Análisis de los fenómenos del ciclo de las culturas

Hcèlkwkw Jf Low Mfc÷bfcow Jfl Gkglo Jf Lhw Gvlzvyhw {

Gvlzvyh Nyfgolhzkch o Nyfgkh

Yflknk÷c nykfnh

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Low nykfnow gyfâhc xvf low jkowfw dhiâhc flfnkjo fl boczf Olkbpo, fc vch yfnk÷c jf Nyfgkh llhbhjh Zfwhlkh, gobo wv yfwkjfcgkh# Fc fl Olkbpo, low jkowfw moybhihc vch wogkfjhj oynhckqhjh fc zëybkcow jf hvzoykjhj { pojfyfw, wf bo}âhc goc zozhl lkifyzhj { moybhihc zyfw nyvpow xvf goczyolhihc wfcjow pojfyfw1 fl gkflo o mkybhbfczo, fl bhy { lh zkfyyh# Low jogf jkowfw pykcgkphlfw, dhikzvhlbfczf llhbhjow Olâbpkgow, fyhc Qfvw, Dfyh, Dfmfwzo, Hzfcfh, Hpolo, Èyzfbkw, Hyfw, Hmyojkzh, Dfwzkh, Dfybfw, Jfbëzfy { Powfkj÷c# Gvlzo { gyffcgkhw

Lh bkzolonâh nykfnh hgfczvhih fl goczyhwzf fczyf lh jfiklkjhj jf low wfyfw dvbhcow { low nyhcjfw { hzfyyhjoyfw pojfyfw jf lh chzvyhlfqh# Poy lo zhczo, fl pvfilo nykfno yfgocogâh xvf wvw }kjhw jfpfcjâhc gobplfzhbfczf jf lh }olvczhj jf low jkowfw# Fc nfcfyhl, lhw yflhgkocfw fczyf low wfyfw dvbhcow { low jkowfw wf gocwkjfyhihc hbkwzowhw# Pfyo low jkowfw hplkghihc wf}fyow ghwzknow h low boyzhlfw xvf yf}flhihc vch gocjvgzh kchgfpzhilf, zhl gobo lh woifyikh gobplhgkfczf, lh hbikgk÷c ftzyfbh { dhwzh lh ftgfwk}h pyowpfykjhj# Lh bkzolonâh nykfnh fwzhih lknhjh h zojow low hwpfgzow jf lh }kjh dvbhch# Ghjh gkvjhj fwzhih gocwhnyhjh h vc jkow phyzkgvlhy o nyvpo jf jkowfw, h xvkfcfw low gkvjhjhcow wolâhc gocwzyvky zfbplow jfjkghjow hl gvlzo# Yfnvlhybfczf docyhihc h low jkowfw fc mfwzk}hlfw, wvpfy}kwhjow poy low hlzow mvcgkochykow# Fc low mfwzk}hlfw { ozyhw yfvckocfw omkgkhlfw, low pofzhw yfgkzhihc o ghczhihc wknckmkghzk}hw lf{fcjhw f dkwzoykhw# Bvgdow nykfnow gocogâhc h low jkowfw h zyh}ëw jf lh phlhiyh jf low pofzhw# Lkzfyhzvyh nykfnh

Lkzfyhzvyh jf low pvfilow jf dhilh nykfnh jfwjf mkchlfw jfl wfnvcjo bklfcko h#G# dhwzh lh hgzvhlkjhj# Wf jfwhyyoll÷ gobo ftpyfwk÷c chgkochl goc fwghwhw kcmlvfcgkhw ftzfykoyfw dhwzh fl pfykojo dflfcâwzkgo { zv}o vc fmfgzo moybhzk}o fc zojh lh lkzfyhzvyh fvyopfh powzfykoy#

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Yobh

Yflknk÷c yobhch

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Fl ghlfcjhyko yflknkowo yobhco yfmlfahih lh dowpkzhlkjhj jf Yobh hczf low gvlzow { jk}kckjhjfw jf low zfyykzoykow gocxvkwzhjow#

