kfs Kfsff K`e K`e`mg `mgkge kge ^gh`y`e` ^gh`y`e`ee Agp Agpgr` gr`w`t w`t`e `e df _YWD _YWD Ajkjdj H`ou`e O`mj

 

4

 

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K`e`mg K`e `mgkge kge `d `d`h` `h`bb prj prjsgs sgs ag agrm` rm`s`k s`k`` kgh kgh`hu `huff jr`el jr`el h`f h`fee uetua uetua kge kgei`p i`p`f `f tum tumu`e u`e.. K`e`mg K`e` mgkg kgee agpg agpgr` r`w` w`t` t`ee `d `d`h `h`b `b prjs prjsgs gs ag agrm rm`s `s`k `k`` kgh` kgh`huf huf pg pgrs rsje jegh gh pgr` pgr`w` w`tt uetu uetua  a  kgeyg kg eygdf` df`a`e a`e `su `sub`e b`e,, tgr tgr`pf `pf d`e age agey`k y`k`e` `e`ee o` o`lf lf sg sgagh aghjkp jkpja ja p`sfg p`sfge. e. Tul`s Tul`s pgr pgr`w` `w`tt k`e`mgr kgei`aup pgrgei`e``e, pgeljrl`efs`sf`e, pgel`r`b`e, d`e pgel`w`s`e tgrb`d`p agtgrsgdf``e cfe`eif`h, k`tgrf`h d`e sukogr d`y` k`eusf` sgbfell` `sub`e y`el dfogrfa`e agp`d` agp` d` p`sf p`sfge ge kgem`d kgem`dff gcga gcgatfc tfc d`e gcfsfge (Buo (Buogr, gr, ?>03). K`e`mgkge K`e`mgkge agpg agpgr`w`t r`w`t`e `e mul` kgru kg rup` p`a` a`ee

su su`t `tuu

prjs prjsgs gs

kgey kgeygh ghgs gs`f `fa` a`ee

su su`t `tuu

pg pgag agrm rm`` ``ee

kg kgh` h`hu huff

pgrg pgrgei ei`e `e`` ``e, e,

 pgeljrl`efs`sf`e,  pgeljrl`efs` sf`e, pgel`r`b`e, pgeljrl`efs` pgeljrl`efs`sf`ed`e sf`ed`e pgel`w`s` pgel`w`s`ee dgel`e kgellue`a`e kgellue`a`e sukogr d`y` sgi`r` gcgatfc, gcfsfge d`e r`sfje`h d`h`k kgkogrfa`e pgh`y`e`e ofj, psfaj, sjsf`h, spfrftu`h y`el ajkprgbgesfc p`d` fedfvfdu, aghu`rl` d`e k`sy`r`a`t, o`fa y`el s`aft k`upue y`el sgb`t kgh`huf prjsgs agpgr`w`t`e uetua kgei`p`f tumu`e y`el tgh`b dftgt`pa`e (@skumf, ?>03) K`e`mg K`e `mgkge kge Ytr Ytr`tg `tglfs lfs d`p`t d`p`t dfd dfdgcf gcfefs efsfa` fa`ee sg sgo`l o`l`f `f sg sgef ef d` d`ee fhk fhkuu kg kgruk rukusa usa`e `e,, kgh`as`e`a`e, d`e kgelgv`hu`sf agputus`e hfet`s cuelsfje`h y`el kgkuelafea`e su`tu jrl`efs` jrl` efs`sf sf uetua kgei` kgei`p`f p`f tumu` tumu`eey` eey` (D`vf (D`vfdd & I`rj I`rjhfe`, hfe`, ?>04) B`h fef krell`ko` krell`ko`ra`e ra`e k`e`mgkge str`tglfs ogrcjaus p`d` kgelfetglr`sfa`e k`e`mgkge, pgk`s`r`e, agu`el`e / `auet`esf, prjduasf / jpgr`sf, pgeghftf`e d`e pgelgko`el`e, d`e sfstgk fecjrk`sf uetua  kgei`p`f kgei `p`f agogrb`sf agogrb`sfh`e h`e jrl`ef jrl`efs`sf s`sf.. ^rjsgs

