Analisis de Costos

 

BOZSBS]SH JBMOJBGZ SMJOHIÚKBJGZ CM GQMW]BUG UQHKQG@G CM> ’GC@BOBZSQGJBÚO CM M@UQMZGZ‐

SM@G>  GOÇIBZBZ CM JHZSHZ M\UHZBSHQ> @k. NHOGSLGO ZBITG JLBQBOHZ  

Urmsmotgch phr>

 GQMW]BUG - UMQÞ UMQÞ 1515

 =  

 

BOCBJM KMOMQGI  GOÇIBZBZ CM JHZSHZ................................................................................ JHZSHZ......................................................................................... ........... ..: : B.

UQHJMZH UQHJMZH CM JHZSHZ CM ]OG M@UQMZG M@UQMZG BOC]ZSQBGI..... BOC]ZSQBGI............ .............. .............. ..................................: ...........................: 7.7.

Botrhcujjbú Botrhcujjbúo...... o............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ...............................: ........................:

7.1.

Jhsths Jhsths bocustrb bocustrbgims. gims......... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............: .....:

7.1.7. 7.1.1.

Jhsths dnhs......... dnhs................ .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. .........3 ..3 Jhsths vgrbgaims... vgrbgaims.......... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .....................4 ..............4

7.1.:.

Jhsth thtgi........ thtgi................ ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ...............................< ........................<

7.1.3.

Mstrujturg Mstrujturg cm jhsths...... jhsths............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... ................................< .........................<

7.1.=.

JHZSH UQH@MCBH..... UQH@MCBH............ ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ...............2 .......2

7.1.4.

JHZSH DBNH UQH@MCBH..... UQH@MCBH............ ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... .......................... ..........................75 ........75

7.1.;.

JHZSH TGQBGAIM TGQBGAIM UQH@MCBH...... UQH@MCBH............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ...............................75 ........................75

7.:.

Bokrmsh... Bokrmsh.......... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ...................7: ............7:

7.3.

Uuoth cm mqubiba mqubibarbh rbh cm prhcujt prhcujths.... hs........... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ..................... .....................7= .......7=

7.=.

Mjhoh`àg Mjhoh`àg cm msjgig...... msjgig............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ................................7= .........................7=

7.4.

JGZH UQÇJSBJH...... UQÇJSBJH............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .................74 ..........74

BB.

JHZSHZ MO MO IGZ M@UQMZGZ M@UQMZGZ CM ZMQTBJBHZ... ZMQTBJBHZ........... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... ................... ................72 ....72 1.1.

@goh Cm Harg......... Harg................. ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ..............................72 .......................72

1.:.

Kgsths Kgsths Kmomr Kmomrgims. gims......... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ...................72 ............72

1.3.

Jgrgjtmràs Jgrgjtmràsjgs jgs cbmrmotms cbmrmotms cm ihs smrvbjbhs... smrvbjbhs.......... .............. ............... ............... .............. ..............................15 .......................15

1.=.

Msqum`gs Msqum`gs açsbjhs açsbjhs pgrg pgrg cmtmr`bog cmtmr`bogjbúo jbúo cm jhsths jhsths cm cm smrvbjb smrvbjbhs........ hs...............................15 .......................15

1.=.7. 1.4. BBB.

Jhsths Cm Zmrvbjbhs Zmrvbjbhs Uhr Hrcmo Cm Srgagnh...... Srgagnh.............. ............... ................... ................................15 ....................15

JGZH UQÇJSBJH...... UQÇJSBJH............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .................17 ..........17 JHZSHZ MO IG M@UQMZG M@UQMZG CM GIB@MOSHZ.... GIB@MOSHZ........... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... ...........................11 ....................11

:.7.

Jhsths Jhsths bb`piàjb `piàjbths... ths.......... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............1: .....1:

:.1.

Jhsths Jhsths cm prhcujjbúo> prhcujjbúo>....... ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ...........................1: ....................1:

:.:.

Mim`moths Mim`moths cm ihs jhsths cm prhcujjbúo>. prhcujjbúo>........ .............. .............. ............... .................. ..................................1: ........................1:

:.3.

Goçibsbs Goçibsbs cm cm ihs ihs jhsths jhsths agnh chs mohqu mohqums>..... ms>............ .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ......................13 ...............13

:.3.7.

Jhsths thtgims>... thtgims>.......... ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............................13 .....................13

:.3.1.

Jhsths uobtgrbhs... uobtgrbhs.......... ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ..........................1< ...................1<

:.=.

BT.

Jgsh prgjjh...... prgjjh............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............................:7 .....................:7

:.=.7.

Mnm`pih Mnm`pih G>............ G>................... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............:7 .....:7

:.=.1.

Mnm`pih Mnm`pih A>............. A>.................... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ..................:1 ...........:1

:.=.:.

Mnm`pihs Mnm`pihs cm ihs jhsths jhsths dnhs dnhs y vgrbga vgrbgaims ims cm uog m`prmsg>.... m`prmsg>........... .............. ....................:: .............::

Jhojiusbhom Jhojiusbhoms..... s............. ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............:4 .....:4

  OÇIBZBZ CM JHZSHZ B.

UQHJMZH CM JHZSHZ CM ]O M@UQMZ BOC]ZSQB I

 =  

 

B.7.

Botrhcujjbúo

Ihs jhsths jhsths rmprmsmotgo  rmprmsmotgo uog phrjbúo cmi prmjbh cm prmjbh cm gcqubsbjbúo cm grtàjuihs, prhpbmcgcms h smrvbjbhs smrvbjbhs,, qum lg sbch cbdmrbcg h qum thcgvàg oh sm lg gpibjgch g ig rmgibzgjbúo cm bokrmshs bokrmshs,, ms phr phr msth msth qu qumm th thch ch omkh omkhjb jbh, h, jh jhos osbs bstm tm açsb açsbjg jg`m `mot otmm mo sg sgtb tbsd sdgj gjmr mr omjmsbcgcms y cmsmhs cmi jibmotm jibmotm vmocbâochim  vmocbâochim uo prhcujth prhcujth h  h smrvbjbh smrvbjbh phr  phr `çs cbomrh cbomrh cm  cm ih qum jumstg dgarbjgrih. Ig vmotgng qum sm hatbmom jho mi prmjbh, sm utbibzg pgrg juarbr ihs jhsths y pgrg hatmomr uog utbibcgc. utbibcgc.  Gi cmtmr`bogr mi jhsth cm prhcujjbúo prhcujjbúo,, sm pumcm mstgaimjmr mi prmjbh cm cm vmotg  vmotg gi  gi pþaibjh cmi abmo mo jumst jumstbúo. búo. Mo htrgs pgiga pgigargs, rgs, mi jhsth jhsth ms  ms mi msdumrzh mjhoú`bjh qum sm cmam rmgibzgr pgrg ihkrgr uo hanmtbvh hanmtbvh hpmrgtbvh  hpmrgtbvh (mi pgkh cm sgigrbhs sgigrbhs,, ig jh`prg cm `gtmrbgims `gtmrbgims,, ig dgar dgarbj bjgj gjbú búo o cm uo prhc prhcuj ujth th,, ig ha hatm tmoj ojbú búo o cm dh dhoc ochs hs pg pgrg rg ig db dbog ogoj ojbg bgjb jbúo úo,, ig gc`bobstrgjbúo cm gc`bobstrgjbúo  cm ig m`prmsg m`prmsg,, yg qum mi U.T.U. ms ig su`g cmi jhstm `çs mi amomdbjbh. Ihs prbojbpgims gpgrtgchs qum tbmom mi jhsth cm uo prhcujth sho s ho ihs sbkubmotms> 

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



Urmjbh cm ig `gtmrbg `gtmrbg prb`g  prb`g Urmjbh cm ig `goh cm harg cbrmjtg m`pimgcg mo su prhcujjbúo Urmj rmjbh cm ig `goh cm harg bocbrm rmjjtg m`pimgcg mo ig hrkgobzgjbúo hrkgobzgjbúo y   y  duojbhog`bmoth duojbhog`bm oth cm ig m`prmsg Jhstm cm g`hrtbzgjbúo g`hrtbzgjbúo cm  cm `gqubogrbg y mcbdbjbhs.

Mo mi trga trgagn gnhh cm bovmstbkgjbúo  bovmstbkgjbúo g rmgi rmgibz bzgr gr,, ms mstg tgrm rm`h `hss lg lgai aigo goch ch sh shar armm igs igs jhst jhsths hs bocustrbgims, tbphs, mstrujturg, mstrujturg, bokrmshs y cbvmrsgs krgdbjgs krgdbjgs rmprmsmotgtbvgs  rmprmsmotgtbvgs cmpmocbmoch cmpmocbmoch cmi tbph cm jhsth. B.1.

Jhsths ths bbo ocustrbgims

Ugrg phcmr phcmr  lga lgaigr igr cm jhs jhsths ths bocust bocustrbg rbgims ims,, ms b`phrt b`phrtgot gotmm m` m`pmz pmzgr gr cbj cbjbm bmoch och jbm jbmrth rthss jhojmpths rmigjbhogchs gi tm`g. Cmotrh cm mstgs cmdbobjbhoms tmom`hs> 



Jhsth> Mi jhsth ms uo rmjursh qum sm sgjrbdbjg h gi qum sm rmouojbg pgrg gijgozgr uo hanmtbvh mspmjàdbjh. Jhsths> Jhsth s> Qm Qmprm prmsmo smotgo tgo uog phr phrjbú jbúo o cmi prm prmjbh jbh cm gcq gcqubs ubsbjb bjbúo úo cm grt grtàju àjuihs ihs,, prhpbmcgcms h smrvbjbhs, qum lg sbch cbdmrbcg h qum thcgvàg oh sm lg gpibjgch g ig rmgibzgjbúo cm bokrmshs.

Motrmm ih Motr ihss hanmtbvhs hanmtbvhs y  y duojbhoms duojbhoms  cm ig cm cmtm tmr` r`bo bogj gjbú búo o cm jhst jhsths hs,, mo mojh jhot otrg rg`h `hss ihs ihs  =   sbkubmotms>

 



Zmrvbr cm agsm pgrg mstgaimjmr phiàtbjgs phiàtbjgs cm  cm jh`mrjbgibzgjbúo. jh`mrjbgibzgjbúo.

dbngr prmjbhs prmjbhs  cm

vmotg

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Dgjbibtgr ig th`g cm cmjbsbhoms cmjbsbhoms..



