Analisis de Pre Producción

 

Z@ERJ^[ECMC CJ JF [MFRMCH^ BMKZFSMC CJ E@GJ@EJ^EM U M^]ZESJKSZ^M J[KZJFM CJ E@GJ@EJ^ÏM E@CZ[S^EMF SJK@HFHGÏM E@CZ[S^EMF EEE CHKJ@SJ9

E@G. H^FM@CH ^JUJ[ KH@S^J^M[ M@ÍFE[E[ CJ \^J-\^HCZKKEÛ@ \EJYM9 \M[MCH^ CJ \E@ RJ^SEKMF \^HCZKSH9 KAM\M \M^M \H^SH@ KH^^JCEYH

E@SJG^M@SJ[9

Njrrehs @mvms M`th`y Gjhvm`y

N@=7 phsenfjs rjqueseths cj e`tjrkmoneh ..........................................................................=:  =.; vecm ùtef jspjrmcm j` sjrvekeh y h kh`cekeh`js j` quj bu`keh`mrí fm pejzm .......... ..............=2 ....=2  =.3 prh`ûstekh cjf vhfuoj` cj prhcukkeû` y retoh cj prhcukkeû`......... .................. .................. ...............=7 ......=7  >.  m`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` cj fm pejzm pmsmchr cj pe` vjrtekmf9 pmshs gj`jrmfjs ......=1  >.= kh`secjrmkeû` cjf ush be`mf cj fhs cjtmffjs ..............................................................=1  >.> `jkjsecmc cj mkmnmchs supjrbekemfjs, thfjrm`kems y írjms ojkm`ezmcms prjsj`tjs .................................. ................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................= ................=11  >.; feoetmkeh`js feoetmkeh`js eopujstms phr ffm m bhrom y kmrmktjrïstekms kmrmktjrïstekms cj fhs omtjremfjs omtjremfjs ............ ................=5 ....=5  >.3 sjfjkkeû` cjf oåthch cj bmnrekmkeû` ûpteoh ...........................................................>>   >.: eopfjoj`ths cj suijkeû` h cj bmnrekmkeû` ..............................................................>;   >.2. kh`secjrmkeû` cj fhs prhnfjoms phtj`kemf phtj`kemfjs js cj sjrvekeh h e`tjrkmonemnefecmc. ......>3  >.7 mcmptmkeû` cj mgmrrmcjrhs, guïms, jtk. `jkjsmrehs pmrm fm bmnrekmkeû`, fm om`epufmkeû`, e`spjkkeû` h jopmquj. ..........................................................................>2  >.1 prhnmnfjs feoetmkeh`js feoetmkeh`js m kmonehs buturhs cjf prhcukth. .......... ................... ................... ................... .............>7 ....>7  ;. m`ífeses cj khsths y rjsuoj` cj prhpujstms ................................................................>1   kh`kfuseû kh`kf useû`js `js ................ ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................; ................;==  rjkhoj`cmkeh`js ............................................................................................................;=  nenfehgrm nenf ehgrmbïm bïm .................................. .................................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ..................;> ..;>  gfhsmreh gfhsm reh ................ ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .........................;; ........;;  m`jxhs m`jx hs ................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .........................;3 ........;3  ï`cekj ï`ce kj cj begurms begurms ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ...........................;: ..........;:  ï`cekj ï`ce kj cj tmnfms tmnfms....................... ........................................ .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ......................;: .....;: 

 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | =

E@S^HCZKKEÛ@

Jf prjsj`tj e`bhroj sj cjtmffm jf m`ífeses prjveh m fm prhcukkeû` cj fm pejzm ‖\msmchr cj pe` vjrtekmf‟ cjf prhcukth ‖Kampm pmrm phrtû` khrrjcezh‟, jf kumf prjsj`tm fm e`bhromkeû` prjvem

cjf prhcukth fh kumf e`kfuyj rjqueseths cj bu`keh`moej`th y/h cjsjopjýh, phsenfjs rjqueseths cj e`tjrkmoneh, vecm ùtef jspjrmcm j` jf sjrvekeh y kh`cekeh`js j` quj bu`keh`mrm fm pejzm y jf prh`ûstekh cj vhfuoj`. Jsths cmths sj usm` pmrm phcjr rjmfezmr jf m`ífeses prjprhcukkeû` jf kumf sj j`kmrgm cj cjbe`er thchs fhs cjtmffjs quj sj rjquejrj` pmrm fm bmnrekmkeû` cj fm pejzm. Fhs cmths quj sj mnmrkm` sh` fm kh`secjrmkeû` cjf ush be`mf cj fhs cjtmffjs, jf kumf e`kfuyj khoh sj oh`tm h mrom fm pejzm, fm bhrom quj tej`j fm pejzm y jf ush be`mf cj fm pejzm4 sj cjtmffm` fms thfjrm`kems, mkmnmchs supjrbekemfjs y ojkm`ezmchs cj fm pejzm, fhs kumfjs sj rjbejrj` m fms vmremkeh`js quj sj pujcj tj`jr m fm ahrm cj bmnrekmkeû` cj fm pejzm, fm rughsecmc h mspjrjzm quj tj`crí fm pejzm j` su supjrbekej y fhs prhkjshs cj ojkm`ezmchs quj sj `jkjsetm` j` jffm4 feoetmkeh`js eopujstms phr fm bhrom y kmrmktjrïstekms cj fhs omtjremfjs, jf kumf cjskrenj quj prhkjshs `h sh` bmktenfjs pmrm bmnrekmr fm pejzm y quj omtjrems sh` ûpteohs pmrm jffm sjgù` sus jsbujrzhs j` jf ush. Htrhs cmths quj sj e`kfuyj` sh` eopfjoj`ths cj suijkeû` h cj bmnrekmkeû`, fm omque`mrem h ajrrmoej`tms `jkjsmrems pmrm shstj`jr jf omtjremf h pejzm curm`tj su prhkjsmoej`th4 kh`secjrmkeû` cj fhs prhnfjoms phtj`kemfjs cj sjrvekeh h e`tjrkmonemnefecmc, sj cjtmffm kumfquejr prhnfjom, jrrhr h bmffm quj pujcj amnjr j` jf prhcukth be`mf y fm pejzm4 fms mcmptmkeh`js cj mgmrrmcjrhs, guïms, j`trj htrhs `jkjsmrehs pmrm fm bmnrekmkeû`, trm`sphrtj, om`epufmkeû`, e`spjkkeû` h jopmquj, fm omque`mrem h ajrrmoej`tms pmrm trm`sphrtmr fm omtjrem y/h prhcukth, y fms mkkeh`js quj sj rjmfezm` cj u` prhkjsh m htrh, khoh kmrgmr, ohvjr, trmsfmcmr j`trj htrhs4 phr ùfteoh cmth sj tej`j fms prhnmnfjs feoetmkeh`js m kmonehs buturhs cjf prhcukth, jsth e`kfuyj jf omtjremf, jf tmomýh, fms thfjrm`kems y/h mkmnmchs cjf prhcukth. Khoh pu`th sj cjskrenj cj khsths y rjsuoj` prhpujstm bmnrekmkeû`, j` jf kumf sjbe`mf cjtmffm jf vmfhr u` cj m`ífeses bmnrekmkeû` cj fm pejzm y fhs cj cjtmffjs cj fmcj prhpujstm cj bmnrekmkeû` kh` mftjr`mtevms pmrm fms prhpujstms cmcms

 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | >

HNIJSERH[ Hnijtevh g j`j j`jrmf9 rmf9 ^jmfezmr u` m`ífeses cj prj prhcukkeû` pmrm u` pmsmchr cj pe` vjrtekmf jf kumf js u`m pejzm cj u`m kampm, ojcem`tj fm rjkhpefmkeû` cj e`bhromkeû` shnrj jstm, quj myucj m cjtjroe`mr fm bhrom oís jbekej`tj y jbekmz cj prhcuker, fhgrm`ch quj fm pejzm pujcm kuopfer su be`mfecmc oej`trms sj gmrm`tezm jvetmr fhs prhnfjoms quj pujcm` surger j` fm prhcukkeû`.

Hnijtevhs jspjkïbekhs9

  Cjtjroe`mr fhs rj rjqueseths queseths y kmrmktjrïstekms quj cj cjnj nj kuopf kuopfer er fm pejzm pmrm quj bu`keh`j cj om`jrm mcjkumcm.   Cjbe`er fhs ushs y feoetmkeh`js cj fm pejzm, pmrm quj jf khoprmchr kh`hzkm fh quj mcquejrj.   Jstmnfjkjr fms kh`cekeh`js j` fms quj fm pejzm pujcm jijrkjr cj om`jrm mcjkumcm.







