Analisis Del Sitio Taller 03 Final

 

SDMYC_QM@F@ @C CJ QFJYF@L_ IFASJPF@ ESJPM@MQAM^JMDF_MF @C LAAM@CDPC @C^F_PFECDPL @C^F_PFECD PL @C MDGCDMC_MF ] F_VSMPCAPS_F 

AMAJL M  ‑  ?>6=  ?>6= EFPC_MF; PFJJC_ @C ^_L]CAPFAMLD MMM PCEF; FDFJMQMQ @C QMPML

^_CQCDPF;

Gfraåf [fj`föf, Qtcpbfddmc Pftmfdf Gñecz Qfjfzfr, Klsí Efurmaml Elkmaf Qlelsf, Klsí F`ljil. Elræd Csalofr, Jums Fdtldml. ^mdtl Efdgfd`m, Jums Cdrmquc

@lacdtc; Frq. Bcdry [fofjctf. Afrrcrf; Frqumtcaturf. Icabf `c Cdtrcgf; 6?->0-?>6=. 6

 

MD@MAC 6.

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GCDC_FJM@F@CQ GCDC_FJ M@F@CQ ................................. ................ .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ....................... ..... 0 6.6.

MDP_L@SAAMLD MDP_L@S AAMLD ................................... .................. .................................. .................................. ................................... .................................... ................................ .............. 3

6.?.

FDPCQAC@CDPCQ FDPCQAC@C DPCQ.................................. ................. .................................. .................................. ................................... .................................... ................................ .............. 9

6.?.6.

AF_FAPC_M[FAMÑD @C JF AMS@F@ @C QFDPF FDF .................. ........................... .................. .................. .................. ............ ... 9

6.?.?.. 6.?.?

CQ^FAMLQ @C @CQF__LJJL @CQF__L JJL ASJPS_FJ ASJPS_ FJ ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... ....................... ...... 9

6.?.1.

CQ^FAMLQ @C^L_PMYLQ.  .................................................................................................. 7

6.?.0.. 6.?.0

_CJMGMÑD .................................. ................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................. 2

6.1.

LOKCPMYLQ LOKCPMY LQ .................................. ................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ....................... ..... =

6.3.

KSQPMIMAFAMÑD KSQPMIMAFAM ÑD .................................. ................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................. ............... 66

EF_AL PCL_MAL ................................... .................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... .................. 6? ?.6.

ALDPCRPL QLAMFJ ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................... ......... 61

?.6.6.. ?.6.6

CQP_SAPS_F CQP_SAPS_ F QLAMFJ ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................. ............... 61

?.6.?.. ?.6.?

CQP_SAPS_F CQP_SAPS_ F CALDLEMAF ................................. ............... ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................ ...... 60

?.6.1.. ?.6.1

CQP_SAPS_F CQP_SAPS_ F ^LJMPMAF ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... .............................. ............ 67

?.?.

ALDPCRPL IMQMAL .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................... ......... 6=

?.?.6.. ?.?.6

CQP_SAPS_F CQP_SAPS_ F GCLG_FIMAF ................................... ................. ................................... ................................... .................................... ..................... ... 6=

?.?.?.. ?.?.?

CQP_SAPS_F CQP_SAPS_ F AJMEFPMAF ................................. ............... ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................... ......... ?6

?.?.1.. ?.?.1

CQP_SAPS_F CQP_SAPS_ F CALJLGMAF ................................... ................. ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................ ...... ?=

?.1.

ME^FAPL VSC ^_L@SAC CJ QCAPL_ FJ ^_L]CAPL .................................. ................ .................................... ........................... ......... 1>

?.1.6.. ?.1.6

ME^FAPLQ @C JF ^LOJFAMÑD ^LOJFAMÑ D .................................. ................ ................................... ................................... .................................... .................. 1>

?.1.?.. ?.1.?

ME^FAPL YMFJ .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................ ...... 16

?.1.1.. ?.1.1

ME^FAPL F DMYCJ @C CVSM^FEMCDPL CVSM^FEMC DPL ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... ..................... .... 16

?.0.

YMYMCD@F @CDQM@F@ EC@MF ................................... ................. .................................... ................................... ................................... ........................... ......... 1?

?.0.6.

CKCE^JLQ @C YMYMCD@FQ @C @CDQM@F@ EC@MF .................. ........................... .................. .................. .................. .............. ..... 11

?.0.?.

ELOMJMF_ML @C SDF SDF YMYMCD@F YMYMCD@F @CDQM@F@ EC@MF.................. ........................... .................. .................. .................. ........... 10

?.3.

JF YMYMCD@F CD CJ QFJYF@L_ ................................... ................. ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................ ...... 0>

?.3.6.. ?.3.6

PM^LQ @C YMYMCD@FQ CD CJ QFJYF@L_ QFJYF@L _ .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ..................... .... 0>  0> 

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1.

FDFJMQMQ @CJ QMPML ................................... .................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................. ............... 01 1.6.

CJCECDPLQ CJCECDPL Q CRP_MDQMALQ CRP_MDQMAL Q ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................. ............... 00

1.6.6.. 1.6.6

SOMAFAMÑD SOMAFAMÑ D @CJ ^_L]CAPL ................................... ................. ................................... ................................... .................................... ..................... ... 00

1.6.?.. 1.6.?

IL_EF @C JF AMS@F@ .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .............................. ............ 09

1.6.1.. 1.6.1

QMQPCEF YMFJ ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................... ......... 0=

1.6.0.. 1.6.0

SQL @C QSCJL .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................ ...... 31

1.6.3.. 1.6.3

CVSM^FEMCDPL CVSM^FEM CDPL S_OFDL ................................... ................. ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................ ...... 33

1.6.9.. 1.6.9

QC_YMAMLQ ................................. ................ .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................. ............... 3=

1.6.7.. 1.6.7

MDI_FCQP_SAPS_F MDI_FCQP_S APS_F S_OFDF ................................. ............... ................................... ................................... .................................... ..................... ... 91

1.6.2.. 1.6.2

ELOMJMF_ML ELOMJMF_ ML S_OFDL ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .............................. ............ 97

1.6.=.. 1.6.=

MEFGCD S_OFDF ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................... 7>

1.?.

CJCECDPLQ CJCECDPL Q MDP_MDQCALQ..................... MDP_MDQCALQ.... ................................... .................................... ................................... ................................... ........................... ......... 72

1.?.6.. 1.?.6

AJMEF ................................. ................ .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ..................... ... 72

1.?.?.. 1.?.?

PL^LG_FIÅF PL^LG_F IÅF.................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................... ......... 2>

1.?.1.. 1.?.1

YCGCPFAMLD YCGCPFAML D CRMQPCDPC .................................. ................ ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................... ......... 29

0.

ALDAJSQMLD ALDAJSQML D ................................... .................. .................................. ................................... .................................... ................................... ................................... ........................ ...... 27

3.

OMOJMLG_FIÅF OMOJML G_FIÅF .................................. ................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................ ...... 22

1

 

0

 

6.6.  MDP_L@SAAMLD

Cj fdæjmsms `cj smtml cs iud`fecdtfj cd jf pjfdcfamñd `c ud @csfrrljjl Mdelomjmfrml, jfs afjjcs, jls c`mimamls, mdajusl jls pfrqucs dl arcacd y sc lrgfdmzfd plr så emsels, cj bleorc, cd ilref pjfdmimaf`f l cspldtfdcf, jf pjfdtf. Cj rcsujtf`l freldmlsl y iudamldfj l dl, `cpcd`c cd euabfs lafsmldcs `c añel sc rcfjmzñ cj fdæjmsms `cj smtml fdtcs `c prlac`cr fj `csfrrljjl `c aufjqumcr prlycatl. Jf pjfdcfamñd `c jfs prlpucstfs ald ofsc cd ud fdæjmsms `cj smtml y udf f`caufamñd f cstc, pcremtmræ udf cxacjcdtc rcjfamñd `c `csfrrljjl `cj prlycatl ald cj ec`ml feomcdtc, smd `ctcrmlrfrjl, smdl fj aldtrfrml jlgrfd`l quc jfs fatmvm`f`cs buefdfs sc `cd cd ud ec`ml feomcdtc fgrf`fojc pfrf cj usufrml. Aufd`l ecdamldfels jf pfjforf smtmlud dlsmstcef sc rcimcrc`csljl f ud jugfrsupcrimamcs, cspcaåimal cspfamls, eæs omcd cs udf rcjfamñd `c c`mimamls y afjjcs, cstruaturfs, scrcs vmvmcdtcs, vcgctfamñd, tlplgrfiåf `cj jugfr, bm`rljlgåf, fatmvm`f`cs caldñemafs, ajmef, cdtrc ltrls fspcatls cscdamfjcs y pcrefdcdtcs ald cj smtml. Jf ifjtf `c ud fdæjmsms `cj smtml puc`c lafsmldfr quc fj elecdtl `c rcfjmzfr cj `csfrrljjl `cj prlycatl rlepfels fjgûd cqumjmorml caljñgmal, ald jf ilref l mefgcd urofdf `cj jugfr, plr ckcepjl, udf ducvf afrrctcrf puc`c lostrumr ud `rcdfkc dfturfj, mdmamfr ud prlacsl `c crlsmñd, afeomfr jls blrmzldtcs, `cstrumr pjfdtfs y fdmefjcs. Cd cstf lafsmñd, sc bf rcfjmzf`l cj fdæjmsms cd ofsc f fspcatls f spcatls meplrtfdtcs f aldsm`crfr fj elecdtl `c `csfrrljjfr ud prlycatl bfomtfamldfj alel jl sld, jf uomafamñd cd jf quc sc cdaucdtrf cj tcrrcdl cd cj aufj sc rcfjmzfrf jf ckcauamñd `cj prlycatl, jf ilref ald jf quc aucdtf jf amu`f` alel cstæd uomaf`fs sus afjjcs fvcdm`fs cdtrc ltrls fspcatls, su cstruaturfamñd vmfj fså alel cj usl quc sc jc `f fj sucjl cd jls fjrc`c`lrcs fj smtml, ald cj cqumpfemcdtl urofdl c mdirfcstruaturf urofdf quc sc tmcdc fså alel jls scrvmamls quc jf amu`f` prlplramldf f sus bfomtfdtcs.

3

 

6.?.  FDPCQAC@CDPCQ

6.?.6.  Afrfatcrmzfamñd `c jf Amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf Cj `csfrrljjl urofdåstmal `c jf amu`f` mdmamñ `cs`c jf aljldmzfamñd cspföljf, `com`l f quc jf amu`f` f`qumrmñ jfs afrfatcråstmafs prlpmfs `c csc pcrål`l, alel udf pjfzf `c frefs fj acdtrl, smcd`l cd cj afsl `c Qfdtf Fdf cj fatufj ^frquc Jmocrtf`. ^lstcrmlrecdtc, cd 6233, fj scr cjcvf`f jf plojfamñd fj rfdgl `c afocacrf `cpfrtfecdtfj y ald cj fugc `cj aujtmvl afií, jf amu`f` f`qumrmñ su cstruaturf urofdf oæsmaf. @cspuís `cj imdfj `c jf Qcgud`f Gucrrf Eud`mfj y `com`l f jls ducvls prcamls mdtcrdfamldfjcs `cj afií, jf amu`f` arcamñ f ud rmtel facjcrf`l bfstf 6=72. Cstl cs `celstrf`l plr jls rcsujtf`ls `c jls acdsls; scgûd cj acdsl `c plojfamñd y vmvmcd`f `c 6=3> jf amu`f` aldtfof pfrf csc föl ald 66 >92 afsfs, smcd`l jf efylråf ecsldcs, emcdtrfs quc pfrf cj acdsl `c plojfamñd y vmvmcd`f `c 6=76 jf afdtm`f` `c afsfs sc bfoåf afsm trmpjmaf`l, smcd`l cd cstc afsl jf efylråf vmvmcd`fs udmifemjmfrcs. Cstc fuecdtl `c vmvmcd`fs cs `com`l f quc `cs`c jf `íaf`f `c jls föls 6=3> mdmamñ jf aldstruaamñd `c aljldmfs plr pfrtc `cj Cstf`l alel jf j f aljldmf Cj ^fjefr8 plr ltrl jf`l, cd jf emsef `íaf`f cepczfrld f surgmr aljldmfs mjcgfjcs.

6.?.?.  Cspfamls `c `csfrrljjl aujturfj.

Jf amu`f` aucdtf ald su prlpmf Afsf `c jf j f Aujturf, jf aufj cs f`emdmstrf`f plr jf Qcarctfråf `c Aujturf y sc cdafrgf `c `miud`mr y prlelvcr mdvcstmgfamldcs y `csfrrljjfr cj frtc jlafj y `c tl`l cj eudmampml. Fsmemsel, cxmstcd cd jf amu`f` acdtrls `c cdscöfdzf `c aujturf y frtc, alel cj Acdtrl `c Frtcs `c Laam`cdtc `csfrrljjf`l plr jf Fslamfamñd `cj ^ftrmeldml aujturfj `c Qfdtf Fdf (F^FASJQF).

9

 

Cj prmdampfj euscl `c jf amu`f` cs cj _cgmldfj `c Laam`cdtc, cj aufj auf j cs ud smtml bmstñrmal y `c aujturf y frtc8 ltrl euscl `c jf amu`f` cs cj Euscl Fkf, `csfrrljjf`l plr cj elvmemcdtl Qmgjl RRMMM, cj aufj prleucvc jf aujturf y cj frtc plpujfr.   ^frf jf prcscdtfamñd `c frtcs csaídmafs, jf amu`f` aucdtf ald csacdfrmls meplrtfdtcs, smcd`l cj prmdampfj plr su tfeföl y fdtmgúc`f` cj Pcftrl Dfamldfj `c jf amu`f`, ltrls cstfojcamemcdtls pfrf jf prcscdtfamñd `c frtcs csaídmafs sld cj Amdc ^rmdampfj y cj Acdtrl Eudmampfj `c Ssls Eûjtmpjcs Cj ^fjefr.

6.?.1.  Cspfamls `cplrtmvls.  Cj prmecr jugfr rcarcftmvl `c jf amu`f` quc iudamldñ alel cspfaml `cplrtmvl iuc jf Imdaf El`cjl, uomaf`f cd `ld`c plstcrmlrecdtc sc aldstrumråf cj pljm`cplrtmvl MD@CQ, jf aufj iuc aldstrum`f cd 6=>6. Pfeomíd iuc jf prmecrf sc`c y jugfr `c cdtrcdfemcdtl `cj Ajuo @cplrtmvl IFQ. Cdtrc jls jugfrcs `cplrtmvls eæs meplrtfdtcs cd jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf sc sc cdaucdtrfd; cj cstf`ml Ñsafr Vumtcöl, pljm`cplrtmvl MD@CQ (uomaf`l cd jf cx Imdaf El`cjl), Ajuo @cplrtmvl Qfdtfdcal (aldlam`l plpujfrecdtc alel Cj @cplrtmvl) y cj Gmedfsml Qfdtfdcal (tfeomíd aldlam`l alel Gmedfsml @fvm` Klrgc Elkmaf). Fsmemsel, cd cj eudmampml cxmstcd afdabfs pfrf jf præatmaf `c ofjldacstl, vljcmolj, tcdms, pmsamdfs pfrf dftfamñd, pmstfs `c ftjctmsel, y pmstfs `c pftmdfkc, cdtrc ltrls.

7

 

6.?.0.  _cjmgmñd Cd jl quc sc rcimcrc f rcjmgmñd, fj mgufj quc cd cj rcstl `cj pfås, jf plojfamñd prfatmaf cd su efylråf cj aftljmamsel, smcd`l jf amu`f` sc`c `c jf @mñacsms `c Qfdtf Fdf, quc fofraf jls `cpfrtfecdtls `c Qfdtf Fdf y Fbufabfpæd. Cdtrc aftñjmals eæs meplrtfdtcs `cstfafd; aftc`rfj QfdtfCjFdf, jugfr `ld`csus sctcepjls cdaucdtrf jf mefgcd `c jf pftrldf `c jf jf amu`f`8 jf `c mgjcsmf Afjvfrml, rcaldstrum`f f imdfjcs `cj smgjl RMR plr irfy Icjmpc `c Kcsûs Elrfgf, jf aufj iuc `cstrum`f pframfjecdtc plr cj tcrrceltl `cj 61 `c cdcrl `c ?>>6, y rcaldstrum`f plstcrmlrecdtc8 jf mgjcsmf Cj Afrecd, f`emdmstrf`f plr jls sfacr`ltcs `lemdmals `cs`c 6=?=8 jf mgjcsmf `c Qfdtf Juaåf8 jf mgjcsmf Qfd Jlrcdzl, jf mgjcsmf Qfdtf Oærofrf8 jf pfrrlqumf Ef`rc `cj Qfjvf`lr, y jf mgjcsmf Qfd Klsí Lorcrl. Fsmemsel, cxmstcd vfrmfs mgjcsmfs prltcstfdtcs, quc bfd vmstl fuecdtf`f su fijucdamf `c arcycdtcs y yf ilrefd pfrtc meplrtfdtc `c jf ic plpujfr `cstfafd`l cdtrc cjjfs cj Pcepjl Octbcj `c jfs Fsfeojcfs `c @mls iud`f`f cd jf `íaf`f `c 6=1>. Ltrfs `cdlemdfamldcs armstmfdfs, tfjcs alel Jf Mgjcsmf `c Kcsuarmstl `c jls Qfdtls `c jls Ûjtmels @åfs (ecklr aldlam`ls alel elreldcs), y jls Pcstmgls `c Kcblvæ, tfeomíd tmcdcd smtml cd cj eudmampml y jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf.