Umr`btbr ig vgiugjbúo cm bovmotgrbhs bovmotgrbhs..



Jhotrhigr ig mdbjbmojbg mdbjbmojbg cm  cm igs hpmrgjbhoms hpmrgjbhoms..



Jhotrbaubr g pigomg`bmoth pigomg`bmoth,, jhotrhi jhotrhi y  y kmstbúo kmstbúo cm  cm ig m`prmsg. m`prmsg.

y

pgrg

Ihs jhsths pumcmo smr jigsbdbjgchs cm cbvmrsgs dhr`gs> - Zmkþo ihs pmràhchs cm jhotgabibcgc jhotgabibcgc>> 

jhsths jhrrbmotms.



jhsths prmvbsths.



jhsths cbdmrbchs.

Zmkþ Zmkþo o ig duojbúo duojbúo  qu qumm cm cmsm sm`p `pm÷ m÷go go>> bocb bocbjg jgo o jú`h jú`h sm cm cmsk skih ihsg sgo o ph phrr duoj duojbú búo o igs jumotgs jumotgs  Urhcujjbúo Urhcujjbúo mo  mo Urhjmsh  Urhjmsh y Cm Cmpg pgrt rtg` g`mo moth thss cm Zmrv Zmrvbj bjbh bhs, s, cm `gom `gomrg rg qum qum phsbabibtmo ig hatmojbúo cm jhsths uobtgrbhs prmjbshs> 

jhsths bocustrbgims.



jhsths jh`mrjbgims.



jhsths dbogojbmrhs.

Chocm ihs jhsths bocustrbgims sho thchs gqumiihs jhsths omjmsgrbhs pgrg prhcujbr uo cmtmr`bogch abmo, mstço ihs jhsths vgrbgaims jhsths  vgrbgaims qum  qum sho igs `gtmrbg prb`g prb`g,, ig `goh cm harg, qum ms mi jhsth cm ig `goh cm harg omjmsgrbh pgrg prhcujbr mi abmo. B.1 .1.7 .7.. Jh Jhst sthhs db dbnh nhss Zho gqumiihs gqumiihs jhs jhsths ths qum oh sho smosb smosbaim aimss g pmq pmqum÷ um÷hs hs jg`abh jg`abhss mo ihs obv obvmim mimss cm gjtbvb gjt bvbcgc cgc cm uog m`p m`prms rmsg, g, sb sboh oh qum pmr pmr`go `gomjm mjmo o bov bovgrb grbgai gaims ms go gotm tm msh mshss jg` jg`abh abhs. s. Ig got gotààtmsbs tmsbs cm  cm ihs jhsths dbnhs sho ihs jhsths vgrbgaims. Ig cbdm cbdmrm rmoj ojbg bgjb jbúo úo mot motrm jh jhst sthhs db dbnh nhss y jh jhst sths hs vg vgrb rbga gaiims ms msm smo ojbgi jbgi pg pgrg rg hatmomr bodhr`gjbúo bodhr`gjbúo gptg  gptg pgrg ig th`g cm cmjbsbhoms agsgcgs mo jhsths. Zumim rmigjbhogrsm g ihs jhsths dbnhs jho ig mstrujturg prhcujtbvg y phr msh sumimo smr iig`gchs tg`abâo jhstms cm mstrujturg y utbibzgchs mo ig migahrgjbúo cm bodhr`ms bodhr`ms sharm  sharm mi krgch cm ush cm msg mstrujturg. Mo kmomrgi, ihs jhsths dbnhs cmvmokgo mo dhr`g pmrbúcbjg> uog vmz gi g÷h, uog vmz gi `ms,  =  

 

uog vmz gi càg, mtj. Ms phr miih qum sm ihs sumim iig`gr tg`abâo jhstms pmrbúcbjhs. Ihs jhsths dbnhs sm jhosbcmrgo jh`h tgi mo su `hoth kihagi, pmrh uobtgrbg`motm sm jhosbcmrgo vgrbgaims. Mo htrgs pgigargs, sm pumcm cmjbr qum ihs Jhsths Dbnhs vgràgo jho mi tbm`ph tbm`ph `çs  `çs qum jho ig gjtbvbcgc6 ms cmjbr, sm prmsmotgrço curgotm uo pmrbhch cm tbm`ph guo jugoch oh lgyg gikuog gjtbvbcgc cm prhcujjbúo. prhcujjbúo. Ogturgi`motm ihs Jhsths Dbnhs oh sho pgrg sbm`prm. Sgo shih sho dbnhs g ihs igrkh cm uo pmrbhch mo pgrtbjuigr, cbkg`hs uo trb`mstrm h uo g÷h. @çs giiç cm mshs pigzhs, ihs grrmocg`bmoths pumcmo tmr`bogrsm y ihs mnmjutbvhs pumcmo smr cmspmcbchs. Ugrg smr `çs msp mspmjà mjàdbj dbjhs, hs, jug jugiqu iqubm bmrr jhs jhsth th dbnh dbnh pum pumcm cm mib`b mib`bogr ogrsm sm h `hc `hcbdb bdbjgr jgrsm sm mo uo pig pigzh zh sudbjbmotm cm tbm`ph. Hasmrvm qum curgotm mi pigzh mo qum uo jhsth ms  dbnh, ms uo jhsth luocbch (jhsth `umrth h jhsth bomvbtgaim) phrqum cmam`hs pgkgrih bocmpmocb bocmpmocbmotm`motm motm`motm cm ih qum sujmcg. ]ohs mnm`pihs cm jhsths dbnhs pumcmo smr> ihs b`pumsths b`pumsths  g ig prhpbmcgc, prhpbmcgc, ih ihss giqu giqubi bimr mrms ms cm bo`u bo`uma maim ims, s, igs igs g` g`hr hrtb tbzg zgjb jbho homs ms cm abmoms cm abmoms  cm us ushh, ihs smkurhs smkurhs,, ihs su summic ichs hs cm cbr brmmjtbv jtbvhs hs y su sup pmr mrvvbsh shrm rmss y su suss jhotrbaujbhoms pgtrhogims, mtj. Ms cmjbr qum sm bojurrm mo mshs kgsths kgsths guo  guo sbo lgamr gjtbvbcgc. Ms cmjbr qum sm bojurrm mo mshs kgsths guo sbo lgamr gjtbvbcgc.

Mnm`pih> Mi giqubimr ms uo jhsth dbnh tàpbjh. Oh jg`abg cm `ms g `ms (h cm g÷h mo g÷h)  =   phr mi pmràhch cm jhotrgth jhotrgth cm  cm ihjgjbúo y oh cmpmocm cmi cmi vhiu`mo  vhiu`mo cm  cm prhcujjbúo.

 

B. B.1. 1.1. 1. Jh Jhst sths hs vgr vgrbg bgai aims ms ]o jhsth vgrbgaim ms gqumi qum sm `hcbdbjg cm gjumrch g vgrbgjbhoms cmi vhiu`mo cm prhcujjbúo (h obvmi cm gjtbvbcgcX), sm trgtm tgoth cm abmoms jh`h cm smrvbjbhs. Ms cmjbr, sb mi obvmi cm gjtbvbcgc cmjrmjm, msths jhsths cmjrmjmo, `bmotrgs qum sb mi obvmi cm gjtbvbcgc gu`motg, tg`abâo ih lgjm mstg jigsm jigsm cm  cm jhsths. Sg`abâo phcm`hs cmjbr qum ihs jhsths vgrbgaims sho gqumiihs kgsths h cmsm`ahishs qum sm bojurrmo mo rmigjbúo cbrmjtg jho ig gjtbvbcgc h ig prhcujjbúo. Zm ihs cmoh`bog  vgrbgaims phrqum vgràgo jho mi obvmi obvmi cm prhcujjbúo h cm gjtbvbcgc. gjtbvbcgc. Mnm`pihs cm miihs sho ig `gtmrbg prb`g, ihs `gtmrbgims m bosu`hs botmkrgotms cm ig prhcujjbúo, ihs sgigrbhs cm ig `goh cm harg cbrmjtg gdmjtgcg g ig prhcujjbúo y sus jhotrbaujbhom jhotrbaujbhomss pgtrhogims, mtj.  Gi `bs`h tbm`ph jhmxbstmo cmtmr`bogchs kgsths qum phr pgrtbjbpgr cm g`ags jgrgjtmràstbjgs sm ihs cmoh`bog "sm`b dbnhs" h "sm`b vgrbgaims". Mnm`pihs cm miihs sho ig mimjtrbjbcgc mimjtrbjbcgc (uog  (uog pgrtm, ig cm biu`bogjbúo biu`bogjbúo ms  ms dbng, y htrg pgrtm vgràg jho ig prhcujjbúo  y mi ush cm `gqubogrbgs), ihs jh`austbaims y kgsths cm vmlàjuihs, ig puaibjbcgc puaibjbcgc,, mtj. Ig `gyhràg cm ihs rmstgotms kgsths oh mnm`pibdbjgchs sho cm mstg jgrgjtmràstbjg. Mxbstmo prhjmcb`bmoths prhjmcb`bmoths  `gtm`çtbjhs `gtm`çtbjhs  qu qumm pmr` pmr`bt btmo mo sm smpg pgrg rgrr mi jh jh`p `pho homo motm tm db dbnh nh cm cmii jh`phomotm vgrbgaim cm msths kgsths y gsà gsbkogrihs g jgcg uoh cm ihs kruphs kruphs prbojbpgims  prbojbpgims cm dbnhs y vgrbgaims. Ig b`phrtgojbg cm smpgrgr ihs jhsths dbnhs y  ihs jhsths vgrbgaims rgcbjg mo qum sm utbibzgo g âsths þitb`hs pgrg dbngr ihs prmjbhs cm  vmotg y jho miih cmtmr`bogr mi puoth cm mqubibarbh mqubibarbh qum  qum ms mi obvmi mo mi jugi ig m`prmsg juarm sus jhsths dbnhs y oh kgog ob pbmrcm, h cbjlh cm htrh `hch, g pgrtbr cmi jugi m`pbmzg g kgogr.