 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | ;

IZ[SEBEKMKEÛ@ J EO\H^SM@KEM Jstj rjphrtj tåk`ekh nuskm cmr m kh`hkjr mf fjkthr, e`bhromkeû` shnrj jf m`ífeses cj prjprhcukkeû` cjscj fm kh`secjrmkeû` cjf ush be`mf cj fm pejzm mseg`mcm, fm ecj`tebekmkeû` cj fm `jkjsecmc cj mkmnmchs supjrbekemfjs y thfjrm`kems mcjkumcms pmrm su khrrjkth bu`keh`moej`th, fms feoetmkeh`js eopujstms phr fm bhrom y fms kmrmktjrïstekms cjf omtjremf sjfjkkeh`mch, fhs oåthchs cj e`spjkkeû` m utefezmr pmrm ecj`tebekmr phsenfjs bmffms m fh fmrgh cj fm kmcj`m cj prhcukkeû`, kh`secjrmr fhs eopfjoj`ths pmrm suijtmr jf omtjremf j` nruth curm`tj su prhkjsh cj trm`sbhromkeû`, kh`secjrmr fhs phsenfjs prhnfjoms cj sjrvekeh h e`tjrkmonemnefecmc quj pujcj prjsj`tmr fm pejzm, amstm jf m`ífeses cj fms phsenfjs feoetmkeh`js m kmonehs buturhs. Smoneå` kh`secjrmr fhs rjqueseths cj bu`keh`moej`th (bu`keû` jspjkïbekm) y/h cjsjopjýh cj fm pejzm khoh jfjoj`th jsj`kemf cjf sestjom pmrm phrtû` khrrjcezh, jstmnfjkjr htrhs phsenfjs ushs quj sj fj pujcj` mgrjgmr ojcem`tj fm sustetukeû` h mcmptmkeû` cj pejzms, kh`secjrm`ch su vemnefecmc y bmktenefecmc tåk`ekm, y sus phsenfjs rjpjrkuseh`js j` su rj`ceoej`th. Mf oesoh tejoph cjtjroe`mr fm vecm ùtef cj fm oesom nmih ceste`tms kh`cekeh`js cj ush (`hromfjs, ojcems h jxtrjoms). Smoneå` sj pfm`tjm u` prh`ûstekh cjf vhfuoj` y retoh cj prhcukkeû` pmrm fm pejzm mseg`mcm. \mrm fhgrmr fh m`tjrehr sj amrí ush cj buj`tjs sjku`cmrems ch`cj sj rjkmnmrí thcm fm e`bhromkeû` tåk`ekm pjrte`j`tj. Fm eophrtm`kem cj jstj prhyjkth jstí j` amkjr kuopfer thchs mqujffhs rjqueseths cj cesjýh, m trmvås cj fm sjfjkkeû` cjf omtjremf oís mcjkumch miustmch m fms kh`cekeh`js cj trmnmih cj fm pejzm, fhs oåthchs h prhkjshs cj bmnrekmkeû` oís jbekej`tjs quj pjroetm` jf ush ûpteoh cj thchs fhs rjkurshs cj fm joprjsm y fhgrmr kuopfer fm cjom`cm cj fm pejzm j` jf tejoph rjqujrech phr fhs phsenfjs kh`suoechrjs. Shcm fm e`bhromkeû e`bhromkeû`` hntj`ecm (kh`kjpths, kebrms, mftjr`mtevms cj shfukeû`) sjrverí cj rjbjrj`kem cerjktm pmrm fm rjmfezmkeû` cj m`ífeses phstjrehrjs (M`ífeses cj fm bmnrekmkeû b mnrekmkeû`` y phst-prhcukkeû phst-prhcukkeû`). `).

 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | 3

 MFKM@KJ  MF KM@KJ U FEOESMKEH@J[ F EOESMKEH@J[ Mfkm`kjs9

  Jf prjsj`tj rjphrtj kh`tej`j jf m`ífeses prjprhcukkeû` cj fm pejzm ‖pmsmchr cj pe` vjrtekmf‟ cjf prhcukth kampm pmrm phrtû` khrrjcezh, jf m`ífeses sj rjmfezm nmsmch j` sejtj pu`ths kfmvjs j` amrís cj gmrm`tezmr su bu`keh`moej`th y jf oåthch oís mcjkumch cj bmnrekmkeû`.



  M`ífeses cj mkmnmchs y thfjrm`kems rjprjsj`tmchs j` fhs pfm`hs.  pfm`hs. 



  M`ífeses cj phtj`kemfjs prhnfjoms cj sjrvekeh j e`tjrkmonem e`tjrkmonemnefecmc nefecmc y cj om`epufmkeû` cj fm pejzm.  pejzm. 



  Cjtjroe`mkeû` Cjtjroe` mkeû` cj oåthchs suijkeû` cj fm pejzm. pejzm.  



Feoetmkeh`js9 

  Fm bmftm cj u`m pejz pejzmm bïsekm pmrm u` omyhr mm`ífeses `ífeses cj sus kmrmktj kmrmktjrïstekms. rïstekms.  

  E`subekej`tj e`bhromkeû` jstmcïstekm j` ojcehs jjfjktrû`ekhs fjktrû`ekhs khoh pmrm cjtjroe`mr u` vhfuoj` cj prhcukkeû` mcjkumch m `evjf rjgeh`mf



  Bmftm cj e`bhromkeû` mktumfezmcm cjf prhkjsh cj bmnrekmkeû` jspjkebekh cj fm pejzm m`mfezmcm.   m`mfezmcm.



  Jf m`ífeses `h cesph`crí cj fm krjmkeû` cj u` prhthteph j` jf kumf mpfekmrfh.



     

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | :

E@BH^OMKEÛ@ \^JREM CJF \^HCZKSH J@ GJ@J^MF ‖KAM\M \M^M \H^SÛ@ KH^^JCEYH‟ 

Begurm =, Kampm phrtû` khrrjcezh.  

^J]ZE[ESH[ CJ BZ@KEH@MOEJ@SH U/H CJ[JO\JÝH ^jqueseths cj bu`keh`moej bu`keh`moej`th9 `th9 [u pre`kepmf bu`keû` js nre`cmr h rjbhrzmr fm sjgurecmc cj phrth`js khrrjcezhs, kh` fm be`mfecmc cj pjroeter cj om`jrm e`ojcemtm jf kejrrj y mpjrturm cj fhs oesohs kum`ch sjm `jkjsmreh, m trmvås cjf mkkeh`moej`th cj fhs ceste`ths ojkm`esohs e`tjr`hs, e`trhcukej`ch fm ffmvj mcjkumcm. Mf oesoh tejoph cebekuftm jf e`grjsh e`jspjrmch cj e`cevecuhs mij`hs m kumfquejr prhpejcmc. Cekah prhcukth sj pujcj utefezmr j` phrth`js quj kh`jktm` cerjktmoj`tj kh` jf jxtjrehr cj kumfquejr ahgmr, js shojtech j` mfgu`ms hkmseh`js m kh`cekeh`js (monej`tmfjs y cj trmnmih) ohcjrmcms h e`kfush jxtrjoms, pmrm jffh sj cjnj msjgurmr jf khrrjkth bu`keh`moej`th cj thchs fhs ojkm`esohs e`tjr`hs. Jsth sj fhgrm ojcem`tj fm sjfjkkeû` cj omtjremfjs quj kuopfm` fhs seguej`tjs rjqujreoej`ths cj cesjýh9 tj`mkecmc, rjsestj`kem m fm hxecmkeû` y khrrhseû`, mf cjsgmstj y m jsbujrzhs cj tj`seû` h khoprjseû` se` quj sj prhcuzkm` kmonehs seg`ebekmtevhs j` su bhrom hrege`mf.

 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | 2

^jqueseths cj cjsjopjýh9

  [j cjnj msjgurmr quj thchs fhs ojkm`esohs e`tjr`hs pmrm fm mpjrturm cjf phrtû` khrrjcezh, sj mktevj` jxkfusevmoj`tj kh` u`m shfm ffmvj quj prjsj`tm u`m bhrom errjgufmr, fm kumf servj pmrm mfe`jmr kh` u`m khone`mkeû` ù`ekm fhs pe`js mfhimchs j` jf ffmvï` e`tjrehr khoh jxtjrehr.



  fhs mguijrhs ch`cj sj e`trhcukj` y cjsfezm` fhs pe`js cjnj` kh`tmr kh` u`m jfjvmcm prjkeseû`, m be` cj bmkefetmr b mkefetmr quj sj j`kuj`trj fm unekmkeû` khrrjktm cj fhs pe`js beihs cj fms phrtms ffmve`js.



Jsths tej`j` u`m u`eû` pjroetej`ch su cjsfezmoej`th, cj om`jrm quj bu`keh`m` khoh thpj cj fhs pe`js cj fhs ffmve`js. Fhs ffmve`js germ` j` bhrom ahrmrem quj prhvhkm` jf cjspfmzmoej`th cj fhs pe`js cj om`jrm quj se jstm germ u`m vjz js pmrm mktevmr jf cjspfmzmoej`th cj fhs pe`js cj om`jrm quj se jstm germ u`m vjz js pmrm mktevmr jf

cjspfmzmoej`th pmrkemf cjf kjrrhih cj fm pmrtj e`tjrehr cj fm kmim m fm pmrtj e`tjrehr cj fm kh`trm pejzm, pjroetej`ch quj sj bíkef su ohveoej`th mf hpjrmrfm.   Kum`ch jf prhkjsh cj mpjrturm cjf phrtû` sj ffjvj m kmnh j` fm pmrtj jjxtjrehr xtjrehr cj fm kampm, sj cjnj msjgurmr quj jf mkkeh`moej`th thtmf cj sus ojkm`esohs cjpj`cm cj



fm fm kumf sj e`trhcukj ffmvï` jxtjrehr gerjkh` y pjroetm ojcem`tj jf jijffmvj, cj trm`soeseû` cj thrseû`j`jfjfohveoej`th cjf pmrm nrmzhquj rmcemf fm oujskm, jf kumf gj`jrm jf oesoh bu`keh`moej`th quj jf nrmzh rmcemf.   Jf pe` vjrtekmf quj sj e`trhcukj j` jf rjkjpthr cj kampm cjnj jvetmr jf cjspfmzmoej`th cjf phrtû`.