2

 

6.1.  LOKCPMYLQ

Lokctmvl gcdcrfj; Fdfjmzfr cj scatlr y cj cdtlrdl `csmgdf`l pfrf `cimdmr sus afrfatcråstmafs y fspcatls iåsmals `cj tcrrcdl uomaf`l cdtrc fvcdm`f md`cpcd`cdamf sur y jf 9tf fvcdm`f sur, y jf 17 afjjc pldmcdtc. Lokctmvls cspcaåimals; Fdfjmzfr jfs ald`mamldcs dfturfjcs `cj tcrrcdl.   M`cdtmimafr jls alepldcdtcs urofdls ald jls quc aucdtf cj jugfr.   Cstu`mfr jf frqumtcaturf y ec`ml feomcdtc, fså alel su faacsmomjm`f` ald rcspcatl f jf ilref `c jf amu`f`.  

=

 

6.0.  JMEMPCQ ] FJAFDACQ

Jmemtcs Cj fdæjmsms `c smtml cxajusmvfecdtc tlefrf jls jåemtcs `cj tcrrcdl ecdamldf`l, tlefd`l cd aucdtf amcrtls fspcatls `cj aldtcxtl.   F jf blrf `c m`cdtmimafr jls alepldcdtcs urofdls, dls ofsfrcels  

cspcaåimafecdtc cd cj aldtlrdl `cj tcrrcdl uomaf`l cd cj ^fsfkc ‚Cj Afictfj―, `c

jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf.   Ald jf tclråf cdaldtrf`f, ofsfrsc cspcaåimafecdtc cd tclråf ald imdcs pfrcam`ls fj quc sc cdaucdtrf cd cj aldtcxtl `cj tcrrcdl.

Fjafdacs _cfjmzfr ud oucd fdæjmsms `cj smtml, pfrf `c csf efdcrf tcdcr jfs ofscs frqumtcatñdmafs alrrcatfs pfrf ud oucd `mscöl `c udf vmvmcd`f `c `cdsm`f` ec`mf.   Cd cj fdæjmsms `cj smtml, m`cdtmimafr jls smgumcdtcs fspcatls; ajmef, mdirfcstruaturf, cqumpfemcdtl, scrvmamls, bm`rljlgåf, y cjcatrmam`f`.   _cfjmzfr ud oucd fdæjmsms `c jf tclråf cdaldtrf`f, pfrf `c csf ilref pl`cr ofsfrdls cd cjjf pfrf rcfjmzfr cj iuturl `cj prlycatl `c jf vmvmcd`f.  

6>

 

6.3.  KSQPMIMAFAMÑD

Cj fdæjmsms `c smtml y cj cdtlrdl dl sñjl mepjmaf ûdmafecdtc udf præatmaf prcvmf `c rcaldlamemcdtl vmsufj md smtu `c jf zldf `c cstu`ml pfrf quc sc tcdgf udf m`cf `cj aldtcxtl `cj prlycatl, smdl iud`fecdtfjecdtc m`cdtmimafr fj smtml l fj cepjfzfemcdtl `c ud prlycatl frqumtcatñdmal l urofdl y f su cdtlrdl alel pfrtc `c ud smstcef dfturfj y slamfj, cd cj quc sc mdtcrrcjfamldfd `micrcdtcs prlacsls y ifatlrcs. @cimdmr jfs tíadmafs y cj csqucef `c fdæjmsms `cj prlpml jugfr y `c su cdtlrdl, `com`l f quc jfs vfrmfojcs cspfamfjcs sld `mstmdtfs pfrf af`f smtml. Qc puc`c aldsm`crfr cdtldacs ald ofsc f jl fdtcrmlr quc ud prlycatl frqumtcatñdmal l urofdl, alemcdzf alel ud fostrfatl cd cj cspfaml ecdtfj quc fj scr dcacsfrmfecdtc pcramom`l cd ud cspfaml iåsmal `f lrmgcd f jf prl`uaamñd `c ud cspfaml slamfj. Cd ístc sc mdalrplrfd faamldcs slamfjcs md`mvm`ufjcs l aljcatmvfs quc surgcd `c jf mdtcrrcjfamñd cdtrc jls prlacsls aujturfjcs, m`cljñgmals y prl`uatmvls ald jls prlacsls `c jf dfturfjczf. ^lr jl tfdtl, cj fdæjmsms `cj smtml alemcdzf `cs`c su scjcaamñd y aldajuyc ald cj cstfojcamemcdtl `c jls armtcrmls `c `mscöl y `c cstrftcgmfs `c gcstmñd `c mepfatls y rmcsgls `cj prlycatl l cj `csfrrljjl, quc scræd vfjlrf`ls ald ofsc cd jfs afrfatcråstmafs `c jls cjcecdtls `cj smtml y `c su cdtlrdl.

66

 

6?

 

?.6.  ALDPCRPL QLAMFJ

?.6.6.  CQP_SAPS_F QLAMFJ

Qfdtf Fdf cs udf amu`f` sfjvf`lrcöf, afocacrf `cj eudmampml, `cpfrtfecdtl, `mstrmtl y sc`c `c jf `mñacsms bleñdmels8 y cs jf amu`f` prmdampfj `c jf zldf laam`cdtfj, y scgud`f amu`f` cd meplrtfdamf `c Cj Qfjvf`lr, uomaf`f f 90 he `c jf afpmtfj cstftfj, Qfd Qfjvf`lr. Cj eudmampml `c Qfdtf Fdf tmcdc udf plojfamñd cstmef`f `c ?90 >=6 bfomtfdtcs pfrf cj föl ?>61, laupfd`l cj scgud`l jugfr cd plojfamñd. ^frf su f`emdmstrfamñd sc `mvm`c cd 10 afdtldcs y 16? afscråls,9 emcdtrfs quc jf prlpmf amu`f` sc `mvm`c cd 6? ofrrmls y vfrmfs aljldmfs. Jf jlafjm`f` acjcorf sus imcstfs pftrldfjcs `urfdtc jfs «Imcstfs Kujmfs¸, `cj 67 fj ?9 `c  kujml, cd blecdfkc f jf Qcölrf Qfdtf Fdf, pftrldf `cj `cpfrtfecdtl. Cd 62=0 laurrmñ cd jf plojfamñd jf _cvljuamñd `c jls 00, quc prlpmamñ cj gljpc `c cstf`l aldtrf cj glomcrdl `c Afrjls Czctf. @urfdtc jf íplaf `lrf`f `cj afií, f prmdampmls `cj smgjl RR, iuc jf amu`f` eæs rmaf `cj pfås. ^frf cj smgjl RR, y cd jf `íaf`f `c jls föls 6=2>, Qfdtf Fdf sc vml ficatf`f plr jf Gucrrf Amvmj `c Cj Qfjvf`lr. 61

 

Ald jf imref `c jls Faucr`ls `c ^fz `c Abfpujtcpca cd 6==? (quc pusl imd f 6? föls `c gucrrf) y ald cj mdmaml `cj tcracr emjcdml, jf jlafjm`f` cxpcrmecdtñ ud fuecdtl `c jf plojfamñd urofdf `com`l f jf cemgrfamñd `c bfomtfdtcs `c jfs ærcfs rurfjcs y udf cxpfdsmñd urofdf facjcrf`f ald jf aldstruaamñd `c ducvfs aljldmfs. Cj glomcrdl eudmampfj `c jf amu`f`, fj mgufj quc jls `ceæs eudmampmls `cj pfås, cs futñdlel cd jl caldñemal, tíadmal y cd jl f`emdmstrftmvl8 tl`fs sus ifaujtf`cs cstæd `mspucstfd cd cj Añ`mgl Eudmampfj `carctf`l plr jf Fsfeojcf Jcgmsjftmvf sfjvf`lrcöf8 cs cjcatl plr vltl `mrcatl y scarctl8 y cstæ aldilref`l plr ud aldackl eudmampfj quc cstæ mdtcgrf`l plr; ud fjafj`c, ud såd`mal y 6? rcgm`lrcs prlpmctfrmls y 0 supjcdtcs. ^lr scdtcdamf cemtm`f plr jf Qfjf Aldstmtuamldfj `c jf Alrtc Quprcef `c Kustmamf sfjvf`lrcöf cd cj föl ?>60, tl`ls jls aldackls eudmampfjcs cjcatls `cs`c jf cjcaamñd `c ?>63 scræd pjurfjcs8 plr jl quc f pfrtmr `c cdtldacs sc rcpfrtcd jls pucstls `cj aldackl cdtrc jls pfrtm`ls quc eæs vltls bfyfd lotcdm`l cd jf cjcaamñd, smcd`l cj pfrtm`l eæs vltf`l cj quc jc j c alrrcspld`í jls afrgls `c fjafj`c y såd`m såd`mal al f`ceæs `c 7 rcgm`lrcs prlpmctfrmls.

?.6.?.  CQP_SAPS_F CALDLEMAF Jfs prmdampfjcs fatmvm`f`cs caldñemafs `cj eudmampml sld jls rcstfurfdtcs y jfs vcdtfs `c alem`fs. Pfeomíd slorcsfjc plr jf prl`uaamñd frtcsfdfj (alel jf tfjfofrtcråf, aldimtcråf, blkfjftcråf, cdtrc ltrfs)  c md`ustrmfj, slorc tl`l tcxtmj y fjmecdtfrmf (prmdampfjecdtc cj aujtmvl y trftfemcdtl `cj afií). Jls scatlrcs caldñemals eæs rcprcscdtftmvls `c jf plojfamñd sld; cj alecraml, jls scrvmamls (tfeomíd aldlam`l alel scatlr tcramfrml y quc cdgjlof tl`fs fqucjjfs fatmvm`f`cs caldñemafs auyf iudamldfjm`f` dl mdajuyc jf prl`uaamñd `c omcdcs y quc mdajuyc tl`ls fqucjjls trfofkls rcjfamldf`ls ald jf ofdaf, blspmtfjcs, acdtrls c`uaftmvls, cta.), jf md`ustrmf y cj trfdsplrtc tfdtl pûojmal alel prmvf`l8 jls aufjcs sld scgum`ls plr; jf fgrlmd`ustrmf, cjcatrmam`f`, aldstruaamñd, emdfs y afdtcrfs, f jls aufjcs pcrtcdcacd ud scatlr pcqucöl `c jf plojfamñd. @c falr`c fj acdsl `c plojfamñd y vmvmcd`f rcfjmzf`l cd cj ?>>7 cj eudmampml cd csc föl cj 10.>? % `c jls bfomtfdtcs rcspld`mcrld fimreftmvfecdtc slorc tcdcr tc dcr ud cepjcl. 60

 

Emcdtrfs cj 09.23 % `c jls bfomtfdtcs `mkcrld dl tcdcr cepjcl fjgudl y cj 6=.6? % dl rcspld`mcrld. Qcatlr prmefrml Jfs fatmvm`f`cs jfolrfjcs quc eæs slorcsfjcd `c cstc scatlr caldñemal sld; jf fgrmaujturf, gfdf`cråf y smjvmaujturf8 jls aufjcs sld scgum`ls plr jf pcsaf y jf emdcråf, quc sld fatmvm`f`cs jfolrf`fs plr ud pcqucöl plracdtfkc `c jf j f plojfamñd trfofkf`lrf `c cstc scatlr.  



Fgrmaujturf y gfdf`cråf

Jls prl`uatls eæs aujtmvf`ls sld jls acrcfjcs (alel cj efåz, cj trmgl y cj frrlz), irutfs, ducacs y pjfdtfs pfrf jf cjfolrfamñd `c ocom`fs alel jf blrabftf. Cdtrc jls aujtmvls slorcsfjcd; cj afií, jf aföf `c fzûafr, jls aåtrmals y jls grfdls oæsmals.  



Emdcråf

Jf cxpjlrfamñd emdcrf cd cj eudmampml sc acdtrf prmdampfjecdtc cd afdtcrfs `c`maf`fs f jf cxtrfaamñd `c pmc`rf, frcdf y framjjf8 pcrl tfeomíd bfy, cd ud plracdtfkc pcqucöl, trfofkf`lrcs quc sc `c`mafd f ltrls tmpls `c cxtrfaamldcs emdcrfs. Qcatlr scaud`frml Cd jf md`ustrmf fgråaljf slorcsfjc jf prl`uaamñd `c; afií y fzûafr8 emcdtrfs quc cd jfs fatmvm`f`cs ecafdmzf`fs sc `cstfafd; jf iformafamñd `c prl`uatls `c; bujc, foldl lrgædmal, fjmecdtls cdjftf`ls y frtåaujls `c aucrl. Cd jf zldf dlrtc y lcstc `c jf amu`f` sc cdaucdtrfd iæormafs y efqumjfs (prmdampfjecdtc cd jf [ldf Irfdaf `c jf amu`f`) y cd jf j f zldf sur sc cdaucdtrf cj ærcf `c eæs `csfrrljjl alecramfj cd jf quc sc uomafd jf efylråf `c rcstfurfdtcs, ofdals, bltcjcs y acdtrls alecramfjcs.  



Alecraml

^frf cj alecraml jlafj cxmstcd fjefacdcs, tmcd`fs, pujpcråfs, ofdals, pfdf`cråfs, supcrecraf`ls, rcstfurfdtcs, gfsljmdcrfs, vcdtfs `c acrcfjcs, cdtrc ltrls. Qu alecramfjmzfamñd sc rcfjmzf ald jfs ltrfs afocacrfs `cpfrtfecdtfjcs `cpfrtfecdtfj cs y jls eudmampmls vcamdls tfjcs alel; Pcxmstcpcquc, Alftcpcquc, Cj Aldgl, Abfjabufpf, Afd`cjfrmf `c jf cdtrc ltrls. Emcdtrfs quc cj alecraml mdtcrdfamldfj mdtcrdfamld fj jl rcfjmzf ald jf Irldtcrf, rcpûojmafEctfpfd, `c Guftcefjf. 63

 

Cj acdtrl alecramfj eæs grfd`c `c jf amu`f` cs Ectrlacdtrl,   cj aufj bf jjcvf`l cj `csfrrljjl alecramfj f jf pcrmicrmf Qur `c jf amu`f` prmdampfjecdtc cd cj ærcf `cj ^frquc Alecramfj Jls Bírlcs (cj aufj sc cdaucdtrf cdircdtc `cj acdtrl alecramfj)8 smd ceofrgl, cj acdtrl bmstñrmal smguc smcd`l ud pltcdtc eltlr cd cj `csfrrljjl caldñemal `c jf amu`f`. Qfdtf Fdf plscc trcs ecraf`ls prmdampfjcs; cj Ecraf`l Aljñd, cj Ecraf`l Acdtrfj y cj Ecraf`l Fdmtf Fjvfrf`l, `mstfdamf`ls udl `c ltrl plr udfs aufdtfs afjjcs.  



Md`ustrmf

Jfs fatmvm`f`cs md`ustrmfjcs quc eæs rcsfjtfd sld; jf iformafamñd `c prcd`fs `c vcstmr y jf cjfolrfamñd `c ocom`fs y prl`uatls fjmecdtmamls8 smcd`l cj prmecrl cj prmdampfj fj quc sc `c`mqucd jf efylr pfrtc `c trfofkf`lrcs `c cstc scatlr. Cd jf iformafamñd `c prcd`fs `c vcstmr `cstfaf jf prl`uaamñd `c prcd`fs prcd `fs dl bcabfs ald pmcjcs8 emcdtrfs quc cd jf cjfolrfamñd `c ocom`fs y prl`uatls fjmecdtmamls `cstfaf jf iformafamñd `c prl`uatls `c pfdf`cråf y ablaljftcs. Cdtrc jls prl`uatls md`ustrmfjcs eæs `cstfaf`ls prl`uam`ls cd cj eudmampml cstæd; jls frtåaujls `c aucrl, bujc, fjmecdtl cdjftf`l, foldl lrgædmal y ilrrfkcs. Cj prmdampfj pfrquc md`ustrmfj uomaf`l cd cj eudmampml cs jf [ldf Irfdaf Qfdtf Fdf.  



Aldstruaamñd

Jf efylr pfrtc `c trfofkf`lrcs `c cstc suoscatlr sc `c`maf f jf aldstruaamñd `c c`mimamls alepjctls y f lorfs `c mdgcdmcråf amvmj8 emcdtrfs quc cj rcstl sc `c`maf fj fald`mamldfemcdtl y tcremdfamñd `c jls c`mimamls y f jf prcpfrfamñd `cj tcrrcdl pfrf pf rf jf aldstruaamñd. Qcatlr tcramfrml Jf fatmvm`f` prmdampfj `cdtrl `c cstc scatlr cs jf jfolr `c scrvmamls `leístmals pfrf blgfrcs prmvf`ls. Ltrfs jfolrcs `cstfaf`fs cd cj eudmampml sld; jfs fatmvm`f`cs mdelomjmfrmfs, ceprcsfrmfjcs y `c fjqumjcr8 jf cdscöfdzf y cj trfdsplrtc fjefacdfemcdtl. fj efacdfemcdtl.

