Análisis de La Congestión

 

MLÍJOUOU @F JM EDLIFUPOÕL

 

EDAFLEFADU… 

 

• Vld `f jds dhkftovds proleopmjfs `f jds oliflofrds `f trílsotd y trmlspdrtf fs pjmlfmr, `osfýmr, y dpfrmr sostfams vomjfs `f amlfrm fcoeofltf, tmj quf jms `fadrms sfml aáloams. Uo bmy irml`fs `fadrms y fj sostfam ld fs fcoeofltf, fs pdrquf ld fstmads trmhmkml`d `f jm afkdr amlfrm y ld fstmads tdaml`d huflms `feosodlfs.

• Euml`d bmy pfrád`ds `f aíxoam `faml`m, fj advoaofltd vfboeujmr

sf bmef

`fcoeofltf `fho`d m jms pïr`o`ms `f vfjdeo`m`, pdr jd quf fj sostfam sf smturm, bmstm jjfimr m culeodlmr edl lovfjfs `f edlifstodlmaofltd o`fltocoem`ds pdr jms `fadrms y jms edjms d trmledlfs msdeom`ds.

 

• Jms

`fadrms

puf`fl

sfr

demsodlm`ms pdr `ospdsotovds `fj edltrdj `fj trílsotd (sfaícdrds,  MJPD  MJ PD d ^MXF, EF@M FJ ^MUD, pdr fkfapjd) mj oltfrruapor fj cjukd y jms quf tmahoïl demsodlm jm aosam

edrrofltf

vfboeujmr

fl

sotumeoõl `f cjukd edltolud (eufjjds `f hdtfjjms, meeo`fltfs, amjms amlodhrms, eofrrfs `f emrroj, fte.).

 

• Jm olcjufleom pmrm fstms `fadrms sf puf`fl af`or edad ulm rfjmeoõl `f `fadrm quf edlsostf fl jm `ocfrfleom fltrf jm rfjmeoõl `fj advoaofltd dhsfrvm`d y jm rfjmeoõl `fj advoaofltd edlso`frm`m ‚ldramj‑ ‚ldramj‑ pmrm  pmrm `ocfrfltfs váms urhmlms.

´]uï

fs

jd

quf

edlso`frmads

LDXAMJ   fl Hdidtí4 Pflfads quf rfcjfxodlmr sdhrf fjjd. Ld lfefsmromafltf jd quf vfads fl tfams `f trícoed, y quf mpmrfltm sfr ldramj, fs jd edrrfetd. Ld medstuahrmrlds m jd ‚amjd‑ ‚amjd‑    `fhfads

 

• Jm ‚tfdrám ‚tfdrám `f  `f jms edjms‑ edjms‑ af`omltf  af`omltf fj usd `f mjidrotads y ad`fjds amtfaítoeds, fs ulm bfrrmaofltm oapdrtmltf pmrm fj mlíjosos `f fstf cflõafld. Jms sotumeodlfs `f `fadrms y edjms jms demsodlm jm vmromhojo`m` `f cjukd `f trílsotd, ym quf bmy pfrád`ds fl quf jm `faml`m puf`f sfr auy irml`f d jm empmeo`m` `fj sostfam vmrám edl fj tofapd.

Bmy sotumeodlfs pmrm fj trícoed quf ld sf puf`fl prf`feor. _m quf `fpfl`f `f auebds cmetdrfs. Edad jd `oef fj tfxtd, jm empmeo`m` `fj sostfam puf`f vmromr, pdr rfpmrmeodlfs efremlms, pdr ad`ocoemeodlfs adafltílfms, pdr dhrms fl jm vám. Jm `faml`m puf`f vmromr, `fpfl`ofl`d `f cmetdrfs sdeomjfs, fedlõaoeds, eoreulstmleomjfs (edad jd quf fstmads vovofl`d), fte. Pflfads sofaprf quf bmefr ul mlíjosos `fj edltfxtd, edl td`ms jms vmromhjfs quf fstd oapjoem.

 

UOILOCOEM@D MLMJÁPOED @F JM EDLIFUPOÕL • Jm empmeo`m` `f ul sostfam fs fj lûafrd aíxoad `f flto`m`fs (vfbáeujds) quf puf`fl sfr prdefsm`ds pdr ulo`m` `f tofapd. Fs pdr fjjd quf jm edlifstoõl deurrf pdrquf fj sostfam toflf ulm empmeo`m` joaotm`m (lûafrd `f emrrojfs  ―  ― `oaflsoõl  `oaflsoõl `f jm vám) y pdrquf jm `faml`m edjdem`m (lûafrd (lûafrd `f vfbáeujds) y fj aosad prdefsd, toflfl ul emríetfr mjfmtdrod.