 =  

 

Mnm`pih> Ihs sgigrbhs, mo mspmjbgi gqumiihs cm ihs m`pimgchs gcbjbhogims h cm tbm`ph pgrjbgi sho jhsths vgrbgaims tàpbjhs. @ujlhs htrhs kgsths sho vgrbgaims> drgoqumh y dimtm, mi mxjmsh sharm mi jhsth açsbjh cmi tmiâdhoh tmiâdhoh,, `gotmob`bmoth `gotmob`bmoth y  y ib`pbmzg, y jhosu`h jhosu`h cm  cm momrkàg. Shchs miihs vgràgo smkþo mi vhiu`mo cm prhcujjbúo. Jhsth sm`b-vgrbga sm`b-vgrbgaim im  Zho gqumiihs jhsths qum sm jh`phomo cm uog pgrtm dbng y uog pgrtm vgrbgaim qum sm `hcb `h cbdb dbjg jg cm gj gjum umrc rchh jh jho o mi vh vhiu iu`m `mo o cm prhc prhcuj ujjb jbúo úo.. Lg Lgyy chs chs tbph tbphss cm jhst jhsths hs sm`bvgrbgaims> @bxths>  sho ihs jhsths qum tbmomo uo jh`phomotm dbnh açsbjh y g pgrtbr cm âstm @bxths>  jh`bmozgo g bojrm`motg bojrm`motgr. r.

Msjgihogchs> sho gqumiihs jhsths qum pmr`gomjmo jhostgotms lgstg jbmrth puoth, iumkh jrmjmo lgstg uo obvmi cmtmr`bogch y gsà sujmsbvg`motm.

B.1 .1.: .:.. Jh Jhst sthh tht htgi gi Mi jhsth thtgi (JS) thtgi (JS) sm cmsjrbam jh`h mi thtgi cm jhsths mjhoú`bjhs cm ig prhcujjbúo y  sm jh`phom cm ihs jhst jhsths hs vgrb vgrbgaims gaims,, qum qum vg vgrà ràgo go sm smkþ kþo o ig jg jgot otbc bcgc gc cm uo abmo abmo prhcujbch m bojiuymo bosu`hs tgims jh`h `goh cm harg y `gtmrbgs prb`gs, gcm`çs cm ihs jhsths dbnhs, dbnhs, qum sho bocmpmocbmotms cm ig jgotbcgc cm uo abmo prhcujbch m bojiuymo bosu`hs (jgpbtgi (jgpbtgi)) qum oh sm pumcm vgrbgr mo mi jhrth pigzh, tgims jh`h mcbdbjbhs  =    y `gqubogrbg.

 

Mnm`pih> Mi jhsth thtgi cm uo rmstgurgotm gu`motg jugoch mi oþ`mrh cm jh`bcgs gu`motg (h smg mi vhiu`mo cm prhcujjbúo mo mstm mnm`pih). Jugoch mi rmstgurgotm mstç phr mojb`g cm su jgpgjbcgc cm kmotm y jh`bmozg ig imy   cm cm rmocb`bmoth cmjrmjbmotm, mi jhsth thtgi gu`motg `uy rçpbch yg qum ihs m`pimgchs trgagngo cm `gomrg `mohs mdbjbmotm. B.1. B.1.3. 3. Mstr Mstruj ujtu turg rg cm jh jhst sths hs Ig mstrujturg Cm ihs jhsths vbmom cgcg cm ig sbkubmotm `gomrg>

 =  

 

Chocm mi jhsth cm vmotgs Ms vmotgs  Ms mi jhonuoth cm ihs jhsths gtrbaubaims g ig prhcujjbúo h gcqubsbjbúo cm ihs abmoms h g ig kmomrgjbúo cm ihs smrvbjbhs juyg vmotg cg hrbkmo gi jhojmpth jhojmpth cmi  cmi puoth gotmrbhr, mi @grkmo cm utbibcgc ms utbibcgc ms ig cbdmrmojbg motrm bokrmshs y  kgsths thtgims, bojiuymoch b`pumsths, mxprmsgcg mo uo phrjmotgnm cm ihs bokrmshs y  mi pr prmj mjbh bh cm vm vmot otgs gs  ms mi vgihr   vgihr cm ih ihss prhcujths prhcujths  h sm smrrvb vbjb jbhs hs qu qumm sm vmoc ocmo mo g ihs jibmotms jibmotms.. Ig cmtmr`bogjbúo cm mstm vgihr, ms uog cm igs cmjbsbhoms mstrgtâkbjgs `çs b`phrtgotms  yg qum, mi prmjbh, ms uoh cm ihs mim`moths qum ihs jhosu`bchrms tbmomo mo jumotg g ig lhrg cm jh`prgr ih qum omjmsbtgo. B. B.1. 1.=. =. JH JHZS ZSH H UQ UQH@ H@MC MCBH BH.. Zho ihs jhsths phr uobcgc cm prhcujjbúo. Ihs jhsths `mcbhs `mcbhs thtgims  thtgims sm jgijuigo jh`h mi

 =  

 

jhsth thtgi motrm ig jgotbcgc prhcujbcg. Ig jurvg cm jhsth `mcbh thtgi g jhrth pigzh ms mo dhr`g cm ], cmabch g qum ig cbs`boujbúo cm ihs jhsths dbnhs prh`mcbh lgjm qum ihs jhsths cbs`bouygo g obvmims agnhs cm prhcujjbúo. Mo obvmims cm prhcujjbúo `çs mimvgchs, mi `grjgch gu`moth mo ihs jhsths vgrbgaims prh`mcbh gouig mi mdmjth cm ig cbs`boujbúo cm ihs jhsths dbnhs. J@0JS/W B.1. B.1.4. 4. JH JHZS ZSH H DB DBNH NH UQ UQH@ H@MC MCBH BH.. Wumcgrç rmprmsmotgch phr uog jurvg cmjrmjbmotm, qum âi ms prhcujth cm cbvbcbr mi jhsth dbnh motrm uobcgcms cm prhcujjbúo qum vgo mo gu`moth. Msth phom mo mvbcmojbg qum mi jhsth dbnh phr uobcgc sm prhcujm g `mcbcg qum gu`motg ig prhcujjbúo, yg qum mi `bs`h sm vg rmpgrtbmoch motrm `gyhr oþ`mrh cm uobcgcms. Ig jurvg cmi Jhsth Dbnh @mcbh tmocmrç g gjmrjgrsm gi mnm cm igs gasjbsgs.

Mnm`pih> Mi giqubimr qum pgkg mi rmstgurgot sm cbvbcm (h gsbkog) motrm uog `gyhr jgotbcgc cm pigths cm jh`bcg smkþo mi bojrm`moth mo ig prhcujjbúo. Mi jhsth prh`mcbh phr jh`bcg qum sm lg gsbkogch phr uo giqubimr dbnh sm rmcujm gi bojrm`motgr ig jgotbcgc cm pigths vmocbchs. B.1. B.1.;. ;. JH JHZS ZSH H TG TGQB QBGA GAIM IM U UQH QH@M @MCB CBH H Wumcgr Wumc grçç rm rmpr prms msmo motg tgch ch mo uo uogg jurv jurvgg mo dh dhr` r`gg cm "]" "]" ig jugi jugi bobj bobjbg bgi` i`mo motm tm sm smrç rç cmjrmjbmotm, yg qum mo igs prb`mrgs mtgpgs cmi prhjmsh prhcujtbvh, ig prhcujjbúo sm bojrm`motgrç g uo `gyhr rbt`h mo mi jhsth vgrbgaim. Mi puoth `çs agnh cm ig jurvg cmi jhsth vgrbgaim `mcbh bocbjg qum giià sm lg ihkrgch ig jh`abogjbúo `çs mdbjgz cm ihs dgjthrms vgrbgaims cm prhcujjbúo. Jh`h `çs gcmigotm vmrm`hs, ig jurvg cmi jhsth

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 vgrbgaim `mcbh sm bkugig mo mi puoth bodmrbhr jho mi vgihr cm ig jurvg cmi jhsth `grkbogi, qum giià jruzgrç. G pgrtbr cm cbjlh puoth cm botmrsmjjbúo, mi jhsth vgrbgaim `mcbh smrç cmjrmjbmotm, ih jugi sm phocrç cm `gobdbmsth mo su jurvg rmspmjtbvg y vbmom g mvbcmojbgr ig pârcbcg cm mdbjgjbg mdbjgjbg prhcujtbvg  prhcujtbvg qum tbmom iukgr gi m`pimgr uobcgcms cm dgjthr vgrbgaim.

Mnm`pih> ]o rmstgurgotm qum grrgojg jho phjhs pigths y gikuohs jibmotms pumcm `mnhrgr su mdbjbmojbg y cbs`boubr mi jhsth vgrbgaim prh`mcbh phr pigth gi gu`motgr su vhiu`mo. Zb sm mxpgocm cm`gsbgch, mi jhsth vgrbgaim prh`mcbh jh`bmozg g mimvgrsm cmabch g qum ihs m`pimgchs jh`bmozgo g `himstgrsm motrm sà jugoch mi iukgr mstç gagrrhtgch. JHZSH SHSGI UQH@MCBH Mi jhsth thtgi prh`mcbh (JSU) sm jgijuig gi cbvbcbr mi jhsth thtgi (JS) phr ig jgotbcgc prhcujbcg. JSU0JS/W. Sg`abâo sm pumcm hatmomr su`goch mi jhsth dbnh prh`mcbh y mi jhsth vgrbgaim prh`mcbh cm jgcg obvmi cm prhcujjbúo. Mi jhsth thtgi prh`mcbh sm rmprmsmotg jho uog jurvg mo dhr`g cm ] jho uog prhouojbgcg pgrtm cmjrmjbmotm y uog ibkmrg pgrtm jrmjbmotm. Msh sm cmam g ihs pgtrhoms cm jhsth dbnh y vgrbgaim.