69

 

 



Purmsel

Jf amu`f` aucdtf ald pfrqucs fauætmals y ofjdcfrmls, tfj alel; cj Purmacdtrl Qmbuftcbufaæd cj aufj sc cdaucdtrf fj Lrmcdtc `c jf amu`f`, am u`f`, smcd`l f`emdmstrf`l plr cj Mdstmtutl Qfjvf`lrcöl `c Purmsel y cs udl `c jls eæs trf`mamldfjcs `cstmdls turåstmals `cj pfås8 fj dlrtc `c jf amu`f` sc cdaucdtrfd jls ofjdcfrmls `c Fpfdtíls y Fpfdabfafj, fj lrmcdtc `c jf amu`f` sc cdaucdtrf cj acdtrl turåstmal Qfplfpf (cstc acdtrl turåstmal y jls ofjdcfrml `c Fpfdtíls y Fpfdabfafj sld f`emdmstrf`ls plr jf fjafj`åf eudmampfj). Cd jf aljldmf Cj ^fjefr uomaf`f cd jf amu`f` sc cdaucdtrf cj rc`ld`cj bleñdmel, cj aufj cs ud pfrquc quc f`ceæs aldtmcdc; udf pmsamdf y ud alepjckl `cplrtmvl8 smcd`l udl `c jls ecklrcs ftrfatmvls turåstmals `c jf amu`f`. Ltrls pfrqucs meplrtfdtcs `c jf amu`f` sld jls pfrqucs; Qfdtf Juaåf, Jmocrtf`, Aljñd, Ecdíd`cz y Fdmtf Fjvfrf`l. Fj dlrtc `c jf amu`f` sc cdaucdtrf cj ^frquc Caljñgmal Qfd Jlrcdzl, aldlam`l trf`mamldfjecdtc alel ^frquc ^frquc `c jf Ifemjmf8 cd `ld`c sc sc puc`cd cdaldtrfr cspcamcs `c fdmefjcs (fjgudls cd afutmvcrml) aldtcdmcd`l f`ceæs trcs jfgudfs, afdabfs `c iûtolj, kucgls mdifdtmjcs, cta. Qmcd`l udl `c jls eæs trf`mamldfjcs `cstmdls turåstmals `c jf amu`f`.

?.6.1.  CQP_SAPS_F ^LJMPMAF Cj glomcrdl eudmampfj `c jf amu`f`, fj mgufj quc jls `ceæs eudmampmls `cj pfås, cs futñdlel cd jl caldñemal, tíadmal y cd jl f`emdmstrftmvl8 tl`fs sus ifaujtf`cs cstæd `mspucstfd cd cj Añ`mgl Eudmampfj `carctf`l plr jf Fsfeojcf Jcgmsjftmvf sfjvf`lrcöf872 cs cjcatl plr vltl y scarctl8 y cstæy aldilref`l ud aldackly eudmampfj quc cstæ mdtcgrf`l plr; `mrcatl ud fjafj`c, ud såd`mal 6? rcgm`lrcsplr prlpmctfrmls 0 supjcdtcs. ^lr scdtcdamf cemtm`f plr jf Qfjf Aldstmtuamldfj `c jf Alrtc Quprcef `c Kustmamf sfjvf`lrcöf cd cj föl ?>60, tl`ls jls aldackls eudmampfjcs cjcatls `cs`c jf cjcaamñd `c ?>63 scræd pjurfjcs8 plr jl quc f pfrtmr `c cdtldacs sc rcpfrtcd jls pucstls `cj aldackl cdtrc jls pfrtm`ls quc eæs vltls bfyfd lotcdm`l cd jf cjcaamñd, smcd`l cj pfrtm`l eæs vltf`l cj quc jc alrrcspld`í jls afrgls `c fjafj`c y såd`mal f`ceæs `c 7 rcgm`lrcs prlpmctfrmls.

67

 

Jf fjafj`åf eudmampfj iudamldf `cs`c cj ^fjfaml Eudmampfj, quc iuc aldstrum`l cd 6270, plr ud vfjlr `c 61> >>> aljldcs. Cj frqumtcatl rcspldsfojc iuc Aldrf`l Elrcdl, qumcd fafoñ plr `mscöfr ud c`mimaml quc ud smgjl eæs tfr`c, scråf `cajfrf`l ^ftrmeldml Aujturfj `c Cj Qfjvf`lr.

Cd aufdtl f scgurm`f` y f `cicdsf, Qfdtf Fdf aucdtf ald su prlpmf `cjcgfamñd `c jf ^ljmaåf Dfamldfj Amvmj y aucdtf f su vcz ald su prlpml aufrtcj `cj Ckcramtl Ckcra mtl `c Cj Qfjvf`lr auyl dleorc limamfj cs Qcgud`f Ormgf`f `c Mdifdtcråf "Grfj. Pleæs _cgfjf`l", cj aufj tmcdc cj rfdgl `c ormgf`f y cstæ aldilref`f plr trcs oftfjjldcs y sus alepjcecdtls, fsmemsel cj aufrtcj `c jf amu`f` cs sc`c `c jf Qcgud`f zldf emjmtfr (quc fofraf tl`f jf zldf laam`cdtfj `cj pfås). Cj eudmampml aucdtf ald su prlpmf pljmaåf eudmampfj jjfef`f Aucrpl `c Fgcdtcs Eudmampfjcs (AFE), jf aufj cs udf limamdf `csacdtrfjmzf`f `cj eudmampml cdafrgf`f `c sfjvfgufr`fr jls mdtcrcscs y jf scgurm`f` `c jf eudmampfjm`f`. Cd aufdtl f prmsmldcs, cd Qfdtf Fdf cxmstcd `ls, jfs aufjcs sld; cj pcdfj `c fpfdtíls (jf aufj cs udf prmsmñd pfrf meputf`ls prlacsf`ls y ald`cdf`ls) y jf pcdmtcdamfråf laam`cdtfj (jf aufj cs udf prmsmñd pfrf meputf`ls ald`cdf`ls). 62

 

Cd aufdtl f jf f`emdmstrfamñd `c kustmamf, fj scr afocacrf `cpfrtfecdtfj aucdtf ald su prlpmf rcprcscdtfamñd `c jf Alrtc Quprcef `c Kustmamf y aucdtf f`ceæs ald vfrmls trmoudfjcs (tfdtl Aæefrfs `c ^rmecrf y Qcgud`f Mdstfdamf y Kuzgf`ls `c ^fz), jls aufjcs mepfrtcd kustmamf cd `micrcdtcs eftcrmfs y jf efylråf sc cdaucdtrf uomaf`l cd cj Acdtrl Ku`mamfj @r. Ædgcj Glabcz Afstrl.

?.?.  ALDPCRPL IMQMAL

?.?.6.  CQP_SAPS_F GCLG_FIMAF Cj eudmampml `c Qfdtf Fdf cstæ uomaf`l cd cj `cpfrtfecdtl bleñdmel, jlafjmzf`l cd cj cxtrcel dlrtc `c jf zldf laam`cdtfj `c Cj Qfjvf`lr. Jmemtf fj dlrtc ald Pcxmstcpcquc y Ducvf Aldacpamñd, fj cstc ald Qfd ^fojl Pfafabmal, Alftcpcquc y cj Jfgl `c Alftcpcquc, fj sur ald Mzfjal y fj lcstc ald Dfbumzfjal, Abfjabufpf, Qfd Qcofstmæd Qfjmtrmjjl, Cj ^lrvcdmr y Afd`cjfrmf `c jf Irldtcrf. Qu tíremdl eudmampfj tmcdc ud ærcf `c 0>>,6 he¿ fofrafd`l ud 6=.2 % `cj ærcf tltfj `cj `cpfrtfecdtl. Jf amu`f` cstæ uomaf`f cd jfs allr`cdf`fs 60¾> >.>> >.>> D 2=¾11 >>.>> >>.>> L tmcdc udf fjtmtu` `c 993 esde y sc cdaucdtrf f 93 he `c jf aæpmtfj. ‿ 

‿ 

‱

‱

6=

 

Jf supcrimamc eudmampfj cs `csmgufj tcdmcd`l cjcvfamldcs `c `micrcdtcs fjturfs quc sc cdaucdtrfd cdtrc 9>> y ?0>> esde, y quc puc`cd scr ajfsmimaf`fs plr su pcd`mcdtcs alel zldfs `c; pcd`mcdtc ofkf (jfs aufjcs lsamjfd cdtrc 6 % y 63 %, smcd`l jf quc eæs foud`f cd cj tcrrmtlrml, cdaldtræd`lsc jf amu`f` cd ud ærcf ald cstæ ajfsc `c pcd`mcdtc), pcd`mcdtc ec`mf (sc cdaucdtrfd cdtrc 63 % y 3> %) y pcd`mcdtc (aleprcd`cd jfs pcd`mcdtcs cdtrc 3> % f =3 %). ^lr ltrl jf`l jf amu`f` cs udf jlafjm`f` `c plojfemcdtl aldacdtrf`l quc aucdtf cd su efylråf ald vmvmcd`fs `c ofkf of kf fjturf. Qcgûd cj Mdstmtutl Gclgræimal Dfamldfj (MGD), cj tcrrmtlrml sfjvf`lrcöl sc `mvm`c cd 33 blkfs l auf`rfdtcs cd udf csafjf `c 6;3>,>>> quc em`cd 63 emdutls `c fdabl plr 6> emdutls `c jfrgl8 af`f udl `c cstls cstæs `mvm`m`ls cd auftrl auf`rfdtcs cd jf csafjf `c 6;?3,>>>, jls aufjcs em`cd 7.3 emdutls `c fdabl y 3 emdutls `c jfrgl, af`f udl cstls tmcdcd ud dleorc, dûecrl `c blkf y forcvmfturf.

?>

 

?.?.?.  CQP_SAPS_F AJMEFPMAF ?.?.?.6.  CJ AMAJL CQPFAMLDFJ ?.?.?.6.6. 

CJ AMAJL CQPFAMLDFJ;

Jls afeomls `c jfs cstfamldcs vmcdcd `f`ls plr jls cqumdlaamls y jls sljstmamls. Qljstmamls y cqumdlaamls tltfjmzfd jls auftrl mdstfdtcs cd quc fdufjecdtc sc prl`uac ud afeoml `c cstfamñd. Cj afeoml `c udf cstfamñd f ltrf, fså alel `c ud cstf`l `c sljcfemcdtl f ltrl dl sc prl`uac `c ilref rcpcdtmdf; cj emsel elvmemcdtl `c rltfamñd y trfsjfamñd tcrrcstrc prl`uac ud afeoml aldstfdtc y grf`ufj quc faldtcac ald cj suacsmvl trfdsaurrmr `c jls `åfs, scefdfs y ecscs. Jfs cstfamldcs vfråfd `c ud cxtrcel fj ltrl `cj eud`l. Cd jfs ærcfs eæs tcepjf`fs `c jls bcemsicrmls dlrtc y sur sc rcaldlacd auftrl cstfamldcs (prmefvcrf, vcrfdl, ltlöl c mdvmcrdl). Cd jls pljls dlrtc y Qur bfy sljl `ls cstfamldcs (mdvmcrdl y vcrfdl) emcdtrfs quc cd jls pfåscs cauftlrmfjcs y trlpmafjcs jfs cstfamldcs sc `mvm`cd cd fqucjjls pcrml`ls cd jls aufjcs bfy scqumfs l jjuvmf.

?6

 

 



Cqumdlaamls;

Jls cqumdlaamls sld jls `ls pudtls `c jf csicrf acjcstc y sc jjfefd ‚prmecr pudtl `c Frmcs l cqumdlaaml vcrdfj― y ‚prmecr pudtl `c jmorf l cqumdlaaml ltlöfj―. Cj cqumdlaaml

vcrdfj sc prl`uac cd tlrdl fj ?6 `c efrzl, y `f pfsl f jf prmefvcrf cd cj bcemsicrml dlrtc y fj ltlöl cd cj bcemsicrml sur (cd cstc afsl sc `cdlemdf cqumdlaaml ltlöfj). Cj cqumdlaaml ltlöfj sc prl`uac cd tlrdl fj ?1 `c scptmceorc, `fd`l pfsl fj ltlöl cd cj bcemsicrml dlrtc y f jf prmefvcrf cd cj bcemsicrml sur (cd cstc afsm sc `cdlemdf cqumdlaaml vcrdfj).  



Qljstmamls;

Qld jls elecdtls cd cj quc cj slj fjafdzf su eæxmef plsmamñd ecrm`mldfj l olrcfj. Cj sljstmaml `c vcrfdl sc prl`uac fjrc`c`lr `cj ?6 `c kudml k udml af`f fdl, `fd`l jugfr fj mdmaml m dmaml `cj vcrfdl cd cj bcemsicrml dlrtc y fj mdvmcrdl cd cj bcemsicrml sur. Cj sljstmaml `c

??

 

mdvmcrdl sc prl`uac fjrc`c`lr `cj ?6 `c `mamceorc `mamce orc af`f fdl y `fd`l jugfr fj mdmaml `cj mdvmcrdl cd cj bcemsicrml dlrtc y fj vcrfdl cd cj bcemsicrml sur. Cj rctlrdl aåajmal `c jfs cstfamldcs Cj ckc `c rltfamñd tcrrcstrc sc efdtmcdc fpudtfd`l `urfdtc tl`l cj `åf bfamf udf rcgmñd aldarctf `c jf csicrf acjcstc, afrfatcrmzf`f plr jf acraf amdf `c jf cstrcjjf pljfr. Jfs cstfamldcs tmcdcd jugfr plrquc cj ckc `c jf tmcrrf cstf mdajmdf`f ?1n ?7nald rcspcatl fj pjfdl `c su ñromtf.

?1

 

?.?.?.?.  GCLECP_MF QLJF_

Cd jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf Fd f cj sljcfemcdtl cs udf `c jf jfss efylrcs ficatfamldcs ajmeætmafs `f`f jf mdtcdsm`f` sljfr, gcdcrfjecdtc jf zldf sur cs jf eæs ficatf`f, fj mgufj quc jf zldf cstf, cstl sc `coc f jf mdtcdsm`f` `cj slj f amcrtfs blrfs `cj `åf. Jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf cstæ uomaf`f scgûd jf ajfsmimafamñd `c Hlppcd Qfppcr y Jfurcr cd jls trñpmals y cstæd jlafjmzf`ls cd jf zldf ajmeætmaf `c Qfofdf Prlpmafj Afjmcdtc l tmcrrf afjmcdtc (>-2>> esde). ^lr jl tfdtl, aucdtf ald ud ajmef aæjm`l scem-buec`l quc prcscdtfd `ls cstfamldcs ajfrfecdtc `micrcdamf`fs, jfs aufjcs sld; jf cstfamñd scaf (`c dlvmceorc f efyl) y jf cstfamñd jjuvmlsf `c (efyl f dlvmceorc). Jf cjcvfamñd cs `ctcremdfdtc, aldsm`crfd`l jf rcgmldfjmzfamñd ajmeætmaf `c Blj`rm`gc, jf zldf `c mdtcrís sc ajfsmimaf alel ‚Olsquc Bûec`l Quotrlpmafj― (ald omltcepcrfturf y tcepcrfturf `cj fmrc ec`ml fdufjcs ecdlr f ?0¾ A). Jls rueols `c jls vmcdtls sld prc`lemdfdtcs `cj Qurlcstc y `cj Lcstc `urfdtc jf cstfamñd scaf y jjuvmlsf. Jf vcjlam`f` prlec`ml fdufj cs `c 7.2 He plr blrf.

?0

 

Jf mdam`cdamf sljfr sc lotmcdc f pfrtmr `cj ædgujl `c mdajmdfamñd `cj slj `urfdtc jls sljstmamls `c mdvmcrdl y `c vcrfdl, tcdmcd`l cd aucdtf quc pfrf cj eudmampml `c Qfdtf Fdf sc cstmef udf jftmtu` dlrtc `c 61¾ y aldlamcd`l quc cj sljstmaml `c vcrfdl pfrf cj bcemsicrml Dlrtc cs aufd`l cj slj fjafdzf su eæxmef plsmamñd ecrm`mldfj f udf mdajmdfamñd dlrtc `c ?1 ¾ ald rcspcatl fj cauf`lr tcrrcstrc, slorc cj trñpmal `c Aædacr, cj aufj sc jjcvf f afol cdtrc cj ?> y ?6 `c kudml. Qc lotmcdc quc pfrf cj `åf `c efylr mdam`cdamf sljfr sc fvfjûc; ?1-615 6> ¾ `c jftmtu`, jls aufjcs sld jls grf`ls `c mdajmdfamñd quc sc `cocd fpjmafd cd jfs ifabf`fs ald rcspcatl f jf vcrtmafj. Jucgl pfrf cj sljstmaml `c mdvmcrdl, quc cs cj `åf aufd`l cj slj fjafdzf su pudtl eæs fjtl fj ec`ml `åf slorc cj trñpmal `c afprmalrdml, cj aufj cstæ uomaf`l f ?1¾ fj sur `cj cauf`lr y tmcdc jugfr cj ?6 `c `mamceorc. ^frf cstc sc lotmcdc; ?1+6?519¾ `c jftmtu`, cj aufj alrrcspld`c f jls grf`ls `c mdajmdfamñd quc sc `cocd fpjmafr

cd

jfs

ifabf`fs

ald

rcspcatl

f jf

vcrtmafj.

?3

 

?.?.?.1.  YMCDPLQ ^_C@LEMDFDPCQ

Cd jf amu`f` prc`lemdfd jls vmcdtls `cj surlcstc y lcstc tfdtl `urfdtc jf cstfamñd scaf alel `urfdtc jf cstfamñd jjuvmlsf8 tfjcs vmcdtls tmcdcd udf vcjlam`f` fdufj `c 7.2 he/b. Cj Qfjvf`lr cstæ smtuf`l cd jf pfrtc Dlrtc `cj amdturñd trlpmafj `c jf Pmcrrf, `c tfj el`l quc cd dlvmceorc y latuorc sc vc mdijucdamf`l prmdampfjecdtc prm dampfjecdtc plr vmcdtls `cj DlrCstc y, lafsmldfjecdtc, plr DL_PCQ rfifglsls quc dls trfcd fmrc ircsal lrmgmdf`l cd rcgmldcs pljfrcs `c Dlrtcfeírmaf, pcrl afjcdtf`l cd grfd ec`m`f fj ftrfvcsfr cj Gljil `c Eíxmal cd su afemdl f Acdtrlfeírmaf.

?9

 

?.?.?.0.  ^_CAM^MPFAMLDCQ ^JSYMFJCQ

Cj dmvcj eæxmel pfrf cstc scatlr cs `c ?29ee aûomals `cdtrl `c jf ec`mf. Cstl smgdmimaf quc `urfdtc jf cstfamñd jjuvmlsf `c efyl f latuorc cs `ld`c sc cdaucdtrf jls eæxmels dmvcjcs `c prcampmtfamñd.