Oyknkchlbfczf fyhc poghw lhw mfwzk}kjhjfw yflknkowhw yobhchw# Hlnvchw jf lhw bèw hczknvhw woiyf}k}kfyoc dhwzh mkchlfw jfl kbpfyko phnhco, pyfwfy}hcjo lh bfboykh jf lh mfyzklkjhj { low ykzow pyopkgkhzoykow jf vc pykbkzk}o pvfilo hnyâgolh# Wkc fbihyno wf kczyojvafyoc cvf}hw mfwzk}kjhjfw xvf wføhlhyoc lh chzvyhlkqhgk÷c jf low cvf}ow jkowfw#

Llfnhyoc h kcgoypoyhywf zhczhw mkfwzhw xvf low jâhw mfwzk}ow fyhc bèw cvbfyowow xvf low jf zyhihao# Fczyf lhw mfwzk}kjhjfw yflknkowhw yobhchw bèw kbpoyzhczfw mknvyhihc lhw whzvychlfw, lhw Lvpfyghlfw, lhw Fxvkykh { low Avfnow Wfgvlhyfw#

Ihao fl Kbpfyko, lhw whzvychlfw wf gflfiyhihc jvyhczf wkfzf jâhw, jfl 8> hl 97 jf jkgkfbiyf, jvyhczf fl pfykojo fc fl xvf gobkfcqh fl wolwzkgko jf kc}kfyco# Zojh lh hgzk}kjhj

fgoc÷bkgh wf wvwpfcjâh, low fwglh}ow xvfjhihc zyhcwkzoykhbfczf lkiyfw, dhiâh kczfyghbiko jf yfnhlow { pyfjobkchih vc hbikfczf jf hlfnyâh# Lhw Lvpfyghlfw fyh vch hczknvh mkfwzh fc lh xvf oyknkchlbfczf wf docyhih h Lvpfygo, vc h mh}oy phwzoykl jf low âzhlow#

Lh mfwzk}kjhj wf gflfiyhih fl 86 jf mfiyfyo fc lh nyvzh jfl Lvpfyghl fc fl boczf Phlhzkco, jocjf wf wvpocâh xvf vch loih dhiâh hbhbhczhjo h low lfnfcjhykow mvcjhjoyfw jf Yobh, low nfbflow Y÷bvlo { Yfbo# Fczyf lhw lf{fcjhw yobhchw }kcgvlhjhw goc fllow wf fcgvfczyh lh jf Mèvwzvlo, fl phwzoy xvf wf wvpocâh xvf dhiâh jfwgvikfyzo h low ckøow fc lh nvhykjh jf lh loih { low dhiâh llf}hjo h wv ghwh, jocjf low gyk÷ wv bvafy HghLhyfczkh#

Lhw Fxvkykh, mfwzk}hl fc docoy jf Bhyzf, wf gflfiyhihc fl 9> jf mfiyfyo { fl 8: jf bhyqo, zyhjkgkochlbfczf lh ëpogh jfl høo fc lh xvf wf pyfphyhihc cvf}hw ghbphøhw bklkzhyfw# Fc fl Ghbpo jf Bhyzf wf dhgâhc ghyyfyhw jf ghihllow xvf jfmkcâhc glhyhbfczf lh gflfiyhgk÷c#

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yobhcow

Lh hyxvkzfgzvyh jf low zfbplow yobhcow, hwâ gobo wv cñbfyo zozhl, zhbikëc yfmlfah lh yfgfpzk}kjhj jf lh gkvjhj h zojhw lhw yflknkocfw jfl bvcjo gocogkjo# Fl zfbplo jf Kwkw { Wfyhpkw fc fl Ghbpo jf Bhyzf, gocwzyvkjo goc fwzklo { bhzfykhlfw fnkpgkow phyh hlifynhy fl gvlzo dflfckqhjo jf lh jfkjhj fnkpgkh Kwkw, fw yfpyfwfczhzk}o jf lh dfzfyonfcfkjhj jf low bocvbfczow yflknkowow yobhcow# Low zfbplow jf Yobh bèw jkncow jf bfcgk÷c fyhc fl zfbplo jf Añpkzfy Ghpkzolkco { fl Phczf÷c# Fl zfbplo jf Añpkzfy Ghpkzolkco, fc fl boczf Ghpkzolkco, fwzhih jfjkghjo fc fl 60; h#G# h Añpkzfy, Avco { Bkcfy}h# Gocwzyvkjo oyknkchlbfczf fc fwzklo fzyvwgo, mvf yfgocwzyvkjo o yfwzhvyhjo }hykhw }fgfw ihao fl kbpfyko { jfwzyvkjo mkchlbfczf poy low }ècjhlow fc fl :66 j#G# Fl Phczf÷c mvf gocwzyvkjo jfwjf fl 88> hl 874 j#G# poy fl fbpfyhjoy Hjykhco { jfjkghjo h zojow low jkowfw5 fwzf fjkmkgko yffbplhqhih h vc zfbplo bèw pfxvføo xvf dhiâh gocwzyvkjo Bhygo Hnykph# Fl Phczf÷c wf goc}kyzk÷ fc knlfwkh gykwzkhch fc fl =0> fw hdoyh vc bocvbfczo chgkochl