  Mcjoís, js `jkjsmreh `jkjsmreh qu qujj fm kampm kuj`tj kh` u` sestjom cj sjgurecmc mcekeh`mf mcekeh`mf,, jf kumf shfh pujcj sjr utefezmch kum`ch jf pe` vjrtekmf sj j`kuj`trm cj`trh cjf rjkjpthr, cekah sestjom cjnjr sjr mf ohvjr u` sjgurh j` fm cerjkkeû` cjf rjkjpthr cj kampm quj cjspfmzm u`m pfmkm fm kumf amkj u` iujgh kh` jf pe` vjrtekmf, eopecej`ch quj jstm pujcm cjspfmzmrsj fenrjoj`tj, gmrm`tezm`ch fm sjgurecmc cj fm kjrrmcurm j` kerku`stm`kems j` fms kumfjs jf ffmvï` jxtjrehr sj e`tj`tj vuf`jrmr.



 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | 7

^J]ZE[ESH[ CJ E@SJ^KMONEH

Fm kampm cj phrtû` khrrjcezh, mf sjr u` cesphsetevh cj kjrrmcurm, jf kumf bhrom u`m u`eû` ce`íoekm, fm kumf pujcj sjr mnejrtm cjscj su om`jkeffm4 mf `h tj`jr jf sestjom cj kjrrhih cjspfjgmch y quj shfh js phsenfj mnrer kh` fm ffmvj khrrjktm e`sjrtmcm j` jf phrtm ffmvï` y cjspfjgm`ch jf sestjom cj kjrrhih quj jstm tej`j oh`tmch, js u` prhcukth rjsestj`tj y cebïkef cj cjsoh`tmr shnrj thch jf sestjom cj ffmvï`, cjnech m jsth `h sj cjsmrrhffm` pejzms cj rjpujsth, ym quj kum`ch jf prhcukth sj cjsgmstm h cjtjrehrm phr jf tejoph y ush, sj kmonem thch jf prhcukth, mcjoís fm vecm ùtef cjf prhcukth js supjrehr m =< mýhs. [e jf prhcukth tej`j u` cjbjkth cj bínrekm phr jf kumf sj tj`gm quj kmonemr jf prhcukth sj gj`jrm` pejzms cj rjpujsth quj `h sh` khojrkemfjs4 phrquj jstms sh` ù`ekmoj`tj

rjjopfmzmcms phr jf prhcukthr cjf sestjom kampm cj phrtû` khrrjcezh, y `h amy pejzms cjf sestjom quj sj vj`cm` khojrkemfoj`tj pmrm rjmfezmr rjpmrmkeh`js phr cjsgmtj u htrh se`ejstrh phr jf kh`suoechr be`mf. M jxkjpkeû` cjf ffmvï` e`tjrehr y jxtjrehr, fhs kumfjs sj pujcj` kmonemr j e`tjrkmonemr pmrm u`m kampm ym tjroe`mcm pmrm jbjkths cj kmonemr fm khone`mkeû` cj fm ffmvj j` fhs kmshs quj jf usumreh kh`secjrj kh`vj`ej`tj. Fhs rjpujsths h kmonehs cjf ffmvï` e`tjrehr y jxtjrehr sh` bmnrekmchs phr pmrjs, ym quj u`m shfm ffmvj cjnj phcjr mktevmr jf ojkm`esoh cj monhs. Jstms pejzms sh` cestrenuecms cjffmprhvjjchr m bjrrjtjrïms kjrrmijrïms cestrenuechrms, jstms pejzms sh` jxtrmïnfjs iu`th kh` phrtm ffmvï`, mu`quj fm hphrtm ffmvï` `h sjm kmonemch js `jkjsmreh quj sj pujcm jxtrmjr pmrm phcjr rjjopfmzmr jf ffmvï` e`tjrehr y jxtjrehr.

Htrhs ushs =.  Khoh [wetka h e`tjrrupthr cj mftm sjgurecmc pmrm u` cesphsetevh jfåktrekh, jfjktrû`ekh h ojkí`ekh.

J` jf sestjom sj gj`jrm u` ohveoej`th cj rhtmkeû` mf germr fm ffmvj phr ojceh cjf jfjoj`th cj`hoe`mch pmfjtm cj thrseû`. Fm ffmvj amkj germr mf ffmvï` y jstj m su vjz trmsoetj cekah ohveoej`th cj rhtmkeû` amkem fm pmfjtm cj thrseû` quj jstm j`smonfmcm mf htrh ffmvï` gj`jrm`ch msï tmoneå` u` ohveoej`th cj gerh j` kh`iu`th. [e prjske`ceohs cj fm pmrtj jxtjr`m cjf kh`iu`th khoh sj oujstrm j` fm begurm >, phcrïm j`smonfmrsj fm pmfjtm cj thrseû` m u` cesphsetevh quj mktevj u` kerkueth jfåktrekh phr ojceh cj cekah ohveoej`th cj rhtmkeû`. Jsth phcrïm sjr ùtef pmrm j`kj`cjr omque`mrem u htrh teph cj cesphsetevh jfjktrû`ekh h ojkí`ekh utefezm`ch u`m ffmvj pmrm omyhr sjgurecmc j` su ush.

 

 

M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | 1

\rjske`cer cj jstm pmrtj cjf kh`iu`th pmrm mcmptmr pmfjtm cj thrseû` m cesphsetevh jfåktrekh h ojkí`ekh

\mfjtm cj thrseû`

Begurm >, jspjkebekmkeû` cj htrhs ushs.

>.  Ztefezmr jf prhcukth khoh kjrrmcurm kh`vj`keh`mf pmrm pujrtm mnmtenfj

^jmfoj`tj jstj kh`iu`th `h pujcj usmrsj jxkfusevmoj`tj pmrm phrth`js khrrjcezhs. Egumfoj`tj pujcj sjr j`smonfmcm j` u`m pujrtm mnmtenfj kuopfej`ch sejoprj kh` fm bu`keû` quj sj `jkjsetm quj cjsmrrhffj jf prhcukth.

 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | 5

RECM ÙSEF J[\J^MCM J@ [J^REKEH U H KH@CEKEH@J[ J@ ]ZJ BZ@KEH@M^M JF \^HCZKSH.

Fm kampm pmrm phrtû` khrrjcezh jstí cesjýmcm kh` omtjremfjs cj grm` kmfecmc pmrm gmrm`tezmr su curmnefecmc y rjsestj`kem tj`ej`ch j` kuj`tm cevjrshs bmkthrjs khoh fm brekkeû` m fm quj jstí` shojtecms mfgu`ms pejzms y jvetm`ch fm khrrhseû` cj thch jf prhcukth, fhgrm`ch msï u` omyhr rj`ceoej`th j` sjgurecmc y vecm ùtef cj fm kampm pmrm phrtû` khrrjcezh. Fms kh`cekeh`js cj ush cj fm kampm pujcj` sjr ouy vmremchs tmfjs khoh fms kfeomthfûgekms ym quj jf khrrjkth bu`keh`moej`th cj jstm kampm cjpj`cj oukah cjf monej`tj, phrquj cj mkujrch mf kfeom jf kfej`tj pujcj mcquerer u`m kampm kh` rjkunreoej`th quj pujcm shphrtmr fms kh`cekeh`js cj kfeom jspjkïbekhs. Smoneå` fm kampm pujcj jstmr unekmcm j` fugmrjs ch`cj pujcm jstmr shphrtm`ch omftrmths bïsekhs khoh ghfpjs, mu`quj js rjkhoj`cmnfj jvetmr fhs ghfpjs cerjkths, pjrh se jsths `h sj pujcj` jvetmr sj pujcj prjvj`er jf bmffh prjomturh cjf prhcukth rjmfezm`ch trmtmoej`ths jspjkemfjs m fm kampm pmrm kh`vjrterfm j` oís rjsestj`tj. Jxestj u` grm` `ùojrh cj kh`cekeh`js m fms quj pujcj jstmr shojtecm fm kampm cj phrtû` khrrjcezh y cj jstms cjpj`cj su vecm ùtef, phr fh quj js `jkjsmreh mf ohoj`th cj mcquererfm h shfeketmrfm mf bmnrekm`tj fm kampm thom`ch j` kuj`tm jsths mspjkths, ym quj åf pujcj bmnrekmr fm kampm kh` fhs prhkjshs y rjkunreoej`ths `jkjsmrehs pmrm quj jstm bu`keh`j mcjkumcmoj`tj. M kh`te`umkeû`, sj prjsj`tm` fms kh`cekeh`js mcjkumcms h bmvhrmnfjs pmrm jf nuj` bu`keh`moej`th cj fm kampm.

  J` kh`cekeh`js kh`ceke h`js bmvhrmnfj bmvhrmnfj99 Jf prhojceh cj vecm ùtef y cj nuj` bu`keh`moej`th sjrí cj =: mýhs.



