ANÁLISIS DEL FENÓMENO DE ABSORCIÓN GAS-LÍQUIDO MEDIANTE EL USO DE UNA SOLUCIÓN DE NaOH, Y DE CO2, EN UNA COLUMNA DE ABSORCIÓN, Y UNA TORRE DE BURBUJEO.
November 16, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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FIÆEH_H_ NAE GAIßKAIB NA FJ_BZOHßI CF_-EËVQHNB KANHFI^A AE Q_B NA QIF _BEQOHßI NA IfB@, X NA OB:, AI QIF OBEQKIF NA FJ_BZOHßI, X QIF ^BZZA NA JQZJQLAB.
Crupb @: _ujcrupb 6
Kfrhf Wfeaithif Waefsob Zuanf -:67?444 Ofkheb Finrès Wfiacfs Warfib ‟ :67:7?3 :67:7?3 Euhs Æicae Kfenbifnb Oföhzfras ‟ :61:7:7 :61:7:7 Ofkhef Finraf Jbrrfy Kfioarf - :671177 Aenf Luehfif Lhkèiaz Ævhef-:61::06
QIHWAZ_HNFN HINQ_^ZHFE NA _FI^FINAZ HICAIHAZËF VQËKHOF :4:4 ‟ : :
6
OBI^AIHNB 6 BJLA^HWB_ ................................................................................................ ............................................ ...................................................................... .................. ? 6.6
Bjlathvb caiarfe .................................................................................................... ................................................. ..................................................... ?
.............................................................................................. ........ ? 6.: Bjlathvbs aspaoëghobs ...................................................................................... : KFZOB ^AßZHOB ..................................................................................................... >
? KA^BNBEBCËF ............................................................................... ......................................................................................................... .......................... 3 ?.6
Katbnbebcëf na ef præothof ................................................................................... ..................................................................................... 3
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Katbnbebcëf na oæeouebs ......................................................................................... ............................................. ............................................ 0
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^brra na fjsbrohÿi........................................................................................ 64
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Nhkaishbifkhaitb na ef tbrra ............................................. ..................................................................... ........................ 6>
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..................................................................................... ................. :4 ^fiqua na jurjulab ....................................................................
> ZA_QE^FNB_ .................................................................................................... ................................................. ........................................................... ........ :? 1 FIÆEH_H_ NA ZA_QE^FNB_ ................................................................ ................................................................................. ................. :7 7 OBIOEQ_HBIA_ ................................................................................................ ............................................ ........................................................... ....... ?1 3 JHJEHBCZFGËF ................................................................................................. .............................................. ........................................................... ........ ?3
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6 BJLA^HWB_ 6.6 Bjlathvb caiarfe Fifehzfr ae gaiÿkaib na fjsbrohÿi cfs-eëquhnb kanhfita ae usb na uif sbeuohÿi
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na IfB@, y na OB:, ai uif obeukif na fjsbrohÿi, y uif tbrra na jurjulab.
6.: Bjlathvbs aspaoëghobs Obkpfrfr ef aghohaiohf ai ef sapfrfohÿi aitra ef obeukif na fjsbrohÿi, obkb
•
prboasb obithiub, y ef tbrra na jurjulab, obkb prboasb sakhobithiub. Natarkhifr ef higeuaiohf ai ae ofkjhb na ofunfe, ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai
•
ef sbeuohÿi y ae obitaihnb na OB: sbjra ef aghohaiohf nae prboasb. Nhkaishbifr ef tbrra akpfofnf obi fiheebs Zfso`hc (feturf y nhækatrb),
•
napainhainb na efs obinhohbias na bparfohÿi nfnfs.
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: KFZOB ^AßZHOB Ef fjsbrohÿi as uif bparfohÿi uihtfrhf, akpeafnf ai ef sapfrfohÿi na uib b vfrhbs na ebs obkpbiaitas na uif kazoef cfsabsf, qua thaia obkb jfsa ef trfisgaraiohf na kftarhf nasna uif gfsa `bkbcèiaf f btrf, uthehzfinb obkb guarzf hkpuesbrf ui crfnhaita na obioaitrfohÿi. Oufinb sa trftf na ui prboasb gëshob obitrbefnb pbr ef trfisgaraiohf na kftarhf, qua napaina na ef sbeujhehnfn nae cfs y na efs obinhohbias na bparfohÿi (al. prashÿi y takparfturf), sa fghrkf qua sa nf uif fjsbrohÿi gëshof. Tbr btrf pfrta, oufinb sa prbnuoa uif rafoohÿi aitra ae cfs fjsbrjhnb y fecüi sbeutb prasaita ai ae eëquhnb fjsbrjaita, qua foaearf b axfetf ae prboasb na sapfrfohÿi, sa trftf na fjsbrohÿi quëkhof. Ai asta ofsb, higeuya ef astaquhbkatrëf na ef rafoohÿi, ef obioaitrfohÿi na ebs rafothvbs y ef vaebohnfn na trfsgaraiohf na kftarhf (C. Gariæinaz, :4:4). Heustrfohÿi 6. Asquakf jæshob nae prboasb na fjsbrohÿi y nasbrohÿi.
Guaita< Hinustrhfquhkhof, C. Gariæinaz (:4:4) Nasna ae puitb na vhstf obkarohfe, ebs nhsbevaitas na fjsbrohÿi qua sa aiouaitrfi nhspbihjeas pfrf ef ofpturf na ohartbs cfsas sa oefshghofi ai nbs oftacbrëfs< nhsbevaitas quëkhobs y gëshobs. Ebs nhsbevaitas gëshobs, sa uthehzfi obküikaita pfrf fetfs obrrhaitas na cfs f prashÿi, qua raquharai kaibs aiarcëf pfrf ef racaiarfohÿi nae nhsbevaita qua ebs nhsbevaitas quëkhobs, parb thaiai uif ofpfohnfn na ofpturf higarhbr. Alakpebs obibohnbs na nhsbevaitas gëshobs sbi< fcuf, ofrjbiftb na prbpheaib (TO), katfibe b I-kathe-:>
phrrbehnbif. Ai eb qua raspaotf f ef fjsbrohÿi quëkhof, ebs nhsbevaitas quëkhobs qu ëkhobs tëphobs sbi efs feofibefkhifs, qua sa uthehzfi obküikaita ai gbrkf na nhsbeuohbias foubsfs. Astbs nhsbevaitas quëkhobs hioeuyai kbibatfibefkhif (KAF), nhatfibefkhif (NAF), Ikathenhatfibefkhif (KNAF), nhcehobefkhif (NCF), trhatfibefkhif (^AF), nhhsbprbpfibefkhif (NHTF) b :-fkhib-:-kathe-6-prbpfibe (FKT), aitra btrbs. _h jhai ef fjsbrohÿi sa uthehzf ibrkfekaita pfrf raouparfr prbnuotbs na obrrhaitas cfsabsfs obi ghias na prbnuoohÿi, tfkjhèi sa uthehzf na kbnb oraohaita obkb kètbnb na obitrbe na akhshbias obitfkhifitas f ef ftkÿsgarf, rataihainb efs sustfiohfs pbeuohbifitas. ^fe as ae ofsb na ef aehkhifohÿi na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib na ebs cfsas na obkjusthÿi obi nhsbeuohbias foubsfs na `hnrÿxhnb sÿnhob, b ef aehkhifohÿi na ÿxhnbs na ihtrÿcaib kanhfita nhsbeuohbias na fcaitas bxhnfitas.
^brras akpfofnfs Ae aquhpb uthehzfnb ai ef præothof as uif obeukif akpfofnf nbina sa nhstrhjuyai sÿehnbs hiartas qua obisthtuyai ae raeeaib na ef tbrra y shrvai pfrf fukaitfr ef suparghoha na obitfotb na efs gfsas. Ef obeukif as ui ohehinrb nbina ae eëquhnb sa fehkaitf pbr ef pfrta suparhbr f trfvès na ui nhstrhjuhnbr y ai ef pfrta higarhbr sa aiouaitrf ef aitrfnf na cfs y ui aspfohb na nhstrhjuohÿi. Akpfquas fe fzfr< Ebs akpfquas fe fzfr sbi fquaeebs qua shkpeakaita sa frrblfi ai ef tbrra nurfita ef histfefohÿi y qua sa nalfi ofar ai gbrkf feaftbrhf. Ebs fiheebs na Zfso`hc sbi ebs kæs uthehzfnbs, sbi ohehinrbs `uaobs ouyb nhækatrb vf na 7 f 644kk b kæs. Tuanai gfjrhofrsa na pbroaefif hinustrhfe, qua as üthe pfrf pbiar ai obitfotb f ef kfybrëf na ebs eëquhnbs, obi axoapohÿi na æeofehs y æohnb geubr`ënrhob= na ofrjÿi, na katfeas b na peæsthobs. Ebs fiheebs na Easshic y btrbs obi pfrthohbias hitarifs sa uthehzfi obi kaibs graouaiohf. Akpfquas racuefras< Ebs akpfquas racuefras bgraoai efs vaitflfs na uif kaibr ofënf na prashÿi pfrf ae cfs y ui geulb kfybr, parb, caiarfekaita f axpaisfs na uif histfefohÿi hist fefohÿi kæs obstbsf qua ef iaoasfrhf pfrf ebs akpfquas feaftbrhbs.