K`e` K`e`mgkg mgkgee Ytr`tglf Ytr`tglfss tgrdfrf tgrdfrf d`rf tfl` t`b`p= t`b`p=

 pgrukus`e str`tglf, fkphgkget`sf fkphgkget`sf str`tglf, d`e gv`hu`sf str`tglf. ^grukus`e str`tglf tgrk`sua  kgelgko`ela`e vfsf d`e kfsf, kgelfdgetfcfa`sf pghu`el gastgre`h jrl`efs`sf d`e `ei`k`e, kgeg kg eget etua ua`e `e ag agau au`t `t`e `e d`e d`e ag aghg hgk` k`b` b`ee fetg fetgre re`h `h,, kg kgeg egt` t`pa pa`e `e tu tumu mu`e `e m` m`el ela` a` p`em p`em`e `el, l, kgelb`sfha`e str`tglf `htgre`tfc, d`e kgkfhfb str`tglf tgrtgetu uetua kgelgm`r agtgro`t`s`e. K`e`mgr puei`a kgkfhfaf pgrspgatfc tgro`fa uetua kgk`b`kf sgpgeubey` ajesgaugesf d`rf agput agputus` us`ee str`tg str`tglf, lf, kgr kgrga` ga` kgk kgkfhf fhfaf af wgw wgwge` ge`el el uetua uetua kg kgh`a h`aua` ua`ee suk sukog ogrr d`y d`y`` y`e y`ell dfpgrh dfp grhua` ua`ee uet uetua ua fkphgk fkphgkget get`s `sf.f. Fkp Fkphgk hgkget get`sf `sf str str`tg `tglf lf kgk kgkgrh grhua` ua`ee pgr pgrus` us`b`` b``ee uet uetua  ua  kgegt`pa`ee tumu`e t`bue`e, kgkou`t agofm`a`e, kgkjtfv`sf a`ry`w`e, d`e kgel`hja`s kgegt`pa` kgel`hja`sfa`e fa`e sukogr d`y` sgbfell` str`tglf y`el dfrukusa`e d`p`t dfh`as`e`a`e. Fkphgkget`sf str`tglf tgrk`sua kgelgko`ela`e kgelgko`ela`e oud`y` str`tglf-kgeduauel, str`tglf-kgeduauel, kgeifpt`a`e struatur jrl`efs`sf y`el gcgatf gcg atfc, c, kgel`r kgel`r`ba `ba`e `e up` up`y` y` pgk pgk`s` `s`r`e r`e,, kge kgeyf` yf`pa` pa`ee `el `ell`r l`r`e, `e, kge kgelgk lgko`e o`ela` la`ee d`e d`e 7

 

kgk`ec``ta`e sfstgk fecjrk`sf, d`e kgelbuouela`e ajkpges`sf a`ry`w`e dgel`e afegrm` jrl`efs`sf Jrl`efs`s Jrl`e fs`sff b`rus sgi`r` abus abusus us kgkou`t buou buouel`e el`e y`el o`fa dgel dgel`e `e a`ry`w`e. a`ry`w`e. Dfa`t`a`e o`bw` kge`rfa d`e kgkpgrt`b`ea`e kgkpgrt`b`ea`e a`ry`w`e y`el ograu`hft`s dfpgrhua`e uetua  kgkpg kg kpgrjhg rjhgbb agu aguell elluh` uh`ee ajk ajkpgt pgtftf ftfc, c, kge kgefel fela`t a`ta`e a`e afe afegrm grm`` pgrus` pgrus`b`` b``ee d`e kge kgei` i`p`f p`f agogrb`sfh`e jrl`efs`sf d`h`k hfelauel`e ofsefs y`el tgrus ogruo`b d`e ajkpgtftfc (Ìfìga, ?>02). ?>02 ). Ygh`emute Ygh`emutey`, y`, tgh`b tgh`b tgri`t`t tgri`t`t o`bw` o`bw` a`ry a`ry`w`e `w`e ograj ograjkftkg kftkgee kgrup`a` kgrup`a`ee pged pgedjrjel jrjel ut`k` agogrb`sfh`e a`rge` kgrga` kgkpgel`rubf prjduatfvft`s d`e b`sfh h`feey` afegrm` Kfsf, vfsf d`e cfhjsjcf jrl`efs`sf jrl`efs`sf kgem`df cjed` cjed`sf sf tgrb`d`p sturatur d`e afeg afegrm` rm` sgsu`f dgel`e pgelgko`el`e kjdgh pr`atga prjcgssfje`h y`el dflue`a`e.Sfsf, kfsf d`e tumu`e s`el`t dfpgrhua`e d`h`k kgel`r`ba`e pgrfh`au sgku` `elljt` jrl`efs`sf. D`h`k a`ft`e fef sgjr`el k`e`mgr agpgr`w`t`e dfb`r`pa`e k`kpu kgko`elue vfsf, kfsf y`el dfp`b`kf sg sgku` ku` `el `elljt ljt`, `, sg sgbfe bfell` ll` sgk sgku` u` `elljt `elljt`` kge kgem`d m`dff ajk ajkft ft tgrb` tgrb`d`p d`p vfs vfsff d`e kfs kfsff tgrsgo tgrsgout. ut. Kgeurut Y`trf Kgeurut Y`trf`egl `egl`r`, `r`, ?>04 kgel`t` kgel`t`a`e a`e o`bw o`bw`` sup` sup`y` y` tgrm`df tgrm`df ajkftkge ajkftkge sgku` sgku` `ell `elljt` jt` tgrb`d`p vfsf, kfsf jrl`efs`sf k`a` sgjr`el k`e`mgr b`rus= 0. Kgk Kgkpue puey`f y`f vfsf jrl jrl`e `efs` fs`sf sf y`el y`el r`sfje r`sfje`h `h (df (dfd` d`s`r s`ra`e a`e p`d` tgjrf, tgjrf, b` b`sfh sfh pg pgegh eghftf ftf`e `e d`e  prjsgs pgei`p`f`e pgei`p`f`e y`el tgp`t), tgp`t), sgrt` rghgv`e ddgel`e gel`e b`r`p` b`r`p`ee k`s` dgp` dgp`e. e. ?. Kgel Kgelajku ajkuefa` efa`sfa` sfa`ee vfsf sgi` sgi`r` r` `etu `etusf`s sf`s pg pgeub eub b`r b`r`p`e `p`e y`el y`el tfel tfellf. lf. 9. Kgel Kgelup`y up`y`a`e `a`e `l`r vfsf dd`p`t `p`t dftgrfk` dftgrfk` sg sgku` ku` ``ellj elljt`. t`. @.