 =  

 

Mnm`pih> Mi pgtrúo cm jhsth thtgi prh`mcbh cm uo rmstgurgot ms uog jh`abogjbúo cmi pgtrúo cm jhsths dbnhs prh`mcbh y jhsths vgrbgaims prh`mcbh. Jugoch ig prhcujjbúo gu`m gu`mot otg, g, mi jh jhst sthh th thtg tgii prh` prh`mc mcbh bh sm rmcu rmcujm jm pg pgrg rg iumk iumkhh bojr bojrm` m`mo motg tgrs rsmm jh jho o mi rmocb`bmoth cmjrmjbmotm JHZSH @GQKBOGI Mi jhsth `grkbogi (@J) sm jgijuig cbvbcbmoch mi jg`abh jg`abh cm  cm jhsth thtgi (SJ) phr mi jg`abh jg` abh mo jgo jgotbc tbcgc. gc. @J @J0 0 (jg (jg`ab `abhh mo SJ SJ)/( )/(jg` jg`abh abh mo W). W). Mi jhs jhsth th `gr `grkbo kbogi gi sm rmprmsmotg krçdbjg`motm jho uog jurvg mo dhr`g cm ], ig qum rmdimng mi bojrm`moth y  phstmrbhr rmcujjbúo cm ig mdbjbmojbg gi gu`motgr mi vhiu`mo. KQÇDBJH CM JHZSH @GQKBOGI Ig jurvg cm jhsth `grkbogi sm pumcm mxpibjgr utbibzgoch mi pgtrúo cmi jhsth thtgi> sm `hcbdbjg smkþo ig imy cm rmocb`bmoth cmjrmjbmotm. Ig jrbsbs jrbsbs (h  (h `àob`h) cm ig jurvg cm jhsth `grkbogi jhrrmsphocm gi puoth cm rmocb`bmoth cmjrmjbmotm. Mi jhsth `grkbogi mo sà `bs`h ms ig pmocbmotm cm ig tgokmotm mo rmigjbúo g ig jurvg cm jhsth thtgi.

 =  

 

JHZSH SHSGI UQH@MCBH @ÀOB@H Ig jurvg cm jhsth `grkbogi sm botmrsmjtg jho ig jurvg cm jhsth thtgi prh`mcbh mo su puoth `àob`h (h jrbsbs). Uhcm`hs vmrbdbjgr sb msth ms jbmrth gi hasmrvgr qum - sb mi jhsth `grkbogi mstç phr cmagnh cmi jhsth prh`mcbh, mi jhsth prh`mcbh cbs`bouym - sb mi jhsth `grkbogi mstç phr mojb`g cmi jhsth prh`mcbh, mi jhsth prh`mcbh gu`motg, Mi jhsth prh`mcbh pmr`gomjm bogitmrgch jugoch mi jhsth `grkbogi oh sm mojumotrg phr mojb`g ob phr cmagnh cmi jhsth prh`mcbh.

B.:.

Bokrmsh

Motmoc Motm ocm` m`hs hs phr phr bokr bokrms mshs hs g th thcg cgss igs igs kgog kgogoj ojbg bgss qu qumm bokrmsgo gi jh jhon onuo uoth th thtg thtgii cmi prmsupumsth prmsupumsth   cm uog motbcgc, yg smg pþaibjg h prbvgcg, bocbvbcugi h krupgi. Mo târ`bohs `çs kmomrgims, ihs bokrmshs sho ihs mim`moths tgoth `homtgrbhs jh`h oh `homtgrbhs qum sm gju`uigo y qum kmomrgo jh`h jhosmjumojbg uo jàrjuih cm jhosu`hkgogojbg. Mo mjhoh`àg mjhoh`àg  mi jho jhojmp jmpth th bokrmsh bokrmsh  pumc pumcmm lg lgjm jmrr rm rmdm dmrm rmoj ojbg bg g igs igs jgot jgotbc bcgc gcms ms qu qumm rmjbam uog m`prmsg m`prmsg phr  phr ig vmotg cm sus prhcujths h smrvbjbhs y phr htrg pumcm lgjmr rmdm rmdmrm rmoj ojbg bg gi jh jhon onuo uoth th cm rmot rmotgs gs rmjb rmjbab abcg cgss phr phr ihs ihs jbuc jbucgc gcgo gohs hs.. Oh ms `ç `çss qu qumm igs kgogojbgs jhotgabibzgaims cm uog m`prmsg. Jugoch mi bokrmsh prhvbmom cm gjtbvbcgcms prhcujtbvgs, sm pumcm jigsbdbjgr mo vgrbhs tbphs> 

Bokrmsh @grkbogi> @grkbogi> Ms ig vgrbgjbúo qum mxpmrb`motg mi bokrmsh thtgi gotm ig  vmotg cm uog uobcgc gcbjbhogi. Mo @bjrhmjhoh`àg @bjrhmjhoh`àg,, mi bokrmsh `grkbogi ms mi jg`abh  =   mo mi bokrmsh thtgi qum sm prhcujm jugoch ig jgotbcgc vmocbcg sm bojrm`motg uog

 

uobcgc, ms cmjbr, gi bojrm`moth cmi bokrmsh thtgi qum suphom ig vmotg gcbjbhogi cm uog uobcgc cm uo cmtmr`bogch abmo.

Cmabch g qum mi prmjbh agng g `mcbcg qum gu`motg ig prhcujjbúo, mi bokrmsh `grkbogi ms `mohr qum mi prmjbh. Ig jurvg cm bokrmsh `grkbogi tbmom mi chaim cm ig pmocbmotm cm ig jurvg cm cm`gocg cm`gocg y  y ig `bs`g botmrsmjjbúo jho mi mnm vmrtbjgi. 

Jugoch ig migstbjbcgc migstbjbcgc mo  mo vgihr gashiuth ms 7, mi bokrmsh `grkbogi ms jmrh, pumsth qumm msth qu msth sb sbko kobd bdbj bjgg qu qumm mi bojr bojrm` m`mo moth th cmi cmi pr prmj mjbh bh sm vm vmo o jh jh`p `pmo mosg sgch ch phr phr ig cbs`boujbúo cm ig jgotbcgc cm`gocgcg oh vgrbgoch phr tgoth mi bokrmsh thtgi.

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Zb ig migstbjbcgc ms bodmrbhr g 7, ig suabcg cmi prmjbh jhoiimvg uo bokrmsh `grkbogi phsbtbvh y phr tgoth suam mi bokrmsh thtgi.

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Zb ig migstbjbcgc ms supmrbhr g 7, ig suabcg cmi prmjbh jhoiimvg uo bokrmsh `grkbogi omkgtbvh y phr tgoth cmsjbmocm mi bokrmsh thtgi. Bokrmsh Shtgi> Shtgi> Ms mi prmjbh phr uobcgc `uitbpibjgch phr ig jgotbcgc qum vmocm ig m`prmsg. Jhonuoth cm pmrjmpjbhoms thtgims cm uog m`prmsg. Mqubvgim gi prmjbh uobtgrbh phr mi oþ`mrh cm uobcgcms vmocbcgs.

BS 0 U x W 

Jugoch sm rmcujm mi prmjbh, ih qum hjurrm jho mi bokrmsh -ms cmjbr, qum gu`motm h cbs`bouyg- cmpmocmrç cm qum ig jgotbcgc cm`gocgcg gu`motm ih sudbjbmotm jh`h pgrg jhotrgrrmstgr mi mdmjth cm ig rmcujjbúo cmi prmjbh

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Ugrg qum mi gu`moth cm ig jgotbcgc cm`gocgcg jh`pmosm mi mdmjth cm ig rmcujjbúo rmcujj búo cmi prm prmjbh jbh sha sharm rm mi bokrm bokrmsh sh tht thtgi, gi, ig jgo jgotbc tbcgc gc cm` cm`goc gocgcg gcg cm cmam am smr sudbjbmotm`motm smosbaim gi prmjbh, ms cmjbr, ig migstbjbcgc cm ig cm`gocg cmamr smr `gyhr qum ig uobcgc. Mo jgsh jhotrgrbh, jugoch ig migstbjbcgc cm ig cm`gocg ms `mohr `m ohr qum ig uob uobcgc cgc,, mi gu` gu`mo moth th cm ig jgo jgotbc tbcgc gc cm` cm`go gocgc cgcgg oh jh` jh`pmo pmosg sg ig rmcujjbúo cmi prmjbh y mi bokrmsh thtgi sm rmcujbrç. Jugoch ig migstbjbcgc cm ig  =   cm`gocg ms uobtgrbg, mi bokrmsh thtgi oh vgràg sb sm rmcujm mi prmjbh.

 

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Zb ig cm`g cm`goc ocgg ms miçs miçstb tbjg jg,, mi prmj prmjbh bh y mi bokr bokrms mshh thtg thtgii sh sho o bovm bovmrs rsg` g`mo motm tm prhphrjbhogims6 ms cmjbr, gotm uo gu`moth cm prmjbh, mi bokrmsh thtgi cbs`bouym. Zb ig cm`gocg ms bomiçstbjg, mi prmjbh y mi bokrmsh thtgi sho cbrmjtg`motm prhphrjbhogims6 h smg, sb sm gu`motg mi prmjbh tg`abâo gu`motg mi bokrmsh thtgi. B.3.

Uuoth cm mqubibarbh cm mqubibarbh  cm prhcujths

Zm motbm motbmocm ocm phr Uuo Uuoth th cm Mqubi Mqubibar barbh bh gqu gqumi mi obvmi obvmi cm prhcuj prhcujjbú jbúo o y vmotgs  vmotgs qum  qum uog m`prmsg h omkhjbh gijgozg pgrg ihkrgr juarbr ihs jhsths y kgsths jho sus bokrmshs hatmobchs. Mo htrgs pgigargs, g mstm obvmi cm prhcujjbúo y vmotgs ig utbibcgc utbibcgc hpmrgjbhogi  hpmrgjbhogi ms jmrh, h smg, qum ihs bokrmshs sho bkugims g ig su`gthrbg cm ihs jhsths y kgsths hpmrgjbhogims.