Ecj`tebek Ecj `tebek mkeû` cjf usumreh9  Ahgmrjs y mfomkj`js.

\hr kh`cekeû` bmvhrmnfj cjnjrí j`tj`cjrsj9 -  -  -  -  -  - 

\rhcukth jxpujsth m tjopjrmturms cj j`trj >< hK m ;: hK musj`kem cj ghfpjs cerjkths mf prh prhcukth cukth quj prhvhkmrïm` cjsvemkeh`js j` jf sestjom [e` e`tj`ths cj vuf`jrmnefecmc cjf ojkm`esoh e`tjr`h E`jxestj`kem cj mtmskmoej`th mtmskmoej`thss phr e`trhcukkeû` cj ffmvj e`khrrjktm [e` omfhs aíneths mf oh ohoj`th oj`th cj kj kjrrmr, rrmr, fhs ghfpjs phcrïm` hkmseh`mr u` prhnfjom j` jf pjsteffh jvetm`ch quj jstj sj mktevj [e` ush e`khrrjkth h e`cjnech cjf prhcukth

  J` kh`cekeh`js kh`ce keh`js c jsbm jsbmvhrmnfj vhrmnfjs9 s9 Fm vecm ùtef cjpj`cjrí cjf cmýh hkmseh`mch mf prhcukth.



Ecj`tebek mkeû` cjf usumreh9  E`custrem kh` mftms venrmkeh`js y gj`jrmkeû` cj phfvh, Ecj`tebek ohtm jtk.

\hr kh`cekeû` cjsbmvhrmnfj cjnjrí j`tj`cjrsj9

  

 

M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | =<

- 

\rhcukth jxpujsth m fm pj`jtrmkeû` cj cjspjrcekehs phr fm `mturmfjzm cjf omtjremf trmnmimch phr fm e`custrem h joprjsm quj pujcm mbjktmr su khrrjkth bu`keh`moej`th. -  \jrkjpkeû` cj v venrmkeh`js enrmkeh`js kh`stm`tjs kmusmcms phr fm khrtm cestm`kem cjf gj`jrmchr cj fms oesoms quj m fmrgh pfmzh phcrïm` hkmseh`mr cjsvemkeh`js. -  Jxphsekeû` m tjopjr tjopjrmturms mturms jjxkjsevms xkjsevms kmusmcms phr fm omque`mrem quj prhvhkmrïm` u` mtmskmoej`th j` jf bu`keh`moej`th phr fm bmftm cj funrekmkeû` cj mfgu`m cj fms pmrtjs

\hr kh`cekeû` cjsbmvhrmnfj tmoneå` sj pujcj kh`secjrmr quj jf prhcukth phrtj pejzms cjbjktuhsms cj bínrekm, mu`quj cjnech m fhs mfths jstí`cmrjs cj e`spjkkeû` y kmfecmc j` fhs prhkjshs cj bmnrekmkeû` cj fm kjrrmcurm jstm phsenefecmc js kmse `ufm, y jstí` bmnrekmcms pmrm shphrtmr kumfquejr teph cj kh`cekeh`js se` jxkjcjr ffms ms prhpejcmcjs prhpems cj fhs omtjremfjs jopfjmchs. KH@BEMNEFECMC U CZ^MNEFECMC CZ^MNEF ECMC H RECM ÙSEF CJF \^HCZKSH. \^HCZKSH. Kjrtebekmkeh`js Jxestj` hrgm`esohs y kjrtebekmkeh`js quj rjkenj` fhs prhcukths quj utefezmohs phr su kmfecmc y nuj` cjsjopjýh. Z`m cj jstms kjrtebekmkeh`js js fm quj joetj Z`cjrwretjrs Fmnhrmthrejs E`k, m mfgu`hs prhcukths quj pujcj` smfvmgumrcmr fm e`tjgrecmc bïsekm cjf usumreh. J` jf kmsh cj fms kjrrmcurms y kampms, jstm kjrtebekmkeû` sj j`trjgm m fhs prhcukths quj kuopfj` kh` fms `hroms kh`trm bujgh j` jf pmsmchr. Msï j` kmsh cj mfgù` e`kj`ceh, js phsenfj mkkeh`mr fm kjrrmcurm y smfer rípecmoj`tj. \hr htrm pmrtj, jf hrgm`esoh j`kmrgmc j`kmrgmchh cj jvmfumr fms kjrrmcurms js fm  Mo jre km` @mte h` mf [tm`cmrcs E`stetu tj bhr Nhrjc m`c \rjmssjonfjc \rjmssjonfjc Fhk ds m`c Fmtkajs . @hr kh`hkecm phr sus segfms M@[E.  M\J^SZ^M[ M@[E sj j`kmrgm cj jstmnfjkjr fms `hroms cj sjgurecmc quj cjnj` kuopfer fms kjrrmcurms y kampms. \mrm jffh, rjmfezm ceste`tms prujnms khoh sh`4 kekfmij, thrseû`, hpjrmkeû`, eopmkth y j`smonfj. Mcjoís, jvmfùm fhs omtjremfjs cj fhs quj jstí` bmnrekmcms, prhkjshs y curmnefecmc. \mrm phstjrehroj`tj, amkjr u`m jskmfm grmchs cj mpjrturm sjgù` jf ush quj sj fj cmrí. Grmchs cj mpjrturm M@[E jstmnfjkj trjs kekfhs h grmchs cj mpjrturm. [ej`ch jf = jf oís mfth y jf ; jf oís nmih.  G^MCH =9 [u ush js ruch khojrkemf y kuopfj kh` u` oeffû` cj kekfhs cj mpjrturm. G^MCH >9 Zsh ojceh (rjsecj`kemf h khojrkemf) oï`eoh 3 a/7?:> sjom`ms

= KM[MFKH. (Cekejonrj >

Js phsenfj kh`hkjr9 Cïms aínefjs mf mýh ?;2: - (Cïms cj msujth + vmkmkeh`js + cïms cj cjskm`sh). # Ahrms fmnhrmfjs mf mýh? Cïms aínefjs mf mýh*Ahrms fmnhrmfjs mf cïm Smnfm >, ^mzû` cjf msujth.

^mz ^mzû` û` cjf c jf msujth  msujth   =¼ cj j`jrh [jom`m sm`tm (iujvjs, vejr`js y sínmch) =¼ cj omyh cïm cjf trmnmih =< cj omyh cïm cj fm omcrj =7 cj iu`eh cïm cjf pmcrj Bejstms pmtrh`mfjs cj mghsth =: cj sjptejonrj cïm cj fm e`cjpj`cj`kem >>:cjcj`hvejonrj cekejonrj cïm cj fhs cebu`ths SHSMF   SHSMF

@¼ cj cïms  cïms   = >.: = = = > = == ==.:

Mcjoís, sj cjnj kh`secjrmr quj jf trmnmimchr tej`j cjrjkah m u` cjskm`sh sjom`mf cj =.: cïms y sjgù` fm fjy m =: cïms cj vmkmkeh`js m`umfjs se` msujths, pjrh pujcj` e`kfuer chs cjskm`shs sjom`mfjs, js cjker trjs cïms. Rmkmkeh`js m`umfjs? =: cïms Cïms cj cjskm`sh/mýh? (Cïms cj cjskm`sh m fm sjom`m*[jom`ms j` jf mýh) - ; cïms cj cjskm`sh sjom`mf j` vmkmkeh`js

Cïms cj c jskm`sh/mýh jskm`s h/mýh ? (=.:*:> (=.:*:>)-; )-; Cïms cj cjskm`sh/mýh? 7: cïms Cïms aínefjs mf mýh? ;2:-(==.: +=:+7:) Cïms aínef js mf mýh? >2;.: cïms.

\hr fh tm`th9

#Ahrms fmnhrmfjs mf mýh? >2;.:*1

#Ahrms fmnhrmfjs mf mýh? >,=<  >,= u`ecmcjs cjf prhcukth khopfjth y j`smonfmch phr kmcm ahrm fmnhrmf.

 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | =3

\FM@H CJ FM \EJYM [ZIJSM M M@ÍFE[E[9 \M[MCH^ CJ \E@ RJ^SEKMF

 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | =:

=. \M[MCH^ CJ \E@ RJ^SEKMF9 E@BH^OMKEÛ@ E@BH^OMKEÛ@ \^JREM =.= ^J]ZE[ESH[ CJ BZ@KEH@MOEJ@SH U/H CJ[JO\JÝH Cjnech m quj fm bu`keû` pre`kepmf cjf pmsmchr cj pe` vjrtekmf js cj fms oís eophrtm`tjs cj fm kampm js `jkjsmreh quj jstm pejzm `h bmffj j` kum`th m cjsjopjýh y bu`keh`j cj om`jrm mcjkumcm, pmrm gmrm`tezmr fm kmfecmc cj fm kampm y nre`cmr sjgurecmc mf usumreh. Jf pmsmchr cj pe` vjrtekmf phsjj u`m bhrom khopfjim fm kumf curm`tj su ush sj oujvj m trmvås cj htrm pejzm ffmomcm rjkenechr cj kampm, ch`cj cjnj rjsester cjsgmstjs phr brekkeû` m fm quj jstí shojtecm cjnech mf ohveoej`th quj jxestj j`trj fms pejzms y m fms bujrzms prhcukecms phr fm u`eû` j`trj fms pejzms oj`keh`mcms4 mcjoís phsjj chs pe`js fhs kumfjs e`grjsm` mf rjkjpthr cj kampm ch`cj shphrtm` grm`cjs jsbujrzhs khrtm`tjs se jf phrtû` jstí sej`ch bhrzmch m mnrersj, ch`cj tmoneå` jsths jstí` shojtechs bujrzms cj brekkeû`. Smoneå` fm pejzm cjnj rjsester m ghfpjs hkmseh`mchs mf mnrer, kjrrmr h bhrzmr jf phrtû`, mcjoís cjnj rjsester m fm khrrhseû` pmrm msjgurmr jf mcjkumch cjsfezmoej`th j`trj fms pejzms. J` gj`jrmf jf omtjremf y jf prhkjsh pmrm bmnrekmr fm pejzm cjnj` prhphrkeh`mrfj kejrtms kmrmktjrïstekms khoh9 rjsestj`kem m fm khrrhseû`, tj`mkecmc, rjsestj`kem m fhs jsbujrzhs khrtm`tjs, rjsestj`kem m fm brekkeû`, ym quj jstms prhpejcmcjs fj pjroeterí` u` mcjkumch bu`keh`moej`th.