^htuefohÿi Tfrf obrrbjbrfr ef obioaitrfohÿi na efs sbeuohbias na IfB@ qua sa rafehzfrbi, sa shkueÿ ef præothof na uif thtuefohÿi f efs khskfs. Asta prboanhkhaitb, tfkjhèi eefkfnb vfebrfohÿi, as 1
uib na ebs kæs axfotbs f ihvae na ef quëkhof fifeëthof, nbina ae fifehtb rafoohbif obi ae fcaita thtuefita, na gbrkf astaquhbkètrhof, `fstf feofizfr ef aquhvfeaiohf quëkhof, qua sa avhnaiohf pbr ui ofkjhb na obebr ai ae hinhofnbr. Ef ofithnfn nae rafothvb astfinfrhzfnb iaoasfrhf pfrf feofizfr ef aquhvfeaiohf quëkhof sa puana bjtaiar kanhfita astaquhbkatrëf obi ae fifehtb prasaita, y fsë sa bjthaia su ofithnfn. Ai ae ofsb na uif vfebrfohÿi na IfB@ obi @Oe, usfinb gaibgtfeaëif, qua shcua ef rafoohÿi<
@Oe IfB IfB@@ ↚ IfOe @@B
Ef nhsbeuohÿi astfinfrhzfnf na IfB@ sa föfna ai uif juratf, `fstf qua ae hinhofnbr na gaibegtfeaëif ofkjhf na obebr, y ai asta puitb, ae iükarb na kbeas na @Oe föfnhnb as fprbxhkfnfkaita hcufe fe iükarb na kbeas na IfB@ prasaitas fe hihohb (_mbbc, :461). Tbr btrf pfrta, btrb obkpuastb uthehzfnb pfrf efs thtuefohbias as ae ifrfilf na katheb, qua parkhta natarkhifr ae iükarb tbtfe na kbeas na hbi jhofrjbiftb prasaitas, y, pbr pb r aina, ebs kbeas na ofrjbiftb (Hihthfthva, :4:4), jfsfnb ai<
@OB√ @+ ↚ @OB
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? KA^BNBEBCËF ?.6 Katbnbebcëf na ef præothof Najhnb f qua tbnf ef præothof sa eeavÿ f ofjb ai ui shkuefnbr vhrtufe, efs sbeuohbias, thtuefohbias y nakæs prboanhkhaitbs qua sa kaiohbifræi kæs fnaefita ib guarbi nasfrrbeefnbs na kfiarf nhraotf pbr ebs futbras nae higbrka= shi akjfrcb, sa axpehofræ ae prboanhkhaitb eeavfnb f ofjb obkb sh ef axparhaiohf sa s a `ujhasa eeavfnb f ofjb ai ui efjbrftbrhb prasaiohfe. 6. _a prapfrf uif sbeuohÿi na IfB@, obi uif obioaitrfohÿi hihohfe na 6 K= sh sa fifehzf ae obkpbrtfkhaitb fita fecuif btrf vfrhfjea qua ib saf ef obioaitrfohÿi na ef sbeuohÿi, asta vfebr parkfiaoa ghlb y obistfita. Tbr ae obitrfrhb, sh sa astunhf ae obkpbrtfkhaitb nae ofkjhb ai obioaitrfohÿi, sa natarkhif ui ofunfe na sbeuohÿi na IfB@ ghlb, y ef obioaitrfohÿi na 6 K saræ ae vfebr na pfrthnf pfrf hihohfr ef vfrhfohÿi. :. _a prboana f obkprbjfr ef obioaitrfohÿi na ef sbeuohÿi fitarhbrkaita prapfrfnf kanhfita uif thtuefohÿi graita f @Oe 6 K. ?. Tbstarhbrkaita, sa eeaif ae raohphaita jurjulafita obi ? ehtrbs na ef sbeuohÿi prapfrfnf fitarhbrkaita. >. _a varhghof iuavfkaita ef obioaitrfohÿi na ef sbeuohÿi nae raohphaita jurjulafita pbr thtuefohÿi graita f @Oe 6 K. 1. _a astfjeaoa ae ofunfe na IfB@, ae ofunfe na OB : y ae ofunfe na fhra ai ?4 E/`. _h sa fifehzf ef higeuaiohf na fecuib na ebs nbs prhkarbs pfrækatrbs, astbs sa vfi ofkjhfinb ai efs nhvarsfs rapathohbias khaitrfs qua ebs pfrækatrbs rastfitas parkfiaoai obistfitas. 7. Euacb na astb, sa thtuef ef kuastrf raobchnf, uthehzfinb ui hinhofnbr na gaibegtfeaëif graita f @Oe 6 K. 3. _a rafehzf uif iuavf thtuefohÿi f ef khskf kuastrf kanhfita ae usb na ifrfilf na katheb graita f @Oe 6 K. 0. Zafehzfr ae oæeoueb nae jfefioa aitra IfB@ y OB :.
3
?.: Katbnbebcëf na oæeouebs Travhb fe nasfrrbeeb na ebs oæeouebs, sa prasaitf ef shcuhaita tfjef, qua shitathzf efs obivaiohbias na efs vfrhfjeas uthehzfnfs pfrf ebs khskbs. ^fjef 6. ^fjef na obivaiohbias
I´ Wfrhfjea _hcihghofnb 6 O6 Obioaitrfohÿi na @Oe ai ef sbeuohÿi thtuefita : W6 Wbeukai akpaefnb na ef sbeuohÿi thtuefita na @Oe ? W: Wbeukai raobeaotfnb na ef sbeuohÿi na IfB@ pfrf thtuefr > O: Obioaitrfohÿi na OB: ai ef sbeuohÿi na IfB@ 1 φ@:B Naishnfn nae fcuf f :1´O 7 Tasb kbeaouefr nae fcuf 3 x: Grfoohÿi kbefr ai ef obrrhaita eëquhnf na OB: ai sbeuohÿi na IfB@ f ef aitrfnf nae eao`b akpfofnb 0 x6 Grfoohÿi kbefr ai ef obrrhaita eëquhnf na OB: ai sbeuohÿi na IfB@ f ef sfehnf nae eao`b akpfofnb
́TK
8
P:
Zaefohÿi na kbefr ai ef obrrhaita na akpfofnb OB: ai sbeuohÿi IfB@ f ef aitrfnf eëquhnf nae eao`b
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P6
Zaefohÿi kbefr ai ef obrrhaita eëquhnf na OB: ai sbeuohÿi na IfB@ f ef sfehnf nae eao`b akpfofnb
66
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Obistfita na ebs cfsas hnafeas
6: 6?
C6 y6
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y:
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Geulb na cfs qua aitrf fe eao`b Grfoohÿi kbefr ai ef obrrhaita cfsabsf na OB: f ef aitrfnf nae eao`b akpfofnb Grfoohÿi kbefr ai ef obrrhaita cfsabsf na OB: f ef sfehnf nae eao`b akpfofnb Zaefohÿi kbefr ai ef obrrhaita cfsabsf na OB: f ef aitrfnf nae eao`b akpfofnb
67
X:
Zaefohÿi kbefr ai ef obrrhaita cfsabsf na OB: f ef sfehnf nae eao`b akpfofnb
63
C_
Geulb na cfs ehjra na sustfiohf trfisgarhnf (OB:)
60 68
E: E_
Geulb na sei qua aitrf fe eao`b Geulb na eëquhnb ehjra na sustfiohf trfisgarhnf (OB :)
:4 :6
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Tasb kbeaouefr prbkanhb nae cfs ai ef zbif kæs pasfnf na ef tbrra Naishnfn nae cfs ai ef tbrra ai ef zbif kæs pasfnf
Qihnfnas kbe/E kE kE kbe/E mc/E mc/mkbe mkbe na OB: / mkbe na sbeuohÿi mkbe na OB: / mkbe na sbeuohÿi mkbenanasbeuohÿi OB: / mkbe ehjra na OB: mkbe na OB: / mkbe na sbeuohÿi ehjra na OB:
ftk ∓ E kbe ∓ M
mkbe/s mkbe na OB: / mkbe na fhra mkbe na OB: / mkbe na fhra mkbe na OB: / mkbe na fhra ehjra na OB: mkbe na OB: / mkbe na fhra ehjra na OB: mkbe na fhra ehjra na OB:/s mkbe na sei/s mkbe na sei ehjra na OB: /s mc/mkbe mc/k? 0
:: :? :> :1 :7 :3 :0 :8 ?4 ?6 ?: ?? ?> ?1 ?7
T ^ SE SC L co C‘hi C‘bp f N k F O?