B.=.

Mjhoh`àg cm msjgig

Zm rm rmdb dbmr mrmm gi phcm phcmrr qu qumm tbmo tbmomm uo uogg m` m`pr prms msgg jugo jugoch ch gijg gijgoz ozgg uo obvm obvmii úptb úptb`h `h cm pr prhc hcuj ujjb jbúo úo pgrg pgrg br prhc prhcuj ujbm bmoc ochh `çs `çs g `m `moh ohrr jh jhst sthh ms cm cmjb jbr, r, g `m `mcb cbcg cg qu qumm ig  =   prhcujjbúo mo uog m`prmsg jrmjm (zgpgths, jlbjims, agsthoms, jgngs cm jmrbiigs…) sus

 

jhsthss phr uob jhsth uobcgc cgc prh prhcuj cujbcg bcg sm rmcujm rmcujmo. o. Jug Jugoth oth `ç `çss prh prhcuj cujm, m, `mo `mohs hs im jum jumstg stg prhcujbr jgcg uobcgc. ¸Uhr quâ sm prhcujmo igs mjhoh`àgs cm msjgig8 msjgig 8 

Qmpgrth cm ihs jhstms dbnhs motrm `çs uobcgcms prhcujbcgs (cbs`boujbúo cmi jhstm `mcbh)

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Qgppmi sharm jh`prgs

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@mnhrg tmjohiúkbjg

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Bojrm`moth cm rgjbhogibcgc mo mi trgagnh trgagnh (cbvbsbúo  (cbvbsbúo cmi trgagnh, mspmjbgibzgjbúo…)

CMZMJHOH@ÀG CM MZJGIG. Zho ihs dgjthrms qum jgusgo qum igs krgocms m`prmsgs m`prmsgs prhcuzjgo  prhcuzjgo abmoms y smrvbjbhs jho uo bojrm`moth mo mi jhstm phr uobcgc cm jgcg prhcujth, y sm lgo mstucbgch `ujlh `mohs qum igs dum `mohs dumrzg rzgss jho jhotrg trgrbg rbgss cmo cmoh`b h`bogc ogcgs gs mjhoh`àg mjhoh`àg  cm ms msjg jgig ig,, qu qumm sh sho o ihs ihs mim`moths qum pmr`btmo g igs m`prmsgs prhcujbr abmoms y smrvbjbhs jho jhstms uobtgrbhs jgcg vmz `çs agnhs. Zm jigsbdbjgo mo> Cmsmjhoh`àg Botmrogs igs Botmrogs igs jugims sho igs qum gpgrmjmo jh`h rmsuitgch cm ig mxtmosbúo cm prhpbmcgcms þobjgs.

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Cmsmjhoh`àg Mxtmrog sho Mxtmrog sho igs qum gpgrmjmo jh`h rmsuitgch cm ig mxtmosbúo cm uo kruph kruph cm  cm dbr`gs, ig jugi jrmg uo gu`moth cm ihs jhstms pgrg uoh h `çs cm msths.

QMOCB@BMOSHZ CM MZJGIG  Ihs rmo rmocb` cb`bm bmoth othss cm msj msjgig gig mxp mxprms rmsgo go jú`h jú`h vgr vgràg àg ig jgo jgotbc tbcgc gc prh prhcuj cujbcg bcg phr uog m`prmsg g `mcbcg qum vgràg mi ush cm thchs ihs dgjthrms qum botmrvbmomo mo mi prhjmsh cm prhcujjbúo mo ig `bs`g prhphrjbúo. Oh sm cmamo jhoduocbr ihs rmocb`bmoths rmocb`bmoths g msjgig jho mi prhcujth `grkbogi cm uo dgjthr. Mi prhcujth `grkbogi sm hatbmom `hcbdbjgoch uo shih dgjthr cm prhcujjbúo, `bmotrgs qumm ih qu ihss rm rmoc ocb` b`bm bmot oths hs g ms msjg jgig ig sm ha hatb tbmo momo mo `h `hcb cbdb dbjg jgoc ochh thch thchss ihs ihs dg dgjt jthr hrms ms cm prhcujjbúo. B.4.

JGZH UQÇJSBJH

Ig jh`pg÷àg H`mkg prhcujm kgshibog, pmtrúimh pmtrúimh pgrg  pgrg jgimdgjjbúo y jh`austbaim pgrg gvbhoms g pgrtbr cm ig rmdbogjbúo cm pmtrúimh pmtrúimh jruch.  jruch. Ig rmdbogjbúo bobjbgi cm

Cmpgrtg`moth

Urhcujth dbogi

Kgihoms rmjbabchs

1

Kgshibog

1  Tgrbgabibc gc> Cgch  Cgch qum cmpmocmo mo aumog `mcbcg cm ig pmrshog qum ihs prmstg y cm  =  

 

cúocm sm prmstgo, mstço sunmths g uog vgrbgabibcgc. B`pmrcurgabibcgc>   Oh pumcmo prhcujbrsm y gi`gjmogrsm pgrg smr utbibzgchs mo B`pmrcurgabibcgc> dhr`g phstmrbhr. Msth rmvbstm uog jh`pimnbcgc pgrg phcmr gotbjbpgr igs ujtugjbhoms cm ig cm`gocg. BB.3. Msq Msqum`gs um`gs açsb açsbjhs jhs p pgrg grg c cmtmr mtmr`bog `bogjbúo jbúo cm jhsths jhsths cm ssmrvb mrvbjbhs jbhs Mxbstmo duocg`motgi`motm chs msqum`gs pgrg ig cmtmr`bogjbúo cm jhsths cm smrvbjbhs  y mstço rmigjbhogchs rmigjbhogchs jho ihs tbphs cm gjtbvbc gjtbvbcgcms> gcms> BB.3.7. BB.3 .7. Jhsth Jhsthss Cm Zm Zmrvbj rvbjbhs bhs Uh Uhrr Hrcm Hrcmo o Cm S Srgagn rgagnhh Zm gcmjug gi msqum`g cm trgagnh cm igs m`prmsgs cm smrvbjbhs prhdmsbhogims (gahkgchs, jhosuithràg, gucbthràg), gjtbvbcgcms cm cbsm÷h h bokmobmràg, smrvbjbhs cm rmpgrgjbúo h jiàobjgs, mo ihs qum jgcg smrvbjbh ms jhosbcmrgch jh`h uo prhymjth (krgocm h pmqum÷h) 15 prhymjth (krgocm h pmqum÷h). Ugrg jgcg prhymjth sm garm uog jumotg, cm gjumrch jho mi gijgojm jhovmobch y sharm ig qum sm vgo rmkbstrgoch thchs ihs `gtmrbgims y rmjurshs qum sm vgo rmqubrbmoch pgrg ju`pibr jho mi hanmtbvh trgzgch. Ugrg hatmomr mi b`phrtm thtgi qum cmamrç pgkgr mi jibmotm phr mi smrvbjbh, smrç omjmsgrbh g÷gcbr ihs kgsths kmomrgims, ih jugi pumcm lgjmrsm cm uog cm chs `gomrgs> Cbrmjtg`motm mo mi jhsth cm ihs `gtmrbgims h cm ig `goh cm harg, bojrm`motgoch su jhsth mo uo phrjmotgnm h uo vgihr dbnh.  G÷gcbmoch uo phrjmotgnm gi `h`moth cm jmrrgr ig jumotg, qum juarg mi vgihr cm ihs kgsths kmomrgims. Mo g`ahs jgshs, mi jçijuih cmam lgjmrsm mo dhr`g tmúrbjg, gi jh`mozgr igs hpmrgjbhoms, pmrh cmam rmvbsgrsm pmrbúcbjg`motm, pmrbúcbjg`motm, jho mi o cm gnustgrih g ih qum hjurrm mo ig rmgibcgc. @çs gcmigotm, gi trgtgr mi msqum`g cm jhsths cm smrvbjbhs phr prhjmshs, mxpibjh uo prhjmcb`bmoth prhjmcb`bmo th qum pumcm smr usgch jh`h rmdmrmojbg pgrg mstm jçijuih. BB BB..=. JG JGZ ZH UQÇ QÇJ JSBJH BJH MNM@UIH CM ]O SGIIMQ @MJÇOBJH> Qmkbstrh cm jhsths cm smrvbjbhs cm uog hrcmo cm trgagnh Hrcmo cm trgagnh 71: Jibmotm> Umcrh Uârmz

 =  

 

MNM@UIH CM ]OG IGTGOCMQÀG> Jhsths cm smrvbjbhs cmi cmpgrtg`moth cm igvgch mo smjh phr `ms

Mo mi jgsh cm qum ig igvgocmràg tmokg htrhs cmpgrtg`moths, cmam jhosbcmrgrsm súih ig pgrtm pgr tm prh prhphr phrjbh jbhogi ogi cm kgsth kgsthss kmo kmomrg mrgim imss (gi (giqub qubimr imr cmi ihj ihjgi, gi, sum sumich ich cm m` m`pim pimgch gchss gc`bobstrgtbvhs, b`pumsths, mtj.) qum im jhrrmsphocg g mstm cmpgrtg`moth gc`bobstrgtbvhs, Jgcg tbph cm prmocg rmqumrbrç uo trgtg`bmoth cbstboth mo jgcg cmpgrtg`moth. Ugrg hatmomr mi jhsth uobtgrbh cm jgcg prmocg, sm omjmsbtg jhohjmr jú`h sm rmpgrtmo ihs jhsths cm smrvbjbhs cm jgcg cmpgrtg`moth, motrm thchs ihs smrvbjbhs qum prmstg. Ugrg lgjmr uog cbstrbaujbúo uobdhr`m, sm im cg uo pmsh g jgcg smrvbjbh h tbph cm prmocg. Mi oþ`mrh cm uobcgcms prhjmsgcgs cm jgcg prmocg sm `uitbpibjgrç phr mi pmsh, pgrg hatmomr uog jgotbcgc gnustgcg, jh`h sm pumcm vmr mo mi sbkubmotm jugcrh>

 =  

 

Ugrg hatmomr mi jhsth cm cm jgcg uobcgc gnustgcg, sm cbvbcbrç mi jhsth cmi cmpgrtg`moth motrm ig jgotbcgc cm uobcgcms.