SFYF

tbg `r `rtt jc sggfe sggfel l tb tbfe fels ls fe fevf vfsfo sfohg. hg. Kgeurut Kgeu Kg euru rutt Mje` Mje`tb tb`e `e Ywfct Ywfct vf vfsf sf `d `d`h `h`b `b tbg

Tbgdjr Tbgd jrgg Bg Bgso sour urlb lb kg kgey ey`t `t`a `a`e `e vf vfsf sf kg kgru rup` p`a` a`ee sg sgsu su`t `tuu y`el y`el tg tgrp rpge getf tfel el d`rf d`rf agpgkfkpfe`e, ofh` pgkfkpfe tfd`a kgkfhfaf vfsf sgpgrtf jr`el y`el tfd`a d`p`t kgefup tgrjkpgt tgrjk pgt dgel`e tgp` tgp`t.t. Sfsf kgell`ko`ra` kgell`ko`ra`ee tumu tumu`e `e `t`u ajedfsf dfk`s` dfk`s` dgp`e y`el felfe dfi`p`f. Sfsf kgkogrfa`e l`ko`r`e y`el mgh`s dfk`s` kged`t`el y`el ofs` dfhfb`t jhgb p`r` st`agbjhdgrs. ^grey`t``e vfsf y`el o`lus tfd`a b`ey` kgelfespfr`sfa`e d`e kge`et`el, e`kue mul` s`el`t ogr`rtf sgbfell` sgtf`p pgl`w`f ofs` kgelbuouela`e tul`s y`el dfh`aua`ey` dgel`e vfsf. ^grey`t``e vfsf b`rus k`kpu kgem`df fespfr`sf d`h`k d`h` k sgtf`p sgtf`p tfed`a tfed`a`e `e y`el dfh`au dfh`aua`e a`e sgt sgtf`p f`p pgl pgl`w`f `w`f.. Kgeu Kgeurut rut Auref Auref`df `df (?>0 (?>03), 3), vfsf kgrup`a`e su`tu agfelfe`e y`el sfc`tey` = 0) kghfb`t sgsu`tu y`el tfd`a d`p`t dfhfb`t ?)  p`ed`el`e tget`el tget`el k`s` dgp dgp`e `e 9) gasprgsf b` b`r`p`e r`p`e 4) ur`f`e y`el y`el fel`fe dfi`p`f d`e i`r` kgei`p`fey`. 3

 

Ygtf`p hgvgh k`e`lgr ofh` felfe kgei`p`f tumu`e dgel`e suasgs sgb`rusey` kgkou`t vfsf ueftey` k`sfel-k`sfel. @a`e tgt`pf vfsf su`tu ueft agrm` tgt`p kgel`iu agp`d` vfsf jrl`efs`sf. M`ela` w`atu vfsf kfefk`h 7 t`bue `t`u tfd`a dfogrf m`ela` w`atu (Auref`df, ?>03). Ygku` tgrl`etuel prjduasf/b`sfh/h`y`e`e prjduasf/b`sfh/h`y`e`e y`el `a`e dftumu. @a`e tgt`pf w`atu mul` y`el kgegetua`e ogrb`sfh `t`u tfd`aey` sgou`b vfsf. O`ey`a b`h y`el kgeygo`oa`e  ogrb`sfh `t`u tfd`aey` su`tu vfsf tgrl`etuel pgragko`el pgragko`el`e `e fhku pgelgt`bu` pgelgt`bu`ee d`e tgaejhjlf sgrt` oud`y` k`sy`r`a`t. O.