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Kbeas na cfs qua aitrf fe tfiqua na jurjulab ai 64 khiutbs ehjra na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib Kbeas sbeuohÿi obitaihnfs ai ae tfiqua na jurjulab ehjras na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib Zaefohÿi kbefr f ef sfehnf nae tfiqua na jurjulab
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Grfoohÿi kbefr f ef sfehnf nae tfiqua na jurjulab
Trashÿi ai ae shstakf ^akparfturf ai ae shstakf Geulb kæshob nae eëquhnb ai ef tbrra Geulb kæshob nae cfs ai ef tbrra Naishnfn na ef sbeuohÿi na IfB@ Gfotbr na obrraoohÿi na uihnfnas Gfotbr na obrraoohÿi na uihnfnas Whsobshnfn nae fcuf Geux kæshob na hiuinfohÿi nae cfs ai ef tbrra Geux kæshob na bparfohÿi na cfs ai ef tbrra Æraf trfisvarsfe na ef tbrra Nhækatrb na ef tbrra Obistfita na aquhehjrhb Gfotbr na fjsbrohÿi Obioaitrfohÿi na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib ai ae tfiqua na jurjulab Wbeukai raobeaotfnb pfrf akpeafr ef thtuefohÿi ai ae tfiqua na jurjulab Zaefohÿi kbefr ai ef sbeuohÿi obitaihnf ai ae tfiqua na jurjulab
Ftk ´O mc/s mc/s mc/k? Fnhk k/s: Op mc/s*k: mc/s*k: k: K Fnhk Fnhk kbe/E kE mkbe na OB: / mkbe na sbeuohÿi ehjra na OB: mkbe mkbe mkbe na OB: / mkbe na fhra ehjra na OB: mkbe na OB: / mkbe na fhra
Guaita< Futbras Tfrf eeavfr f ofjb ofnf uif na efs rapathohbias ai ef axparhkaitfohÿi sa tuvharbi ai ouaitf ebs pfrækatrbs ghlfnbs ai ef tfjef :. Ai nbina ef takparfturf y ef prashÿi guarbi ghlfnfs pbr ebs futbras= pfrf aeeb sa tuvb ai ouaitf qua efs tbrras na fjsbrohÿi trfjflfi f takparfturfs jflfs y prashbias fetfs. ^fjef :. Tfrækatrbs ghlbs ai ef axparhkaitfohÿi
Tfrækatrbs Obioaitrfohÿi @Oe Wbe pfrf thtuefr ^hakpb nae axparhkaitb Wbe IfB@ hihohfe ai tfiqua ^akparfturf nae prboasb
Wfebr 6 64 64 ? :1
Qihnfnas kbe/E kE Khi E ´O 8
Trashÿi nae prboasb Guaita< Futbras
:
Ftk
Tfrf ef alakpehghofohÿi na ebs oæeouebs rafehzfnbs sa tainræi ai ouaitf ebs nftbs axprasfnbs ai ef tfjef ?, ai nbina efs thtuefohbias 6 obrraspbinai f efs thtuefohbias eeavfnfs f ofjb obi geuhnb axtrfënb nae ageuaita nae eao`b akpfofnb y efs thtuefohbias : obrraspbinai f efs thtuefohbias eeavfnfs f ofjb obi ef sbeuohÿi axtrfënf nae tfiqua na jurjulab. ^fjef ?. Zasuetfnbs
Nasorhpohÿi Obioaitrfohÿi IfB@ Geulb na ef gfsa eëquhnf Geulb na OB: Obioaitrfohÿi IfB@ ai ae tfiqua ^htuefohÿi 6 Gaibegtfeaëif ^htuefohÿi 6 Ifrfilf na katheb ^htuefohÿi : Gaibegtfeaëif ^htuefohÿi : Ifrfilf na katheb Guaita< Futbras
Qihnfn kbe/E E/` E/` kbe/E
^bkf 6 6 64 644 6
kE kE
3.0 :.?
kE kE
8 4.8
?.:.6 ^brra na fjsbrohÿi Oæeoueb na ef obkpbshohÿi na OB: ai ef sbeuohÿi na IfB@ f ef sfehnf na ef tbrra Tfrf ghias præothobs y najhnb f qua ef sbeuohÿi na IfB@ sa kfialÿ ai jflfs obioaitrfohbias, sa kfialÿ obkb naishnfn na ef sbeuohÿi ef naishnfn nae fcuf f :1´O (Ãaicae, :448) takparfturf fsukhnf ai ae prboasb yf qua ae shkuefnbr ib ef prbvaa. Hcufekaita, obkb pasb kbeaouefr prbkanhb na ef sbeuohÿi sa fsukhÿ ae pasb nae fcuf. Fe `foar nho`fs obishnarfohbias sa thaia qua ae vfebr bjtaihnb as P6 (raefohÿi kbefr). Tbr btrb efnb, ef thtuefohÿi qua jrhinf ef higbrkfohÿi sbjra ef ofithnfn na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib fjsbrjhnb as ef thtuefohÿi eeavfnf f ofjb obi ifrfilf na katheb= pbr eb tfitb astf thtuefohÿi as ef qua sa tainræ ai ouaitf pfrf ebs oæeouebs.
64
^fjef >. Nftbs akpeafnbs pfrf ae oæeoueb na ef obioaitrfohÿi na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib f ef sfehnf nae ageuaita eëquhnb nae eao`b akpfofnb
Nasorhpohÿi O6
Wfebr 6
Qihnfnas kbe/E
6 W W: O:
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P6
:.? 64 4.:? 6 60 4.44>6>
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4.44>6:?
ke ke kbe/E mc/E mc/mkbe mkbe na OB: / mkbe na sbeuohÿi ehjra na OB : mkbe na OB: / mkbe na sbeuohÿi
φ@:B
Guaita< Futbras Tfrf ofeouefr ef obioaitrfohÿi na sfehnf sa thaia ai ouaitf ef axprashÿi kftakæthof na ef aoufohÿi 6, ai aeef sa raefohbifi ae vbeukai nae fcaita thtuefita= ai asta ofsb uif sbeuohÿi na @Oe, obi su obioaitrfohÿi, y ae vbeukai na ef sbeuohÿi na IfB@ obi nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib nhsuaetb, luitb obi ef obioaitrfohÿi na asta üethkb. Obkb sa aiouaitrf rachstrfnb ai ef tfjef >, ae vbeukai na sbeuohÿi f thtuefr ai tbnbs ebs ofsbs gua ae khskb< 64 ke, fe hcufe qua ef obioaitrfohÿi na ef sbeuohÿi thtuefita 6K.
∓ ; ∓
( 6)
_hainb fsë sa fpehofi ebs gfotbras na obivarshÿi iaoasfrhbs pfrf obivarthr O: ai raefohÿi kbefr
6 ́ ∓ 6444 ; ∓ 6∓
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; 6
( ?)
Tfrf ae oæeoueb na raefohÿi kbefr f grfoohÿi kbefr sa thaia ai ouaitf ef aoufohÿi ?.
Oæeoueb na ef obkpbshohÿi na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib f ef aitrfnf nae eao`b ai ef obrrhaita cfsabsf Nfnfs efs obinhohbias nae cfs qua sa astæ kfialfinb sa fsuka cfs hnafe. 66
^fjef 1.Nftbs akpeafnbs pfrf ef alakpehghofohÿi nae oæeoueb na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib f ef aitrfnf nae eao`b ai ef obrrhaita cfsabsf.
Nasorhpohÿi Geulb na Geulb na fhra
Wfebr 644 ?4
Qihnfnas kbe/` kbe/`
Geulb tbtfe y6
6?4 4.378:
X6
?.????
mkbe na OB mkbe nana fhOBra mkbe mkbe na fhra ehjra na OB
OB
kbe/`
Guaita< Futbras
Tbr obioaptb, sa obiboa qua ae pbroaitfla ai vbeukai ai ui cfs hnafe as eb khskb qua ae pbroaitfla b grfoohÿi kbefr. _hainb fsë sa fpehof ef aoufohÿi a oufohÿi >.
