ANALISIS CRITICO - Semana 12

 

 

"G÷l emi Kbfmdtmdgrbl emi _mrñ1 ;?? g÷ls em Bdempmdemdfbg" 

@GF]IUGE EM FBMDFBGV EM IG I G VGI]E MVF]MIG _[L@MVBLDGI EM _VBFLILHÎG GDÇIBVBV F[ÎUBFL1 GU[GFFBÖD R GNL[  BDUMH[GDUMV1  FG[[BÖD NM[BDL NBIMDB - (;?) F[]Q _MFCM ALVM EMDBV - (;?) MVW]BPMI KG[[MUL UGUBGDG - (;?) AG][MH]B VGDULV MNBIBG I]BVG ‖ (;?) RG][B PBFUL[BG _LIMU - (;?)

ELFMDUM1  FG[ILV MD[BW]M G[MPGIL LIBPG[MV 

F][VL1  _VBFLILHÎG VLFBGI

FCBNKLUM  ‖ _M[Ñ  ;?;7  ‖ BB

 

BDU[LE]FFBÖD Ig gtrgffböd y mi gnlr ms ud tmng qum dls bdspbrg y nltbvg, pmrl qum g su vmz pumem smr dumstrg ngylr fgusg em su`rbnbmdtl fugdel mstm dl ms flrrmspldebel, il fbmrtl ms qum fgeg em`bdbfböd em mstgs sm fldvbmrtm md ud hrgd trgkgal, plrqum cgy nufcg bd`iumdfbg slfbgi, nufcgs lpbdbldms y emngsbgels pudtls em md`lqums, ms plr p lr msl qum sm egrç ud krmvm rmsunmd em qum sbhdb`bfg ig gtrgffböd y gnlr, md ig gftugibege y g il igrhl em ig cbstlrbg. Ig gtrgffböd ms ud `mdönmdl qum sm kgsg md flnl udl trgm g gihubmd emkbel g nufcls `gftlrms, flnl ils fuiturgims, kbliöhbfls y psbfliöhbfls, mstls tbmdmd nltbvls em ghrgel qum vgrîgd md `udfböd g eb`mrmdtms ngtbfms, bdfiusl md ils dbvmims em gnlr, mxbstmd sus vgrbgfbldms. Emsem ig psbflilhîg slfbgi, sm cgd cmfcl bdtmdtls em plemr prlnuihgr tmlrîgs mxpibfgtbvgs slkrm fönl sm eg ig gtrgffböd mdtrm igs pmrsldgs, ig tmlrîg ngylr qum plemrîl tbmdm, ms ig qum sm kgsg md igs hrgtb`bfgfbldms qum ud bdebvbeul tbmdm em ltrg pmrsldg, ms emfbr, gequbmrmd gtrgffböd plr pmrsldgs fuygs fldeuftgs dls egd hrgtb`bfgfböd y qum tgnkbâd sm gslfbg g ils gfldtmfbnbmdtls hrgtb`bfgdtms pgrg dlsltrls. Gclrg kbmd, ¼Fönl `udfbldg mi gnlr md ils cungdls< _grg mstl, Flrkbd (;?78) rm`bmrm qum emkbel gi gnlr ’ibkmrgnls hrgdems fgdtbegems em

smrltldbdg, qum cgfmd qum dumstrl mstgel em çdbnl nmalrm y fgusg qum tmdhgnls pmdsgnbmdtls lksmsbvls, rmflregdel fldstgdtmnmdtm g dumstrg pgrmag. Ugnkbâd ibkmrgnls udg smrbm em dmurlquînbfls flnl ig germdgibdg, qum dls cgfmd mstgr nçs mdârhbfls, l ibkmrgnls elpgnbdg md hrgdems elsbs, qum mstç bnpibfgeg md ig gebffböd g igs erlhgs, plrqum bdtmrvbmdm g ig clrg em rm`lrzgr fldeuftgs pigfmdtmrgs.„ (p. 70)

Vgkbmdel em quâ ngdmrg sm emsmdigzg mi gnlr md igs pmrsldgs, cgy qum rmfgifgr qum tgnkbâd tbmdm ud hrgd bnpgftl md ig slfbmege, gdtm miil, Vgigzgr (;?77) nmdfbldg qum ’Emsem ig vbsböd mstrufturgi emi gnlr sm grhunmdtg qum ils emtmrnbdgdtms em igs

rmigfbldms gnlrlsgs sld igs mstrufturgs slfbgims, smgd ngfrl l nbfrl, nçs qum igs dlrngs fuiturgims. Mstg pmrspmftbvg fldtrgstg fld ltrgs vbsbldms slkrm mi gnlr qum md`gtbzgd su fgrçftmr em fldstruffböd ibdhùîstbfg y fuiturgi.„ (p.;?) Vbhubmdel mstg