KFYF

Kfsf kgrup`a`e r`ela`f`e a`hfk`t y`el kgey`t`a` kgey`t`a`ee tumu`e `t`u `h`s`e gasfstgesf jrl`efs`sf, y`el kgku`t `p` y`el dfsgdf`a`e jhgb hgko`l` agp`d` k`sy`r`a`t, o`fa   ogrup` prjdua k`upue m`s`, agiu`hf ftu kfsf kgrup`a`e tumu`e d`e `h`s`e y`el kgkogrfa`e `r`b sga`hflus o`t`s`e prjsgs pgei`p`f`e tumu`e. Kfsf p`d` d`s`rey` oua`e b`ey` us`b` cjrk`h uetua kgkpgrmgh`s `p` y`el dfagbged`af, e`kue kfsf kgrup`a`e t`b`p`e `asf y`el `a`e dfh`as`e`a`e d`rf vfsf y`el tgh`b `d`, lue` kgei`p`f su`tu tumu`e jrl`ef jrl `efs`s s`sff (D` (D`rkf rkfet` et`,, ?>>2, ?>>2, @sk @skumf umf,, ?>0 ?>0?). ?). Jhgb Jhgb a`rge` a`rge` ftu pgrey` pgrey`t`` t``ee kfsf kfsf b`rus b`rus kgedgcfesfa`e `p` y`el sgd`el/ `a`e dfh`aua`e d`h`k w`atu dga`t `t`u s``t fef `t`u kfsf kgrup`a`e ur`f`e y`el ogrfsf pgry`t``e-pgrey`t``e jpgr`sfje`h lue` kgei`p`f vfsf y`el tgh`b dftgt`pa`e (@skumf ?>03). Kgeuru (\bgg gghge hge & Bue Buelgr lgr,, ?>0 ?>03), 3), d`h`k str`tglfi k`e`lgkget kjdgh , kfsf Kgeurutt (\b gevfjrgkget` gkget`hh si`ef si`efel  el , o`fa gastgre`h ( jppjrtueftfgs `ed tbr`g`tb) dfturu dft uruea ea`e `e d`rf gevfjr

k`upue fetgre`h (stbrgeltbs (stbrgeltbs `ed `ed wg`aegssgs wg`aegssgs ). K`e`mgkge str`tglfs `d`h`b sgpgr`ela`t sgpgr`ela`t agputu agp utus`e s`e d` d`ee tfe tfed`a d`a`e `e k`e k`e`mg `mgrf` rf`hh y`e y`ell kge kgege getua tua`e `e afe afegrm grm`` m`e m`ela` la` p`e p`em`e m`ell su` su`tu tu  pgrus`b``e. Fef tgrk`sua pgkfed`f`e hfelauel`e (gastgre`h d`e fetgre`h), pgrukus`e  pgrus`b``e. str`tglf (pgrgei`e``e str`tglfs `t`u m`ela` p`em`el), fkphgkget`sf str`tglf, d`e gv`hu`sf d`e pg pgelg elged` ed`hf` hf`e. e. Ytu Ytudf df tge tget`e t`ell k` k`e`m e`mgkg gkgee str str`tg `tglfs lfs,, jhg jhgbb a` a`rge rge`` ftu ftu,, kg kgega ega`ea `ea`e `e  pgk`et`u`ee d`e gv`hu`sf pghu`el d`e `ei`k`e gastgre`h ogrd`s`ra`e agau`t`e d`e  pgk`et`u` aghg ag hgk` k`b` b`ee pg pgru rus` s`b` b``e `e.. @w @w`h `hey ey`` df dfsg sgou outt ag agof ofm` m`a` a`ee of ofse sefs fs,, k` k`e` e`mg mgkg kgee st str` r`tg tglf lfss kgell`ouela`e tjpfa-tjpfa sgpgrtf pgrgei`e``e str`tglfs, pgkfed`f`e hfelauel`e, d`e `e`hfsfs fedustrf.. Kfsf Kf sf df`r df`rtf tfa` a`ee sg sgo` o`l` l`ff su su`t `tuu hela hela`b `b ey ey`t `t`` d` d`rf rf prjc prjcgs gsff agpg agpgr` r`w` w`t` t`ee d`h` d`h`k k kgh`as`e kgh` as`e`a`e `a`e vfsf y`el tgh`b dftgt dftgt`pa` `pa`e, e, y`ftu kgem`l` d`e kgel kgel`w`s `w`sff su`t su`tuu prjsgs prjsgs  prjcgsfje`hfs`sff agpgr`w`t`e Fedjegsf` `l`r tgrus ogragko`el,  prjcgsfje`hfs`s ogragko`el, sgo`o fetf ajesgp d`s`r  <