=.> \H[ENFJ[ ^J]ZE[ESH[ CJ E@SJ^KMONEH Htrhs ushs Mf sjr u`m pejzm jspjkïbekmoj`tj y jxkfusevmoj`tj cesjýmcm pmrm cekah prhcukth (kampm cj phrtû` khrrjcezh), kh`secjrm`ch omtjremfjs omtjremfjs,, bhrom, ceoj`seh`js ceoj`seh`js,, tthfjrm`kem hfjrm`kems, s, mkmnmch supjrbekemf, j`trj htrhs jfjoj`ths. Fm kumf jstí shojtecm m vmremcms kh`cekeh`js cj bu`keh`moej`th, `h js tåk`ekmoj`tj khrrjkth mseg`mrfj u` `ujvh ush, ym quj sj mfjimrïm seg`ebekmtevmoj`tj seg`ebekmtevmoj `tj cjf prhpûseth phr jf quj buj krjmcm. ¸]uå pmrtjs sj pujcj` y kh`vej`j` rjjopfmzmr8 \mrm jstm pejzm ù`ekmoj`tj js phsenfj ohcebekmr vmremnfjs rjfmkeh`mcms kh` su mkmnmch supjrbekemf ym quj `h js u`m pejzm kuyh bu`keh`moej`th rjquejrm u` mkmnh ouy be`h khoh js jf kmsh cj fms supjrbekejs cj fhs mrhs cj u` rhcmoej`th cj nhfms, js cjker sj pujcj pmsmr cj u` mkmnmch be`h m u`h nmsth, rjmfezmrfj h `h u` trmtmoej`th cj j`curjkeoej`th supjrbekemf y u` trmtmoej`th jfjktrh-quïoekh pmrm jvetmr fm khrrhseû`, tmoneå` sj pujcj` ohcebekmr fms thfjrm`kems kh`secjrm`ch cjsvemkeh`js omyhrjs m fms ym jstmnfjkecms, cjnech

 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | =2

m quj se sj jbjktumrí u` pjqujýh kmoneh j` su bhrom h gjhojtrïm, seg`ebekmrïm u`m ohcebekmkeû` pmrkemf h thtmf cj thch jf ojkm`esoh cj bu`keh`moej`th cjf sestjom, fh kumf kh`ffjvmrïm m u` rjcesjýh cjf prhcukth, cjspjrcekem`ch pmrtj cj fhs rjkurshs e`vjrtechs j` jf cesjýh mktumf. [e sj kh`secjrm kmonemr jf omtjremf sjfjkkeh`mch amstm jf ohoj`th, sj cjnjrí jvmfumr se sj phcrí sjguer utefezm`ch jf oåthch cj bmnrekmkeû` mktumf h quj jfjoj`ths muxefemrjs sj pujcj` e`kfuer pmrm amkjr phsenfj jf prhkjsmoej`th cjf `ujvh omtjremf kh` cekah oåthch.

=.; RECM ÙSEF J[\J^MCM J@ [J^REKEH U H KH@CEKEH@J[ J@ ]ZJ BZ@KEH@M^Í FM \EJYM J` jf retoh cj vecm mktumf cj sjrvekeh thch tej`j bjkam cj kmcukecmc, jf pmsmchr cj pe` vjrtekmf, tj`crí u` tejoph cj vecm ùtef, y phstjrehroj`tj, khoj`zmrí m subrer fegjrhs cjbjkths amstm hbrjkjr u`ms prjstmkeh`js cj u`m kmfecmc ouy nmim quj hnfegmrí` m khoprmr `ujvmoj`tj jf prhcukth phr fm pejzm cjbjktuhsm, pmrm fm vecm ùtef cjf pmsmchr cj pe` vjrtekmf jstí suijtm m kh`cekeh`js jspjkebekmcms pmrm quj su bu`keh`moej`th `h sj vjm mbjktmch h mftjrmch phr bmkthrjs mij`hs m su cjsjopjýh cj`trh cjf sestjom ojkí`ekh cj kampm pmrm phrtû` khrrjcezh, msuoej`ch quj jf pmsmchr cj pe` vjrtekmf bu`keh`mrm y cmrí jf ojihr rj`ceoej`th curm`tj su vecm ùtef nmih jf cesjýh cj bmnrekmkeû` quj pujcj bu`keh`mr j` kh`iu`th kh` jf sestjom ojkí`ekh cjf quj jstí rjfmkeh`mc rjfmkeh`mch. h.

J` kh`cekeh `js `hromfj `hromfjss bmvhrmnfjs9 [j jspjrm u`m vecm ùtef y nuj` bu`keh`moej`th ce`íoekh phr u` pjrehch cj =: mýhs cj sjrvekeh.  sjrvekeh. 

Cjnj j`tj`cjrsj phr Kh`cekeh`js `hromfjs9 Sjopjrmturms j`trj > pejzms/ahrm

\mrm kunrer kh` fm cjom`cm cjf prhcukth m `evjf `mkeh`mf j` u` mýh, js `jkjsmreh bmnrekmr > pejzms phr kmcm ahrm fmnhrmf.

 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | =1

>. M@ÍFE[E[ M@Í FE[E[ CJ \^J-\^HC \^J-\^HCZKKE ZKKEÛ@ Û@ CJ F M \EJYM \M[MCH^ \M[M CH^ CJ CJ \E@ RJ^SEKMF9 RJ^SEKMF9 \M[H[ GJ@J^MFJ[

>.= KH@[ECJ^MKEÛ@ CJF Z[H BE@MF CJ FH[ CJSMFFJ[

Oh`tmij c j fmshstj`ecm cj pejzm9 pejzm9 Jf  Jf pmsmchr vjrtekmf cj js pe` u`mphr pejzm quj cjf sj j`kuj`trm j` jf e`tjrehr cj fm kmrkmsm ojcem`tjcjjfpe` suijtmchr ojceh kumf jf ojkm`esoh cj

sjgurh pujcm mkkeh`mrsj m kjrrmr h mnrer, phr tmf rmzû` jf pe` vjrtekmf j` su nmsj cjnj tj`jr fm bhrom mcjkumcm pmrm u`ersj mf suijtmchr cj pe` phr ojceh cj shfcmcurm cj pu`th, y cjspfmzí`chsj shnrj fhs rejfjs cj fm kmrkmsm (guïm) cm`ch fm u`eû` `jkjsmrem pmrm jf bu`keh`moej`th mcjkumch cjf sestjom oj`keh`mch. Bhrom cj fm pejzm9 J` pejzm9  J` u` jxtrjoh phsjj kefe`crhs ffmomchs pe`js unekmchs j` jsque`ms hpujstms cjf oesoh jxtrjoh, ch`cj su fh`getuc sj ceregj` amkem fm oesom cerjkkeû`, kuyms pu`tms phsjj` u`m e`kfe`mkeû` pfm`m4 phr jf htrh jxtrjoh fm pejzm phsjj cevjrsms sjkkeh`js rjktm`gufmrjs4 cjnech m sus bhroms fm pejzm phsjj u` cesjýh khopfjih khopfjih.. Zsh be `mf cj fm pejzm pejzm99 Jf pmsmchr cj pe` vjrtekmf js u`m pejzm quj bhrom u`m pmrtj eophrtm`tj cj fm kampm quj jstí unekmch j` jf e`tjrehr cj fm kmrkmsm cj jstm, kuym bu`keû` js nre`cmr sjgurecmc ojcem`tj jf cjsfezmoej`th cj jstm cjnech mf ohveoej`th prhcukech phr fm ffmvj mf mnrer y kjrrmr jf phrtû` h ch`cj jstj khfhkmcm fm kampm4 mf ohvjr fm ffmvj jstm fj prhphrkeh`m u` ohveoej`th rjktefï`jh m thcm fm pejzm, fh quj gj`jrm quj fhs pe`js vjrtekmfjs pujcm` smfer h e`grjsmr m fm kmrkmsm(cjpj`cj cj se jf phrtû` jstj mnejrth h kjrrmch)4 kum`ch fhs pe`js smfj` cj fm kmrkmsm sh` e`sjrtmchs j` jf rjkjpthr cj fm kampm, kh` fm be`mfecmc cj om`tj`jr kjrrmch jf phrtû` y msï nre`cmr sjgurecmc mf usumreh. \mrm gmrm`tezmr fm bu`keû` cj sjgurecmc mf quj jstí cjste`mcm fm pejzm, fhs pe`js cjnj` prhvjjr u`m mftm rjsestj`kem m fhs jsbujrzhs khrtm`tjs pmrm jvetmr quj jf ojkm`esoh sjm vuf`jrmch.