BB BBB. B.

JHZSH ZSHZ MO I M@UQ M@UQM MZ CM IB@ B@MO MOS SHZ

Ig jgotbcgc cm cbomrh cbomrh pgkg  pgkgcg cg phr uo rmjursh phcràg lgamrsm kgstg kgstgch ch mo htrg jhsg, gsà qum, âsm ms mi jhsth jhsth cm  cm hphrtuobcgc cm usgr cbjlh rmjursh". Mnm`pih> Mo oumstrh jgsh rmgi, ig m`prmsg AIU m`prmsg AIU GQW]BSMJS]  GQW]BSMJS]QG  QG   M M BO@HABIBGQBG ZGJ., ihs rmkbstrg gjtugi`motm jhotgchrg cm ig m`prmsg m`prmsg sho  sho ihs jhsths jhsths mxpi  mxpiàjbth àjbths, s, phr ihs qum ig m`prmsg cmsm`ahisgigcbomrh mo mdmjtbvh, tgims jh`h>     

Zumichs y sgigrbhs sgigrbhs.. Umgnms. Ugkhs cm smrvbjbhs smrvbjbhs.. @gqubogrbgs. @gtmrbgi cm jhostrujjbúo jhostrujjbúo,, mtj. BBB.7 BBB .7.. Jh Jhst sths hs bb`p `pià iàjb jbth thss

Zm rmdbmrm g ihs vgihrms vgihrms  cm ihs dgjthr dgjthrms ms mjh mjhoú` oú`bjh bjhss utb utbibz ibzgch gchss pmrh pmrh oh rmt rmtrba rbaubc ubchs, hs, kmomrgi`motm kmomrgi`mo tm phrqum cbjlhs ddgjthrms gjthrms sho cm prhpbmcgc prhpbmcgc cmi  cmi cum÷h cm ig m`prmsg.  G msths jhsths sm ims jhohjm jh`h jhsths mjhoú`bjhs. Jugoch sm ims jhosbcmrg pgrg jgijuigr igs kgogojbgs mi rmsuitgch vg smr kgogojbgs mjhoú`bjgs. mjhoú`bjgs. Kgogojbgs mjhoú`bjgs mjhoú`bjgs 0 Bokrmsh ‚ Jhsths b`piàjbths   ]og m`prmsg bojurrm mo jhsths b`piàjbths jugoch rmouojbg g uog gjjbúo gjjbúo gitmrogtbvg  gitmrogtbvg pmrh oh lgjm uo pgkh. Zm cbjm qum ihs jhsths b`piàjbths tg`abâo sho ihs jhsths cm hphrtuobcgc. Mnm`pih> Zbkubmoch jho mi mnm`pih cm ig m`prmsg gotmrbhr, sus jhsths b`piàjbths smràgo>    

Mi ush cmi prhpbh jgpbtgi jgpbtgi cm  cm ig m`prmsg. Mi ush cmi cbomrh, ihs gjtbvhs gjtbvhs y  y ihs rmjurshs rmjurshs dbogojbmrhs  dbogojbmrhs cmi prhpbmtgrbh. Kgshibog.  Giqubimr cm ig jgsg (oh (oh sm pgkg phr smr pgrtm cm ig jgsg jgsg cmi cum÷h), mtj. BB BBB. B.1. 1. Jh Jhst sths hs c cm m prhcujjbúo prhcujjbúo>>

 =  

 

Zm prmsmotgrç trms jhojmpths açsbjhs pgrg jhohjmr `mnhr mi sbkobdbjgch cmi tm`g g trgtgr. Zm rmdbmrm g jhsths cm prhcujjbúo ih sbkubmotm> 







Kgsthss cm uog m` Kgsth m`prm prmsg sg  h uo mst mstgai gaimjb mjb`bm `bmoth oth prh prhcuj cujtbv tbvhh phr ihs bosu` bosu`hs hs botmr`mcbhss mo abmoms botmr`mcbh mo abmoms y  y smrvbjbhs, pgkhs gi dgjthr trgagnh y trgagnh y gi jgpbtgi, utbibzgchs mo ig prhcujjbúo cm uo abmo h smrvbjbh Jhsth þobjh bojurrbch gi prhcujbr h jh`prgr chs h `çs prhcujths msmojbgi`motm prhcujths msmojbgi`motm cbdmrmotms. Ms mi vgihr mi vgihr cmi  cmi jhonuoth cm abmoms y msdumrzhs mo qum sm bojurrmo pgrg hatmomr uo prhcujth tmr`bogch prhcujth tmr`bogch mo igs jhocbjbhoms omjmsgrbgs pgrg smr motrmkgch gi smjthr jh`mrjbgi.  Tgihrgjbúo `homtgrbg cm ihs kgsths kgsths bojurrbchs  bojurrbchs y gpibjgchs mo ig hatmojbúo cm uo  abmo. Bojiuym mi jhsth cm ihs `gtmrbgims, `gtmrbgims, `goh cm harg y ihs kgsths bocbrmjths cm dgarbjgjbúo jgrkgchs g ihs trgagnhs mo su prhjmsh prhjmsh.. Zm cmdbom jh`h mi vgihr cm ihs bosu`hs qum rmqubmrmo igs uobcgcms mjhoú`bjgs pgrg rmgibzgr su prhcujjbúo cm  abmoms y smrvbjbhs6 sm jhosbcmrgo gquà ihs pgkhs g ihs dgjthrms cm ig prhcujjbúo> gi jg jgpb pbtg tgi, i, jhos jhostb tbtu tubc bchh ph phrr ihs ihs pgkh pgkhss gi m`prmsgrbh m`prmsgrbh  (bot (botmrms mrmsms, ms, utbi utbibcgcm bcgcms, s, mtj. mtj.), ), gi trgagnh, pgkhs cm sumichs, sgigrbhs y prmstgjbhoms prmstgjbhoms g  g harmrhs y m`pimgchs gsà jh`h tg`abâ tg` abâo o ihs abm abmom omss y smr smrvbj vbjbhs bhs jho jhosu` su`bch bchss mo mi prh prhjms jmshh prh prhcuj cujtbv tbvhh (`g (`gtmr tmrbgs bgs prb`gs, jh`austbaims, momrkàg miâjtrbjg, smrvbjbhs, mtj.). BBB.:. BBB. :. Mim Mim`mo `moths ths cm ihs jhsths cm prhcujjbúo prhcujjbúo>>

Dgarbjgr ms jhosu`br h trgosdhr`gr bosu`hs pgrg ig prhcujjbúo cm abmoms h smrvbjbhs. Ig dgarbjgjbúo ms uo prhjmsh cm trgosdhr`gjbúo qum cm`gocg cm`gocg uo  uo jhonuoth cm abmoms y  prmstgjbhoms, cmoh`bogchs mim`moths, y sho igs pgrtms jho igs qum sm migahrg uo prhcujth h smrvbjbh smrvbjbh>> @gtmrbgims cbrmjths @goh cm harg cbrmjtg Kgsths bocbrmjths cm dgarbjgjbúo.

  

 G ihs trms mim`moths cmi jhsth cm prhcujjbúo cm uo grtàjuih `goudgjturgch sm cmoh`bogo> "jhsths cmi prhcujth", phrqum sm bojhrphrgo gi vgihr cm ihs prhcujths dgarbjgchs, g trgvâs cm jumotgs jumotgs  cm gjtb gjtbvh vh y sm gp gpib ibjg jgo o g ihs ihs rm rmsu suit itgc gchs hs `m `mcb cbgt gtgg y  pguigtbog`motm jhodhr`m sm vmocmo tgims prhcujths, sbtugjbúo qum pumcm hjurrbr mo mi pmrbhc pmr bhchh cm dga dgarbj rbjgjb gjbúo úo y jho jhotga tgabib bibzgj zgjbúo búo phs phstmr tmrbhr bhr gi pmr pmrbhc bhchh cur curgot gotmm mi jug jugii sm bojurrbmrho ihs jhsths cmi prhcujth.  G ig su`g cm `gtmrbg `gtmrbg prb`g  prb`g cbrmjtg y `goh cm harg cbrmjtg sm jhohjm jh`h JHZSH UQB@H y g ig su`g cm `goh cm harg cbrmjtg y jgrkhs bocbrmjths cm dgarbjgjbúo sm jhohjm jh`h JHZSH CM JHOTMQZBÚO. Jprb`h 0 @gtmrbg prb`g prb`g cbrmjtg  cbrmjtg + @goh cm harg cbrmjtg Jhovmrsbúo 0 @goh cm harg cbrmjtg + Jgrkhs bocbrmjths cm dgarbjgjbúo BBB.3.. Goçi BBB.3 Goçibsbs bsbs c cm m ihs jh jhsths sths ag agnh nh chs m modhq odhqums> ums> BBB.3.7. BBB. 3.7. Jhsth Jhsthss thtgim thtgims> s> Zm cbvbcmo mo jhsth thtgi, jhsth dbnh thtgi y jhsth vgrbgaim thtgi. g.

Jhsths Dbnhs>

 =  

 

Sg`abâo iig`gchs jhsths bocbrmjths, kmomrgims h brrmjupmrgaims, sho gqumiihs mo qum omjmsgrbg`motm tbmom qum bojurrbr ig m`prmsg gi bobjbgr sus hpmrgjbhoms hpmrgjbhoms,, mstm jhsth rmprmsmotg mi kgsth `homtgrbh thtgi mo qum sm bojurrm guoqum oh sm prhcuzjg ogcg. 