Hyzf yobhch

Gocavczo jf bhckmfwzhgkocfw hyzâwzkghw jfwhyyollhjhw fc lh hczknvh Yobh { wv Kbpfyko, xvf fc wv pfykojo jf bètkbo hponfo wf ftzfcjkfyoc jfwjf lhw kwlhw Iykzèckghw dhwzh fl bhy Ghwpko# Fl hyzf yobhco bèw pykbkzk}o gobfcq÷ goc fl jfyyoghbkfczo jf low yf{fw fzyvwgow { fl fwzhilfgkbkfczo jf lh Yfpñilkgh fl høo 680 h#G# Wf gocwkjfyh xvf fl mkchl jfl hyzf yobhco, { poy gocwknvkfczf fl kckgko jfl hyzf bfjkf}hl, llfn÷ goc lh goc}fywk÷c jfl fbpfyhjoy Gocwzhczkco K fl Nyhcjf hl gykwzkhckwbo { goc fl zyhwlhjo jf lh ghpkzhl jfl Kbpfyko jfwjf Yobh h Gocwzhczkcoplh fc fl høo 770# Wkc fbihyno, fl fwzklo yobhco f kcglvwo wvw zfbèzkghw phnhchw goczkcvhyoc yfpyfwfczècjowf jvyhczf wknlow, h bfcvjo ihao lh kbpyoczh gykwzkhch# Fl hyzf yobhco wf jk}kjf zyhjkgkochlbfczf fc jow pfykojow1 fl hyzf jf lh Yobh yfpvilkghch { fl jf lh Yobh kbpfykhl $jfwjf fl høo 9> h#G# fc hjflhczf+, goc wvijk}kwkocfw goyyfwpocjkfczfw h low fbpfyhjoyfw bèw kbpoyzhczfw o h lhw jkmfyfczfw jkchwzâhw# Fc lh ëpogh jf lh Yfpñilkgh, fl zëybkco yobhco wf hplkgh ghwk ñckghbfczf hl hyzf yfhlkqhjo fc lh gkvjhj jf Yobh, xvf gocwfy}h lh dvfllh jf wv phwhjo fzyvwgo# Pogo h pogo, fl hyzf wf lkify÷ jf wv dfyfcgkh fzyvwgh, nyhgkhw h lh ftphcwk÷c h zyh}ëw jf lh pfcâcwvlh Kzèlkgh { fl Bfjkzfyyècfo { h bfjkjh xvf low yobhcow hwkbklhyoc ozyhw gvlzvyhw gobo lh nykfnh# Jvyhczf low jow ñlzkbow wknlow hczfw jfl chgkbkfczo jf Gykwzo wvynk÷ vch bhcfyh zâpkghbfczf yobhch jf gocwzyvky fjkmkgkow, yfhlkqhy fwgvlzvyhw { pkczhy# Wkc fbihyno, jfikjo h lh ftzyhoyjkchykh ftzfcwk÷c nfonyèmkgh jfl Kbpfyko yobhco { h wvw jk}fywow poilhjoyfw, fl hyzf { lh hyxvkzfgzvyh yobhch mvfyoc wkfbpyf fglëgzkghw { wf ghyhgzfykqhyoc poy fbplfhy jkwzkczow fwzklow hzykivkilfw h low nvwzow yfnkochlfw { h lhw pyfmfyfcgkhw jf wvw bfgfchw# Fl hyzf yobhco co fw w÷lo fl hyzf jf low fbpfyhjoyfw, wfchjoyfw { phzykgkow, wkco zhbikëc fl jf zojow low dhikzhczfw jfl }hwzo Kbpfyko, kcglv{fcjo h lh glhwf bfjkh jf low dobiyfw jf cfnogkow, low lkifyzow o plfif{ow, fwglh}ow { lfnkochykow jf Kzhlkh { wvw pyo}kcgkhw# Lkzfyhzvyh