>.> @JKJ[ECMC CJ MKMNMCH[ [Z\J^BEKEMFJ[, SHFJ^M@KEM[ U Í^JM[ OJKM@EYMCM[ \^J[J@SJ[ Shfjrm`kems9 Fms thfjrm`kems supjrehrjs rjprjsj`tmcms j` jf pfm`h cj fm pejzm sh` cj + oo, y fms e`bjrehrjs cj - m

=>,: ºo, kh` nmsj fh m`tjs oj`keh`mch sj kh`berom fm `jkjsecmc cj u` mkmnmch phstjrehr oe`eoezm`ch fms h`cufmkeh`js y rughsecmc mftm quj mù` sj pujcm tj`jr j` fm pejzm jspjkïbekmoj`tj pmrm fms supjrbekejs bu`keh`mfjs, oej`trms quj pmrm fms supjrbekejs fenrjs jf mkmnmch supjrbekemf sjrí nmsth. Fm tmnfm CE@ 3725 cevecj j` cebjrj`tjs grmchs fhs vmfhrjs cj rughsecmc j` ºo. (Rjr m`jxh9 tmnfm :). U kh` nmsj m fm tmnfm cj ‖^jfmkeû` j`trj e`cekmkeh`js cj cesjýh y rughsecmc supjrbekemf‟ j`

ch`cj jijopfebekm quj pmrm supjrbekejs cj cjsfezmoej`ths ouy bmtegmcms sj js `jkjsmreh u`m rughsecmc mftm j`trj jf rm`gh cj .; FEOESM FEOESMKEH@J[ KEH@J[ EO\ZJ[SM[ \H^ FM BH^OM U KM^MKSJ^Ï[SEKM[ CJ FH FH[ [ OMSJ^EMFJ[ Feoet mkeh`js eopujstms phr f m bhrom cj fm pejz pejzm. m.

Mf phsjjr u`m gjhojtrïm rjfmtevmoj`tj khopfjim (cjpj`cj cj fm tjk`hfhgïm cj bmnrekmkeû` m utefezmr), ym quj `h prjsj`tm seojtrïm nej` cjbe`ecm, fh quj cebekuftm jf ojkm`ezmch kh`vj`keh`mf h om`umf, jspjkïbekmoj`tj jspjkïb ekmoj`tj ojkm`ezmch phr brjs brjsmch, mch, cjnech m quj sj rjquejrj jfjvmcm cjstrjzm phr pmrtj cjf hpjrmreh (jfjvm jf khsth cj fm om`h cj hnrm), tmoneå` jf e`tjrkmoneh kh`stm`tj cj ajrrmoej`tms cj khrtj jbjktumch om`umfoj`tj, pmrm fm rjmfezmkeû` cj fms ceste`tms hpjrmkeh`js rjqujrecms phr fm pejzm kh`ffjvm m u` omyhr kh`suoh cj rjkurshs (tejoph, om`h cj hnrm, omtjremfjs) y u` omyhr `ùojrh cj pmusms j` jf prhkjsh cj bmnrekmke b mnrekmkeû` û` quj sj ttrmcukj` rmcukj` j` u` nmih rj`ceoej`th pmrm kuopfer jf retoh cj prhcukkeû` jstmnfjkech prjvemoj`tj phr fm pfm`tm. Mf oesoh tejoph mf `h sjr u`m pejzm cj rjvhfukeû`, khoh js jf kmsh cj jijs, nuijs, khie`jtjs, j`trj htrms. @h sj pujcj bmnrekmr amkej`ch ush cj u` thr`h. M be` cj shfukeh`mr fms feoetmkeh`js jxpujstms m`tjrehroj`tj, js kh`vj`ej`tj fm mchpkeû` cj u` prhkjsh cj bmnrekmkeû`, m trmvås cj u` brjsmch K@K. \jrh jsth kh`ffjvmrïm m u`m omyhr e`vjrseû` j` omque`mrem y jqueph, fm mcjkumkeû` cjf tmffjr m fms kh`cekeh`js ûpteoms cj bu`keh`moej`th cj fm omque`mrïm y jf rjqujreoej`th cj om`h cj hnrm kmfebekmcm, mu`quj jsth kh`ffjvmrïm m fm rjcukkeû` seg`ebekmtevm cjf `ùojrh cj hpjrmrehs rjqujrechs pmrm

 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | ><

rjmfezmr cekam tmrjm. \mrm jsth js `jkjsmreh jvmfumr fm vemnefecmc jkh`ûoekm y bmktenefecmc

tåk`ekm cj cekam prhpujstm. @h sj pujcj jbjktumr phr u` prhkjsh cj fmoe`mch cjnech m quj fm pejzm `h js fmrgm y `h prjsj`tm u`m sjkkeû` trm`svjrsmf kh`stm`tj. Feoet mkeh`js eopujstms phr fms kmrmktjrïstekms cjf omtjremf9 omtjremf9 Mf sjr u` mkjrh ([MJ =>

Rjrebe Rj rebe kmkeû` c j pujstm j` omrkam. [j cjnj jstmnfjkjr khoh sj ffjvmrí m kmnh fm prhcukkeû`, pmrm jffh sj cjnjrí msjgurmr fm kh`te`uecmc cj hpjrmkeh`js, m trmvås cj quj kmcm hpjrmreh rjvesj fm oíque`m quj tej`j m kmrgh kmcm vjzpmrm qujquj jopejzm su tur`h,u`m y serjveseû` pjrkenjphr mfgu`m m`hromfecmc fm cjnj e`bhromr m su supjrveshr jstj hrcj`j jf írjm cj om`tj`eoej`th, mcjoís thchs fhs j`kmrgmchs cj hpjrmkeh`js cj tmffjr cjnjrí` jstmr `h shfh supjrvesm`ch fm prhcukkeû` se`h kh`hkjr jf jstmch bïsekh y oj`tmf cj su jqueph cj trmnmih, kh` jf hnijtevh cj jvetmr mkkecj`tjs phr bmtegm h cestrmkkeû` cjf hpjrmreh. Smoneå` sj cjnj kh`secjrmr fm kmpmketmkeû` kh`te`um j` tjoms rjfmkeh`mchs kh` fm sjgurecmc j aegej`j hkupmkeh`mf. Mcjoís sj fj cjnj` nre`cmr m fhs trmnmimchrjs jf jqueph cj prhtjkkeû` pjrsh`mf mcjkumch y ojihrmr fms kh`cekeh`js cj trmnmih m`tj phsenfjs mgj`tjs cj rejsghs. Kh`trhf phstjrehr phs tjrehr m fms hpj hpjrmkeh`js9 rmkeh`js9 J` jstj kh`trhf fms hpjrmkeh`js m rjmfezmr sjrí`9 jf jbjktumr ojcekeh`js m fm pejzm tjroe`mcm (quj kuopfm` kh` ojcecms, thfjrm`kems y mkmnmchs supjrbekemfjs sjfjkkeh`mchs prjvemoj`tj), rjkhgjr cmths jstmcïstekhs cj fm kmcj`m cj prhcukkeû` pmrm fhgrmr fm khrrjkkeû` cj phsenfjs jrrhrjs j` kumfquejr pmrtj cj fm oesom quj prjsj`tj omyhrjs bmffms. Mcjoís cj fm mpfekmkeû` cj j`smyhs cjstruktevhs m pejzms sjfjkkeh`mcms mfjmthremoj`tj, kh` jf hnijtevh cj vjrebekmr su khophrtmoej`th nmih cjtjroe`mcms kh`cekeh`js cj trmnmih (Kmfhr, brïh, eopmkths, kekfmijs, auojcmc, j`trj htrhs). Shcms fms tmrjms m`tjrehrjs sjrí` jbjktumcms phr jf írjm cj kh`trhf cj fm kmfecmc. Rjrebekmkeû` be`mf9 Jstj kh`trhf sj cjnjrí jbjktumr fujgh cj amnjr be`mfezmch thcms fms hpjrmkeh`js cj bmnrekmkeû` preomrem y sjku`cmrem, sj rjmfezmrí m`tjs quj fm pejzm smfgm m fm vj`tm. Amnrí u`m pjrsh`m j`kmrgmcm cj thomr ojcecms y vjrebekmr fm mpmrej`kem bïsekm cj fm pejzm, j` jstm rjveseû` `h cjnjrí` mpmrjkjr jrrhrjs seg`ebekmtevhs ym quj j` thcms fms bmsjs m`tjrehrjs sj am rjvesmch jxamustevmoj`tj thcms fms kmrmktjrïstekms h rjqueseths cj cesjýh prjvemoj`tj jstmnfjkechs jstmnfjkechs phr e`gj`ejrï e`gj`ejrïmm cjf prhcukth. [e ffjgmrí m prjsj`tmrsj jrrhrjs ouy rjfjvm`tjs sjrïm `jkjsmreh fm rjveseû` cj thcm fm kmcj`m cj prhcukkeû` y rjjstrukturmrfm phrquj jsth seg`ebekmrïm quj amy mfgù` jfjoj`th quj jstí bmffm`ch m fh fmrgh cjf prhkjsh cj bmnrekmkeû` cj fm pejzm. >.3 [JFJKKEÛ@ CJF OÅSHCH CJ BMN^EKMKEÛ@ Û\SEOH Kh`secjrm`ch jf ush be`mf cj fm pejzm, fm `jkjsecmc cj thfjrm`kems , mkmnmchs supjrbekemfjs y fms feoetmkeh`js feoetmkeh` js m`tjrehrjs eopuj eopujstms stms phr fm bhrom fms kmrmktjrïstekms kmrmktjrïstekms omtj omtjremf, remf, sj fm jxkjfj`tj cuktefecmc, bhrimnefecmc y rjsestj`kem qujy prjsj`tm jf mkjrhcjf [MJ-=< jstmnfjkj` jf oåthch pre`kepmf m utefezmr pmrm kh`bhromr fm pejzm y hpjrmkeh`js sjku`cmrems rjqujrecms pmrm fhgrmr u` ojihr mkmnmch supjrbekemf9  supjrbekemf9   Bhrimch kh` trhqujf eoprjshr, fmpjmch fmpjm ch y be`mfoj`tj rj rjkunre kunre oej`th m`tekhrrh sevh phr b hsbmtmch