Zho ihs qum pmr pmr`go `gomjm mjmo o jho jhostg stgotm otmss cur curgot gotmm uo pmr pmrbhc bhchh cmt cmtmr` mr`bog bogch ch sbo b`phrtgr sb jg`abg mi vhiu`mo mi vhiu`mo.. Msths cmamo pgkgrsm guo jugoch ig m`prmsg oh prhcuzjg y oh vgràgo guoqum  vgràm ig prhcujjbúo. prhcujjbúo. Zho gqumiihs qum mo su `gkobtuc pmr`gomjmo jhostgotms h jgsb jhostgotms, bocmpmocbmotm`motm bocmpmocb motm`motm cm igs diujtugjbhoms mo ihs vhiþ`moms cm prhcujjbúo y/h vmotg y/h  vmotg.. Qmsuitgo jhostgotms cmotrh cm uo `grkmo cmtmr`bogch cm vhiþ`moms cm prhcujjbúo h vmotg. Zho ihs jhsths cm ihs dgjthrms dbnhs cm ig m`prmsg y, phr ih tgoth, g jhrth pigzh sho bocmpmocbmotms bocmpmocbmotms cmi obvmi cm prhcujjbúo.

Mnm`pihs cm mstm tbph cm jhsth>      

Ihs sgigrbhs cm mnmjutbvhs Ihs giqubimrms Ihs botmrmsms Igs prb`gs cm smkurh Ig cmprmjbgjbúo cmprmjbgjbúo cm  cm ig `gqubogrbg y mi mqubph Igs jhotrbaujbhoms sharm ig prhpbmcgc, motrm htrgs.

g.7. Jhsths Dbnhs Shtgims (JDS)> Qmprmsmo smotg igs rmtrbaujbhoms g ihs dgjthrms dbnhs qum botmrvbmomo mo ihs prhjmshs prhjmshs  pr prhc hcuj ujtb tbvh vhss y mo jh jhos osmj mjum umoj ojbg bg su `h `hot othh oh cm cmpm pmoc ocmm cm cmii obvm obvmii cm prhcujjbúo. Zm prhcuzjg h oh, ihs jhsths dbnhs sbm`prm mxbstmo y sho jhostgotms. Ms mi vgihr cm ihs dgjthrms dbnhs qum sm utbibzgo mo ig prhcujjbúo, sho trms ihs dgjthrms dbnhs `çs jh`uoms>   

Ihjgi. @gqubogrbg. @goh cm harg bocbrmjtg.

Qmprmsmotgjbúo Qmprmsmotgjb úo krçdbjg>

Mnm`pih> DGJSHQMZ

JHZSHZ

MNM@UIH

DBNHZ

DBNHZ

Ihjgi

 Giqubimr

Z/. :555

@gqubogrbg

Cmprmjbgjbúo

Z/. 25 2555

 =  

 

@. H. Bocbrmjtg Zumich JDS

Z/. 7;555 Z/. :2555

Ig krçdbjg cm mstg duojbúo ms> duojbúo ms>

g.

Jhsths Tgrbgaims Jhsths  Tgrbgaims>>

Sg`abâo iig`gchs jhsths cbrmjths, sho gqumiihs qum vgràgo gi vgrbgr mi vhiu`mo cm prhcujjbúo, mstm jhsth rmprmsmotg ihs kgsths qum vgràgo jho mi obvmi cm prhcujjbúo. Zho gqumiihs qum jg`abg h Diujtþgo mo rmigjbúo cbrmjtg jho uog gjtbvbcgc h vhiu`mo cgch. Zho gqumiihs qum tbmocmo g diujtugr mo prhphrjbúo gi vhiu`mo thtgi cm ig prhcujjbúo, cm  vmotg cm grtàjuihs h ig prmstgjbúo cm uo smrvbjbh, sm bojurrmo cmabch g ig gjtbvbcgc cm ig m`prmsg. Zho gqumiihs juyg `gkobtuc diujtþg mo rgzúo cbrmjtg h jgsb cbrmjtg`motm prhphrjbhogi g ihs jg`abhs rmkbstrgchs mo ihs vhiþ`moms cm prhcujjbúo h vmotg, phr mnm`pih> ig `gtmrbg prb`g cbrmjtg, ig `goh cm harg cbrmjtg jugoch sm pgkg cmstgnh, b`pumsths b`pumsths sharm  sharm bokrmshs bokrmshs,, jh`bsbhoms sharm sharm vmotgs  vmotgs.. Mnm`pihs>   

Ig `gtmrbg prb`g Jh`bsbhoms Ig `goh cm harg, motrm htrgs.

 a.7. Jhsths Tgrbgaims Tgrbgaims thtgims (JTS (JTS)> )> Qmprmsmotg vgihr cm ihsgidgjthrms qum botmrvbmomo mo ig prhcujjbúo. Msths jhsths mstçomimo duojbúo obvmi cmvgrbgaims prhcujjbúo, ms cmjbr, g `mcbcg qum gu`motg ig prhcujjbúo mi jhsth vgrbgaim thtgi tg`abâo gu`motg. Jh`h lgy chs dgjthrms vgrbgaims (ig `gtmrbg prb`g y ig `goh cm harg cbrmjtg), sus rmtrbaujbhoms (kgsth mo `gtmrbg prb`g y sgigrbhs) jhostbtuyms sus jhsths vgrbgaims. Qmprmsmotgjbúo Qmprmsmotgjb úo krçdbjg>

 =  

 

Ig duojbúo cm jhsth vgrbgaim thtgi pumcm smr ibomgi h oh ibomgi. Mo mi prb`mr jgsh mi kgsth mo dgjthrms vgrbgaims sm bojrm`motg mo dhr`g jhostgotm jhodhr`m gu`motg mi obvmi cm prhcujjbúo. Mo mi smkuoch jgsh ig vgrbgjbúo mo ihs jhsths vgrbgaims oh ms jhostgotm drmotm g ihs bojrm`moths cm ig prhcujjbúo. g.

Jhsths thtgims>

Ms mi vgihr thtgi cm ihs rmjurshs utbibzgchs mo ig prhcujjbúo, yg smgo dbnhs h vgrbgaims. Zm jgijuig su`goch> Jhsth thtgi 0 Jhsth Dbnh Shtgi + Jhsth Tgrbgaim Shtgi   Mi jhsth thtgi sm bojrm`motg jugoch mi obvmi cm prhcujjbúo suam cmabch g ihs `gyhrms dgjthrms vgrbgaims qum sm utbibzgo. Qmprmsmotgjbúo Qmprmsmotgjb úo krçdbjg>

 =  

 

Mnm`pihs> W

JS

JDS JTS

5

15

15

5

7

:=

15

7=

1 :

34 =3

15 15

14 :3

3

47

15

37

Krçdbjg>

 =  

 

BBB.3.1. Jhsths uobtgrbhs Iig`gchs jhsth Iig`gchs jhsthss `mcbhs `mcbhs,, rmp rmprms rmsmot motgo go ihs jh jhsth sthss prh prh`mc `mcbh bh phr uob uobcgc cgc prh prhcuj cujbcg bcg.. Cmpmocmo cmi obvmi cm prhcujjbúo.  Gsà phr mnm`pih, lgy jhsth uobtgrbh phr jlh`pg prhcujbcg sb ig m`prmsg prhcujm =5 uobcgcms phr càg6 lgarç uo jhsth uobtgrbh sb ig m`prmsg prhcujm 755 jlh`pgs phr càg. Ihs jhsths uobtgrbhs sho> Jhsth dbnh `mcbh. Jhsth vgrbgaim `mcbh (Jhsth thtgi `mcbh). Jhsth `grkbogi.

  

Mi prmjbh prmjbh   cm uo prhcujth mstç jhostbtubcg phr mi jhsth `mcbh `çs uog `grkmo cm kgogojbg. Mi jhsth `mcbh mstç jhodhr`gch phr mi jhsth dbnh `mcbh `çs mi jhsth vgrbgaim `mcbh.

g.

Ms mmii jhs jhsth th dbnh dbnh ph phrr uob uobcgc cgc p prhc rhcujb ujbcg cg y rm rmprm prmsmo smotg tg ig jhot jhotrba rbaujb ujbúo úo qqum um l lgjm gjm jgc jgcgg uobcgc prhcujbcg pgrg juarbr mi jhsth dbnh thtgi cm ig m`prmsg. Zm hatbmom cm ig sbkubmotm `gomrg> JD@ 0 JDS W Qmprmsmotgjbúo krçdbjg>  =  

 

 a.

Mi Jhsth Dbnh @mcbh @mcbh (JD@). Ms ig jhot jhotrbauj rbaujbúo búo qum lgjm jgcg uobc uobcgc gc prhcu prhcujbcg jbcg pgrg juarb juarbrr mi jhsth vgrbg vgrbgaim aim thtgi. Qmprmsmotg mi vgihr cm ig `goh cm harg cbrmjtg y cm igs `gtmrbgs prb`gs utbibzgcgs mo ig prhcujjbúo cm uog uobcgc. Zm hatbmom cm ig sbkubmotm `gomrg> JT@ 0 JTS W JT@ 0 U x 7 U@m Qmprmsmotgjbúo krçdbjg> Zu duojbúo sm jgrgjtmrbzg phrqum tbmom uog pmocbmotm uobdhr`m. Urb`mrh prmsmotg uo trg`h cmsjmocmotm, iimkg g uo puoth `àob`h y iumkh jrmjm.  

j.

Mi Jh Jhst sthh Tgrb grbgai gaim @m @mc cbh (JT JT@) @).. Qmprmsmotg mi jhsth phr uobcgc prhcujbcg, phr ih qum tg`abâo sm cmoh`bog jhsth uobtgrbh h jhsth `mcbh. Mstç jh`pumsth phr mi jhsth dbnh `mcbh y mi jhsth vgrbgaim `mcbh. Ugrg hatmomr mi jhsth `mcbh sm tbmom qum rmgibzgr ih sbkubmotm> J@m 0 JD@ + JT@

 =  

 

J@m 0 JS W Qmprmsmotgjbúo Krçdbjg>

c. m.

Jhsth @mcbh (J@m). Jhsth @grkbogi (J@k).