• Fl tmj sflto`d, fl eumjquofr edl`oeoõl `f fstm`d (fstmeodlmrod d ld), fj tofapd tdtmj `f prdefsmaofltd tP , pdr ulo`m` (vfbáeujd), fs oiumj mj tofapd prdaf`od `f prdefsmaofltd prdefsmaofltd tp aís fj tofapd `f `fadrm t@. Fstd fs; tP 1 tp + t@  Uf rfeufr`ml euml`d fstíl fl ul trmleõl fl ul sfaícdrd4 ]uf fj sfaícdrd sf pdlf fl vfr`f f oiumj ustf`fs ld sf aufvfl, pfrd mj pmsmr `fj tofapd fapofzml m advfrsf4 (quf auebds tmxostms fapofzml fapofzml m potmr, p pdrquf drquf vfl quf m pfsmr `f quf fstí fl vfr`f fjjds ld sf aufvfl y quofrfl pmsmr rípo`d fj sfaícdrd) ¡Fstm fs jm fxpjoemeoõl! Fj tofapd `f `fadrm ( t@) , fs mqufj tofapd fl fj quf fstmads quoftds, m pfsmr `f quf fj sfaícdrd fstï fl vfr`f7 y fj tofapd `f prdefsmaofltd (tp), fs fj tofapd quf trmlseurrf euml`d jm ulo`m` d fj vfbáeujd sf fstí advofl`d. Jm suam `f fsds `ds tofapds (fl fj quf fstmads quoftds y fl fj quf lds fapfzmads m advfr) fs fj tofapd tdtmj `f prdefsmaofltd (tP).

 

• Uo fj lûafrd `f vfbáeujds FU AM_DX quf jm empmeo`m` `f jm vám, puf`f deurror quf;

=) fj sostfam edjmpsf, quf fxostm ulm edlifstoõl tmj quf ld sf prdefsfl ulo`m`fs, d sfm, jds vfbáeujds (tP 1 ∜). 8) sf cdraf ulm edjm `f fspfrm quf erfef em`m vfz aís (tp ‐※ ‐※  ∜) ∜).. 5) so fs pdr ul oltfrvmjd joaotm`d `f tofapd, jm cdram quf sf cdram fvfltumjafltf jm edjm d fj trmleõl, sf `osopm.

• Olejusd, euml`d fj lûafrd `f vfbáeujds fs afldr quf jm empmeo`m` `f jm vám, tmahoïl puf`fl cdramrsf cdramrsf edjms. Pd`d `fpfl`f `fj culeodlmaofltd `fj sostfam. Mjjá fltrml jds fjfafltds (sfaícdrds, sfýmjfs, fte.) edad jm empmeo`m` `fj ol`ovo`ud `f meeoõl  ―  ― rfmeeoõl.  rfmeeoõl.

 

FJFAFLPDU @F VL UOUPFAM @F COJMU @F FU^FXM ^mrm emrmetfrozmr fj cflõafld `f fspfrm fl ul sostfam vomj `f sfrvoeod, fs lfefsmrod quf lds bmimads ulm sfrof `f eufstodlmaofltds;

´M quï bdrm fapofzm y tfraolm fj edlifstodlmaofltd4

Euml`d bmefads mcdrd (so buhoïsfads

´Euíj fs fj lûafrd af`od `f vfbáeujds fl fj sostfam4

´Euíj fs fj lûafrd af`od `f vfbáeujds fl jm edjm4 ´Euíj fs fj tofapd fl fj sostfam4

´Euíj fs fj tofapd af`od `f fspfrm d `fadrm af`om4

rfmjozm`d príetoem) quf bmhfr mjiulms prfiultms.

jm 8`m tfl`rámads rfspdl`o`d `f fstms ^mrm fjjd

´Euíj fs jm jdliotu` aíxoam `f jm edjm4 ´Euíj fs jm `fadrm aíxoam4 ´Euíj fs jm `fadrm tdtmj `f td`d fj trílsotd4 ´Euíj fs jm prdpdreoõl `f tofapd fl quf sf utojozm fj sostfam4

frm lfefsmrod fstmr mtfltds fl fj juimr `fj jfvmltmaofltd `f jm olcdrameoõl fl emapd, y jufid pjmsamrjd fl

´Euíj fs jm prdpdreoõl `f tofapd euml`d fj sostfam pframlfef olmetovd4

fj trmhmkd quf `fháml fltrfimr.