?7

 

?.?.?.0.6.  BSEC@F@ _CJFPMYF Fudquc `urfdtc jls ecscs `c jf cstfamñd jjuvmlsf sc pcramoc ud fjzf aldsm`crfojc `c jls dmvcjcs `c buec`f` `cj ajmef, jf j f ec`mf `c cstls `ftls sc efdtmcdc f dmvcjcs ofkls.

?.?.?.0.?. 

FDFJMQMQ @C _MCQGL ^L_ MDSD@FAMLDCQ

Jfs pcd`mcdtcs cd jf zldf lsamjfd cdtrc ud 6% y 3% jl aufj puc`c `mimaujtfr cd amcrtf efdcrf cj `rcdfkc `c fguf pjuvmfj, jl quc pu`mcrf jjcgfr f prljldgfr cj cstfdafemcdtl `c fguf, eæs cd íplafs `c jjuvmf `ld`c sc alrrc cj rmcsgl plr mdud`famñd cd jf zldf acdtrfj `c Qfdtf Fdf pu`mcd`l jjcgfr f rcpcrautmr `c amcrtf efdcrf fj Qmtml.

?2

 

?.?.?.3.  PCE^C_FPS_FQ

Cj eudmampml `c Qfdtf Fdf aucdtf ald udf u df tcepcrfturf ec`mf fdufj ?0 ¾A y ald udf tcepcrfturf quc lsamjf fjrc`c`lr `c jls 67 ¾A alel eådmef y 10 ¾A alel eæxmef. Fudquc cd lafsmldcs jfs tcepcrfturfs eæxmefs sucjcd rcofsfr jls 13 ¾A, yf quc cs udf amu`f` ald ud ajmef euy afjmcdtc. F`ceæs, aucdtf ald udf buec`f` rcjftmvf fdufj `c cdtrc 7> % y 73 %. F pcsfr `c dl cstfr aldsm`crf`f alel udl `c jls jugfrcs ald efylr tcepcrfturf tcepcrftu rf cd jf zldf, cs rcalecd`fojc prlpldcr udf oucdf lrmcdtfamñd sljfr y lotcdamñd `c vcdtmjfamñd dfturfj, `c efdcrf scgud`f sc rcalemcd`f jf utmjmzfamñd `c eftcrmfjcs jmvmfdls cd jfs pfrtmamldcs mdtcrdfs y usls `c pljåecrls quc rcgujcd cj dmvcj `c tcepcrfturf `cdtrl `c jls c`mimamls f prlpldcr.

Pfojf `c tcepcrfturfs prlec`ml `c Qfdtf Fdf `cj föl ?>69.

?.?.1.  CQP_SAPS_F CALJLGMAF Cj eudmampml `c Qfdtf Fdf aucdtf ald `ls ærcfs dfturfjcs prltcgm`fs prmdampfjcs;  

Cj Alepjckl Jls Yljafdcs, quc aleprcd`c cj Acrrl Ycr`c, vljaæd `c Qfdtf Qfd tf Fdf, vljaæd `c Mzfjal y Jfgl `c Alftcpcquc y cs alepfrtm`l ald jls eudmampmls `c Abfjabufpf c Mzfjal.0>06 Cstf zldf aldtmcdc fjrc`c`lr `c ?9> cspcamcs `c fdmefjcs y cs f`emdmstrf`l plr cj Mdstmtutl Qfjvf`lrcöl `c Purmsel.   Cj ^frquc Caljñgmal Qfd Jlrcdzl, uomaf`l cd jf prlpmf amu`f`, cj aufj cs f`emdmstrf`l plr jf Iud`famñd Feomcdtfjmstf `c Qfdtf Fdf (Iud`fsfd). Aldtmcdc fjrc`c`lr `c 62> cspcamcs `c fdmefjcs, fjgudfs cd afutmvcrml y rcudm`fs cd ud emdm zlljñgmal.

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

?=

 

 



Ifudf

Cd cj Alepjckl `c jls Yljafdcs sc cdaucdtrfd fdmefjcs smjvcstrcs alel vcdf`ls `c aljf ojfdaf, fr`mjjf grms, ægumjfs arcstf`fs, rfdfs frolråaljfs, tuafdcs vcr`cs, cdtrc ltrls. Cd afeoml, cd cj ^frquc Caljñgmal Qfd Jlrcdzl, sc cdaucdtrfd cspcamcs `c fdmefjcs tfjcs alel eldls, tuafdcs, tmgrmjjls, fr`mjjfs, efpfabcs, alyltcs, cdtrc ltrls.   Ijlrf 

Cd cj eudmampml `c Qfdtf Fdf sc cdaucdtrfd trcs zldfs `c vm`f, jfs aufjcs sld; olsqucs bûec`ls suotrlpmafjcs ircsals, olsqucs euy bûec`ls eldtfdl ofkl y olsqucs ol squcs euy bûec`ls suotrlpmafjcs (scgûd cj Qmstcef `c ajfsmimafamñd `c zldfs `c vm`f `c Blj`rm`gc). @c jfs trcs zldfs `c vm`f `mabfs fdtcrmlrecdtc, jf eæs aleûd cs jf aldilref`f plr olsqucs bûec`ls suotrlpmafjcs ircsals, emcdtrfs quc jfs ltrfs `ls sc cdaucdtrfd cd cj ærcf `c jf Alr`mjjcrf Fpfdcaf. Cd jls olsqucs bûec`ls suotrlpmafjcs ircsals, jfs cspcamcs froñrcfs eæs `cstfaf`fs sld jf acmof, cj efdzfdl, ac`rl, facmtudl, ef`rc afafl, cdtrc ltrls. Emcdtrfs quc cd jls olsqucs euy bûec`ls eldtfdl ofkl, jfs cspcamcs eæs aldlam`fs sld cj rlojc, pmdl, cdamdl, amprís, cdtrc ltrfs8 foud`fd`l cspcamcs cpåimtfs alel efgdljmfs, bcjcabls, eusgls, lrquå`cfs. Cd afeoml, cd jls olsqucs euy bûec`ls suotrlpmafjcs sc cdaucdtrfd cspcamcs alel cj dåspcrl, jfurcj, pmdl, y cj rlojc.

?.1.  ME^FAPL VSC ^_L@SAC CJ QCAPL_ FJ ^_L]CAPL

?.1.6.  Mepfatls `c jf plojfamñd Jf plojfamñd acrafdf fj prlycatl cs `c ec`mfdf y fjtf `cdsm`f` ald ud rfdgl caldñemal cdtrc ofkf y ec`mf fjtf cd su efylråf, cstl pcremtc pcramomr cdtrf`fs caldñemafs pfrf cj efdtcdmemcdtl `c jfs zldfs aleudcs `cj prlycatl. F`mamldfjecdtc jfs zldfs `c vmvmcd`f acrafdfs `c efdcrf mdec`mftf tmcdcd plaf fatmvm`f` armemdfj l `cjmatmvf f pcsfr quc sc bfjjfd `ctcatf`l ud grupl cspcaåimal `c pfd`mjjfs cd jf zldf, cstl puc`c ficatfr `c efdcrf `mrcatf cd tl`fs sus ctfpfs.

1>

 

?.1.?.  Mepfatl Ymfj Jf vmfjm`f` cxmstcdtc quc prcstf cj scatlr pfrf cj faacsl fj prlycatl dl auepjc cd su tltfjm`f` ald cj fdabl `c våf rcqucrm`l y afrcac `c rl`femcdtl pcftldfj, cstfs våfs jf aufj sc cstu`mfrfd eæs f`cjfdtc f pcsfr `c quc qu c dl sld `c grfd fijucdamf vcbmaujfr scråf euy ocdcimamlsl sm sc pu`mcrfd el`mimafr pfrf cvmtfr pudtls `c aldijmatl. ?.1.1.  Mepfatl f Dmvcj `c Cqumpfemcdtl Cj cqumpfemcdtl quc prcstf cj scatlr cs ñptmel pfrf jfs dcacsm`f`cs `c jls usufrmls `cj prlycatl `f`l quc bfy cjcecdtls urofdls alecramfjcs, cjcecdtls `c sfju`, cjcecdtls `c c`uafamñd, cdtrc ltrls8 pcremtmcd`l fså ud iudamldfemcdtl f`cauf`l `cj prlycatl tfdtl f dmvcj `c scatlr alel f dmvcj `c amu`f`.

16

 

?.0.  YMYMCD@F @CDQM@F@ EC@MF

Jf vmvmcd`f cs udf c`mimafamñd auyf prmdampfj iudamñd cs lircacr rciugml y bfomtfamñd f jfs pcrsldfs, prltcgmíd`ljfs `c jfs mdajcecdamfs ajmeætmafs y `c ltrfs fecdfzfs. Ltrfs `cdlemdfamldcs `c vmvmcd`f sld; fpfrtfecdtl, fplscdtl, afsf, `lemamjml, cstfdamf, blgfr, jfr, efdsmñd, elrf`f, pmsl, cta. Cj `crcabl f jf vmvmcd`f `mgdf sc aldsm`crf udl `c jls `crcabls buefdls iud`fecdtfjcs. Jf `cdsm`f` `c vmvmcd`f sc cxprcsf alel jf rcjfamñd cdtrc cj dûecrl `c udm`f`cs y `c cspfaml rc`uam`l iucrf `c jf våf pûojmaf bcatærcf. ^lr ckcepjl, cd udf suo`mvmsmñd cd cj quc af`f fpfrtfecdtl tmcdc udf supcrimamc `c =>> e¿, jf `cdsm`f` bfomtfamldfj `c 66 vmvmcd`fs / bcatærcf. @cdsm`f` urofdf cs ud tíremdl usf`l cd pjfdmimafamñd urofdf y `mscöl urofdl pfrf rcicrmrsc fj dûecrl `c pcrsldfs quc bfomtfd ud ærcf urofdmzf`f `ctcremdf`f. Alel tfj, `coc `mstmdgumrsc `c ltrfs ec`m`fs `c `cdsm`f` `c plojfamñd. Jf `cdsm`f` urofdf sc aldsm`crf ud ifatlr meplrtfdtc pfrf cdtcd`cr añel iudamldfd jfs amu`f`cs. Jf mdvcstmgfamñd rcjfamldf`f ald jf `cdsm`f` urofdf sc rcfjmzf cd `mvcrsfs ærcfs, mdajum`fs jf caldleåf, jf sfju`, jf mddlvfamñd, jf psmaljlgåf y jf gclgrfiåf, fså alel jf slstcdmomjm`f`. Qc sucjc fimrefr quc jfs amu`f`cs `c efylr `cdsm`f` sld eæs slstcdmojcs quc jfs amu`f`cs `c ofkf `cdsm`f`. Grfd pfrtc `c jf tclråf `c jf pjfdmimafamñd urofdf, pfrtmaujfrecdtc `cj Dlrtc, cj _cmdl Fustrfjmf y Ducvf [cjfd`f, sc bf `csfrrljjf`l cd aldFeírmaf cj lokctmvl `c cjcvfr jfs Sdm`l, `cdsm`f`cs urofdfs, alel cj Dcw Srofdmsel, cj `csfrrljjl lrmcdtf`l fj Prædsmtl y cj arcamemcdtl mdtcjmgcdtc. Qmd ceofrgl, cj vådaujl cdtrc jf `cdsm`f` urofdf y jls fspcatls `c slstcdmomjm`f` smguc smcd`l ud ærcf `msputf`f `c jf tclråf `c jf pjfdmimafamñd.

1?

 

?.0.6.  CKCE^JLQ @C YMYMCD@FQ @C @CDQM@F@ EC@MF

Jf efylråf `c jfs vcacs aufd`l bfojfels `c vmvmcd`f `c `cdsm`f` ec`mf dls rcicrmels f c`mimamls eujtmifemjmfrcs, y fudquc dl scf `c efdcrf gcdcrfj y cd tl`fs jfs lafsmldcs, pfrf aldstrumr udf vmvmcd`f `c cstc tmpl, `cocels tlefr cd aucdtf amcrtls fspcatls, pcrl udl `c jls eæs prmdampfjcs cs cj aldtlrdl y cj aldtcxtl `cj jugfr fj quc cstfels trftfd`l, pl`cels loscrvfr ud ckcepjl `c cstl, ald jf mefgcd elstrf`f f aldtmdufamñd.

11

 

?.0.?.  ELOMJMF_ML @C SDF YMYMCD@F @CDQM@F@ EC@MF

Jls eucojcs sld cjcecdtls quc jc ltlrgfd f ducstrf vmvmcd`f ud fmrc smgdmimaftmvl `c cstmjl y pcrsldfjm`f`, cs plr cstl quc cs `c suef meplrtfdamf scr aum`f`lsls f jf blrf `c su cjcaamñd. Dl tl`l elomjmfrml cs smemjfr l pfrcam`l, af`f udl `c cjjls fplrtf scdsfamldcs `mstmdtfs. Qc cjmgcd tcdmcd`l cd aucdtf `mvcrsls aldacptls quc mdajuycd; dcacsm`f`cs, gustls, iudamldfjm`f` y, prmdampfjecdtc `calrfamñd. ?.0.?.6.  Pmpls `c eucojcs.

f.  Qliæ Qucjc cstfr cd Jmvmdg, aufrtl `c cstfr, sfjldcs cd `cimdmtmvf dl sld df`f smd cj sliæ alel pmczf prltfgldmstf.

o.  Qmjjñd Alel alepjcecdtl `cj sliæ cd afsl `c jmvmdgs plal cspfamlsls fplrtfd fsmcdtls, pcrl sld eæs jmgcrls quc sm sc aljlafd `ls sliæs. Qld f`ceæs eæs iæamjcs y elvcr y rcuomafr scgûd jfs dcacsm`f`cs.

a.  Ecsf `c acdtrl Arcfd ud cspfaml `c `csafdsl slorc cj quc pmaltf csf zldf cd cj jmvmdg. Bfy ecsfs `c acdtrl y `c afií (tmcdcd jfs emsefs iudamldcs) y jfs bfy tfeomíd `c tl`l tmpl, ilref y ec`m`f.

10

 

`.  Cstfdtcråf jmorcråf Cd cstc tmpl `c eucojc tfeomíd puc`cs aljlafr lokctls `calrftmvls y rcaucr`ls, cj cqumpl `c eûsmaf y jls `msals alepfatls. Qld euy vcrsætmjcs y sus ofj`fs iæamjcs `c f`fptfr f `mstmdtfs fjturfs.

c.  Ecsf fuxmjmfr Eucojc `c fplyl aufd`l dcacsmtfs supcrimamc cxtrf acraf `c sliæs l smjjldcs. ^frf cj tcjíildl, jls eñvmjcs l cj m^l`. Cd afsl `c dcacsmtfrjf, puc`cs suefrjf f jf supcrimamc `c jf ecsf `c acdtrl.

i.  Eucojc pfrf cj tcjcvmslr Fudquc ald jf tcadljlgåf el`crdf af`f vcz sld eæs `cjgf`ls y pcsfd ecdls, jls tcjcvmslrcs smgucd laupfd`l cspfaml. Sdl meplrtfdtc f`ceæs plrquc sucjcd aldgrcgfr f jf ifemjmf f su fjrc`c`lr. Sdl quc lirczaf cj cspfaml eådmel dcacsfrml ald afkldcs pfrf gufr`fr pcjåaujfs, kucgls y afojcs tc fyu`fræ f efdtcdcr cj lr`cd.

13

 

g.  Ymtrmdf y/l fpfrf`lr Dl smceprc sc tmcdc cspfaml pfrf cstfs `ls pmczfs `c elomjmfrml plrquc sld vljuemdlsfs. Qmd ceofrgl, tc pcremtcd gufr`fr vfkmjjfs, armstfjcråfs y jf rlpf `c ecsf. Jfs quc tmcdcd pucrtfseæs `c armstfj fjmgcrfd cj feomcdtc y pcremtcd cxbmomr tus pmczfs oldmtfs.

b.  Ecsf `c alec`lr Fj mgufj quc cj sliæ jf ecsf `c alec`lr cs ud eucojc vljuemdlsl quc tmcdc quc fkustfr su tfeföl f jfs `mecdsmldcs `cj aufrtl y fj `cj dûecrl `c pcrsldfs quc jf usfræd. ^lr rcgjf gcdcrfj cs prcicrmojc aleprfrjf pfrf jls quc sc scdtfræd bfomtufjecdtc (sm fafsl suef `ls pjfzfs) quc aleprfr udf cdlrec quc sc `cspjcgfræ plafs vcacs. m.  Qmjjfs `c alec`lr Kustl jfs quc alrrcspld`cd f jf ecsf, dm eæs dm ecdls. Jfs smjjfs `c alec`lr tmcdcdl plr ilrzlsfecdtc `cj emseldl`mscöl aljlrquí qucscr jf ecsf. Qc jjcvf jl cajíatmal y jf eczajf `c cstmjls, aljlrcs y ilrefs.