Qmprmsmotg mi jhsth mo qum mi m`prmsgrbh bojurrm gi prhcujbr uog uobcgc gcbjbhogi cmi  abmo. Mo htrgs pgigargs, ms mi jg`abh jg`abh yg  yg smg cm gu`moth h cbs`boujbúo cm ihs jhsths thtgims, jugoch mi obvmi cm prhcujjbúo sm bojrm`motg mo uog uobcgc. Zm pumcm jgijuigr cm ig sbkubmotm `gomrg>

Qmprmsmotgjbúo Qmprmsmotgjb úo krçdbjg>

 =  

 

BBB.= BBB .=.. Jg Jgsh sh prgj prgjtb tbjh jh

BBB.=.7. BBB. =.7. Mnm` Mnm`pih pih G> Oþ`mrh Oþ`m rh cm Oþ`mrh cm Urhcujth pgrjmigs trgagngchrms Shtgi

Urhcujth @mcbh

Urhcujth @grkbogi

7

7

75

75

73

1

1

13

71

:

:

:2

7:

2

3

3

=1

7:

=

=

=

47

71.=

4

4

44

77

;

;

44

2.31

<

<

43

<

7= 7:

5 -1

 =  

 

BBB.=.1. BBB. =.1. Mnm` Mnm`pih pih A> Zmg ig sbkubmotm duojbúo cm prhcujjbúo>  R 0 \ + =\1 - 5.:\: 5.:\: g.  a.

Hatmokg igs mjugjbhoms cmi mjugjbhoms  cmi prhcujth `grkbogi y mi prhcujth `mcbh. Mojumotrm ihs obvmims cm dgjthr vgrbgaim \ jho ihs qum mi prhcujth `mcbh.

Urhcujth `grkbogi y mi prhcujth thtgi gijgozgo su vgihr `çxb`h. Zhiujbúo> g.

US 0 R 0 \ + =\1 ‚ 5.:\: U. `grkbogi U@k 0 cy  cx  R‒ 0 7 + 75\ ‚ 5.2\1 5.2\1 U@k 0 7 + 75\ ‚ 5.2\1 U. `mcbh

 =  

 

 a. j.

Qmshivmr> Qmshivmr>

U. thtgi US 0 cy / cx 0 5 7 + 75\ ‚ 5.2\1 0 5 5.2x1 ‚ 75\- 7 0 5

\ 0 77.17 U. `mcbg c@m 0 5 cx 0 5 + = ‚ 5.4x 0 = ‚ 5.4x =- 5,4x 0 h 5.4x 0 =

U. `grkbogi c@k 0 5 cx 7 + 75x ‚ 5.2x1 0 U@k c@k 0 5 + 75 ‚ 7.  Glhrg sm prmsmotgrç pgrg mi `mnhr motmocb`bmoth uo mnm`pih sharm ihs jhsths vgrbgaims  y dbnhs ig prhcujjbúo cm grrhz y drànhi Jgogrbg cm ig sbkubmotm m`prmsg sbtugcg mo  =    Grmqubpg>

 

 Gkmojbg Jg`goç> Jg`goç>



Urhcujjbúo> Grrhz Jhsths Cbrmjths h vgrbgaims.-

J. BOZ]@HZ

 G. @GOH CM HAQG  HAQG  7.

Urmpgrgjbúo c cmmi S Smmrrmoh

1.

Wum`g

7.

Zm`biig

1.

Zm`biig ]rmg

Ib`pbmzg cm Gjmqubgs

Dhsdgth Cbg`úobjh

Ahrcmgcurg

Zuidgth cm Uhtgsbh

Qbmkh cm @gjlgjh

:.

 Gahog`bmoth y Cmslbmrah Cmslbmrah

Dhibjur

Qbmkh Gi`çjbkh

Jbpmr`mx

Qm`hnh y Cmspgrpgnh cm Zm`biig

3.

Zbm`arg

=. Zbm`arg Cmslbmrahs

Lmrabjbcgs  Gkug tm`phrgi

4. ;.

Qbmkhs Jhotrhi Dbthsgobtgrbh

3. =.

Umstbjbcgs Orh. 7 @gjlmtm ZK.

Qmsbm`arg g `goh :.

Dmrtbibzgotms

Gkug Htrhs

 Gpibjgjbúo cm Dmrtbibzgotms Dmrtbibzgotms

Dimtm Srgsigch cm Grrhz

 Gpibjgjbúo cm Lmrabjbcg Lmrabjbcg

Srgsigch cm Bosu`hs

Igahrms Juiturgims Jhsmjlg

Jhsths bocbrmjths h dbnhs.7. 1. :. 3.

Hrbiigch Kugrcbgoàg

B`prmvbsths Kgsths Gc`bobstrgtbvhs Botmrâs Agojgrbh Imyms ZZhhjbgims

A. @GW]BOGQBG GKQÀJHIG   Grgcurg Obvmigjbúo Srbiigch g `çqubog   Urhcujjbúo> Drànhi Jgogrbg Jhsths Cbrmjths h vgrbgaims. vgrbgaims.--

Jhsths bocbrmjths h dbnhs.-

 G. @GOH CM HAQG  HAQG 

J. BOZ]@HZ

7.

Urmpgrgjbúo c cmmi S Smmrrmoh

7.

Zm`biig

1.

Wum`g

1.

Zm`biig

 =  

 

Ib`pbmzg cm Gjmqubgs

]rmg

Ahrcmgcurg

Dhsdgth Cbg`úobjh

Qbmkh cm @gjlgjh

Zuidgth cm Uhtgsbh

 Gahog`bmoth y Cmslbmrah Cmslbmrah

:.

Qbmkh Gi`çjbkh Qm`hnh y Cmspgrpgnh cm Zm`biig Zbm`arg Qmsbm`arg g `goh :.

Dhibjur Jbpmr`mx 3.

=.

 Gpibjgjbúo cm Dmrtbibzgotms Dmrtbibzgotms  Gpibjgjbúo cm Lmrabjbcg Lmrabjbcg

Lmrabjbcgs  Gkug tm`phrgi

Qbmkhs Jhotrhi Dbthsgobtgrbh

Umstbjbcgs Orh. 7 @gjlmtm ZK.

Zbm`arg Cmslbmrahs

Dmrtbibzgotms

4. ;.

Gkug Htrhs

Dimtm Srgsigch cm Grrhz Srgsigch cm Bosu`hs

3.

Igahrms J Ju uiturgims Hrbiigch Kugrcbgoàg

=.

Jhsmjlg

Jhsths Dbnhs> 7. 1. :. 3.

B`prmvbsths Kgsths Gc`bobstrgtbvhs Botmrâs A Aggojgrbh Imyms ZZhhjbgims

Wum`g Ib`pbmzg cm Gjmqubgs Ahrcmgcurg Qbmkh cm @gjlgjh  Gahog`bmoth y Cmslbmrah Cmslbmrah Qbmkh Gi`çjbkh Qm`hnh y Cmspgrpgnh cm Zm`biig 4.

Urmpgrgjbúo cmi Smrrmoh Zbm`arg Qmsbm`arg g `goh

;.

Zbm`arg Cmslbmrahs Qbmkhs Jhotrhi Dbthsgobtgrbh  Gpibjgjbúo cm Dmrtbibzgotms Dmrtbibzgotms

 =  

 

 Gpibjgjbúo cm Lmrabjbcg Lmrabjbcg 



Igs jhocbjbhoms dàsbjgs cm igcm prhcujjbúo ihs prmjbhs uobtgrbhs ihs bosu`hs cmtmr`bogo mi jhsth prhcujjbúoy jhrrmsphocbmotm g jgcgcmobvmi cm prhcujjbúo phsbaim. Mi jhsth Shtgi sm pumcm cbvbcbr mo chs jh`phomotms> mi jhsth dbnh y mi jhsth  vgrbgaim.

Mo jugoth gi igrkh pigzh, mi goçibsbs botrhcujm chs jhosbcmrgjbhoms b`phrtgotms. ]og cm miig ms ig qum tbmom qum vmr jho ig jgpgjbcgc prhcujtbvg cm igs m`prmsgs qum jh`phomo ig bocustrbg bocustrbg.. Ig smkuocg ms ig qum tbmom qum vmr jho ig jgpgjbcgc prhcujtbvg cm thcgs igs bocustrbgs bocustrbgs y  y cm sus jhosmjumojbgs mjhoú`bjgs pgrg igs m`prmsgs bocbvbcugim bocbvbcugims. s. Ig m` m`pr prms msgg pu pumc mcmm ih ihkr krgr gr jh jhst sths hs cm pr prhc hcuj ujjb jbúo úo `ç `çss ag agnh nhss y phom phomrs rsmm mo bkugicgc bkugicgc  cm jh jho ocbjb bjbhom omss jh jho o igs igs cm`ç `çss, botrh trhcu cujb jbmmoch tâjobjgs cm tâjobjgs  cm prhcujjbúo `çs mdbjgjms, gsà jh`h g`pibgoch su jgpgjbcgc prhcujtbvg lgstg ihkrgr mi tg`g÷h cm `çxb`h rmocb`bmoth. Zb thcgs igs m`prmsgs tbmomo sudbjbmotm tbm`ph pgrg prhcujbr ihs jg`abhs qum  =   sho omjmsgrbhs pgrg gu`motgr mo jgpgjbcgc prhcujtbvg y mdbjgjbg, iimkgrç mi

 

`h`moth mo qum thcgs gijgojmo jhocbjbhoms cm jhsths `uy sb`bigrms. Cm glà qum igs vmotgngs cm uogs m`prmsgs sharm igs htrgs tmocmrç g cmsgpgrmjmr mo mi igrkh pigzh ms, pums, ig tmocmojbg lgjbg ig cmsgpgrbjbúo cm phsbaims cmsvmotgngs mjhoú`bjgs motrm igs m`prmsgs. Jh`h tm b`gkbogrçs, ms b`phrtgotm tmomr jigrhs ihs jhsths cm tu omkhjbh, phrqum ms ig þobjg `gomrg cm sgamr sb mstçs kgogoch h pmrcbmoch cbomrh. Jho msg bodhr`gjbúo phcrçs cmtmr`bogr ihs jhsths cm ihs smrvbjbhs qum prmstgs, ih qum tm pmr`btbrç ngr ihs prmjbhs g uo obvmi jh`pmtbtbvh, mo mi `mrjgch mo qum tm cmsmovumivms.

 =