 

• Jm edjm sf iflfrm euml`d, jds usumrods (vfbáeujds) jjfiml m ulm fstmeoõl `f sfrvoeod eumjquofrm (oltfrsfeeoõl sfamcdrozm`m, ul eufjjd `f hdtfjjm, fljmef `f fltrm`m m ulm mutdpostm, emrroj fspfeomj `f vufjtm, fte.) • Jm prfstmeoõl `fj sfrvoeod pmrm em`m jjfim`m tdam tofapd y puf`f dcrfefrjd ulm d aís fstmeodlfs

Ol`fpfl`ofltfafltf `fj mlíjosos tïeloed quf sf bmim `fj trícoed, `f jm vám y `f jds fjfafltds quf bmy fl fjjm. Fj cmetdr buamld fs ulm vmromhjf FRPXFAM@MAFLPF OA^DXPMLPF  y quf vm m cjuetumr, `fpfl`ofl`d `fj edapdlfltf EVJPVXMJ/UDEOMJ/F@VEMPOSD  `f jm rfioõl quf sf fstï mlmjozml`d.

 

• Jds vfbáeujds jjfiml mj sostfam m ulm tmsm `f jjfim`ms (η) (η).. Fltrml m jm fstmeoõl `f sfrvoeod so ïstm fstí `fsdeupm`m, mjjá sdl mtfl`o`ds m ulm tmsm af`om `f sfrvoeod ¶, jm eumj fquovmjf m jm tmsm `f smjo`ms. Uo jm fstmeoõl `f sfrvoeod fstí deupm`m sf cdraml fl jm edjm m fspfrmr sfr mtfl`o`ds. • ^dr jd iflfrmj, jm tmsm `f jjfim`ms edad jm tmsm `f sfrvoeods vmráml, emusml`d quf tmahoïl bmym vmromeoõl fl jm cdrameoõl `f jms edjms. • Jm edjm s f `fcolf `fcolf eda e dad; d; fj lûafrd `f vfbáeujds quf fspfrml sfr sfrvo`ds, UOL OLEJVOX mqufjjds quf metumjafltf fstíl sofl`d mtfl`o`ds.

 

• Fj edapdrtmaofltd `f jm edjm y jds ad`fjds lfefsmrods pmrm `fserohorjm, `fpfl`fl `f jm rfprfsfltmeoõl fxpjáeotm `f fstds fjfafltds quf edlcdraml fj prdefsd; • =.- Jms jjfim`ms (`faml`ms) d emrmetfrástoems `f fltrm`m; Jms jjfim`ms puf`fl sfr fxprfsm`ms fl tïraolds `f tmsm `f cjukd (q1vfb/b) d oltfrvmjds `f tofapd (b1sfiul`ds/vfbáeujds). Jm `ostrohueoõl puf`f sfr `f topd @FPFXAOLÁUPOED (ad`fjd amtfaítoed `dl`f jms aosams fltrm`ms d edl`oeodlfs oloeomjfs prd`ueoríl olvmromhjfafltf jms aosams smjo`ms d rfsujtm`ds, sol edltfapjmr fj mzmr d jm olefrto`uahrf)) y ^XDHMHOJÁUPOED  (fs jm tdam olefrto`uahrf tdam `f ul edlkultd `f `mtds dhtflo`ds `f aufstrfds `f `mtds edl ul edapdrtmaofltd quf sf supdlf mjfmtdrod). mjfmtdrod ). AD@FJDU AMPFAÎPOEDU

^XDHMHOJÊUPOED _ @FPFXAOLÊUPOED

• 8.- Jds sfrvoeods (empmeo`m`) d emrmetfrástoems `f smjo`ms; Pmahoïl puf`fl sfr fxprfsm`ms edad tmsms `f cjukd d oltfrvmjds. Uu `ostrohueoõl puf`f sfr `f topd

`ftfraolástoed y prdhmhojástoed.  

• 5.- Fj prdef`oaofltd `f sfrvoeod d `oseopjolm `f jm edjm; Fl jm amydrám `f jds sostfams vomjfs fj sfrvoeod edlsostf fl quf fj proafrd quf jjfim fs fj proafrd quf smjf.

 

MLÍJOUOU @FPFXAOLÁUPOED @FJ EDLIFUPODLMAOFLPD

• Fj mlíjosos `ftfraolástoed edlsostf fl fj eíjeujd prfeosd `fj vmjdr `f ulm vmromhjf fl culeoõl `f eofrtds vmjdrfs fspfeácoeds quf tdaml dtrms vmromhjfs. Udjmafltf deurrorí ul vmjdr `f jm culeoõl dhkftovd pmrm ul edlkultd `m`d `f vmjdrfs `f jms vmromhjfs `f fltrm`m.