19

 

 k.  Csarmtlrml Qm sc trfofkf cd afsf (jl emsel `f ` f quc scf cstu`mfd`l alel bfamcd`l ud trfofkl rceudcrf`l) cj csarmtlrml cs ud eucojc quc tc ifamjmtf Jckls bfdy quc`f`l fqucjjlsjfsqucalsfs. crfd cdlrecs fpfrftlsls. Fblrf puc`cs fkustfrjls bfstf f jls rmdaldcs eæs pcqucöls. Cd hmt, `c armstfj, ajæsmals y el`crdls. Afsm tl`l vmcdc ald tl`l jl dcacsfrml pfrf quc puc`fs f`fptfr tu aleputf`lrf `cs`c ofj`fs cxtrfåojcs pfrf cj tcajf`l f sukctf afojcs.

h.  Qmjjf `c csarmtlrml ] sm dl tmcdcs prlojcefs `c cspfaml y trfofkfs cd afsf, jf smjjf `cj csarmtlrml `coc scr f`cauf`f pfrf trfofkfr crgldñemaf y ald `micrcdtcs fjturfs quc f`fptcd tu cspfj`f y jf `mstfdamf `c jls orfzls f jf `cj tcajf`l `cj lr`cdf`lr. j.  Afef y afocacrl Jf afef prmdampfj `coc scr jl eæs añel`f plsmojc ald ud aljabñd quc sc f`fptc f tu aljuedf y f jf `urczf quc prcamscs. Sdf afef grfd`c y añel`f Aleprf jf cstruaturf y jucgl sm jl tmcdcs pcdsf`l csalgc cj afocacrl. Cd afsl aldtrfrml, puc`cs `ckfrjl pfrf eæs f`cjfdtc aufd`l scpfs cxfatfecdtc quí tmpl `c afocacrf tc gustfråf y aleomdf ald cj cstmjl quc bfyfs cjcgm`l.

17

 

e.  Ecsf `c dlabc Meprcsamd`mojcs alel cspfaml `c fplyl f jls jf`ls `c jf afef. Qc puc`c kugfr ald jf smectråf cjmgmíd`ljfs mgufjcs `micrcdtcs pfrf rmtel f jf`c`calrfamñd udf sljf smmdtrl`uamr cs udf bfomtfamñd usl md`mvm`ufj c mdajusl, csalgcr udf pmczf lrmgmdfj; ud ofûj, ud aldkudtl `c efjctfs, udf ofdquctf lrmgmdfj, smjjfs ald bmstlrmf, Qcgûd cj cstmjl `calrftmvl pl`ræs kugfr ald `micrcdtcs lpamldcs.

d.  Afef md`mvm`ufj Sdf afef md`mvm`ufj scræ omcdvcdm`f cd udf bfomtfamñd `c mdvmtf`ls. ^uc`c scr `cj tmpl afdgurl, pjcgfojc l mdajusl ud sliæ afef, pcrl gcdcrfjecdtc, f tl`ls vmcdc omcd udf pjfzf pfrf `lremr cxtrf.

l.  Qmjjñd l smjjf `csafjzf`lrf Meplrtfdtc pfrf fplyfrtc aufd`l tc vmstcs l pfrf `ckfr jf rlpf prcpfrf`f slorc cjjf. Sdl `c `ls scgûd scf cj cspfaml `mspldmojc. Dlrefjecdtc tmcdcd udf fjturf ecdlr f jf `c jfs smjjfs `c alec`lr. ^uc`c sustmtumrsc plr udl `c jls jjfef`ls gfjfdcs `c dlabc, ud fuxmjmfr ald ilref `c efdmquå l `c pcrabf, pfrf aljlafr rlpf.

12

 

p. 

Añel`f

Sd eucojc ald afkldcs quc cs euy ûtmj pfrf jf rlpf mdtcrmlr, afemsldcs y pmkfefs, fså alel pfrf jfs prcd`fs eæs `cjmaf`fs. q. 

Frefrml

Qm tu afsf dl tmcdc frefrmls `c lorf dcacsmtfræs udl cxcdtl. Ojusfs, afemsfs, vcstm`ls y trfkcs cdaucdtrfd cd íj su ecklr jugfr pfrf scr gufr`f`ls y aldscrvf`ls cd pcricatfs ald`mamldcs.

1=

 

?.3.  JF YMYMCD@F CD CJ QFJYF@L_

Cj scr buefdl smceprc bf tcdm`l jf dcacsm`f` `c rciugmfrsc pfrf aldtrfrrcstfr jfs ald`mamldcs f`vcrsfs `c vmvmr f jf mdtcepcrmc. Cd jf prcbmstlrmf, pfrf prltcgcrsc `cj ajmef f`vcrsl l jfs imcrfs, sljåf rciugmfrsc cd aucvfs dfturfjcs, ald su ifemjmf, omcd scf duajcfr l cxtcd`m`f. Prf`mamldfjecdtc, cd cj eud`l eud `l rurfj crfd jls prlpmls usufrmls jls rcspldsfojcs `c aldstrumr su vmvmcd`f, scgûd sus prlpmfs dcacsm`f`cs y usls f pfrtmr `c jls el`cjls bfomtufjcs `c su cdtlrdl y `c jls eftcrmfjcs `mspldmojcs cd jf zldf8 plr cj aldtrfrml, cd jfs amu`f`cs, crf eæs bfomtufj quc jfs vmvmcd`fs iucrfd aldstrum`fs plr frtcsfdls l frqumtcatls cspcamfjmzf`ls. Cd jls pfåscs `csfrrljjf`ls, cj `mscöl `c jfs vmvmcd`fs bf pfsf`l f scr alepctcdamf cxajusmvf `c frqumtcatls c mdgcdmcrls, emcdtrfs quc su aldstruaamñd cs rcfjmzf`f plr ceprcsfs y prlicsmldfjcs cspcaåimals, ofkl jf `mrcaamñd tíadmaf `cj frqumtcatl u ltrls tíadmals. ?.3.6.  Pmpls `c Ymvmcd`fs cd Cj Qfjvf`lr Cj Qfjvf`lr cs ud pfås `c Acdtrlfeírmaf cd cj aufj cxmstc udf vfrmc`f` `c vmvmcd`fs jfs aufjcs tmcdcd `micrcdtcs afrfatcråstmafs cd iudamñd `c su uomafamñd. Jfs vmvmcd`fs `cj scatlr rurfj `c Cj Qfjvf`lr, sld cd su efylråf `c f`loc pcrl cd lafsmldcs `cpcd`mcd`l `c jls mdgrcsls quc rcamocd yf scf plr sus aujtmvls l aufd`l rcamocd `mdcrl fyu`f `c ifemjmfrcs quc cstæd cd cj cxtrfdkcrl l cd cj pfås quc tmcdcd udf caldleåf `micrcdtc fjgudfs afsfs cstæd aldstrum`fs `c jf`rmjjl l ojlah y tmcdcd cdircdtc ud alrrc`lr fomcrtl cd cj aufj jls emceorls `c jf ifemjmf pfsfd jf efylr pfrtc `cj tmcepl rcircsaæd`lsc ald jf ormsf, cd cspcamfj cd jf íplaf `cj vcrfdl `ld`c bfac euabl afjlr.

0>

 

Cd ltrls afsls, smceprc cd jf zldf rurfj, jfs vmvmcd`fs sld aldstrum`fs `c ofbfrcquc, ltrl tmpl `c vmvmcd`f quc cs aleûd cd jfs zldfs eæs plorcs cs jf `c jfs afsfs aldstrum`fs ald jæemdf y ef`crf. ^lr cj aldtrfrml, cd jfs amu`f`cs `c Cj Qfjvf`lr pl`cels cdaldtrfr ud tmpl `c vmvmcd`f eæs alepfatf y f`fptf`f f jfs ald`mamldcs `c plal cspfaml quc pf`cac cstc ocjjl pfås, bfojfels `cj afsl `c jfs aljldmfs l rcsm`cdamfjcs, cd jf aufj jfs vmvmcd`fs sld pcqucöfs. Jf efylråf `c cstfs afsfs sld `c ? l 1 rcafefrfs ald ud rcamom`lr l sfjf fj ircdtc pfrf aufd`l jjcgfd jls mdvmtf`ls, fsmemsel aucdtfd ald udf alamdf ald ud pcqucöl alec`lr pfrf caldlemzfr cspfaml y pl`cr alecr fj emsel tmcepl quc efeæ alamdf.

06

 

Fjgudfs afsfs cd Cj Qfjvf`lr puc`cd jjcgfr f scr eæs juklsfs y cstæd aldstrum`fs cd aljldmfs rcsm`cdamfjcs acrrf`fs fj jmorc trædsmtl, `mabfs vmvmcd`fs puc`cd jjcgfr f scr `c `ls l trcs dmvcjcs y cstæd aldstrum`fs ald ud `mscöl el`crdl, ald bfstf 3 > 9 rcafefrfs, y af`f udf ald su rcspcatmvl oföl l ald oföls alepfrtm`ls, fså alel sfjfs `c cstfr y alec`lrcs pfrf falel`fr f vfrmls mdvmtf`ls, mdvm tf`ls, cstfs afsfs gcdcrfjecdtc tmcdc ud prcaml fjgl cjcvf`l pfrf quc puc`fd scr aleprf`fs l aldstrum`fs plr cj sfjvf`lrcöl prlec`ml, fså quc cd su grfd efylråf jls `ucöls sld pljåtmals l prcscdtf`lrcs `c tcjcvmsmñd l ceprcsfrmls ald udf grfd ilrtudf. ilrtudf.

0?

 

01

 

1.6.  CJCECDPLQ CRP_MDQMALQ

1.6.6.  SOMAFAMÑD @CJ ^_L]CAPL Cj smtml f scr fdfjmzf`l pfrf jf prlpucstf sc uomaf cd jf _cpuojmaf `c Cj Qfjvf`lr cd jf Feírmaf acdtrfj, cd cj `cpfrtfecdtl `c Qfdtf Fdf, cd jf zldf Dlrcstc `c jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf, afocacrf `cj eudmampml, `cpfrtfecdtl, `mstrmtl y sc`c8 y cs jf amu`f` prmdampfj `c jf zldf laam`cdtfj `cj pfås y scgud`f amu`f` cd meplrtfdamf, uomaf`f f 90 he `c jf afpmtfj cstftfj, Qfd Qfjvf`lr. Cj smtml f scr fdfjmzf`l pfrf jf prlpucstf sc cdaucdtrf cd jf _cpuojmaf `c Cj Qfjvf`lr, `cpfrtfecdtl `c Qfdtf Fdf, eudmampml `c Qfdtf Fdf, cspcaåimafecdtc cdtrc fvcdm`f md`cpcd`cdamf sur y jf 9tf fvcdm`f sur, cd jf 17 afjjc pldmcdtc. Cd urofdmzfamñd prmvf`f, ‚^fsfkc Cj Afictfj―, quc sc cdaucdtrf alel pudtl `c rcicrcdamf cj rcstfurfdtc ‚Mddf Kfeemd―.

Cj tcrrcdl f cstu`mfr tmcdc ud ærcf `c ?02.9= ectrls auf`rf`ls y su pcråectrl cs `c 9=.91 e. Qc cdaucdtrf f udf jftmtu` `c 61¾32'?0.3>" fj dlrtc8 y udf jldgmtu` jlafj `c 2=¾11'0?.03" fj lcstc. Ald udf cjcvfamñd `c 9=3 esde.

00

 

03

 

1.6.?.  IL_EF @C JF AMS@F@

Jf alepjckm`f` `c jf amu`f` cs iucdtc `c jf alepjckm`f` `cj urofdmsel, y ístc puc`c cdilafrsc `cs`c `micrcdtcs fspcatls, jf ilref y `msplsmamñd `c jf amu`f`, jf `mdæemaf `c jfs fatmvm`f`cs caldñemafs, slamfjcs y feomcdtfjcs. Jf ilref urofdf cstæ `ctcremdf`f plr jf cxtcdsmñd, `mstrmouamñd y `msplsmamñd `c cspfamls fomcrtls `c `lemdml usl pûojmals. @micrcdtcs tmpls `c cspfamls pûojmals `fd jugfr f `mstmdtls tmpls `c tckm`ls urofdls, cdtrc jls quc `cstfafd plr su meplrtfdamf rcsm`cdamfj afsals fdtmguls, cxtcdsmldcs lrtlgldfjcs, cdsfdabcs y pljågldls `c ojlqucs fmsjf`ls. Jf ilref `c jf amu`f` cstæ `cimdm`f plr su `mecdsmñd l cxtcdsmñd iåsmaf, plr sus jåemtcs l aldtlrdl. Jf cxtcdsmñd y ilref sc f`fptfd fj ec`ml iåsmal. Cs jf trfzf, l scf, jf rc` `c våfs `c amraujfamñd quc vfd `cs`c jfs frtcrmfs prmdampfjcs bfstf jfs pcqucöfs afjjcs `cj vcamd`frml. Af`f tmpl `c trfzf `ctcremdf udf ilref `c amu`f` `cicrcdtc. Cd jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf, sc puc`cd m`cdtmimafr `micrcdtcs tmpls `c trfzf l `c ilref `c jf amu`f`, cdtrc jfs quc sc puc`cd ecdamldfr jf auf`rmaujf, rf`ml aídtrmaf, y jf `cslr`cdf`f. Ald jf prmecrf ilref ecdamldf`f pl`cels cdtcd`cr quc qumcrc cxmstmr ud lr`cd, ifamjmtfd`l jf jltmimafamñd, cj trfdsplrtc, f`emdmstrfamñd, pcrl quc afusf ud `cspcr`maml cd jf cd jf vmfomjm`f`, amu`f`. y, plr aldsmgumcdtc, udf plorczf vmsufj quc afusf ud fspcatl dcgftmvl Ald jf scgud`f, jf rf`ml aídtrmaf, sc puc`c dltfr, prmdampfjecdtc cd jf `mstrmouamñd `c jfs afjjcs y fvcdm`fs, mdmamf`fs cd cj Acdtrl Bmstñrmal, cspcaåimafecdtc cd ‚^frquc Jmocrtf`―, yf quc tl`fs jfs dlecdajfturfs prlvmcdcd `c csc cqumpfemcdtl cd

cspcaåimal. ] pfrf imdfjmzfr, jf tcracrf, cs jf `cslr`cdf`f, quc aucdtf ald udf `mimaujtf` cd cj trfdsplrtc, alel sc puc`c loscrvfr cd jfs afjjcs `cj acdtrl `c jf amu`f` y sus fjrc`c`lrcs.

09

 

Jf cstruaturf oæsmaf `c jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf sc bf pcr`m`l, pcr`m `l, prl`uatl `c jfs ofrrcrfs iåsmafs quc tmcdc pfrf arcacr jfs aufjcs cstæd `ctcremdf`fs plr jf Vucorf`f Qfdtf Juamf cd su alstf`l lcstc, y plr _ål Cj Eljmdl, cd su alstf`l cstc8 jl quc vmcdc f `cim `cimdmr dmr udf cstruaturf urofdf `c ilref jmdcfj. Fj sur-cstc `c jf amu`f` sc cdaucdtrfd sucjls faam`cdtf`ls ald pcd`mcdtcs cdtrc cj ?3 y 0>%, cd cstls sucjls cs `ld`c sc loscrvf cj arcamemcdtl urofdl cd jls ûjtmels föls, cstl sc `coc f jf faacsmomjm`f` quc tmcdcd ald jf aldstruaamñd `c jf futlpmstf Qfd Qfjvf`lr-Qfdtf Fdf y plrquc sld sucjls `c fjtf afjm`f` urofdf y feomcdtfj. ^lr jl tfdtl, sc jjcgf f jf aldajusmñd quc jf amu`f` `c sfdtf Fdf tmcdc ilref `c udf amu`f` jmdcfj. Jf cstruaturf urofdf `c jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf eucstrf udf `ræstmaf el`mimafamñd f pfrtmr `cj föl 6=7>, ald jf fepjmfamñd `c jfs fatmvm`f`cs md`ustrmfjcs, alecramfjcs y imdfdamcrfs sc vf loscrvfd`l amcrtf trfdsilrefamñd `cj fdtmgul acdtrl `c jf amu`f`, cd cj quc vf fpfrcamcd`l ducvfs c`mimafamldcs pfrf jlafjcs alecramfjcs (Ectrl acdtrl) y `c limamdf, prmdampfjecdtc.

07

 

Amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf, ilref `c jf amu`f`, auf`rmaujf. 

02

 

1.6.1.  QMQPCEF YMFJ

Jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf cs amraud`f`f plr afjjcs efylrmtfrmfecdtc pfvmecdtf`fs. Jf `cdlemdfamñd dueírmaf cs `f`f plr jls auf`rf`ls ilref`ls plr jf fvcdm`f Md`cpcd`cdamf y jf afjjc Jmocrtf`. Cdtrc jfs afjjcs prmdampfjcs sc cdaucdtrfd; Klsí Efrmfdl Eíd`cz, Jmocrtf`, ?3 afjjc pldmcdtc, 16 afjjc pldmcdtc (cstf ûjtmef tfeomíd cs aldlam`f alel afjjc Qfd Efracjmdl Abfepfgdft)8 jfs fvcdm`fs Md`cpcd`cdamf, Klsí Eftåfs @cjgf`l, Irfy Icjmpc `c Kcsûs Elrfgf, Qfdtf Fdf Afjmilrdmf y jls oujcvfrcs Jls 00, Dmaljæs Qfjûec y Bírlcs. Cj acdtrl `c jf amu`f` efdtmcdc jf ilref rctmaujfr rctma ujfr cd su trfzf`l urofdl. Cstc `mscöl sc vf pcr`mcd`l cdtrc eæs sc vfd fjckfd`l jfs afjjcs y fvcdm`fs `cj acdtrl `c jf amu`f`. Jf vmfjm`f` cxmstcdtc quc prcstf cj scatlr pfrf cj faacsl fj prlycatl dl auepjc cd su tltfjm`f` ald cj fdabl `c våf rcqucrm`l y afrcac `c rl`femcdtl pcftldfj, cstfs våfs jf aufj sc cstu`mfrfd eæs f`cjfdtc f pcsfr `c quc qu c dl sld `c grfd fijucdamf vcbmaujfr scråf euy ocdcimamlsl sm sc pu`mcrfd el`mimafr pfrf cvmtfr pudtls `c aldijmatl. Cd rcjfamñd ald cj trfdsplrtc urofdl, sc pl`råf `camr quc sc cdaucdtrf cd udf zldf ofstfdtc f`cauf`f, yf quc bfy faacsmomjm`f` `c jfs rutfs `c ouscs.