G e u l b na OB ; Geulb tbtfe ; 6
( >)
Tfrf bjtaiar ef raefohÿi kbefr sa akpeaf ef aoufohÿi 1. ( 1)
Oæeoueb nae geulb na cfs
Oÿkb ef higbrkfohÿi na ebs geulbs trftfnbs ae shkuefnbr ef rapbrtÿ ai uihnfnas na E/` sa trfjflÿ obi ef eay na ebs cfsas hnafeas pfrf fsë, bjtaiar ae geulb kbefr. Hcufekaita, pfrf ghias præothobs, ai tbnbs ebs nftbs nae prasaita higbrka sa kbnhghofrbi efs uihnfnas na thakpb f sacuinbs y na kbeas f Mkbe. ^fjef 7. Nftbs akpeafnbs pfrf ef alakpehghofohÿi nae oæeoueb nae geulb kbefr nae cfs qua aitrÿ fe eao`b
Nasorhpohÿi T ^ Z Geulb na cfs tbtfe C6 C_ Guaita< Futbras
Wfebr : :1 4.40: 6?4 :.81>*64-7 7.063*64-3
Qihnfnas ftk ´O
ftk ∓ E kbe ∓ M
E/` mkbe/s mkbe na fhra ehjra na
/s
OB
6:
;
( 7)
Tfrf ebs jfefioas na kfsf qua sa eeavfræi f ofjb pbstarhbrkaita as iaoasfrhb taiar ae geulb na cfs aitrfita ehjra na
O
. Tfrf aeeb sa fpehof ef aoufohÿi 3. ( 3)
; ∓ 6
Oæeoueb nae geulb na eëquhnb qua aitrf fe eao`b
Ai ae ofsb na ef axparhkaitfohÿi, ef sbeuohÿi qua hicrasf f ef obeukif sa aiouaitrf ehjra na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib. ^fjef 3. Nftbs akpeafnbs pfrf ae oæeoueb nae geulb na sbeuohÿi qua aitrf fe eao`b
Nasorhpohÿi Geulb na sbeuohÿi φ@:B E: E_ Guaita< Futbras
́TK
Wfebr 64 6 60 4.44461>? 4.44461>?
Qihnfnas E/` mc/E mc/mkbe mkbe na sei/s mkbe na sei ehjra na /s
6` ; geulb nnaa sei ∓ ∓́ 6 ∓ ?744s
( 0)
Ai asta ofsb, iuavfkaita as iaoasfrhb bjtaiar ae geulb na eëquhnb ehjra na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib pfrf pbstarhbras jfefioas, parb obkb sa kaiohbiÿ fitarhbrkaita nho`f sbeuohÿi aitrf ehjra na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib pbr eb qua E :;E_ Oæeoueb na ef grfoohÿi na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib f ef sfehnf nae eao`b ai ef obrrhaita cfsabsf. ^fjef 0.Nftbs akpeafnbs pfrf ae oæeoueb na ef grfoohÿi na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib f ef sfehnf nae eao`b ai ef obrrhaita cfsabsf
Nasorhpohÿi E_ C_ P6
Wfebr 4.44461>? 7.063*64-3 4.44>6>
P:
4
X6
?.???
Qihnfnas mkbe na sei ehjra na /s mkbe na fhra ehjra na /s mkbe na /mkbe na sei ehjra na mkbe na /mkbe na sei ehjra na
OB OB OB OB OB
OBOB
mkbe naehjra na /mkbe na fhra 6?
X:
:.?876
y: Guaita< Futbras
4.3411
OB OB OB
mkbe na /mkbe na fhra ehjra na /mkbe na fhra mkbe na
_a akpeaf ae jfefioa na kfsf na ef aoufohÿi 8.
;
( 8)
Iuavfkaita, as iaoasfrhb bjtaiar ef grfoohÿi kbefr, pbr eb tfitb, sa akpeaf ef aoufohÿi ? yf obibohainb ae vfebr na X : Oæeoueb na ef aghohaiohf ^fjef 8. Nftbs pfrf ae oæeoueb na ef aghohaiohf ai ae eao`b akpfofnb
Nasorhpohÿi y6 y: Aghohaiohf Guaita< Futbras
Wfebr 4.378:
Qihnfnas mkbe na /mkbe na fhra
4.3411 0.:307
mkbe na
OB
%/mkbe na fhra
Fpehofinb ef aoufohÿi 0 sa bjthaia ef aghohaiohf, taihainb obkb grfoohÿi na aitrfnf y 6 y grfoohÿi na sfehnf y:<
aitrÿfnfi nagrfoo aitrfnf grfooh h ÿ i na sfe h n f ∓ 644 %aghohaiohf ; Grfoohÿi nagrfooh aitrfnf
( 64)
?.:.: Nhkaishbifkhaitb na ef tbrra Oæeoueb nae nhækatrb
Tfrf pbnar natarkhifr ae nhækatrb sa fpehoÿ ae kètbnb prbpuastb ai (^rayjfe, 6870), pfrf aeeb sa thaia ai ouaitf ef ghcurf 6, ai nbina ef tbrra sa nhsaöf obi raspaotb f ui pbroaitfla na ef obinhohÿi na hiuinfohÿi= ai asta ofsb sa thaia ai ouaitf ef `aurësthof na ui pbroaitfla nae 04%. _hainb fsë, as iaoasfrhb ofeouefr eb qua obrraspbina fe ala x na ef heustrfohÿi 6, pfrf fsë obiboar ae ofunfe na cfs na hiuinfohÿi hiuinfo hÿi y na nho`f kfiarf nhkaishbifr ae nhækatrb na ef tbrra.
6>
Heustrfohÿi :.Hiuinfohÿi y ofënf na prashÿi ai tbrras obi akpfquas fe fzfr pfrf uihnfnas nae _H.
Guaita< ^rayjfe, 6870. Iuavfkaita, fpehofinb ef eay na cfsas hnafeas, sa bjthaia ef naishnfn nae geulb g eulb nae cfs naitrb nae eao`b. Ofja fcracfr qua, pfrf ae oæeoueb nae pasb kbeaouefr prbkanhb nae cfs, sa tbkÿ ef zbif kæs pasfnf na ef tbrra= ai asta ofsb ebs gbinbs. ^fjef 64. Nftbs akpeafnbs pfrf ae oæeoueb nae pasb kbeaouefr prbkanhb
Nasorhpohÿi TKfhra TKOB: y6 Guaita< Futbras
́TKc
Wfebr :0.83 >> 4.378: >4.1?61
Qihnfn mc/mkbe mc/mkbe mkbe na /mkbe na fhra mc/mkbe
OB
61
́TK c ; ∓ TK 6 ∓ TK
( 66)
Ai asta ofsb, pfrf pbnar taiar uif obishstaiohf nhkaishbife ai ebs oæeouebs pbstarhbras ef naishnfn ofeouefnf tainræ uihnfnas na mc/k ?. ^fjef 66. Nftbs akpeafnbs pfrf ae oæeoueb na ef naishnfn nae cfs
Nasorhpohÿi T ^ Z Guaita< Futbras
Wfebr : :1 ?.6?1 0.?6>
Qihnfn ftk ´O mc/k? Tf*k?/kbe*M
́ 646?:1 ∓ ∓ ; ∓644 ∓ 64444 ∓ :3?. :3?.61
( 6:)
Iuavfkaita, sa fsuka ef naishnfn nae eëquhnb ai ef tbrra obkb sh guasa ef naishnfn nae fcuf f ef takparfturf nae shstakf. Ai asta ofsb ef aoufohÿi 6? trfjflf obi geux, tfitb na eëquhnb obkb na cfs, parb yf qua astbs sa nasobiboai najhnb f qua ae æraf trfisvarsfe na ef tbrra as ae pfrækatrb qua sa astæ ofeouefinb, sa trfjflf obi ebs geulbs kæshobs na ofnf uib= ofja fcracfr qua ib sa fetarf ef aoufohÿi yf qua astbs sa aiouaitrfi obkb ui obohaita. ^fjef 6:.Nftbs akpeafnbs pfrf alakpehghofr ae oæeoueb nae nhækatrb nae eao`b
Nasorhpohÿi SE SC Ala P Guaita< Futbras
Wfebr 4.44:047 4.4446683 6444 6.?16:
/ Ala ;
Qihnfnas mc/s mc/s mc/k? fnhk
( 6?)
Eayainb ae vfebr na x ai ef cræghof y eeavæinbeb `fstf hiuinfohÿi sa eaa ae vfebr na y, pfrf ae ofsb na ebs nftbs tbkfnbs sa thaia ef heustrfohÿi ?.
67
Heustrfohÿi ?. Hiuinfohÿi y ofënf na prashÿi ai tbrras obi akpfquas fe fzfr pfrf uihnfnas nae _H.
Guaita< ^rayjfe, 6870 Ae vfebr fprbxhkfnb nae ala y as 4.4:>. Obi ae vfebr na y sa prboana f naspalfr ae geux na cfs na hiuinfohÿi. Tfrf pbnar bjtaiar ae geux na hiuinfohÿi as iaoasfrhb obiboar ohartfs prbphanfnas nae akpfqua obkb ae gfotbr na raeeaib b na hiuinfohÿi ai ebs peftbs (og), ppfrf frf aeeb sa obisuetÿ ef tfjef 7.? na (^rayjfe, 6870) Ai asta ofsb, sa astfjeaohÿ qua ae akpfqua akpeafnb arfi fiheebs Zfso`hc na 6 hi, y sa fsukhÿ ae kftarhfe oarækhob najhnb f ef fetf obrrbshÿi qua ae nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib pbnrëf bofshbifr sh ebs ffiheebs iheebs guasai katæehobs= eeff btrf bpohÿi pbshjea. Hcufekaita gua iaoasfrhb obiboar ef vhsobshnfn nae fcuf, ef oufe sa tbkÿ na ef tfjef F-8, f :1´O na ef guaita Oaicae, (:448).