• Euml`d bmy edlifstodlmaofltd, `dl`f jds pmtrdlfs `f jjfim`ms y `f sfrvoeods sdl mjtds, jds flcdqufs m lovfj amerdseõpoeds sdl jds quf aís sf mprdxoaml m fstf cflõafld, `fserohofl`d jm dpfrmeoõl vfboeujmr fl tïraolds `f sus vmromhjfs `f cjukd, iflfrmjafltf tdam`ms edad prdaf`ods.

 

MLÍJOUOU @F OLPFXUFEEODLFU EDL UFAÍCDXDU • Jm oltfrsfeeoõl edl sfaícdrd fs fj emsd aís tápoed `fj cflõafld `f fspfrm, ym quf m rmáz `f jm juz rdkm, sofaprf bmhrí edjm `f vfbáeujds.

• Jm empmeo`m` `f ul meefsd m ulm oltfrsfeeoõl edl sfaícdrds sf fxprfsm fl tïraolds `fj  cjuk  cjukd d `f  s mt mtur urmeo meoõl õl ‚s‑ .  Mj emahomr fj sfaícdrd m vfr`f, fj pmsd `f jds vfbáeujds m trmvïs `f jm jálfm `f MJPD sf olerfafltm rípo`mafltf rípo`mafltf m ulm tmsm fquovmjfltf mj cjukd c jukd `f smturmeoõl, jm eumj sf amltoflf edlstmltf bmstm quf sf `osopm jm edjm d sf tfraolm fj vfr`f.

• Fj  cjuk  cjukd d `f s mt mtur urmeoõ meoõl l ‚s‑   fs jm tmsm aíxoam `f smjo`ms quf puf`f sfr dhtflo`m euml`d fxostfl edjms.

 

MLÍJOUOU @F EVFJJD @F HDPFJJMU

• Fstf mlíjosos sf bmef m lovfj `ftfraolástoed y amerdseõpoed, edlso`frml`d quf jds pmtrdlfs `f jjfim`ms y vfbáeujds sdl edltoluds.

sfrvoeods

`f

• Fl vomjo`m`fs `f cjukds edltoluds, jds eufjjds `f hdtfjjms sf prfsfltml fl trmads `dl`f jm sfeeoõl trmlsvfrsmj rf`uef su mlebd fl tïraolds `f lûafrd `f emrrojfs. η

`faml`m vfboeujmr ( ) (jjfim`ms) jmmj oloeod `fj eufjjd `f hdtfjjm Euml`d

supfrm jm empmeo`m` (¶) (smjo`ms) `f ïstf, sf

prfsfltml

prdhjfams

`f

edlifstodlmaofltd kustmafltf fl fj trmad mltfrodr mj eufjjd `f hdtfjjm.

 

MLÍJOUOU ^XDHMHOJÁUPOED @F JÁLFMU @F FU^FXM tfams ms `f jálfms `f fs pfrm edl ulm u lm fs fs tm tmee o õl `f •  U o s tfa  s frv frvoo eo d; Uf mlmjozmrí fj sostfam `f jálfms `f fspfrm edl ulm fstmeoõl `f sfrvoeod, jjfim`ms `ostrohuo`ms `f meufr`d m ulm `ostrohueoõl `f ^dossdl  ―  cásoed y amtfaítoed crmleïs crmleïs rfedldeo`d pdr sus trmhmkds fl fj emapd `f jm fjfetroeo`m`, ifdaftrám `ocfrfleomj y tfdrám

`f

jms

prdhmhojo`m`fs-

(`ostrohueoõl

`f

 prdhmhojo`m`  prdhmhojo`m ` `oserftm quf fxprfsm, m pmrtor `f ulm `f ulm crfeufleom `f deurrfleom af`om, jm prdhmhojo`m` `f quf deurrm ul `ftfraolm`d lûafrd `f fvfltds `urmltf ul eofrtd pfrád`d `f tofapd) tofapd ), tofapds `f sfrvoeod fxpdlfleomjfs y `oseopjolm `f sfrvoeod ‚fj ‚fj quf  quf jjfim proafrd fs sfrvo`d proafrd‑ proafrd‑..

 

já lfms `f fs pfr pfrm m e dl •  U o s tfam `f jálfms vmroms fstmeodlfs `f sfrvoeod; Uf fstu`omrí fj sostfam `f jálfms `f fspfrm

edl vmroms fstmeodlfs `f

sfrvoeod jjfim`ms `ostrohuo`ms meufr`d m ulm `ostrohueoõl ^dossdl,

tofapds

fxpdlfleomjfs sfrvoeod

y

‚fj   proafr ‚fj

`f

`f `f

sfrvoeod

`oseopjolm vfbáeujd

`f sf

aufvf bmeom jm proafrm fstmeoõl `f sfrvoeod vmemltf‑ vmemltf‑..