0=

 

_SPF @C OSQ _SPF 33O _SPF 67 _SPF >= _SPF >2 _SPF 3= _SPF ?>6 _SPF 36I _SPF >? _SPF ?62 _SPF ?>6-F

@CQPMDL CJ P_COLJ-PC_EMDFJ CJ P_COLJ-PC_EMDFJ CJ P_COLJ-PC_EMDFJ ACDP_L-CJ ^FJEF_ CJ ALDGL QFD QFJYF@L_-QFD_F FDF PC_EMDFJ-ACDP_L ECP_LACDP_L-AFELDCQ ABFJABSF^F-QFDPF FDF QFDPF FDF-QFD QFJYF@L_ECPF^FD

Jf amu`f` cstæ aldcatf`f f trfvís `c jfs afrrctcrfs AF-6? (quc aldcatf plr cj dlrtc ald Ectfpfd y plr cj sur ald Qldsldftc), _D-61 (afrrctcrf cdtrc jf amu`f` y Abfjabufpf), QFD->1 (jf auæj aldcatf jf amu`f` ald Qfd ^fojl Pfafabmal), Pfafa bmal), _D->= lcstc (tfeomíd aldlam`f alel afrrctcrf fdtmguf f Qfd Qfjvf`lr, `com`l f quc crf jf ûdmaf afrrctcrf quc aldcatfof jf amu`f` ald jf afpmtfj fdtcs `c quc sc aldcatfrf jf fvcdm`f md`cpcd`cdamf ald jf afrrctcrf pfdfecrmafdf pfdfe crmafdf ald cj oujcvfr jls 008 plr ltrl jf`l cstæ afrrctcrf aldcatf jf amu`f` ald jf jlafjm`f` `c Alftcpcquc) y Afrrctcrf pfdfecrmafdf (aldlam`f cd jf dlecdajfturf dlecd ajfturf sfjvf`lrcöf `c afrrctcrfs alel AF-6) ald jls eudmampmls `cj `cpfrtfecdtl `c Qfdtf Fdf, ald jls `ceæs `cpfrtfecdtls y ald jf afpmtfj8 smcd`l pfrtc `cj rcalrrm`l `c jf afrrctcrf pfdfecrmafdf. @c cstæs jfs eæs trfdsmtf`fs sld jf _D-61 y jf afrrctcrf pfdfecrmafdf l AF-6 cd su mdgrcsl `c Qfd Qfjvf`lr. F jls futlouscs sc jls ajfsmimaf cd ? tmpls, jlf futlouscs urofdls (quc rcalrrcd jfs afjjcs `c jf amu`f`) y jls futlouscs mdtcrurofdls mdtcru rofdls (quc vmfkfd cdtrc jf amu`f` y jf afpmtfj u ltrfs plojfamldcs)8 pfrf cstc tmpl `c trfdsplrtc cxmstcd trcs tcremdfjcs, 6 pfrf pf rf ouscs mdtcrurofdls pcrtcdcamcdtc cspcaåimafecdtc f jf ceprcsf PS@L (uomaf`f cd jf afrrctcrf f Abfjabufpf), y ? pfrf aufjqumcr tmpl `c ouscs, (`c jfs auæjcs udf cstæ uomaf`f acraf `cj acdtrl `c jf amu`f`, quc cs aldlam`f alel tcremdfj Irfdamsal Jfrf ^mdc`f, emcdtrfs quc jf ltrf cstæ jlafjmzf`f cd jf sfjm`f `c jf amu`f` bfamf Ectfpfd.

3>

 

Jfs prmdampfjcs rutfs `c jf rc` `c futlouscs urofdls `c jf amu`f` sld fqucjjfs m`cdtmimaf`fs ald jls dûecrls 3>, 36 y 33, jfs auæjcs cd aldkudtl aucdtfd ald eæs `c ?>> udm`f`cs8 jfs rutfs `c futlouscs urofdls gcdcrfjecdtc smgucd ud rcalrrm`l dlrtcsur l pldmcdtc-lrmcdtc, jf efylråf `c rutfs ald rcalrrm`l dlrtc-sur pfrtcd `c udf zldf uomaf`f cd jf pcrmicrmf `c jf amu`f` bfamf ltrf uomaf`f tfeomíd cd jf pcrmicrmf y pfsfd vfrmfs vcacs cj acdtrl8 jf cxacpamñd `c cjjl cs jf rutf 36-i quc rcalrrc grfd pfrtc `c jf amu`f` amraudvfjfd`l pframfjecdtc cj acdtrl `c jf amu`f`, rcalrrmcd`l `cs`c cj acdtrl bfstf Ectrlacdtrl pfrf jucgl ofkfr plr cj oujcvfr Dmaljæs Qfjuec y rcgrcsfr fj acdtrl f trfvís `c jf afjjc Efrmfdl Eíd`cz l cd afeoml suomr bfstf jf aljldmf MYS uomaf`f fj dlrtc `c jf amu`f`.

36

 

3?  

1.6.0.  SQL @C QSCJL Jf tmpljlgåf quc prc`lemdf cd jfs acrafdåfs `cj ` cj scatlr cs `c vmvmcd`f `c fjtf y ec`mfdf `cdsm`f`, smd ceofrgl, `cdtrl `c jfs rutfs `c jfs prmdampfjcs våfs quc aldcatfd fj scatlr cxmstcd ifkfs alecramfjcs jfs aufjcs sld `c grfd rcjcvfdamf plr cstfr prñxmefs fj acdtrl `c Qfdtf Fdf. Jfs rcjfamldcs `cj scatlr ald cstfs zldfs f trfvís trfv ís `c jfs frtcrmfs prmdampfjcs sld `c grfd meplrtfdamf yf quc pcremtcd quc cj usufrml `c fjgudl `c cstls alepjckls puc`f rcfjmzfr `mstmdtfs tfrcfs cd udf emsef zldf. Jf tcd`cdamf `c cstc scatlr sc pcrimjf alel yf sc bf `celstrf`l pfrf ud arcamemcdtl `c cstfojcamemcdtls alecramfjcs y `c vmvmcd`f quc sc rcjfamldcd cdtrc så f trfvís `c jfs `micrcdtcs våfs `c faacsl alel jl sld prmdampfjecdtc jf Fvcdm`f Md`cpcd`cdamf. Jls jmemtcs quc bcels tlef`l, pframfjecdtc, cd rcjfamñd ald jls usls `c sucjl, pfrf

cstc prlycatl `c vmvmcd`f bfomtfamldfj `c `cdsm`f` ec`mf, sld jls smgumcdtcs, pudtls `c rcjcvfdamf;  



Csaucjf Mdtcrfecrmafdf (M`mlef Mdgjcs)

 



Srofdmzfamñd‚Kfr`mdcs Jfs Ijlrcs   Acecdtcrml Jfs Ijlrcs―.  



  _c`ld`cj ‚― 



 



^rltcaamñd Amvmj.

  Acdtrl Alecramfj ‚Ectrlacdtrl―. 



 



Mdstmtutl Qfjvf`lrcöl `c Qcgurl Qlamfj

Qc pu`l fprcamfr usls `c sucjl `c jls smgumcdtcs fspcatls; _csm`cdamfj   Alecraml y Qcrvmamls  





   

 

@ltfamldfj Cspfamls Jmorcs

31

 

ALJL_

SQL @C QSCJL PC_AMF_ML MDPCDQMYL(ALEC_AML ] QC_YMAMLQ). ALEC_AMFJ ‑ _CQM@CDAMFJ. _CQM@CDAMFJ MDPCDQMYL. @LPFAMLDFJ. CQ^FAML CQ^F AML JMO_C ^ OJMAL. OJMAL.

30

 

1.6.3.  CVSM^FEMCDPL S_OFDL 1.6.3.6.  _CJFAMLDCQ @CJ QCAPL_ ALD [LDFQ ME^L_PFDPCQ @C JF AMS@F@

Cj scatlr `c cstu`ml sc uomaf cd jf zldf sur `c jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf, zldf quc sc bf afrfatcrmzf`l plr plsccr fepjmfs zldfs `c alecraml `c meplrtfdamf plr cstfr acraf `cj acdtrl, fså alel rcsm`cdamfjcs `c ec`mfdf y fjtf `cdsm`f` fj mgufj quc jls ofrrmls cd sus acrafdåfs `c fjtf `cdsm`f` plojfamldfj. Qc bf prlycatf`l quc cd Qfdtf Fdf su arcamemcdtl cs bfamf cj sur, `c efdcrf quc cj scatlr `ld`c sc uomaf cj tcrrcdl cs ofstfdtc ñptmel pfrf cj prlycatl bfomtfamldfj quc sc prctcd`c pfrf `frjc ud efylr rcfjac f jf zldf dlrtc `c jf amu`f` pfrf jlgrfr mepjcecdtfr ud ducvl aldacptl cd alepjckls urofdåstmals, f`ceæs aucdtf ald jfs våfs f`cauf`fs quc aleudmafd jfs `ceæs zldfs meplrtfdtcs ald cj scatlr jl aufj arcfrf ifamjm`f`cs pfrf cj usufrml cd aufdtl f jf rcfjmzfamñd `c tfrcfs altm`mfdfs l pcrmñ`mafs.

1.6.3.?.  _CJFAMLDCQ CQ^FAMFJCQ @C [LDFQ AC_AFDFQ FJ QCAPL_

Jf tmpljlgåf quc prc`lemdf cd jfs acrafdåfs `cj ` cj scatlr cs `c vmvmcd`f `c fjtf y ec`mfdf `cdsm`f`, smd ceofrgl, `cdtrl `c jfs rutfs `c jfs prmdampfjcs våfs quc aldcatfd fj scatlr cxmstcd ifkfs alecramfjcs jfs aufjcs sld `c grfd rcjcvfdamf plr cstfr prñxmefs p rñxmefs fj acdtrl `c Qfdtf Fdf. Jfs rcjfamldcs `cj scatlr ald cstfs zldfs f trfvís trfv ís `c jfs frtcrmfs prmdampfjcs sld `c grfd meplrtfdamf yf quc pcremtcd quc cj usufrml `c fjgudl `c cstls alepjckls puc`f rcfjmzfr `mstmdtfs tfrcfs cd udf emsef zldf. Jf tcd`cdamf `c cstc scatlr sc pcrimjf alel yf sc bf `celstrf`l pfrf ud arcamemcdtl `c cstfojcamemcdtls alecramfjcs y `c vmvmcd`f quc sc rcjfamldcd cdtrc så f trfvís `c jfs `micrcdtcs våfs `c faacsl alel jl sld prmdampfjecdtc jf Fv. Klsí Eftåfs @cjgf`l cdtrc ltrfs. 33

 

1.6.3.1.  _CJFAMÑD @CJ QCAPL_ ALD CJ CVSM^FEMCDPL @C QFJS@ ] C@SAFAMÑD. 

Cj prlycatl tmcdc jf dcacsm`f` `c fofstcacrsc l alepjcecdtfrsc ald ltrls `c cqumpfemcdtl cd cstc afsl aldsm`crfels cj `c sfju` y c`uafamñd f dmvcj pudtufj `c uomafamñd `c cstls acdtrls. Qc tlef cd aucdtf cj tmpl `c c`uafamñd `f`f jf dcacsm`f` `c cspframemcdtl `c jls cstu`mfdtcs l jf rcfjmzfamñd `c alepctcdamfs, jls acdtrls eæs acrafdls sld cj Aljcgml Qfdtf Efrmf, Aljcgml Qfjcsmfdl Qfd Klsí , Acdtrl Csaljfr MDQF, Acdtrl csaljfr ‚^ftrmamf Qmildtcs―, cdtrc ltrfs y cj scatlr sfju` plr jf prcscdamf `c bcrm`ls prlvcdmcdtcs `cj prlycatl, jls acdtrls `c sfju` eæs acrafdls sld jf udm`f` `c sfju` Qfd _fifcj, udm`f` `c sfju` Afsf `cj Dmöl, Mdstmtutl Qfjvf`lrcöl `cj Qcgurl Qlamfj, ajådmafs prmvf`fs.

1.6.3.0.  _CJFAMÑD @CJ QCAPL_ ALD LP_LQ ACDP_LQ @C^L_PMYLQ.

Fj rcvmsfr jls `mstmdtls tmpls `c acdtrls `cplrtmvls y su uomafamñd sc loscrvf quc sljl cxmstc ud alepjckl `cplrtmvl quc fofraf ald euabls tmpls `c `msampjmdfs `cplrtmvfs cj aufj cs cj cstf`ml ‚Lsafr Fjocrtl Vumtcöl―, uomaf`l cd aljldmf Cj ^fjefr, ^fj efr, smd ceofrgl

cj prlycatl f rcfjmzfr `fræ ud efylr rcfjac `com`l f su fjafdac ald rcspcatl f cstc acdtrl `cplrtmvl cxmstcdtc f pcsfr quc dl sc cdaucdtrcd f grfd `mstfdamf cdtrc så, pcremtmræ quc jls ftjctfs y cspcatf`lrcs puc`fd bfacrsc dl sljl `c udf vmvmcd`f smdl quc tfeomíd `c ud jugfr sfdl `c cspframemcdtl pfrf prfatmafr `micrcdtcs `msampjmdfs `cplrtmvfs. Cstc tmpl `c alepjckls rcqumcrc jf alepjcecdtfamñd ald cj cqumpfemcdtl eudmampfj tfjcs alel scrvmamls `c sfju`, c`uafamñd, cdtrc ltrls. Cj mepfatl `cj prlycatl f cstc fpfrtf`l aldsmstmræ cd jf aleudmafamñd vmfj `c jls acdtrls fj alepjckl f prlpldcr.

39

 

F aldtmdufamñd, pl`rcels tcdcr ud auf`rl `cj cqumpfemcdtl, ald ud rf`ml `c 63>> ectrls. C@SAFPMYL

CVSM^FEMCDPL S_OFDL   Aljcgml Qfdtf Efråf 

   

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Aljcgml Qfjcsmfdl Qfd Klsí Mdstmtutl Dfamldfj `c Qfdtf Fdf   Acdtrl Csaljfr Pleæs Ec`mdf   Mdstmtutl Pcadljñgmal Acdtrl Fecrmafdl   Acdtrl Csaljfr ^ftrmamf Qmildtcs

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





QFDMPF_ML

Mdstmtutl Qfjvf`lrcöl `cj Qcgurl Qlamfj   Ajådmaf ^rmvf`f, ^c`rl Csafjfdtc   Ajådmaf (cstæ cdircdtc `cj scgurl, afjjc lpucstf)  

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



QLAMFJ-_CJMGMLQL

Mgjcsmf Qfd Efrtmd   Mgjcsmf `cj Aljcgml Qfjcsmfdl Qfd Klsí.   Afsf Aleudfj Cj ^fjefr  

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

MDQPMPSAMLDFJ-ESDMAM^FJ

 

^rltcaamñd Amvmj

 

Ajcsf

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

@C^L_PMYL-_CA_CFPMYL

Cstf`ml Lsafr Fjocrtl Vumtcöl   _c`ld`cj Cj ^fjefr   _c`ld`cj Eldscölr _lecrl  

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



ASJPS_FJ

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YMFJ-P_FDQ^L_PC

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Euscl `cj aljcgml sfjcsmfdl sfd Klsí.

  cstfamldfemcdtl ‚Cj pfjefr― 

 

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^udtl `c Pfxm `c Ectrlacdtrl. 37

 

32

 

 

1.6.9.  QC_YMAMLQ 1.6.9.6. PCJCALELDMAFAMLDCQ @cdtrl `c tl`f cj ærcf `cj scatlr y sus aljmd`fdtcs prcstf jls rcqucrmemcdtls dcacsfrmls pfrf lptfr plr cstls scrvmamls quc sld ormd`f`ls plr `micrcdtcs alepföåfs smcd`l jfs prmdampfjcs, PMGL y AJF_L, ormd`fd`l udf efylr gfef `c prl`uatls y scrvmamls ltrfs ceprcsfs scaud`frmfs scrmfd, @MGMACJ, ELYMQPF_, cstfs ûjtmefs eæs cdilaf`ls fj scrvmaml `c mdtcrdct y tcjcildåf acjujfr. Pl`fs cstfs ceprcsfs aucdtfd ald `micrcdtcs limamdfs `c ftcdamñd fj ajmcdtc, pudtls `c vcdtf y

fdtcdfs rcpjmaf`lrfs `c scöfj cd `micrcdtcs pudtls `cj `cpfrtfecdtl fj mgufj quc cj cqumpl tíadmal dcacsfrml. Cstl pcremtc f tl`l cj scatlr cstfr aleudmaf`l fj mgufj quc cs plsmojc rcfjmzfr jf trfdsemsmñd ec`mætmaf `c aufjqumcr fatmvm`f` rcfjmzf`f cd cj prlycatl f prlpldcr.

1.6.9.?. PCJCILDMF ACJSJF_ Cj ærcf quc cstfels trfofkfd`l aucdtf ald cj scrvmaml `c alocrturf `c fjtf afjm`f` JPC (0G) grfamfs f jfs fdtcdfs `c tcjcildåf eñvmj smtuf`fs cd `micrcdtcs pudtls `cdtrl `c jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf alel cd sus pcrmicrmfs. Jfs fjturfs `c cstfs tlrrcs eucstrfd amcrtls jåemtcs pcremsmvls `c fjturf `c aldstruaamldcs, cstls jåemtcs dl sld acrrf`ls, smdl quc jfs j fs tlrrcs sc dlrefd scgûd jls armtcrmls `c jcycs fírcfs.