 

k`e`mgkge s``t fef d`e y`el `a`e d`t`el `d`h`b agsfko`el`e `et`r` vfsf, kfsf d`e kjtfv`sf y`el mgh`s d`h`k kgei`p`f tumu`e jrl`efs`sf y`el tgh`b dftgt`pa`e. Kgeurut Buogr (?>03) pgrey`t`` pgrey`t``ee kfsf b`rus sfela`t, rfela`s, d` d`ee mgh`s. Kfsf d`rf dgp`rtgkge agpgr`w`t`e agpgr`w`t`e b`rus kgel`iu p`d` kfsf ruk`b s`aft. D`h`k kgelgko`ela`e kgelgko`ela`e kfsf c`itjr-c`atjr y`el pgrhu dfpgrb`tfa`e 0.  ^rjduit = `p` prjdua o`fa ogrup` o`r`el k`upue m`s` ut`k` y`el dfb`sfha`e  pgrus`b``e: ?.  K`ragt, p`s`r = sgi`r` lgjlr`cf, lgjlr`cf, dfk`e` pgrus` pgrus`b``e b``e ograjkpg ograjkpgtfsf tfsf : 9. Tgibejhjly = `p`a`b pgrus`b``e kgegr`pa`e tgaejhjlf tgro`ru, i`ellfb / tgaejhjlf y`el dflue`a`e : 4. Yurvfv Yurvfv`h `h Lrjwtb Lrjwtb ^rjcft = pgr pgrb`t b`tf`e f`e `a `a`e `e agogrh agogrh`el `elsue suel`e l`e,, pgrtu pgrtukou koub`e b`e,, d`e d`e  prjcft`ofhft`s, `p`a`b pgrus`b``e kgkfhfaf ajkftkge uetua agh`elsuel` agh`elsuel`ee bfdup,  pgrtukoub`e, d`e d`e agu`el`e y`el o`fa : 7.  ^bfhjsjpby = `p` d`s`r-d`s`r agpgri`y``e, efh`f, `spfr`sf, d`e prfjrft`s gtfa` : 3. Yghc ijeigpt = ajesgp dfrf, `p` agk`kpu`e abusus `t`u aguelluh`e ajkpgtftfc y`el dfkfhfaf pgrus`b``e : 007) (?>07) `d`h `d`h`b `b sgo`l`f sgo`l`f  ogrfaut= 0. Kg Kgey eygd gdf` f`a` a`ee `s `sub ub`e `e ag agpg pgr` r`w` w`t` t`ee y` y`el el gc gcga gatf tfcc d` d`ee gc gcfs fsfg fgee d`h` d`h`k k kgko kgko`e `etu tu agsgb`t`e p`sfge y`el jptfk`h sgtgh`b puh`el d`rf ruk`b s`aft. ?. Kgko` Kgko`etu etu kgel kgelgko` gko`ela` ela`ee d`e kgedjr kgedjrjel jel su` su`s`e` s`e` y`e y`ell ajedu ajedusfc sfc o`lf p`s p`sfge fge d`e st`c agpgr`w`t`e k`upue eje agpgr`w`t`e. 9. Kgel` Kgel`m`ra` m`ra`e, e, kgel` kgel`r`ba r`ba`e `e d`e kgk`etu kgk`etu d`h`k aglf` aglf`t`e t`e prjcgsfje` prjcgsfje`hh agpgr`w agpgr`w`t`e `t`e.. 4. Tgr Tgrhfo hfo`t `t d`h`k agrm agrm`` s` s`k` k` dgel dgel`e `e sgku sgku`` `el `elljt ljt`` tfk agsg agsgb`t b`t`e `e y`el `d` dfruk dfruk`b `b s`aft.