 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | >;

>.: EO\FJOJ@SH[ CJ [ZIJKEÛ@ H CJ BMN^EKMKEÛ@ Shom`ch j` jf oåthch bu`cmoj`tmf cj bmnrekmkeû` phr om`epufmr ojceh cj kh`bhromch j` kuj`tm kmfej`tj,quj sj `jkjsetm cj ajrrmoej`tms cj suijkeû` qujsjrí pjroetm` fm pejzm fm kumf jstí m u`m mftm tjopjrmturm cj u`m bhrom sjgurm. Fm ajrrmoej`tm phr jxkjfj`kem pmrm jstm tmrjm sh` fms tj`mzms pmrm bhrim b hrim h pe`zms.

Begurm >.3.= \e`zms h tj`mzms

Htrh jfjoj`th `jkjsmreh, sh` fhs trhqujfjs quj bu`keh`m` m su vjz khoh ohfcj pmrm kh`bhromr fm pejzm, jspjkebekmoj`tj shnrj jf trhqujf e`bjrehr, jf kumf jstí beih y js ch`cj sj khfhkmrí fm pejzm pmrm quj phstjrehroj`tj sj mpfequj fm prjseû` quj cmrí fugmr m u` jsbujrzh pmrm gj`jrmr u`m cjbhromkeû` pfístekm j` jf jfjoj`th.

= Begurm

>.3.> Chs tephs cj trhqujfjs

Cmch quj jf omtjremf j` nruth vej`j j` bhrom cj nmrrms kefï`crekms, sjrí `jkjsmreh rjmfezmr u` khrtj kh` omque`m trh`zmchrm, fh kumf `jkjsetmrm cj u`m ohrcmzm om`umf pmrm suijtmr fm nmrrm cj mkjrh m khrtmr.

= Begurm

=

>.3.; Ohrcmzm om`umf

Grhhvjr, O. (>.2. KH@[ECJ^MKEÛ@ CJ FH[ \^HNFJOM[ \HSJ@KEMFJ[ CJ [J^REKEH H E@SJ^KMONEMNEFECMC. Jf prhcukth kampm pmrm phrtû` khrrjcezh kh`secjrmch u` sestjom cj kjrrmcurm ojkí`ekh vesth j` e`bhromkeû` prjvem, j` jf kumf jf khoph`j`tj (pejzm) pmsmchr cj pe` vjrtekmf tej`j u`m bu`keû` ouy eophrtm`tj cj`trh cjf sestjom quj fj amkj eoprjske`cenfj, kh`secjrm`ch msï fhs prhnfjoms phtj`kemfjs quj pujcj tj`jr (phr bmffhs j` su bmnrekmkeû`), bmffhs m fh fmrgh cj su bu`keû` j` jf tejoph cmch quj cjnj cjnj cj tj`jr thfjrm`kem y mkmn mkmnmch, mch, phr su bu`keû` cj suijkeû`, phr su bu`keû` ce`íoekm y phr jstmr suijtm jsbujrzhs, thch jsth j` su ohveoej`th vjrtekmf khoh bu`keû` b u`keû` pre`kepmf. \rhnfjoms phtj`kemfjs cj sjrvekeh9 [j jstmnfjkj quj su sjrvekeh tej`j kmcukecmc j` =: mýhs j` fhs quj trmnmim pjrbjktmoj`t pjrbjktmoj`tj, j, Kum`ch m pjsmr cj quj bu`keh`m `h kuopfj su bu`keû` smtesbmkthremoj`tj. smtesbmkthremoj`tj. Kum`ch su bu`keh`moej bu`keh`moej`th `th js phkh kh`bemnfj cjnech m fms bmffms y prjsj`tm rejsghs9 =. Cjbekej`kem j` jf Cesjýh, omfm sjfjkkeû` cjf omtjremf cmths phkhs jxmkths cjf omtjremf (j`smyh cj tj`seû`, curjzm). >. Eopjrbjkkeh`js cjf omtjremf, cjf prhkjsh y/h cj su bmnrekmkeû`. ;. Jrrhrjs j` jf sjrvekeh y j` jf oh`tmij rjspjkth m su bmnrekmkeû b mnrekmkeû`. `. 3. Jrrhrjs j` jf kh`trhf cj Kmfecmc, om`tj`eoej`th y rjpmrmkeû`. :. Bmkthrjs monej`tmfjs quj shnrjpmsj fhs fïoetjs cj tjopjrmturm quj sj jstmnfjkj` j` su vecm ùtef j`trj >< ¼K m ;: ¼K, shnrjkmrgms phr u` omf cesjýh j` jf sestjom ojkí`ekh j` gj`jrmf. J` su bu`keû` `hromf, se fm pejzm subrj omyhr cjsgmstj h cjbhromch m`tjs cj fh prjvesth phr u` omf cesjýh, mkmnmch y thfjrm`kems jf ojkm`esoh `h sjrverí, jf usumreh `h phcrí rjpmrmrfh cjnech quj jf sestjom js e`tjr`h y js ouy cebïkef cmr u` om`tj`eoej`th h rjpmrmkeû` cjnech m quj sjrïm `jkjsmreh cjsoh`tmrfh cj fh kumf js ouy khopfekmch, phr tm`th `h cmrí jf sjrvekeh jspjrmch y tj`jr j` kuj`tm fhs mspjkths cj u`m mftm cesph`enefecmc, jsth `h eopfekm `jkjsmremoj`tj u`m mftm kh`bemnefecmc, pjrh u`m mftm kh`bemnefecmc se eopfekm u`m nuj`m cesph`enefecmc y sjgurecmc, j` fm ojcecm quj fm omque`mrem, jf prhkjsh h

jquephs, prjsj`tm u`m nmim prhnmnefecmc cj bmffm cesoe`uyj` fhs prhnfjoms phtj`kemfjs cj sjrvekeh. = 

=

 Joprjsms bmnrekm`tjs y cestrenuechrms, [aj`zaj` Wmfcj` Sjka`hfhgy, Wj`zahu Sem`xe Amrcwmrj y Umfj.

 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | >:

\rhnfjoms phtj`kemfjs (bmffms) pmsmchr pmsmchr cj pe ` vjrte kmf. Bmffm e`ekemf9 kmrmktjrezm phr tj`jr u`m jfjvmcm tmsm cj bmffhs quj cjskej`cj rípecmoj`tj kh` jf tejoph \rhnfjoms cj bmnrekmkeû` m`tjs oj`keh`mchs. Bmffms `hromfjs9 `hromfjs 9 Jtmpm kh` u`m tmsm cj jrrhrjs oj`hr y kh`stm`tj, mftm kh`bemnefecmc. kh`bemnefecmc. Bmffh cj cjsgmstj9 [j phcrïm kh`secjrmr quj mf kufoe`mr su sjrvekeh cj =: mýhs fm pejzm tej`j u` cjsgmstj u htrm kmusm, cjspuås cj kuopfer smtesbmkthremoj`tj fms `jkjsecmcjs j` jf sestjom cj sjgurecmc.

<

=: mýhs

Begurm >.:.=, bmffms j` tejoph cj =: mýhs

\rhnfjoms phtj`kemfjs cj e`tjrkmonemnefecmc9 \mrm pmsmchr cj pe` vjrtekmf, `h sj tej`j

kh`secjrmkeû` cj e`tjrkmonemnefecmc cj bmnrekm`tj m prhvjjchr, pjrh se kmoneh cjf prhcukth j` gj`jrmf, kum`ch jf bmnrekm`tj cj gmrm`tïm j` jstj, cj fh kh`trmreh sj tej`j quj9 =. Fm pejzm `h tej`j e`tjrkmonemnefec e`tjrkmonemnefecmc, mc, phr su cebekuftm cj j`kh`trmrsj j` jf ojrkmch h phrquj su phrkj`tmij cj bmffh js oï`eoh, jf kumf fj pjroetj mf bmnrekm`tj cjtjroe`mr quj `h js `jkjsmreh krjmr rjpujsths cj fm pejzm. >. Cj prhvjjchr m kfej`tj j` cjvhfukeû` cj fm pejzm j` jspjkïbek jspjkïbekmm `h m oj`hs quj sjm j` jf prhcukth j` gj`jrmf phr su gmrm`tïm.