63
^fjef 6?. Nftbs akpeafnbs pfrf ef alakpehgh alakpehghofohÿi ofohÿi nae oæeoueb nae geux na cfs na hiuinfohÿi ai ae eao`b.
Nasorhpohÿi Ala X L C‘hi C‘bp F N Guaita< Futbras
Wfebr 4.4:> 6 6 611 4.44408> ?.?6?7 6444 6.4613 4.06:7 4.4446>3?> 4.46?78
› . Ala ; ; ∓ ( ∓ ∓) ∓∓ ∓
Qihnfnas fnhk k/s: fnhk op mc/k? mc/k? mc/k:s mc/k:s k: k
( 6>)
Xf obibohainb ae geux na hiuinfohÿi, sa astfjeaoa qua ae geux obi ae oufe sa trfjflf as ae 04% na nho`b geux na hiuinfohÿi.
› ; 4.0 ∓ ›
( 61)
Xf obibohainb ae geulb na cfs kæshob kfialfnb y ae geux na bparfohÿi sa puana naspalfr ae æraf trfisvarsfe na ef tbrra.
; › . > ∓ ;
( 67)
X yf obibohainb ae æraf, sa naspalf ae nhækatrb
Oæeoueb na ef feturf na ef tbrra
( 63)
Aquhehjrhb Hihohfekaita as iaoasfrhb natarkhifr ae aquhehjrhb nae nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib obi ef sbeuohÿi na IfB@. Tfrf ghias præothobs y najhnb f ef fusaiohf na nftbs obibohnbs nae aquhehjrhb f nhvarsfs obioaitrfohbias kbefras na IfB@, sa akpeaÿ pfrf tbnfs efs obioaitrfohbias na 60
IfB@, ef obistfita na @airy trfjflfnf pbr Obuesbi y Zho`frnsbi (:463), Ef oufe aquhvfea f :1 jfr k?/Mkbe. Tfrf pbnar bjtaiar ef obistfita ai efs uihnfnas raquarhnfs, sa tuvb ai ouaitf ef eay na @airy, axprasfnf ai ef aoufohÿi 60. Ef oufe sa nhvhnhÿ ai ef prashÿi tbtfe, ai asta ofsb : ftk eb oufe aquhvfea f :.4:71 jfr, bjtaihèinbsa ef aoufohÿi 68. Obi ebs vfebras na grfoohÿi kbefr nae cfs na 4 f 6 sa tfjuefrbi ebs vfebras na obioaitrfohÿi, nho`f obioaitrfohÿi gua trfisgbrkfnf f grfoohÿi kbefr, akpeafinb ef aoufohÿi : y ebs raspaothvbs gfotbras na obivarshÿi. Ghifekaita, fe taiar tfitb grfoohÿi kbefr ai ae eëquhnb, obkb grfoohÿi kbefr ai ae cfs, sa rafehzÿ uif racrashÿi ehiafe (Cræghof 6) bjtaihèinbsa fsë, ef painhaita qua rhca fe aquhehjrhb (aoufohÿi :4).
; ∓ ;∓
( 60)
( 68)
Crfghof 6.Aquhehjrhb IfB@ - OB : 4,7 4,1 s f c e 4,> a n r f e b 4,? k i ÿ h o 4,: o f r G
y ; 701,?7x Zº ; 6
4,6 4 4
4,4446
4,444:
4,444?
4,444>
4,4441
4,4447
4,4443
4,4440
Grfoohÿi kbefr nae eëquhnb
Guaita< Futbras
; 701.?7
( :4)
Oæeoueb nae IBC Tfrf ae oæeoueb nae I BC sa akpeaÿ ef aoufohÿi :6 y ::.
68
^fjef 6>. Nftbs akpeafnbs pfrf ef alakpehghofohÿi nae oæeoueb nae IBC
Nasorhpohÿi K E_/C_ F IBC Guaita< Futbras
Wfebr 701.?7 ::7.?3 4.??4?
Qihnfnas fnhk fnhk fnhk
4.48870
fnhk
; 66 6 6 ; 6 6 6 ∓
( :6)
Oæeoueb nae @BC
( ::)
Tfrf pbnar bjtaiar ae vfebr na @ BC as iaoasfrhb obiboar ae obaghohaita na trfisgaraiohf na kfsf cebjfe (Myf), pfrf aeeb sa akpeaÿ f ef jfsa na nftbs Mibvae, ai nbina sa rapbrtÿ ae Mcf pfrf ae nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib ai uif sbeuohÿi na fe >%p/p na IfB@. Ae vfebr rapbrtfnb as na : ejkbe/`r*gt?*ftk. _a akpeafrbi efs obivarshbias iaoasfrhfs y sa bjtuvb ae vfebr na @BC. Ebs nftbs sa aiouaitrfi ai ef tfjef 61. ^fjef 61. Nftbs akpeafnbs pfrf ef alakpehghofohÿi nae oæeoueb nae @ BC
Nasorhpohÿi Myf C6 f @BC Guaita< Futbras
Wfebr 4.46338 :.81>*64-7 4.4446>3? 6.6:7>
∓∓ ;
Qihnfnas mkbe/s*k? mkbe/s k: k ( :?)
Tfrf bjtaiar ef feturf sa kuethpehof ae IBC pbr ae @BC taihèinbsa, uif feturf na 4,66::? k.
?.:.? ^fiqua na jurjulab Oæeoueb na ef raefohÿi kbefr na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib obitaihnf ai ef sbeuohÿi fe ghife ae axparhkaitb
:4
Tfrf aeeb sa thaia ai ouaitf ef thtuefohÿi akpeafnf obi kathe ifrfilf, tfe obkb sa akpeaÿ ai ef obeukif na fjsbrohÿi, luitb obi efs aoufohbias 6 y :, sa bjthaia f pfrthr ef grfoohÿi na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib rafoohbiÿ ai ef sbeuohÿi na IfB@, pfsfnbs 64 khiutbs. ^fjef 67. Nftbs akpeafnbs pfrf ef alakpehghofohÿi nae oæeoueb na grfoohÿi kbefr na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib ai ae tfiqua
Nasorhpohÿi O6 W6 W? O? P? Guaita< futbras
Wfebr 6 4,8 64 4,48 4,4467:
Qihnfn kbe/E ke ke kbe/E mkbe na OB:/mkbe na sei
Oæeoueb na ef grfoohÿi kbefr na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib qua sfea ai ef obrrhaita na cfs nae tfiqua Xf obibohainb ef grfoohÿi rataihnf ai ef sbeuohÿi (eëquhnb) y ef obkpbshohÿi nae cfs aitrfita (ae qua sfea na ef tbrra na fjsbrohÿi b eao`b). _a prboana f pefitafr ae jfefioa na kfsf na ef aoufohÿi :>. Ai asta ofsb, obkb ae thakpb nae axparhkaitb guarbi 64 khiutbs y ae prboasb as sakhobithiub, sa ofeoueÿ ef ofithnfn na cfs akpeafnf ai nho`b thakpb. ^fjef 63. Nftbs akpeafnbs pfrf ef alakpehghofohÿi nae oæeoueb na grfoohÿi kbefr na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib f ef sfehnf nae tfiqua
Nasorhpohÿi
Wfebr
Qihnfn
s^ C X:
4.444>48 :.?876
Es^ X?
4.6773 6.3?7
y? Guaita< Futbras
4.7?>1
mkbe mkbe na OB :/mkbe na fhra ehjra na OB: mkbe mkbe na OB:/mkbe na fhra ehjra na OB: mkbe na OB:/mkbe na fhra
;
( :>)
:6
Oæeoueb na ef aghohaiohf nae tfiqua na jurjulab Akpeafinb ef aoufohÿi 64 sa ofeouef fiæebcfkaita ef aghohaiohf, tfe obkb sa ofeoueÿ pfrf ae eao`b akpfofnb, ai asta ofsb sa bjtuvb ui vfebr na 64,470%
::
> ZA_QE^FNB_ Akpeafinb ae kbnaeb na oæeoueb nasorhtb ai ef katbnbebcëf sa bjtuvharbi ebs rasuetfnbs. Tfrf rafehzfr ui fiæehshs na ef higeuaiohf na ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ef tbrra na fjsbrohÿi sbjra efs nhkaishbias na ef tbrra y ef aghohaiohf, sa rafehzfrbi 1 tbkfs ai ae shkuefnbr, vfrhfinb ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ na 6 f ? Kbe/E. ^fjef 60. Nftbs raobphefnbs vfrhfinb ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ef tbrra na fjsbrohÿi
Nasorhpohÿi Obioaitrfohÿi IfB@ Geulb na ef gfsa eëquhnf Geulb na OB: Geulb na fhra Obioaitrfohÿi IfB@ ai ae tfiqua ^htuefohÿi 6< Gaibegtfeaëif
Qihnfn ^bkf 6 ^bkf : ^bkf ? ^bkf > ^bkf 1 kbe/E 6 6,1 : :,1 ? E/` 64 64 64 64 64 E/` 644 644 644 644 644 E/` ?4 ?4 ?4 ?4 ?4
^htuefohÿi 6< Ifrfilf na katheb ^htuefohÿi :< Gaibegtfeaëif ^htuefohÿi :< Ifrfilf na katheb Feturf na ef tbrra Nhækatrb na ef tbrra Aghohaiohf tbrra Aghohaiohf tfiqua na jurjulab Guaita< Futbras
kbe/E
6
6
6
6
6
kE
3,0
6:,?