6

 

O@O FFF CFHJYJCF,SFYF, CFHJYJCF,SFY F, KFYF, D@E TWMW@E ^GH@V@E@E AG^G_@\@T@E _YWD AJKJDJ H@OW@E O@MJ

@. Sf Sfsf sf Kfsf Kfsf _YWD _YWD Ajkj Ajkjdj dj

0. Sfsf = Tgrwumudey` _YWD Ajkjdj y`el r`k`b d`e ograu`hft`s kgeumu K`ell`r`f  o`r`t y`el k`mu, k`mu, sgb`t d`e ssgm`btgr` gm`btgr` ?. Kfsf =

Kgwumu Kgw umuda` da`ee ^gh ^gh`y` `y`e` e`ee Agsgb Agsgb`t` `t`ee y`e y`ell `k` `k`e, e, r`k r`k`b `b d`e ogr ograu` au`hft hft`s, `s,

Kgwu Kg wumu muda da`e `e t` t`t` t` ag aghj hjh` h` _uk` _uk`bb s` s`af aftt y` y`el el pr prjc jcgs gsfj fje` e`hh d`e d`e `a `aue uet` t`og ogh, h, Kgkogrfa`e pgh`y`e`e agsgb`t`e y`el ogrjrget`sf agp`d` agsgh`k`t`e p`sfge O.

Sfsf Kfsf ^gh`y`e` ^gh`y`e`e e Agpgr` Agpgr`w`t` w`t`e e df _YWD Ajkjdj Ajkjdj H`ou`e H`ou`e O`mj O`mj

0.  Sfsf = Tgrwumudey` ^gh`y`e`e ^gh`y`e`e agpgr`w`t`e y`el r` r`k`b k`b d`e ograu`hft`s   ?. Kfsf = `.  o. i. d.

Kgwu Kgwumu muda da`e `e ^gh ^gh`y `y`e `e`e `e A Agp gpgr gr`w `w`t `t`e `e yy`e `ell `k`e `k`e,, r` r`k` k`bb d` d`ee og ogra rau` u`hf hft` t`ss Kgh`as`e`a`e Kgh`as`e`a`e ^gelgko`e ^gelgko`el`e l`e YDK Agpgr` Agpgr`w`t`e w`t`e Kgko Kgkogr grfa fa`e `e ppgh gh`y `y`e `e`e `e yy`e `ell ogrj ogrjrg rget et`s `sff ag agp` p`d` d` ags agsgh gh`k `k`t `t`e `e p`s p`sfg fgee Kgh` Kgh`as as`e `e`a `a`e `e Kj Kjef eftj tjrf rfel el dd`e `e Gv Gv`h `hu` u`sf sf pgh pgh`y `y`e `e`e `e Agp Agpgr gr`w `w`t `t`e `e

I. Sfsf Kfsf _u`el`e _u`el`e Agpgr`w`t`e Agpgr`w`t`e ‘ Kgh`tf‛df Kgh`tf‛df _YWD Ajkjdj H`ou`e H`ou`e O`mj

0. Sfsf  = Kgem`df ru`el`e y`e y`ell k`kpu d`e b`ed`h b`ed`h d`h`k pgh`y`e`e pgh`y`e`e agpgr`w`t`e df _  YWD Ajkjdj dgel`e pg1`y`e`e y`el r`k`b d`e ograu`hft`s ?. Kfsf = `.  o. i. d. g.

A` A`kf kf kgh kgh`y `y`e `eff p` p`sf sfge ge dgel dgel`e `e h`y` h`y`e` e`ee ssgp gpge geub ub b`tf b`tf A`kf sgh`hub ograjkuefa`sf ograjkuefa`sf dgel` dgel`ee p`sfge sgi sgi`r` `r` tgr`pfutfa  A` A`kf kf sg sgh` h`ub ub tgrs tgrsge geyu yuk k d`h` d`h`k k kg kgh` h`y` y`ef ef p`sf p`sfge ge A`kf A`kf `a` `a`ee ogag ogagrm` rm` ddge gel`e l`e oogrc grcjau jauss p` p`d` d` aagsg gsgh`k h`k`t` `t`ee d`e d`e ag agpu` pu`s` s`ee p`sfg p`sfgee A`kf A`kf ``a`e a`e jpt jptfk` fk`hfs hfs`s `sff ss`r` `r`e` e` pgh pgh`y `y`e` `e`ee y`el y`el `d` dgel` dgel`ee oo`fa  `fa 

0>

 