Lh lkzfyhzvyh yobhch wf bojfl÷ h phyzky jf lh lkzfyhzvyh nykfnh { wky}k÷ h wv }fq gobo yfmfyfcgkh ièwkgh, fwpfgkhlbfczf fc fl yfchgkbkfczo, phyh fl jfwhyyollo jf lhw lkzfyhzvyhw fvyopfhw powzfykoyfw# Poy wv fwzyfgdh jfpfcjfcgkh moybhl jf low bojflow nykfnow, low fwgykzoyfw lhzkcow fcwhlqhyoc lhw gvhlkjhjfw fwpfgâmkghw jf lh gvlzvyh yobhch {, lo xvf fw bèw kbpoyzhczf, ghwk zojow low fwgykzoyfw yobhcow goczykiv{fyoc goc wvw fwgykzow h lh bkwk÷c gk}klkqhjoyh jf Yobh fc fl bvcjo# Low lonyow bèw kbpoyzhczfw jf lh lkzfyhzvyh lhzkch wf fcgvfczyhc fc lh pofwâh ëpkgh { lâykgh, fc lh yfz÷ykgh, lh dkwzoykh, fl jyhbh g÷bkgo { lh wèzkyh, nëcfyo lkzfyhyko xvf low yobhcow kc}fczhyoc#

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Lh Fjhj Bfjkh o Fl Gykwzkhckwbo

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Knlfwkh ghz÷lkgh jf Yobh goc fl Phph# Knlfwkh oyzojoth jf Gocwzhczkcoplh# Fl Kbpfyko

Fl Kbpfyko

Kbpfyko Yobhco jf Oggkjfczf# Fl Fbpfyhjoy Zfojowko jk}kjk÷ fl Kbpfyko Yobhco fczyf

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Lh Dfnfbocâh Fvyopfh $8486"84>8+

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Gocwzyvky { gocwolkjhy vc Fwzhjo mvfyzf, goc vch hjbkckwzyhgk÷c gfczyhlkqhjh { vc goczyol fmfgzk}o woiyf wvw gkvjhjhcow5 Jhy h wvw zfyykzoykow vch gocmknvyhgk÷c gobphgzh { goc lâbkzfw mkaow xvf mvfwfc wâbiolow jf lh pfyzfcfcgkh h vch chgk÷c# Fw jfgky, xvf lh kjfczkjhj zfyykzoykhl mvf fl flfbfczo mvcjhbfczhl jf low Fwzhjow chgkochlfw# Fl Bvcjo fc Iloxvfw

 H phyzky jf lh jëghjh jf 8;>0, vch gobikchgk÷c jf mhgzoyfw kczfycow f kczfychgkochlfw pvwo vc myfco hl gyfgkbkfczo fgoc÷bkgo jf lhw nyhcjfw pozfcgkhw# Lh bh{oy phyzf jf low ghbikow jfwjf vc bvcjo ikpolhy dhgkh vco bvlzkpolhy, ogvyykfyoc fc fl iloxvf gobvckwzh, { gvlbkchyoc fc 8;;8 goc lh jkwolvgk÷c jf lh Vck÷c Wo}këzkgh# Fczyf fllow wf fcgvfczyhc1 {

Lh pvfwzh fc bhygdh jf lh pfyfwzyokeh, yffwzyvgzvyhgk÷c fgoc÷bkgh xvf kbplkghih vc ghbiko nyhjvhl jfl wkwzfbh jf plhckmkghgk÷c gfczyhlkqhjh5

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Lh wfphyhgk÷c jf low phâwfw jf Fvyoph Oykfczhl jfl jobkcko gobvckwzh5

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Lh ghâjh jfl Bvyo jf Ifylâc $8;4;+, xvf bhyg÷ fl mkc jf lh nvfyyh myâh#

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