63,1
::,>
:3,3
kE
:,?
:,3
:,1
:,7
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8
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8,6
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4,8
4,7
4,0
4,0
6
K K %
4,66:: 4,46?3 0,:3
4,6>11 4,46?3 64,:40
44,6:0 ,6:0 4,46?3 8,:68
4,6?77 4,46?3 8,3438
4,66:: 4,46?3 0,:307
%
64,478
3,411?
8,:8:3
8,74:
66,>81
Ef shcuhaita vfrhfjea f avfeufr as ae geulb na ef gfsa eëquhnf b sbeuohÿi na IfB@ hihohfe ai ef tbrra na fjsbrohÿi, pfrf ef oufe sa `hoharbi 7 tbkfs, vfrhfinb ae geulb na 1 f 64 E/`. ^fjef 68. Nftbs raobphefnbs vfrhfinb ae geulb na ef gfsa eëquhnf hihohfe na ef tbrra na fjsbrohÿi
Nasorhpohÿi Obioaitrfohÿi IfB@ Geulb na ef gfsa eëquhnf Geulb na OB:
Qihnfn
^bkf 6
^bkf :
^bkf ?
^bkf >
^bkf 1
^bkf 7
kbe/E
6
6
6
6
6
6
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64
8
0
3
7
1
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644
644
644
644
644
644 :?
Geulb na fhra Obioaitrfohÿi IfB@ ai ae tfiqua ^htuefohÿi 6< Gaibegtfeaëif ^htuefohÿi 6< Ifrfilf na katheb ^htuefohÿi :< Gaibegtfeaëif ^htuefohÿi :< Ifrfilf na katheb Feturf na ef tbrra Nhækatrb na ef tbrra Aghohaiohf na ef tbrra Aghohaiohf nae
E/`
?4
?4
?4
?4
?4
?4
kbe/E
6
6
6
6
6
6
kE
3,0
3,:
3,1
3,?
1,0
>,3
kE kE
:,? 8
:,0 8,:
:,1 8,:
:,0 8,:
>,: 8
1,? 8,:
kE
4,8
4,3
4,0
4,3
4,8
4,0
k
4,66::
4,6>0:
4,66::
4,6838
4,:11?
k
4,46?3
4,46:8
4,46:1
4,4668
4,4667
%
0,:307
8,?67>
7,8>03
8,?67>
8,8171
%
64,478
3,87>1
3,8>3>
64,06>
8,37?7
4,6:64 1 4,46:4 1 7,330? 7,34>?
tfiqua Futbras Guaita< Tfrf obiboar ef hiohnaiohf na ef gfsa cfsabsf ai ef tbrra na nasthefohÿi, sa vfrhÿ ae geulb na OB: rafehzæinbsa 1 tbkfs nasna 74 f 644 E/`. Ae geulb na fhra sa kfituvb obistfita ai tbnfs efs tbkfs y gua na ?4 E/`. ^fjef :4. Nftbs raobphefnbs vfrhfinb ae geulb na ef gfsa cfsabsf na ef tbrra na fjsbrohÿi
Nasorhpohÿi Obioaitrfohÿi IfB@ Geulb na ef gfsa eëquhnf Geulb na OB: Geulb na fhra Obioaitrfohÿi IfB@ ai ae tfiqua ^htuefohÿi 6< Gaibegtfeaëif ^htuefohÿi 6< Ifrfilf na katheb ^htuefohÿi :< Gaibegtfeaëif ^htuefohÿi :< Ifrfilf na katheb Feturf na ef tbrra Nhækatrb na Aghohaiohf naefeftbrra tbrra
kbe/E E/` E/` E/`
^bkf 6 6 64 644 ?4
^bkf : 6 64 84 ?4
^bkf ? 6 64 04 ?4
^bkf > 6 64 34 ?4
^bkf 1 6 64 74 ?4
kbe/E
6
6
6
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6
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3,0
0,6
3,8
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0,1
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:,?
6,8
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8
8,:
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8,:
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4,8
4,8
4,0
4,3
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k
4,66:?
4,646:
4,618?
4,484>
4,636:
k %
4,46?3 0,:307
4,46?7 0
4,46?1 6:,6?>
4,46?: 0,483?
4,46:8 6?,00:
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Aghohaiohf nae tfiqua na jurjulab Guaita< Futbras
%
64,470
66,118
61,604
6:,>:8
6?,3?4
Ghifekaita, sa raobphefrbi 7 tbkfs pfrf avfeufr ef hiohnaiohf na ef vfrhfohÿi na ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ae tfiqua na jurjulab. Ae rficb f astunhfr gua na 6 f : kbe/E. ^fjef :6. Nftbs raobphefnbs vfrhfinb ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ae tfiqua na jurjulab
Nasorhpohÿi Obioaitrfohÿi IfB@ Geulb na ef gfsa eëquhnf Geulb na OB: Geulb na fhra Obioaitrfohÿi IfB@ tfiqua ai ae ^htuefohÿi 6< Gaibegtfeaëif ^htuefohÿi 6< Ifrfilf na katheb ^htuefohÿi :< Gaibegtfeaëif ^htuefohÿi :< Ifrfilf na katheb Feturf na ef tbrra Nhækatrb na ef tbrra Aghohaiohf na ef tbrra Aghohaiohf nae tfiqua na jurjulab Guaita< Futbras
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4,46?3
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4,46?3
4,46?3
%
0,:307
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64,470
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:1
1 FIÆEH_H_ NA ZA_QE^FNB_ Wfrhfohÿi na ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ef tbrra Ef vfrhfohÿi na ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ kbstrÿ ib taiar hiohnaiohf ai ae nhækatrb na ef tbrra, khaitrfs qua, sh higeuyÿ ai ef feturf na ef tbrra, ai ef qua sa punb bjsarvfr qua f uif obioaitrfohÿi na 6,1 kbe/E sa prasaitÿ ef kfybr feturf y pfrf uif obioaitrfohÿi na ? kbe/E ef kaibr. Astb sa naja f qua sacüi ef ehtarfturf ae nhækatrb na ef tbrra sa va higeuaiohfnb prhiohpfekaita pbr ebs ofunfeas kfialfnbs ai ef tbrra= pfrækatrb qua ib gua kbnhghofnb, pbr eb tfitb, as obishstaita qua parkfiazof obistfita f eb efrcb na efs kanhohbias. Tbr btrb efnb, sa avhnaiohf qua ef feturf na ef tbrra vfrëf obi ebs ofkjhbs na obioaitrfohÿi y ib sa prasaitf uif tainaiohf oefrf= astb sa puana najar f qua pfrækatrbs obkb ae pasb kbeaouefr nae geuhnb, ef naishnfn guarbi fsukhnbs obkb ebs nae fcuf y ib guarbi kbnhghofnbs f kanhnf qua sa eeavfjfi f ofjb efs vfrhfohbias na obioaitrfohÿi. Hcufekaita, ae aquhehjrhb y ae Mcf akpeafnb gua ae khskb pfrf tbnfs efs sbeuohbias, pbr eb tfitb, efs vfrhfjeas fitarhbrkaita kaiohbifnfs ib fgaotfrbi ebs oæeouebs y pbr aeeb sa punb prasaitfr ae obkpbrtfkhaitb avhnaiohfnb ai ef cræghof :. Cræghof :. Hiohnaiohf na ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai feturf y nhækatrb na ef tbrra 4,67 4,6> 4,6: 4,6 [ ] k4,40
Feturf na ef tbrra
4,47
Nhækatrb na ef tbrra
4,4> 4,4: 4 6
6,1
:
:,1
?