O@O FS AGYFK^WH@E D@E Y@_@E @. AGYF AGYFK K^WH@ ^WH@E E

K`e`mgkge Agpgr`w`t`e sgo`l`f o`lf`e d`rf jrl`efs`sf ruk`b s`aft b`rus tgrhfo`t d`h`k pgkou`t`e rgei`e` str`tglfi. Kgelfdgetfcfa`sf vfsf, kfsf, tumu`e, d`e str` st r`tg tglf lf jr jrl` l`ef efs` s`sf sf `d `d`h `h`b `b tf tftf tfaa `w `w`h `h y` y`el el hj hjlf lfss ue uetu tuaa k` k`e` e`mg mgkg kgee st str` r`tg tglf lfs. s. Agpgr`w`t`e sgo`l`f prjcgsf y`el kgrup`a`e o`lf`e d`rf k`sy`r`a`t `a`e tgrus  ogruo`b sgm`h`e dgel`e k`sy`r`a`t y`el tgrus ogragko`el d`e kgel`h`kf  pgruo`b`e. Tuetut`e Tuetut`e agoutub`e k`sy`r`a`t k`sy`r`a`t `a`e pgh`y`e`e pgh`y`e`e agsgb`t`e p`d` p`d` gr` lhjo`h `a`e tgrus kgegrus ogruo`b a`rge` k`s`h`b agsgb`t`e y`el dfb`d`pf k`sy`r`a`t mul` tgrus kgel`h`kf pgruo`b`e, jhgb a`rge` ftu k`egmgr agpgr`w`t`e tgrus ogrus`b` uetua kgkfkpfe d`e kgel`w`sf au`hft`s/kutu pgh`y`e`e agpgr`w`t`e _Y sgi`r`  prjcgsfje`h. Wetua kgefela`ta`e afegrm` a`ry`w`e dfpgrhua`e ajkftkge jrl`efs`sf d`h`k  pgelgko`el`e  pgelgko`el `e a`ry`w`e uetua kg kgei`p`f ei`p`f au`hft`s h`y` h`y`e`e e`e y`el hgofb o`fa o`fa.. Y`h`b s`tu ajkftkge jrl`efs`sf y`el dfbfdupf sgo`l`f oud`y` agrm` jrl`efs`sf `d`h`b vfsf, kfsf,  pgh`y`e`e agpgr`w`t`e agpgr`w`t`e ogrbuouel`e gr`t dgel dgel`e `e vfsf kfsf ruk`b s`aft d`e efh`f-efh`f d` d`s` s`rr y` y`el el kgem kgem`d `dff ou oud` d`y` y` agrm agrm`` d`h` d`h`k k ruk` ruk`bb s` s`af aft. t. Wetu Wetuaa kgei kgei`p `p`f `f tu tumu mu`e `e jrl`efs`sf dfpgrhua`e jptfk`hfs`sf sjsf`hfs`sf efh`f fetglr`sf fetglr`sf oud`y oud`y`` _Y d`rf kgegmgr  kgegmgr  agp`d` sghurub `elljt` jrl`efs`sf, abususey` pgr`w`t, tgrut`k` fkphgkget`sf kfsf, cfs cfsfjh fjhjlf jlf d` d`ee tum tumu` u`ee pgh pgh`y `y`e` `e`ee agpgr agpgr`w` `w`t`e t`e kgr kgrup` up`a`e a`e prj prjsg sgss agt agtgrh grhfo` fo`t`e t`e st`c  st`c  agpgr`w`t`e sgo`l`f sgo`l`f o`lf`e fetf d`rf prjsgs Tjt`h Pu`hfty K`e`lgkget  (TPK).  (TPK). O. Y@_@E

0. K` K`ee`lg lgrr _Y _YWD WD Aj Ajk kjd jdjj H`ou`e u`e O`mj O`mj pgrh pgrhuu kgrg kgrgvf vfssf kfs fsff dfk` fk`e` d` d`h` h`k k  pgkou`t`eey`` kgel`iu p`d`  pgkou`t`eey p`d` h`ela`b-h`ela`b h`ela`b-h`ela`b sgsu`f tgj tgjrf. rf. ?.

^ge ^getfe tfeley ley`` fejv`s fejv`sff k`e k`e`mg `mgrr agpgr agpgr`w` `w`t`e t`e uetua uetua sgi sgi`r` `r` tgrustgrus-kge kgegru gruss ogrup` ogrup`y` y` kge`e`ka`e pgk`b`k`e tgrb`d`pvfsf,kfsfe ruk`b s`aft d`e agpgr`w`t`e p`d` st`c  agpgr`w` agpg r`w`t`e, t`e, sgbfell` sgbfell` oge`r-oge` oge`r-oge`rr kgem kgem`df `df oud`y` oud`y` jrl`efs` jrl`efs`sf, sf, `d`ey` `d`ey` agpgduhf`e tgrb`d`p tgrb` d`p pgk` pgk`elau elau agpg agpgetfel etfel`e, `e, jrfge jrfget`sf t`sf tgrb` tgrb`d`p d`p st`o st`ofhft`s fhft`s,, jrfge jrfget`sf t`sf tgrb` tgrb`d`p d`p agrm`s`k` d`e fejv`sf, d`e pgelgko`el`e d`e pgrtukoub`e.