1.6.9.1. _CALJCAAMLD @C OFQS_F Jf fjafj`åf `c Qfdtf Fdf rcfjmzf jf rcaljcaamñd `lemamjmfr `c jf zldf plr ec`ml `c udm`f`cs eñvmjcs, pfrf jf rcaljcaamñd `c ofsurf cj @cpfrtfecdtl `c Fscl Srofdl `mvm`mñ jf amu`f` cd 62 zldfs, = `c cstfs aldtcepjfd cj acdtrl `c jf amu`f` y auyf rcaljcaamñd `c ofsurf sc `csfrrljjf jls judcs, emíraljcs y vmcrdcs. Emcdtrfs jfs ltrfs = zldfs quc auorcd jf pcrmicrmf `c ducstrf uroc, sc rcaljcatf sus `cscabls jls efrtcs, kucvcs y sæof`ls. @c mgufj efdcrf sc aucdtf ald cj scrvmaml `c rcaljcaamñd `c `cscabls ald afrrctldcs y cepjcf`ls `c jf fjafj`åf cd jls pfsfkcs y afjjcs euy

 

 

fdglstfs `ld`c cj afemñd rcaljcatlr dl puc`c mdgrcsfr `c mgufj ilref ald udf ircaucdamf `c 1 vcacs plr scefdf. Cstl emsel laurrc ald jf jmepmczf pûojmaf jf aufj a ufj cstæ f afrgl `c jf fjafj`åf f trfvís t rfvís `c jf limamdf `c Fscl urofdl8 afoc `cstfafr quc sc rcfjmzf ald jf emsef fsm`um`f` y dl sljl sc `f cd jfs våfs prmdampfjcs `cj scatlr, smdl quc tfeomíd cd jfs scd`fs prmvf`fs l ald tlpc y cd jls pfsfkcs `cj scatlr cd gcdcrfj.

Qcatlrcs Ecraf`ls y Pcremdfj

Pldcjf`fs `mfrmfs rcaljcatf`fs ?3 tldcjf`fs

Ofrrm`l `c afjjcs

61 tldcjf`fs

Blspmtfjcs

1 tldcjf`fs

Mdstmtuamldcs (aljcgmls, csaucjfs, cta.)

?3 tldcjf`fs

Dcglamls

?9 tldcjf`fs

@lemamjmfr

66>  tldcjf`fs

1.6.9.0. ALEC_AML ^frf cj alecraml jlafj cxmstcd fjefacdcs, tmcd`fs, pujpcråfs, ofdals, pfdf`cråfs, supcrecraf`ls, rcstfurfdtcs, gfsljmdcrfs, vcdtfs `c acrcfjcs, cdtrc ltrls. Qu alecramfjmzfamñd sc rcfjmzf ald jfs ltrfs afocacrfs `cpfrtfecdtfjcs y jls eudmampmls vcamdls tfjcs alel; Pcxmstcpcquc, Alftcpcquc, Cj Aldgl, Abfjabufpf, Afd`cjfrmf Irldtcrf, cdtrc ltrls. Emcdtrfs quc cj alecraml mdtcrdfamldfj`cjl jf rcfjmzf ald jf Ectfpfd, rcpûojmaf `c Guftcefjf. Cj acdtrl alecramfj eæs grfd`c `c jf amu`f` cs Ectrlacdtrl, cj aufj bf jjcvf`l cj `csfrrljjl alecramfj f jf pcrmicrmf Qur `c jf amu`f` prmdampfjecdtc cd cj ærcf `cj ^frquc Alecramfj Jls Bírlcs (cj aufj sc cdaucdtrf cdircdtc `cj acdtrl alecramfj)8 smd ceofrgl, cj acdtrl bmstñrmal smguc smcd`l ud pltcdtc eltlr cd cj `csfrrljjl caldñemal `c jf amu`f`.

 

 

1.6.9.3. 

ASJPS_FJ

^frf jf prcscdtfamñd `c frtcs csaídmafs, jf amu`f` aucdtf ald csacdfrmls meplrtfdtcs, smcd`l cj prmdampfj plr su tfeföl y fdtmgúc`f` cj Pcftrl Dfamldfj `c jf amu`f`, ltrls cstfojcamemcdtls pfrf jf prcscdtfamñd prcscdtfam ñd `c frtcs csaídmafs sld cj Amdc ^rmdampfj y cj Acdtrl Eudmampfj `c Ssls Eûjtmpjcs Cj ^fjefr. 1.6.9.9.  @C^L_PMYL Cdtrc jls jugfrcs `cplrtmvls eæs meplrtfdtcs cd jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf sc cdaucdtrfd; cj cstf`ml Ñsafr Vumtcöl, pljm`cplrtmvl MD@CQ (uomaf`l cd jf cx Imdaf El`cjl), Ajuo @cplrtmvl Qfdtfdcal (aldlam`l plpujfrecdtc alel Cj @cplrtmvl) y

cj Gmedfsml Qfdtfdcal.

 

 

 

 

1.6.7.  MDI_FCQP_SAPS_F S_OFDF 1.6.7.6.  Bm`rljñgmal Cj scatlr sc cdaucdtrf fofstcam`l plr cstc scrvmaml f trfvís `c plzls jlafjmzf`ls cd `micrcdtcs pudtls `c jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf. Cj suemdmstrl `c fguf pltfojc fj mgufj quc jls scrvmamls `c fauc`uatls y fjafdtfrmjjf`l cd cj eudmampml y jf amu`f` sld f`emdmstrf`ls plr jf mdstmtuamñd guocrdfecdtfj jjfef`f F`emdmstrfamñd Dfamldfj `c Fauc`uatls y Fjafdtfrmjjf`l (FD@F).

Cj fguf pltfojc quc suemdmstrf FD@F cd cj eudmampml y jf amu`f` prlac`c prmdampfjecdtc `cj fguf suotcrrædcf jf aufj cs foud`fdtc cd cj pfås pfå s y sc rcducvf af`f föl `urfdtc jf cstfamñd jjuvmlsf sc lotuvl mdilrefamñd gcdcrfjmzf`f `cj pfås alel, `ctcremdfr quc Cj Qfjvf`lr, aucdtf ald 9 emj 633 emjjldcs `c ectrls aûomals `c fguf suotcrrædcf. Qc aldsm`crf quc ud 6>>% `c jf plojfamñd `cj scatlr glzfd `c cstc scrvmaml yf quc cd jf zldf dl sc m`cdtmimañ dmdgûd fscdtfemcdtl cspldtfdcl quc jl plscf `c efdcrf mjcgfj dm `c dmdgudf urofdmzfamñd prlgrcsmvf quc cstuvmcrf cd prlacsl `c jcgfjmzfamñd. Cd jf zldf cd `ld`c cdaldtrfels cj tcrrcdl, pl`cels fprcamfr, `micrcdtcs plsls, quc fjgudls, jls eæs meplrtfdtcs, sc puc`cd fprcamfr cd cj csqucef, fj emsel tmcepl, ud bm`rfdtc quc sc cdaucdtrf fprlxmef`fecdtc f 13e `c ud jåemtc `cj tc rrcdltcdcels tcrrcdl cd fdæjmsms. Cdtrc jls plsls quc pl`cels laupfr pfrf bfacr aldcxmñd f ducstrl tcrrcdl, tcdcels cj eæs acrafdl, quc sc cdaucdtrf f ecdls `c 1> e, plr jf afjjc scaud`frmf. Cj scatlr `c cstu`ml sc cdaucdtrf jlafjmzf`l slorc udf zldf `c vujdcrfomjm`f` el`crf`f, scgûd cj pjfd rcgujf`lr `c Cj Qfjvf`lr arcf`l plr cj QDCP `ld`c sc md`maf quc cs væjm`l aldstrumr c`mimafamldcs vcrtmafjcs quc dl slafvcd bfstf cj dmvcj `cj efdtl

 

 

ircætmal y f`ceæs cs lojmgftlrml `csfrrljjfr ud aldtrlj `c `cscabls sñjm`ls y cvmtfr jf aldtfemdfamñd `cj sucjl. @f`fs jfs pcd`mcdtcs `cj tcrrcdl quc rld`fd cdtrc >.? y 1.3% y cj trftfemcdtl `c jfs afjjcs y aldstruaamldcs aljmd`fdtcs, cj rmcsgl plr mdud`famldcs cs c s rcjftmvfecdtc ofkl f pcsfr quc cxmstcd udls pcqucöls afuacs dfturfjcs ilref`ls `cdtrl `cj tcrrcdl quc fjefacdfd `cscabls. 

1.6.7.?.  Cjíatrmal

Cj suemdmstrl cjíatrmal cs `mstrmoum`l

prmdampfjecdtc plr jf ceprcsf prmvf`f FCQ AJCQF, emcdtrfs quc cj trfdsplrtc cs jjcvf`l f afol plr jf Ceprcsf Prfdsemslrf `c Cj Qfjvf`lr. Jf cdcrgåf cjíatrmaf aldsuem`f prlvmcdc tfdtl `c pjfdtfs gcdcrf`lrfs f`emdmstrf`fs plr AJCQF quc utmjmzfd cdcrgåf tíremaf, alel `c jfs Acdtrfjcs Bm`rlcjíatrmafs `c Gufklyl y Acrrñd Grfd`c aufjcs sld f`emdmstrf`ls plr jf(jls Alemsmñd Ckcautmvf `cj _ål Jcepf), fså alel tfeomíd `c jf meplrtfamñd `c cdcrgåf `c Guftcefjf y Bld`urfs. Cd jfs aljmd`fdamfs `cj scatlr dl sc jlafjmzfrld dl sc cdaldtrfrld aldcxmldcs mjcgfjcs. Cd cj csqucef pl`cels fprcamfr jf jlafjmzfamñd `c jls plstcs eæs acrafdls fj tcrrcdl quc cstfrcels laupfd`l pfrf cj `mscöl. ] pl`cels aldajumr quc jf aldcxmñd sc puc`c rcfjmzfr, jf eæs acrafdf sc cdaucdtrf f 6?e `cj jåemtc dlrtc `cj tcrrcdl.

 

 

Cd mdirfcstruaturf, `cocels tlefr cd aucdtf trcs fspcatls; bm`ræujmal, bm `ræujmal, cjíatrmal, feofs rcfjmzf`l fdæjmsms fdtcrmlrecdtc8 smcd`l fså, dls cdilafrcels cd cstf pfrtc cd jfs afjjcs quc sc cdaucdtrfd fjrc`c`lr `cj tcrrcdl. 1.6.7.1.  Afjjcs @cimdm`fs plr su trfzl, jldgmtu`, scaamñd, scöfjmzfamñd y cqumpfemcdtl ifamjmtfd`l cj trædsmtl bfamf tl`f jf zldf. Afjjcs ^rmdampfjcs Jfs afjjcs prmdampfjcs ald efylr faacsmomjm`f` f jf zldf prlpucstf f urofdmzfr sld

 

Fvcdm`f Md`cpcd`cdamf Qur.

Cs udl `cj faacsl eæs meplrtfdtc `c jf zldf, puc`c scr udf rutf `c faacsl l sfjm`f, vmdmcd`l `cs`c Qfd Qfjvf`lr, Ectfpfd, acdtrl `c jf Amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf. Fså emsel aldcatf ald afjjcs scaud`frmfs, aljldmfs, urofdmzfamldcs u rofdmzfamldcs acrafdfs, Sdmvcrsm`f`, Acdtrls alecramfjcs y imdfdamcrls. ^frtmcd`l `c cstf afjjc, jf faacsmomjm`f` puc`c scr Ycbmaujfr y pcftldfj, cxmstmcd`l trcs faacsls prmdampfjcs; Afjjc Oy ^fss, 9 Fvcdm`f Qur, 17Fvcdm`f Qur.  

9» Fvcdm`f Qur

Cstf`l `c jf afjjc; cd ald`mamldcs `c rcafrpctcf`l.  

Afjjc Oy ^fss

Cstf`l `c jf afjjc; pfvmecdtf`f, cd ald`mamldcs facptfojcs.

F aldtmdufamñd, pl`rcels fprcamfr jfs scaamldcs `c afjjcs `c jfs fdtcs ecdamldf`fs.

 

 

 

 

1.6.2.  ELOMJMF_ML S_OFDL Cj elomjmfrml urofdl (f vcacs jjfef`l tfeomíd cjcecdtls urofdls) cs cj aldkudtl `c lokctls y pmczfs `c cqumpfemcdtl mdstfjf`ls cd jf våf pûojmaf pfrf vfrmls prlpñsmtls. Cd cstc aldkudtl sc mdajuycd ofdals, pfpcjcrfs, ofrrcrfs `c træimal, ouzldcs, oljfr`ls, ofj`lsfs, f`lqumdcs, pfrf`fs `c trfdsplrtc pûojmal (cd jfs quc pl`cels cdaldtrfr efrqucsmdfs y tñtces), afomdfs tcjciñdmafs, cdtrc ltrls. Gcdcrfjecdtc sld mdstfjf`ls plr jls fyudtfemcdtls pfrf cj usl `cj vcamd`frml. ^frf cj prlycatl `c fdæjmsms `c smtml rcfjmzf`l, tlefrcels cd aucdtf pfrf`fs `c ouscs, fdudamls puojmamtfrmls, pfsfrcjfs, uomaf`fs f udf `mstfdamf pru`cdamfj `c ducstrl tcrrcdl. F aldtmdufamñd, pl`cels dleorfr fjgudfs `c cstfs, y `c csfs, sc tlefrfd jfs quc sc aldsm`crcd eæs meplrtfdtcs, pfrf aljlafrjfs cd cj csqucef quc sc cxpld`ræ f aldtmdufamñd.

ELOMJMF_ML S_OFDL

 

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^F_F@FQ @C OSQCQ

 

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^frf`f `c Ouscs rcstfurfdtc Mddf Kfeemd. ^frf`f `c Ouscs Ircdtc f prltcaamñd Amvmj. ^frf`f `c ouscs ircdtc f rcstfurfdtc Ea@ldfj`. ^frf`f `c Ouscs ircdtc f aldstruaamñd. ^frf`f `c Ouscs ircdtc f Ofdal Ausaftjæd. ^frf`f `c Ouscs plr Ofdal @fvmvmcd`f. ^frf`f `c Ouscs Ectrlacdtrl,

Qfdtf Fdf

 

 

^fsfrcjf _cstfurfdtc Mddf Kfeemd-^rltcaamñd Amvmj.   ^fsfrcjf Ofdal Ausaftjæd ‑  Acdtrl Alecramfj Ectrlacdtrl Qfdtf Fdf.  

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^FQF_CJFQ

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Ircdtc f _c`ld`cj Eldscölr _lecrl.   Ærcf `c rcstfurfdtcs ircdtc f Ectrlacdtrl, Qfdtf Fdf.   Cd jls olr`cs `c jf afrrctcrf  

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FDSDAMLQ ^SOJMAMPF_MLQ

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

^fdfecrmafdf.

 

 

 

 

1.6.=.  MEFGCD S_OFDF

Jf mefgcd urofdf cs jf afrf l jf mefgcd quc dls `f udf amu`f` l cdtm`f`. Mdajuyc cjcecdtls frqumtcatñdmals, urofdls, slamfjcs y dfturfjcs. Cstls sld fjgudls `c jls cjcecdtls quc aldtrmouycd f arcfr jf mefgcd urofdf y dls arcfd jf mefgcd `c jf amu`f`. Cjcecdtls ecdls tfdgmojcs tfjcs alel jfs alstueorcs y trf`mamldcs `c jf slamc`f` tfeomíd efrafd csf mefgcd. Cs euy meplrtfdtc `com`l f quc cs jf ilref cd quc jfs pcrsldfs pcramomels udf amu`f`, cs jf ilref cd quc dls mepfatf celamldfjecdtc f trfvís `c jf vmsmñd, plr jl tfdtl, cd jf pjfdcfamñd sc `coc tcdcr euy cd aucdtf cstl. Cs dcacsfrml arcfr cspfamls aldtrfstfdtcs pfrf quc jfs pcrsldfs puc`fd rcalr`fr ud jugfr. @cocels aldsm`crfr cdtldacs cj mepfatl vmsufj quc udf amu`f` prl`uac cd qumcdcs rcsm`cd cd cjjf l cd jls quc jf vmsmtfd, yf quc jls c`mimamls cd su aldkudtl dls prlplramldfd euabl efylr pjfacr vmsufj quc cj quc dls `fråf af`f udl `c cjjls aldtcepjf`l scpfrf`fecdtc. Cs plr csl quc jf amu`f` sc `coc pjfdcfr pjfd cfr alel ud tl`l alel ud ALDKSDPL, cstl cs jl quc jc `f vfjlr f jf amu`f`.  

 

 

1.6.=.6.  Acdtrl bmstñrmal `c Qfdtf Fdf. Cj Acdtrl Bmstñrmal `c jf Amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf cs cj dûajcl urofdl lrmgmdfj `c jf amu`f` sfjvf`lrcöf `c Qfdtf Fdf y `cs`c `ld`c sc mdmamñ jf cxpfdsmñd `c jf amu`f`. Jls jåemtcs `cj Acdtrl bmstñrmal sld fprlxmef`fecdtc jls smgumcdtcs; jf 0¾ afjjc pldmcdtc y lrmcdtc fj dlrtc, jf =¾ afjjc pldmcdtc y lrmcdtc fj sur, jf 67¾ fvcdm`f sur y dlrtc fj cstc y jf Fvcdm`f Klsí Eftåfs @cjgf`l fj lcstc (mdajuycd`l jf mgjcsmf Qfdtf Juaåf)8 cxtcd`míd`lsc cd ud ærcf tltfj `c 637 auf`rfs l efdzfdfs. Cd jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf jf amu`f` elrcdf sc rcspmrf ud ljlr f bmstlrmf. Jf fteñsicrf sc tlrdf rmaf cd meægcdcs `c pcrsldfs y suacsls fdtmguls quc sc

`csfrrljjfrld cd fqucjjfs afjjcs, cd csls efgdåimals efgdå imals c`mimamls cd csc pmdtlrcsal pfrquc. Qld c`mimafamldcs quc cvlafd rcaucr`ls. f.  ^fjfaml Eudmampfj. Cj pfjfaml eudmampfj `c Qfdtf Fdf sc alecdzñ f aldstrumr cd 6273 cstmeæd`lsc jf lorf cd su alstl `c 61>,>>> aljldcs, eæs tfr`c sc el`mimañ fgrcgæd`ljc `ctfjjcs alepjcecdtfrmls, ofkl jf facrtf`f `mrcaamñd `cj frqumtcatl `ld Irfdamsal Elrcdl.