Obioaitrfohÿi IfB@ ]kbe/E[
Guaita< Futbras
:7
Tfrf fifehzfr ef higeuaiohf ai ef aghohaiohf tfitb na ef tbrra obkb nae tfiqua na jurjulab, sa thaia ef cræghof ?, ai ef qua sa fpraohfi vfebras na aghohaiohf ai ae rficb aitra 3 y 6:%. Ef kfybr aghohaiohf nae tfiqua na jurjulab sa bjsarvÿ pfrf ef obioaitrfohÿi na ? kbe/E. Ofja rasfetfr, qua ae shkuefnbr prasaitf ui kfrcai na arrbr y f su vaz, ebs oæeouebs pfrf ef gfsa eëquhnf ib thaiai ai ouaitf efs prbphanfnas na ef sbeuohÿi, shib efs prbphanfnas nae fcuf. Tbr eb tfitb, efs vfrhfohbias na ef obioaitrfohÿi sbefkaita sa vai ragealfnfs ai ebs rasuetfnbs na ef thtuefohÿi.
Cræghof ?. Higeuaiohf na ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ef aghohaiohf na ef tbrra y nae tfiqua na jurjulab 6> 6: 64 [ % ]
0 Aghohaiohf na ef tbrra 7 Aghohaiohf nae tfiqua na jurjulab
> : 4 6
6,1
:
:,1
?
Obioaitrfohÿi IfB@ ]kbe/E[
Guaita< Futbras Qib na ebs gfotbras qua tfkjhèi sa punb fifehzfr ai ae prboasb gua ef higeuaiohf na ef vfrhfohÿi na ebs nhgaraitas pfrækatrbs ai ef aghohaiohf cebjfe na prboasb. Ef cræghof > kuastrf oÿkb sa obkpbrtÿ ef aghohaiohf cebjfe fe vfrhfr ef obioaitrfohÿi nae IfB@= ai astf sa puana avhnaiohfr qua fe `fjar kfybr obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ef aghohaiohf fukaitb shcihghofthvfkaita eeacfinb f feofizfr ui 60,0:% obi uif obioaitrfohÿi nae ?kbe/e na IfB@, obi astb sa punb eeacfr f higarhr qua f kfybr obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ kfybr aghohaiohf thaia ae prboasb. :3
Cræghof >. Higeuaiohf na ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ae tfiqua ai ef aghohaiohf cebjfe nae prboasb Aghohaiohf cebjfe 68 60,1 60
[ %63,1 ]
63 67,1 67 6
6,1
:
:,1
?
Obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ]kbe/e[
Guaita< Futbras
Wfrhfohÿi nae geulb na ef gfsa eëquhnf hihohfe ai ef tbrra Fe vfrhfr ae geulb na ef gfsa eëquhnf hihohfe b na ef sbeuohÿi na IfB@ ai ef tbrra, sa bjsarvf uif hiohnaiohf ai ef feturf na ef tbrra, ai ef qua f kfybr geulb sa prasaitf kaibr feturf. Iuavfkaita sa avhnaiohf uif tainaiohf obistfita ai ae nhækatrb na ef tbrra, nbina sa sa obighrkf qua ib napaina na ef vfrhfjea kfihpuefnf ai asta ofsb. Zaobrnfinb ebs obioaptbs y aoufohbias kbstrfnbs fitarhbrkaita, ae nhækatrb na uif tbrra napaina nae geux kæshob na cfs y ai asta ofsb asf vfrhfjea astæ obistfita. Cræghof 1. Hiohnaiohf na ef vfrhfohÿi nae geulb na ef gfsa eëquhnf hihohfe ai ef feturf y nhækatrb na ef tbrra 4,? 4,:1 4,: [ k4,61 ]
Feturf na ef tbrra
4,6
Nhækatrb na ef tbrra
4,41 4 1
7
3
0
8
64
Geulb gfsa eëquhnf hihohfe ]E/`[
:0
Guaita< Futbras Ai ae ofsb na ef hiohnaiohf ai efs aghohaiohfs, ib sa bjsarvf uif tainaiohf naghihnf, parb sa ebcrf fpraohfr qua, ai ae puitb na këihkb geulb na gfsa eëquhnf, as naohr, 1 E/`, ef tbrra astfræ nhkaishbifnf obi kfybr feturf y f su vaz obi kfybr aghohaiohf. ^aihainb ai ouaitf ae tfiqua na jurjulab, asta thaia su kæxhkb ai ae geulb na sbeuohÿi na IfB@ na 7 E/`, kbstrfinb fsë, qua f kaibr geulb kfybr saræ ef aghohaiohf tfitb ai ef tbrra obkb ai ae tfiqua. Cræghof 7. Higeuaiohf nae geulb na ef gfsa eëquhnf ai ef aghohaiohf na ef tbrra y nae tfiqua na jurjulab 6: 64 0 [ % 7 ]
Aghohaiohf na ef tbrra
>
Aghohaiohf nae tfiqua na jurjulab
: 4 1
7
3
0
8
64
Geulb gfsa eëquhnf hihohfe ]E/`[
Guaita< Futbras Oufinb sa vfrhÿ ae geulb na ef gfsa ehquhnf qua aitrfjf f ef tbrra (cræghob 7), ef aghohaiohf nae prboasb tuvb ui obkpbrtfkhaitb bsoheftbrhb, astb najhnb f qua ai uif tbrra na fjsbrohÿi sa puana eeacfr f aiobitrfr ae puitb na bparfohÿi bpthkb bpt hkb ai ae oufe sa prasaitf ef kfybr aghohaiohf y sa eeacf f fjsbrjar ef kfybr ofithnfn na OB := sa avhnaiohb qua fe kfialfr ui geulb na 7 e/` sa feofizÿ uif aghohaiohf nae 68,6:%. As pbshjea qua fe sacuhr fukaitfinb ae geulb sa aiouaitra btrb puitb ai ae oufe ef aghohaiohf saf kfybr parb asta btrb puitb puana eeacfr f hkpehofr kfybras obstbs na bparfohÿi y cfstbs na kftarhf prhkf.
:8
Cræghof 3. Higeuaiohf nae geulb na ef gfsa ehquhnf ai ef aghohaiohf cebjfe nae prboasb Aghohaiohf cebjfe :4,444 [
60,444
] %67,444
6>,444
6:,444 1
7
3
0
8
64
Geulb na gfsa ehquhnf ]e/`[
Guaita< Futbras
Wfrhfohÿi nae geulb na OB: ai ef tbrra Tfrf ae fiæehshs na ef hiohnaiohf nae geulb na OB : ai efs nhkaishbias na ef tbrra na fjsbrohÿi, sa avhnaiohf uif tainaiohf bsoheftbrhf ai ef feturf, fe vfrhfrsa ae geulb nae cfs na 74 f 644 E/`. Zasfetfinb qua ef feturf kæxhkf sa prasaitf obi ae geulb na 74 E/`. Cræghof 0. Hiohnaiohf na ef vfrhfohÿi nae geulb na OB: ai ef feturf na ef tbrra 4,60 4,67 [ 4,6> k ] 4,6: a r r b t 4,6 f e a 4,40 n f r 4,47 u t e F
4,4> 4,4: 4 74
71
34
31
04
01
84
81
644
Geulb na OB: ]E/`[
Guaita< Futbras Tfrf ae fiæehshs na ef hiohnaiohf nae geulb na OB : sa bjtuvb uif vfrhfohÿi ai ae nhækatrb na ef tbrra obkb sa fpraohf ai ef cræghof 8, ai ef qua f kfybr geulb na OB: fukaitf ae ?4
nhækatrb. Astb sa naja f ef raefohÿi nhraotf qua thaia ae ofunfe na cfs fehkaitfnb obi ae æraf trfisvarsfe na ef tbrra, obi ef qua sa natarkhif ae nhækatrb. Ofja rasfetfr, qua ae ofunfe na cfs gua natarkhifnb obi efs vfrhfohbias nae geulb na OB : kbstrfnfs ai ef cræghof, sukfnb fe geulb na fhra qua sa kfituvb obistfita obi ae vfebr na ?4 E/` ai tbnfs efs pruajfs. Cræghof 8. Hiohnaiohf na ef vfrhfohÿi nae geulb na OB : ai ae nhækatrb na ef tbrra 4,46?0 4,46?3 [ 4,46?7 k ] 4,46?1 a r r b t 4,46?> f e a 4,46?? n b 4,46?: r t a k4,46?6 æ h N 4,46?