00

 

 _GCCG_GEYF 

@rkstrjel, Y. M., _fspgh, H. I., & ^gee-Aga`e`, H. (?>07). Tbg `itfvftfgs jc bjspft`h eursfel ueft k`e`lgrs `ed qu`hfty jc p`tfget i`rg fe Yjutb @crfi`e bjspft`hs= @ p`r`djx: Lhjo`h  Bg`htb @itfje, 2(0). bttps=//djf.jrl/0>.94 bttps=//djf.jrl/0>.94>?/lb`.v2.?3 >?/lb`.v2.?3?49 ?49 d`e @phfa`sf. M`a`rt`= @r-_uzz Kgdf`. @skumf. (?>03). K`e`mgkge Agpgr`w`t`e d`e

O`oefa, A., Orgzefa, A., Dgrkjh, S., & Ůfri`, E. T. (?>04). Tbg kfssfje st`tgkget= jrl`efs`tfje`h iuhturg pgrspgitfvg. Fedustrf`h K`e`lgkget & D`t` Yystgks, 004(4), 30?’3?.00> bttps=//djf.jrl/0>.00>2/FKDY-0>-?>02->477 2/FKDY-0>-?>02->477 Ajkpgtftfc.  O`ttgk`e, T., & Yeghh. (?>04).  K`e`mgkge Agpgkfkpfe`e d`h`k Duef` y`el Ajkpgtftfc.

M`a`rt`= Y`hgko` Gkp`t. Ìfìga, F. (?>02). _gh`tfjesbfp ogtwgge O`h`eig jc Mjo Dgk`eds-ije Dgk`eds-ijetrjh trjh `ed Yb`rgd Kfssfje/Sfsfje cjr Ohug-ijhh`r Gkphjyggs. ^rjigdf` - Yjif`h `ed Ogb`vfjr`h Ogb`vfjr`h Yifgeigs, 66, 0>69’00>4. bttps=//djf.jrl/0>.0>03/m.sosprj.?> bttps=//djf.jrl/0>.0>03/m.sosprj.?>02.0>.729 02.0>.729

D`rkfet`. (?>02). Agpgkfkpfe`e Arfstf`ef. yjly`a`rt`= A`efsfus. D`vfd, C. _. (?>003). Ytr`tglfi K`e`lgkget Ijeigpts `ed I`sgs. ]gftsibrfct  cr ^grsje`hcjrsibuel  (Sjh.  (Sjh.

?2). bttps=//djf.jrl/0>.0322/]c^-?>03->9-_j bttps=//djf.jrl/0>.0322/]c^-?>03->9-_jwjhd wjhd

Buogr, D. H. (?>03). Hg`dgrsbfp `ed Eursfel I`rg K`e`lgkget  K`e`lgkget . Weftgd Yt`tgs jc @kgrfi` H`st. Auaaur`fege, K. H., Yujkfege, T., _`eafege, Y., B::ra::ege, G., & Aujaa`ege, H. (?>0?). Jrl`efz`tfje`h vfsfje= Gxpgrfgeig `t tbg ueft hgvgh.  Mjure`h jc Eursfel K`e`lgkget  K`e`lgkget , ?>(0 bttps=//djf.jrl/0>.0000/m.0937-?294.?>00.>0?6>.x 0.>0?6>.x d`e ^rjspgatfcey`. Tgjrf, ajesgp d`e Auref`df, @. (?>03). K`e`mgkge Agpgr`w`t`e d`e  @phfa`sf (agdu`). M`a`rt`= CAWF M`a`rt`.

Kggb`e, T. I. (?>03). Tbg I`rgcuh Eursfel pbfhjsjpby `ed prjcgssfje`h pr`itfig kjdgh.  Mjure`h jc Ihfefi`h Eursfel , ?0(06’?>), ?6>7’?603. bttps=//djf.jrl/0>.0000/m.0937 bttps=//djf.jrl/0>.0000/m.0937--

??.?>03.>4?04.x 0?

 

 Eurs`h`k. (?>07). K`e`mgkge Agpgr`w`t`e @phfa`sf @phfa`sf D`h`k ^r`atga Agpgr`w`t`e  ^rjcgsfje`h  (7tb  (7tb gd.).

M`a`rt`= Y`hgko` Kgdfa`.

_glj, @., @r`ýmj, O., & Ygrréj, D. (?>07). Tbg kfssfje, vfsfje `ed v`hugs fe bjspft`h k`e`lgkget. Mjure`h jc Bjspft`h @dkfefstr`tfje, 7(0), 3?’03.>0?

09