 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | >2

>.7 MCM\SMKEÛ@ CJ MGM^^MCJ^H[, GZÏM[, JSK. @JKJ[M^EH[ \M^M FM BMN^EKMKEÛ@, FM OM@E\ZFMKEÛ@, E@[\JKKEÛ@ H JO\M]ZJ. Srm`sphr Srm `sphrtj tj cj fm omtj omtjrem rem preo preom m amkem jf prhkjsh cj prhc ukkeû `9 Srm`sphrtj cj fm omtjrem preom amkem jf prhkjsh cj prhcukkeû`9 \mrm jf trm`sphrtj cj fm omtjrem preom sj cjnj cjbe`er fï`jms guïms kh` kûcegh cj khfhrjs, ym sjm j` jf pesh h fms pmrjcjs cj fms e`stmfmkeh`js, jstms fï`jms guïms cjnj` cjbe`ersj pmrm ffjgmr cjf mfomkå` amkem jf e`ekeh cjf prhkjsh cj prhcukkeû`, j` jf kmoneh cj u` prhkjsh m htrh h kmoneh cj omque`mrem pmrm fm omtjrem prhkjsmcm y pmrm guemr u`m vjz fm pejzm sjm tjroe`mcm amkem jf j`smonfj h mfomkj`moej`th cj jstm. \mrm fm ohvefezmkeû` cj fm omtjrem preom sj utefezmrí u` kmrrh rjohfquj e`custremf, jf kumf sj usmrí pmrm ffjvmr fm omtjrem preom amkem fm nm`cm trmsphrtmchrm quj fh ffjvmrí mf ahr`h. Jf kmrrh sj kmrgmrí kh` fm omtjrem omtjre m preom j` jf mfomkå` sj cjskmrgmrí j` fm ke`tm trmsphrtmchrm trmsphrt mchrm ch`cj sj prhkjsmrí fm omtjrem preom pmrm khrtmrfm m u` tmomýh quj sj pujcm khfhkmr j` jf ohfcj cj fm bhrim, pmrm fh kumf sj ffjvmrí m bu`cekeû` pmrm amkjr kumcrhs cjf tmomým cjf ohfcj. Fujgh fhs kumcrmchs cjf mkjrh sj trm`sphrtmrí` amkem fm nm`cm trmsphrtmchrm quj kh`jktm kh` jf ahr`h quj kmfj`tmrm fhs kunhs cj mkjrh y trmsfmcmrfhs m fm bhrim. Fm nm`cm trmsphrtmchrm sjrí phr rhceffhs ym quj mf j`trmr mf ahr`h cjnj shphrtmr mftms tjopjrmturms. M fm pmr cj fm nmrrm trm`sphrtmchrm sj cjnj khfhkmr u` kjrkh cj u` ojtrh cj mfth m u`m cestm`kem cj :< kj`tïojtrhs cj cestm`kem cjscj fm nm`cm trmsphrtmchrm, mcjoís sj cjnj mgrjgmr u`m nmrrm guïm cj =< m =: kj`tïojtrhs cj mfturm m >< kj`tïojtrhs cjf kjrkh, pmrm jvetmr quj mfgù` kmrrh trmsphrtmchr kahquj kh` jf kjrkh. Fm omtjrem preom sj trmsfmcmrí amkem jf ahr`h phr ojceh cj fm nm`cm trm`sphrtmchrm.

Z`m vjz fm omtjrem preom am sech kmfj`tmcm sj pujcj usmr u` sestjom muthomtezmch phr nrmzhs rhnûtekhs rhnûte khs h trmsphrtmrfm om`umfoj`t om`umfoj`tjj kh` tj`mzms cj mkjrh pmrm fm bhrim. [e sj utefezm u` sestjom muthomtezmch sj rjquejrj khfhkmr fms guïms j` jf sujfh pmrm quj jf nrmzh rhnûtekh sj cjspfmkj y pujcm khfhkmr fm pejzm j` kmfej`tj j` jf ohfcj. Jf mkjrh kmfj`tmch sj smkmrí cj fm ke`tm trmsphrtmchrm y sj khfhkmrí j` fm omtrez pmrm fm bhrim. Mf tjroe`mr jf prhkjsh cj bhrimch j` ohfcj kjrrmch sj cjspfmzmrí fm pejzm kh` rjnmnm phr u`m ke`tm trmsphrtmchrm amstm jf oåthch cj cjsnmrnmch phr trhqujfmch, fm pejzm kum`ch ffjgm mf trhqujf sj pujcj om`epufmr kh` gum`tjs prhtjkthrjs se sj amkj om`umfoj`tj phr u` hpjrmreh h muthomtezmch phr ojceh cj nrmzhs rhnûtekhs. Mf tjroe`mr jf trhqujfmch sj khfhkmrí` fms pejzms tjroe`mcms j` u` kmrrh rjohfquj e`custremf, kmcm ahrm sj trmsphrtmrí` fms pejzms tjroe`mcms amkem jf j`smonfmij h jf mfomkå`. \mrm jf gumrcmch h j`smonfmch cj fm pejzm j` prhcukth. \mrm jf trmnmimch j` bhrim js `jkjsmreh ph`jr kmrtjfjs cj mcvjrtj`kem, cmcm fms mftms tjopjrmturms m fms quj sj kmfej`tm jf mkjrh, tmoneå` ph`jr ke`tm, fï`jms h omrkm j` jf sujfh pmrm sjpmrmr fm cestm`kem sjgurm amkem fm omque`mrem.

 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | >7

>.1 \^HNMNFJ[ FEOESMKEH@J[ M KMONEH[ BZSZ^H[ CJF \^HCZKSH. Omtjremfjs9 Jf omtjremf cj fm pejzm phcrïm sjr sustetuech phr htrh quj hbrjzkm fms oesoms kmrmktjrïstekms y prhpejcmcjs ojkm`ezms cjf omtjremf cj bmnrekmkeû` hrege`mf, pjrh sejoprj y kum`ch jf `ujvh omtjremf rjprjsj`tj u` oj`hr khsth cj mcquesekeû` y trmnmih. Bhrom9 Mf sjr u`m pejzm shnrj fm kumf sj oh`tm` htrms oís cjf sestjom y phr su bu`keh`moej`th bu`keh`moej` th y khrrjfmkeû` kh` pejzms m su j`thr`h, u` kmoneh j` fm bhrom rjprjsj`tmrïm tmoneå` u` kmoneh cj jstms htrms pejzms, y jstms kh`ffjvmrïm` u` kmoneh m su vjz cj htrms kum`tms, phr fh quj rjprjsj`tmrïm u` khsth mcekeh`mf j` jf kmoneh cjf cesjýh cj fm jstmopm prhpem cj fm pejzm y cj fms cjoís y mseoesoh u` kmoneh gj`jrmf cjf cesjýh j` thch jf prhcukth y su bu`keh`moe bu`keh`moej`th j`th e`tjr`h. Smomýhs9 Jf tmomýh cj fm pejzm `h cjnjrïm sjr kmonemch ym quj jstm jkah m fm ojcecm cj fms kmrmktjrïstekms cjf cesjýh gj`jrmf cjf sestjom. Shfjrm`kems9 Jf prhkjsh ojcem`tj jf kumf fm pejzm js bmnrekmcm nre`cm thfjrm`kems ouy nuj`ms ym quj jstms cjpj`cj` cj fm jstmopm j` fm kumf sh` bmnrekmcms y hthrgm` u`m

ojcecm prjcjtjroe`mcm m fm pejzm cj`trh cj fm kumf ym sj e`kfuyj` cekams thfjrm`kems. phr jsth u` kmoneh j` fms thfjrm`kems rjprjsj`tm u` kmoneh j` fm omtrez cj fm pejzm fh kumf `h js rjkhoj`cmnf rjkhoj`cmnfj. j.  Mk mnmch9  Mkmnmc h9 Jf mkmnmch hrege`mf cj fm pejzm js @=< pmrm fms supjrbekejs fenrjs y @7 pmrm fms supjrbekejs bu`keh`mfjs jstj mkmnmch pmrm fms supjrbekejs bu`keh`mfjs sj cjnjrïm om`tj`jr phr sjr u`m pejzm ce`íoekm y phr su bu`keh`mnefecmc.

 

  M`ífeses cj prj-prhcukkeû` | >1

;. M@ÍFE[E[ CJ KH[SH[ U ^J[ZOJ@ CJ \^H\ZJ[SM[

[j pmrtj jstmnfjkej` jstmnfjkej`ch ch fhs khsths gj`jrmfjs cj fhs rjkurshs cesph`enfj cesph`enfjss Smnfm ;. Khsths gj`jrmfjs

^JKZ^[H[ Om`h cj hnrm Omque`mrem Omtjremfjs Ajrrmoej`tms

KH[SH[ $ ;2