4,46:8 4,46:0 74
71
34
31
04
01
84
81
644
Geulb na OB: ]E/`[
Guaita< Futbras Cræghof 64. Higeuaiohf nae geulb na OB: ai ef aghohaiohf na ef tbrra y nae tfiqua na jurjulab 67 6> 6: 64 [ % 0 ]
Aghohaiohf na ef tbrra
7
Aghohaiohf nae tfiqua na jurjulab
> : 4 74
34
04
84
644
Geulb na OB: ]E/`[
?6
Guaita< Futbras Oufinb sa vfrhÿ ae geulb nae OB: ef aghohaiohf cebjfe tuvb ui obkpbrtfkhaitb bsoheftbrhb, parb sa puana eeacfr f avhnaiohfr qua f kanhnf qua qu a fukaitf ae geulb, ef aghohaiohf nhskhiuya astb najhnb f qua fe hitrbnuohr kfybr ofithnfn na OB : kfialfinb ae khskb ofunfe na IfB@, y f obioaitrfohÿi na ef sbeuohÿi obistfita, ef tbrra y ae tfiqua na jurjulab ib thaiai ef ofpfohnfn na naspblfr tfitf ofithnfn nae cfs hiyaotfnb hiya otfnb y pbr eb tfitb ef aghohaiohf sa va fgaotfnf. Cræghof 66. Higeuaiohf nae geulb na OB: ai ef aghohaiohf cebjfe nae prboasb :3 :1 :? [ ] %:6
68 63 61 74
34
04
84
644
Geulb OB: ]e/`[
Guaita< Futbras
Wfrhfohÿi na ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ae tfiqua na jurjulab Fe rafehzfr uif vfrhfohÿi na ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ae tfiqua na jurjulab oefrfkaita ib sa asparfi ofkjhbs ai efs nhkaishbias na ef tbrra, pbrqua astfs ib astæi ofkjhfinb y najai kfitaiarsa ai ebs vfebras bjtaihnbs ai ef prhkarf kuastrf qua sa usÿ pfrf ebs oæeouebs. _a fpraohf ai ef cræghof 6: qua astbs nftbs pfrf ef feturf ib sbi obistfitas, shib qua kuastrfi uif tainaiohf bsoheftbrhf, pbr eb qua iuavfkaita `foakbs ef obishnarfohÿi nae kfrcai na arrbr qua prasaitf ae shkuefnbr.
?:
Cræghof 6:. Hiohnaiohf na ef vfrhfohÿi na ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@, ai ef feturf y nhækatrb na ef tbrra 4,6> 4,6: 4,6 4,40
[ k ]
Feturf na ef tbrra
4,47
Nhækatrb na ef tbrra 4,4> 4,4: 4 6
6,:
6,>
6,7
6,0
:
Obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ae tfiqua ]kbe/E[
Guaita< Futbras Ai asta ofsb na astunhb, fe vfrhfr ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ae tfiqua na jurjulab ibs hitarasf fpraohfr ef higeuaiohf ai ef aghohaiohf nae tfiqua. Asta ofsb as ae qua prasaitf tainaiohfs kæs astfjeas y uif aghohaiohf nae 64% na efs kæs fetfs ai tbnbs ebs ofsbs. Cræghof 6?. Higeuaiohf na ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ae tfiqua, ai ef aghohaiohf na ef tbrra y nae tfiqua na jurjulab 6: 64 0 [ % 7 ]
Aghohaiohf na ef tbrra Anhohaiohf nae tfiqua na jurjulab
> : 4 6
6,:
6,>
6,7
6,0
:
Obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ae tfiqua ]kbe/E[
??
Guaita< Futbras Obkb üethkb axparhkaitÿ sa astunhÿ ef higeuaiohf na ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ae tfiqua na jurjulab, ai ef cræghof 6> sa puana bjsarvfr qua f kanhnf qua fukaitf ef obioaitrfohÿi ef aghohaiohf cebjfe fukaitf eeacfinb f feofizfr uif aghohaiohf nae ?:% obi uif obioaitrfohÿi na : kbe/` na IfB@, najhnb f qua f fukaitfr ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ae tfiqua na jurjulab as pbshjea eeacfr f ftrfpfr kfybr ofithnfn na OB : (ae oufe rafoohbiÿ). Cræghof 6>. Higeuaiohf na ef obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ae tfiqua ai ef aghohaiohf cebjfe nae prboasb ?? ?6 :8 :3 [ %:1 ]
:? :6 68 63 6
6,:
6,>
6,7
6,0
:
Obioaitrfohbi na IfB@ ai ae tfiqua ]kbe/`[
Guaita< Futbras
?>
7 OBIOEQ_HBIA_ _a bjsarvÿ qua ebs pfrækatrbs qua kæs fgaotfrbi ae nhækatrb na ef tbrra guarbi ebs
•
geulbs= tfitb na eëquhnb obkb cfs, shainb ae üethkb ae qua fgaotf ai kfybr kanhnf, eb oufe as ob`araita obi ef ehtarfturf. Tbr btrb efnb, ef feturf sa vhb fgaotfnf nhraotfkaita pbr ebs rasuetfnbs bjtaihnbs ai efs thtuefohbias ai nbina, f kfybr ofithnfn ofit hnfn na sbeuohÿi na @Oe akpeafnf ai ef thtuefohÿi obi kathe ifrfilf, uif kfybr feturf, astb najhnb f qua sa ebcrfjf ui kfybr crfnb na axtrfoohÿi. Hcufekaita, ebs nftbs bjtaihnbs na nhækatrb y feturf ai ef axparhkaitfohÿi ib obrraspbinai f efs nhkaishbias `fjhtufeas pfrf astbs aquhpbs f asofef hinustrhfe= fnakæs na astb, as iaoasfrhb pefitafr ae axparhkaitb obi btrb thpb na akpfqua, yf qua efs nhkaishbias na ebs fiheebs Zfs`hic sbi tfeas qua axoanai efs nhkaishbias na ef tbrra y, pbr aina, ib ofjrëfi ai ef khskf, astb sa naja f qua ebs ofunfeas akpeafnbs guarbi kuy jflbs. Ai fecuibs ofsbs, ef tainaiohf na efs cræghofs ib arf nae tbnb naghihnf y sa bjsarvÿ qua
•
fe kfitaiar pfrækatrbs obistfitas ebs vfebras na ef thtuefohÿi vfrhfjfi, pbr eb qua sa obioeuya qua ae shkuefnbr pbsaa ui arrbr na prbcrfkfohÿi b hitaitf akuefr ae arrbr `ukfib pfrf qua na asf kfiarf ef axparhaiohf sa foarqua kæs f ef rafehnfn. Ae rficb na aghohaiohfs bjtaihnb gua aitra 0% y ae 61% ai ef tbrra akpfofnf y ae tfiqua
•
na jurjulab. Fui fsë, sa punb avhnaiohfr qua, f efs khskfs obinhohbias, ai ae tfiqua na jurjulab sa ebcrÿ ui kfybr vfebr na aghohaiohf obi raspaotb r aspaotb f ef tbrra akpfofnf, pbr eb qua sa obishnarf ae tfiqua na jurjulab as kæs aghohaita pfrf ef rakbohÿi na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib ai ae fhra ai ae shstakf pefitafnb.
•
Fe fifehzfr ef aghohaiohf cebjfe nae prboasb (cfs qua aitrÿ f ef tbrra obi raspaotb fe cfs qua sfehÿ nae tfiqua na jurjulab) sa punb bjsarvfr qua f uif kfybr obioaitrfohÿi na IfB@ ai ef sbeuohÿi, kfybr aghohaiohf ai ae shstakf y pbr eb tfitb kfybr rakbohÿi na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib. Tbr btrb efnb, ui fukaitb ai ef ofithnfn na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib qua aitrf fe shstakf, ai nbina efs obinhohbias nae eëquhnb= tfitb ofunfe obkb obioaitrfohÿi parkfiaoharbi obistfitas (ai tfiqua y tbrra), sa s a vhb uif nhskhiuohÿi ai ef aghohaiohf najhnb f qua ae shstakf ib obitfjf obi ef ofpfohnfn pfrf rakbvar nho`f ofithnfn na nhÿxhnb na ofrjbib. Ghifekaita, fe fifehzfr ae ofkjhb ai ae ofunfe eëquhnb qua hicrasfjf f ef tbrra, ib sa avhnaiohÿ ui obkpbrtfkhaitb kuy naghihnb= astb sa puana najar f ef prasaiohf na ui ÿpthkb ai ae shstakf b fe pbshjea arrbr nae shkuefnbr. ?1
_a raobkhainf trfjflfr obi nftbs kæs praohsbs na aquhehjrhb, naishnfnas y pasbs
•
kbeaouefras ai ef sbeuohÿi na IfB@, astb obi ae ghi na bjtaiar uif kalbr fprbxhkfohÿi y pbnar naghihr obi kæs oefrhnfn ai qua kfcihtun fgaotf ef obioaitrfohÿi nae sbevaita ae shstakf.
?7
3 JHJEHBCZFGËF
Ãaicae, X. F. (:448). ^arkbnhiækhof. Ai K. F. Jbeas. Kaxhob< KoCrfw-@hee. Zho`frnsbi, O. f. (:463). Obuesbi fin Zho`frnsbi's O`akhofe Aichiaarhic. Juttarwbrt`< HO`akA. _mbbc, N. F. (:461). Guinfkaitbs na Vuëkhof Fifeëthof. Kèxhob NG. ^rayjfe, Z. A. (6870). Bparfohbias na trfisgaraiohf na kfsf. Kfnrhn< KoCZFS-@HEE. Hinustrhfquëkhof. (4> na ibvhakjra na :4:4). Bparfohÿi uihtfrhf na fjsbrohÿi y nasbrohÿi. Bjtaihnb na `ttp
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