Jf omojmltcaf eudmampfj iuc iud`f`f cd cj föl `c 62=9, smcd`l cd csc cdtldacs fjafj`c cj Qr. Afemjl Frívfjl y iucrld jls mdmamf`lrcs `c jf iud`famñd jls scölrcs @r. Fjirc`l Ecdf Gfraåf, `ld Qmjvfdl Bcdråqucz, `ld Cdrmquc Fyfjf, `ld Csqumvcj Ljfvfrrmctf Ljfvf rrmctf y `ld Latfvml Fugustl Efdzlr. Jls tcrrceltls quc suirmñ Cj Qfjvf`lr cd jls ecscs `c cdcrl y icorcrl aldtrmouycrld ald jf `csalepcdsfamñd frqumtcatñdmaf quc sc bfoåf faueujf`l plr jf ifjtf `c efdtcdmemcdtl plr ud cstmef`l `c 3> föls.

 

 

o.  Aftc`rfj. Iuc aldstrum`f cd cj emsel smtml quc laupfof cj fdtmgul tcepjl pfrrlqumfj `c Qfdtf Fdf cj aufj bfoåf sm`l aldstrum`l cd cj smgjl RYM, y iuc pucstl cd scrvmaml fjjæ plr cj föl `c 6370, l 6379, jf ifabf`f plr bfocrjf `ctcrmlrf`l ud rfyl, iuc rcaldstrum`f plr cj pærrlal Emgucj _lsfjcs. Cd 6226 pcr`mcd`l fså su fspcatl y aljldmfj y aldscrvl su fspcatl bfstf tåpmal cj föl `c 6=>9 cd quc sc `celjmñ tltfjecdtc, cj tcepjl pfrf cepczfr

jf aldstruaamñd `c jf quc `cocråf scr jf aftc`rfj. Jls pjfdls ald mdstruaamldcs `c jf kudtf, iucrld cjfolrf`ls plr mdgcdmcrls `cj glomcrdl y jls trfofkls sc cdalecd`frld fj frqumtcatl auofdl, Furcjml Iucdtcs. Cj 3 `c efyl `c 6=30 aldtmdul jf lorf ofkl jf `mrcaamñd tíadmaf `cj mdgcdmcrl mtfjmfdl `ld Jums Afpmjjfrl, ald md`mafamldcs `c jf kudtf, rc`mscöfrld cj mdtcrmlr `cj tcepjl, jl emxtl `c csf aldstruaamñd bfac quc sc ajfsmimquc alel gñtmal omzfdtmdl, aleomdfd`l jf ocjjczf `cj prmecrl ald jf rcsmstcdamf `cj scgud`l. a.  Afsmdl Qfdtfdcal. Cj Afsmdl Qfdtfdcal bf sm`l f trfvís `c jls föls, f`ceæs `c ud pudtl `c rcudmñd `c femgls y ifemjmfrcs, ud c`mimaml quc bf fjocrgf`l `micrcdtcs cvcdtls slamfjcs, aldgrcsls y scemdfrmls. Jf m`cf `c arcfr ud jugfr cspfamlsl y ûdmal dfamñ `c ud grupl `c femgls sfdtfdcals euy rcaldlam`ls. Ifemjmfs `c fpcjjm`ls alel jls Ocjmsecjms y @åfz prctcd`åfd arcfr ud cspfaml quc jls bmamcrf scdtmrsc alel cd afsf y cd cj quc, f`ceæs, pu`mcrfd rcfjmzfr sus icstckls. Cd cj c`mimaml `ld`c sc cdaucdtrf fatufjecdtc cj Afsmdl cd cj aufj iudamldñ cj ajuo slamfj plr eæs `c 3> föls.

 

 

`.  Pcftrl `c Qfdtf Fdf. Eæs `c amcd föls `c bmstlrmf cdamcrrf cj Pcftrl Dfamldfj `c Qfdtf Fdf, uomaf`l cd jl quc sc aldlamñ alel cj ^lrtfj `c Jls Ocrdfj, kudtl fj pfrquc Hcsscjs. Cstc cspfaml, ousaf ilecdtfr y prlpmamfr cj `csfrrljjl slamlaujturfj plr ec`ml `c jf lrgfdmzfamñd y prlgrfefamñd `c cspcatæaujls `c aujturf frtåstmaf `c lrmgcd dfamldfj c mdtcrdfamldfj, ald cj lokctmvl

prmelr`mfj `c prlelamldfr jfs frtcs alel pfrtc `cj `csfrrljjl aujturfj y cspmrmtufj `c jf dfamñd. Cs ud mdeucojc `c cstmjl cajíatmal plr jfs `mvcrsfs mdijucdamfs frqumtcatñdmafs; frals `c ec`ml pudtl `cj rleædmal, aljuedfs alepucstfs `cj cstmjl grmcgl, tåepfdls `cj grcalrrlefdl, fjelbf`mjjf`ls y irldtldcs `cj _cdfamemcdtl.

c.  Acdtrl `c Frtcs Qfdtfdcal. Cj ajuo ftjítmal `c Laam`cdtc, surgmñ aufd`l ud grupl `c kñvcdcs pcrtcdcamcdtcs f jf ajfsc f`mdcrf`f `c jf íplaf, plr cj föl `c 6=>9, `cam`mñ arcfr ud cspfaml prlpml cd `ld`c jcs iucrf plsmojc `mvcrtmrsc fmsjf`fecdtc `c sus pf`rcs y foucjls, jls aufjcs rcfjmzfofd sus rcudmldcs slamfjcs cd cj Afsmdl Qfdtfdcal. Jf emsmñd `c cstc acdtrl `c frtcs cs `csauormr f udf ducvf gcdcrfamñd `c frtmstfs  kñvcdcs quc puc`fd efdtcdcr vmvfs `micrcdtcs rfefs `cj frtc, alel cj tcftrl, cspcamfjm`f` quc, plal f plal, cd Cj Qfjvf`lr bf m`l quc`fd`l smd f`cptls.

 

 

Cdtrc ltrfs cstruaturfs rcjcvfdtcs cd cj Acdtrl Bmstñrmal sc cdaucdtrfd; Jf Mgjcsmf `c Qfdtf Juaåf Cj Blspmtfj Dfamldfj Qfd Kufd `c @mls Jfs afsfs `ld`c vmvmcrld jls cxprcsm`cdtcs ^c`rl Klsí Csafjñd y Pleæs _cgfjf`l Jf Mgjcsmf Cj Afrecd Jf Csaucjf `c Frtcs y Limamls dleorf`f cd bldlr f Klsí Efrmfdl Eíd`cz Jf Mgjcsmf `c Qfd Jlrcdzl Cj Ecraf`l Acdtrfj Jf Mgjcsmf `c Qfdtf Oærofrf

i.  Acdtrl alecramfj Ectrlacdtrl Qfdtf Fdf Ectrlacdtrl Qfdtf Fdf iuc mdfugurf`l cd 6==2, aldtfd`l ald eæs `c 6>> cstfojcamemcdtls alecramfjcs `c efrafs dfamldfjcs alel Qupcr Qcjcatls, _cggfc, ^fstcjcråf Ofd Ofd, Ledmsplrt, F@LA, Qmefd, cta. C mdtcrdfamldfjcs alel @colut, Aft, GDA, _f`mlQbfah, Pbc Aliicc Aup, cta. @mvm`m`l cd `ls pmsls, cd ud ærcf tltfj `c 63 1?1 e¿. Aucdtf ald ud ærcf `c Ill` Alurt y ud Acdtrl Imdfdamcrl (cj acdtrl imdfamcrl iuc cjmemdf`l ald jf rcel`cjfamñd `cj ?>6?, föf`mcd`l `ls jlafjcs eæs fj acdtrl alecramfj). Cstæ smtuf`l cd jf cdtrf`f prmdampfj `c jf amu`f` `c Qfdtf Fdf. Pmcdc 32> cspfamls pfrf cstfamldfemcdtl. Cstc cs udl `c jls auftrl acdtrls alecramfjcs Ectrlacdtrl cd cj pfås, jls aufjcs cstæd smtuf`ls cd jfs amu`f`cs eæs grfd`cs `c Cj Qfjvf`lr.

 

 

g.  Mddf Kfeemd. Cs ud rcstfurfdtc uomaf`l cd jf Afjjc Cj Armstl, Qfdtf Fdf f udls aufdtls pfsls `c Ectrlacdtrl Qfdtf Fdf y ircdtc f Aljcgml Qfdtf Efråf. Sd jugfr cd cj aufj pl`ræs `msirutfr `c ud fepjml ecdû, alel sld pmzzfs, cdtrf`fs, cdsfjf`fs, ocom`fs iråfs y afjmcdtcs, plstrcs cdtrc ltrls. Ald ud feomcdtc euy falgc`lr y rcjfkf`l

smceprc ald udf oucdf eûsmaf y ftcd`m`l plr ud pcrsldfj `c afjm`f`. b.  Aljcgml Qfdtf Efråf. Cj aljcgml cstæ uomaf`l cd jf Fv. Md`cpcd`cdamf Qur y 17 Aj Ltc, Qfdtf Fdf Qfdtf Fdf. Cj Aljcgml aldstf jfs `cs`c fujfs alrrcspld`mcdtcs f tl`ls `c jls dmvcjcs Mdmamfj bfstf ?» `c Ofabmjjcrftl. F`ceæs, aucdtf ald; afpmjjf, fujf `c mdilreætmaf, `ls afdabfs tcabf`fs, y sc cstæd c`mimafd`l; omojmltcaf, jfolrftlrml `c amcdamfs, sfjf `c fu`mlvmsufjcs y sfjf `c usls eûjtmpjcs.

m.  Ircud`. Bfac eæs 6>> föls `ml mdmaml udf grfd ceprcsf cd Cj Qfjvf`lr, Icrrctcråfs Ircud`. F afsm ud smgjl `c bfocr dfam`l, pl`cels fscgurfr quc bcels auepjm`l ald jf vmsmñd, aldvcrtmrdls cd jf Icrrctcråf `c jls Qfjvf`lrcöls. Aldtfels ald ?0 icrrctcråfs cd `mvcrsls pudtls `c Cj Qfjvf`lr,

 

 

`cstfafd`l cdtrc ducstrfs jådcfs `c prl`uatls; Icrrctcråf, Bcrrfemcdtfs `c jfs eæs prcstmgmlsfs efrafs, ^mdturfs `c cxacjcdtc afjm`f`, Frtåaujls pfrf jf @calrfamñd, `mvcrsls prl`uatls `c jf jådcf Blgfr, kfr`mdcråf, udf grfd gfef `c Eftcrmfjcs `c Aldstruaamñd, Cjíatrmal, Ildtfdcråf c Mjuemdfamñd.

Acecdtcrml ^frquc Kfr`åd jfs Ijlrcs.

_c`ld`cj Eldscölr Frdujil _lecrl.

 

 

 

 

1.?.  CJCECDPLQ MDP_MDQCALQ

1.?.6.  AJMEF Cj fdæjmsms f rcfjmzfr cs `cj cdtlrdl `cj tcrrcdl `cj prlycatl, cj ajmef cs ud ifatlr euy meplrtfdtc pfrf sfocr sm cs f`cauf`l cj tcrrcdl f cjcgmr, Qfdtf Fdf aucdtf ald ud ajmef aæjm`l scem-buec`l quc prcscdtf `ls cstfamldcs ajfrfecdtc `micrcdamf`fs, jfs aufjcs sld; jf cstfamñd scaf (`c dlvmceorc f efyl) y jf cstfamñd jjuvmlsf jju vmlsf (`c efyl f dlvmceorc). Jf zldf Qur `c sfdtf Fdf cs `ld`c eæs sc pcramoc jf mdam`cdamf `cj slj f `mvcrsfs blrfs `cj `åf. Jf tcepcrfturf ec`mf fdufj cs `c ?0 »A, ald udf eådmef fjrc`c`lr `c 67 »A y eæxmef `c 10 »A. Jf buec`f` rcjftmvf rld`f fjrc`c`lr `c ud 7> y 73%. ^lr cstc eltmvl cd cj elecdtl `c fdfjmzfr ud smtml pfrf aldstruaamñd sc rcalemcd`f vcrmimafr udf oucdf lrmcdtfamñd, rcspcatl f jf plsmamñd sljfr fså emsef mepjcecdtfamñd `c vcdtmjfamñd dfturfj. Qc `cocd aldlacr `c udf efdcrf cspcamfj jls vmcdtls prc`lemdfdtcs, pfrf sfocr jf uomafamñd `c jfs ifabf`fs, kustl cd cj ærcf f trfofkfr cstls sld jls smgumcdtcs; Ymcdtls

Ycjlam`f`

`cj

prlec`ml

surlcstc Ymcdtls

7.2 he/b

`c lcstc

 

 

Ymcdtls prc`lemdfdtcs cd tcrrcdl uomaf`l he 91 futlpmstfs Oypfss afrrctcrf f Ectfpfd, Imdaf Qfdtf Efrtf (ftræs `c vm`rê) •Ymcdtls `c latuorc; trfdsmamñd `c íplaf jjuvmlsf f íplaf scaf. _ueol `c vmcdtls;

Dlrtc y Dlr Cstc •Ymcdtls `c dlvmceorc; dlvmceorc; cstfamñd scaf, ald csafsf duolsm`f`. _ueol `c vmcdtls;

vmcdtls `c Dlrtc •Ymcdtls `c `mamceorc; ald amcjls `cspckf`ls y feomcdtc i rcsal, rcsal, fjgudls abuofsals

fmsjf`ls. _ueol `c jls vmcdtls; vmcdtls `c Dlrtc. Ltrl ifatlr meplrtfdtc f jf blrf `c fdfjmzfr cj ajmef cs jf buec`f`, y `cspuís `c jccr jfs gcdcrfjm`f`cs prcscdtf`fs cd cstc prlycatl, sc jjcgñ fj smgumcdtc fdæjmsms.  

Cj ecs eæs scal; cdcrl ald 7ee `c prcampfamldcs

 

Ecs `c efylr prcampfamldcs; scptmceorc ald 117 ee





Jf prcampmtfamñd vfråf 11> ee cdtrc cj eæs scal y cj eæs bûec`l. F jl jfrgl `cj föl jf tcepcrfturf vfråf ? » A. Jf prcampmtfamñd `c jf jjuvmf, cs meplrtfdtc aldsm`crfr quc jls vmcdtls mdijuycd cd jf `mrcaamñd `c jf jjuvmf quc kudtl ald jf grfvc`f` jc `fd f jf jjuvmf udf `mrcaamñd rcsujtfdtc fprlxmef`f `c 03¾`c ædgujl `c afå`f, plr jl quc cs meplrtfdtc aldsm`crfr cstl cd jf prlpucstf `c tcabls, fjcrls, vfdls y `rcdfkc. Ald rcspcatl f jf buec`f` rcjftmvf, cs plsmojc utmjmzfr aufjqumcr tmpl `c smstcef aldstruatmvl cd cstf zldf, smgumcd`l jfs rcalecd`famldcs f`cauf`fs, cd aufdtl f buec`f` dl cxmstcd dmvcjcs `c prcafuamldcs eæs fjjæ `c jls rcgujfrcs, alel cj f`cauf`l aurf`l c mepcrecfomjmzfamñd `c jls eftcrmfjcs. Qmceprc y aufd`l sc `ckc

jf zldf `c rctmrl f`cauf`f `c jf qucorf`f pfrf cepczfr f aldstrumr.

 

 

1.?.?. 

PL^LG_FIÅF

@cdtrl `cj sc scatlr jf tlplgrfiåf cs scem-pjfdf ald pcd`mcdtcs fj 1%, jfs pcd`mcdtcs lrmcdtfd bfamf cj dlrtc cd jf pfrtc ofkf `cj scatlr jl`cj aaufj ufj6% `mrcaamldf cj `rcdfkc pjuvmfj, jf tlplgrfiåf `cj scatlr dl cs faam`cdtf`f sfjvl jls `mstmdtls dmvcjcs quc sld jlgrf`ls f trfvís `c tcrrfzfs aldstrum`fs. Cs aldsm`crf`l quc cstfs pcd`mcdtcs sld ñptmefs pfrf cj arcamemcdtl urofdl yf quc cs plsmojc aldstrumr y rcfjmzfr pjfdcs slorc udf pcd`mcdtc `c cstc tmpl rcfjmzfd`l smceprc jf f`cauf`f prlpucstf aldstruatmvf y jf sljuamñd `c `rcdfkc cd aufdtl fj tcrrcdl scjcaamldf`l jf tlplgrfiåf cs rcgujfr y cs fptf pfrf jf aldstruaamñd `c udf urofdmzfamñd y emdm alepjckl `cplrtmvl.

 

 

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F 5 ( 1 = 3 7 > 2 7 . 7 = 6 - 1 = 3 9 0 7 3 . > 6) / ? F5 0=7.12 / ? F 5 ? 0 2 . 9= E ?

 

 

AFJASJLQ @CJ F_CF @CJ PC__CDL

F65 (?9.7>) (=.?=) /? F65 6?0.>?63E?

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FP5 ?02.1>?E?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.?.1.  YCGCPFAMLD CRMQPCDPC