pmrspmftbvg, dls egnls fumdtg qum mi gnlr sm ngdb`bmstg em nufcgs ngdmrgs, qum sld igs qum dlsltrls fldstrubnls pgrg egrdls fumdtg em dumstrg vbeg bdebvbeugi y flimftbvg. _lr ltrl igel, ig gtrgffböd qum vg em ig ngdl emi gnlr, prmsmdtg fgrgftmrîstbfgs fld nçs prmsmdfbg md ig slfbmege, smhñd Kgtbstg (;?70) ’Md târnbdls hmdmrgims, igs

fgrgftmrîstbfgs nçs vgilrgegs sld igs em gspmftl sgiuegkim, fld vgilrms slfbginmdtm gfmptgels, fld pmrsldgibege gegptgeg g ig vbeg md pgrmag y fld ud dbvmi fuiturgi sbnbigr gi suyl.„ (p. 2) Em nbsnl nlel qum mi gnlr, ig gtrgffböd trgm rmprmsgibgs md âi smr cungdl, mstgs smhñd Pgiis (;?7?) ’_rleufm udgs sustgdfbgs qu înbfgs iigngegs

`mrlnldgs qum dls bdfibdgd gi kbmdmstgr y gi mdfumdtrl fld ils emnçs. Nufcl sm cg

 

mspmfuigel md igs ñitbngs eâfgegs slkrm su pgpmi md mi emsml smxugi.„ (p. 76) Igs

pmrsldgs fld gpgrbmdfbg `îsbfg ghrgegkim rmsuitgd nçs gtrgftbvgs, bd`iuymd `gftlrms slfblfuiturgims pgrg mstgkimfmr mstls mstçdegrms em kmiimzg, pums il qum ms kmiil pgrg fbmrtgs pmrsldgs, fuiturgs m bdfiusl âplfgs, dl il ms pgrg ltrgs. Ig kumdg gpgrbmdfbg `îsbfg sm gslfbg hmdmrginmdtm fld ig kumdg sgiue y cgfm qum ig pmrsldg rmsuitm nçs gtrgftbvg. Ltrgs fgrgftmrîstbfgs gitgnmdtm vgilrgegs y qum gtrgmd g ltrls sld1 ig cldmstbege, ig flnprmdsböd, ig imgitge, ig mnpgtîg, ig gegptgkbibege y igs gftbtuems plsbtbvgs. Vm cg mdfldtrgel qum, kgal sbtugfbldms em gdsbmege y mstrâs, hmdmrginmdtm hmdmrginm dtm igs pmrsldgs kusfgd mi fldtgftl slfbgi, msl ims gyueg g hmdmrgr ud plfl nmdls em gdsbmege, pums tbmdemd g pmrfbkbr mi gfldtmfbnbmdtl flnl nçs ’slplrtgkim„ fugdel ig

gdsbmege y mi mstrâs sld flnpgrtbels. _lr msl, nufcls mstuebgdtms sumimd flnpgrtbr sus tmnlrms y prmlfupgfbldms gdtms em ud mxgnmd em gitg eb`bfuitge y ils auhgelrms em ud mqubpl emplrtbvl flnpgrtmd su mdtusbgsnl y nltbvgfböd gdtms em ud aumhl bnplrtgdtm. @bdginmdtm, ils `gftlrms em gtrgffböd bdtmrpmrsldgi, pumemd vmrsm g`mftgels plr mi mstbhng y gihudls mstmrmltbpls, ils fugims cgfmd qum sm pmrfbkg gihudg fgrgftmrîstbfg flnl dmhgtbvg md ig pmrsldg lksmrvgeg. Umdmnls qum br nçs giiç em miils sî qumrmnls ilhrgr udg slfbmege nçs bdfiusbvg. Bdvmstbhgfbldms trgdsfuiturgims sm÷gigd qum ig ebvmrsbege smhubrç tmdbmdel ud pltmdfbgi em fld`ibftl, cgstg qum sm emsgrrliimd ngdmrgs em nmalrgr dumstrg tlimrgdfbg y rmspmtl cgfbg il qum ms eb`mrmdtm g dlsltrls nbsnls, pums ig tmdemdfbg cungdg flnñd ms rmgffbldgr em nlel plsbtbvl g il qum pmrfbkbnls flnl smnmagdtm y dmhgtbvl g il qum eb`bmrm g dlsltrls. Gihudgs ngdmrgs smdfbiigs em bdfrmnmdtgr tu gtrgffböd bdtmrpmrsldgi sld1 mi sldrmîr, tmdmr udg kumdg gftbtue, emnlstrgr tu ghrgemfbnbmdtl y ngdtmdmrtm ’fmrfgdl„ g igs pmrsldgs qum emsmgs

gtrgmr, emnlstrgdel qum tbmdms bdtmrâs plr miigs y qum sld bnplrtgdtms pgrg tb, vgibeçdeligs em ngdmrg plsbtbvg fugdel ig lfgsböd il gnmrbtm, ngdtmdbâdeltm fmrfg fugdel mxpmrbnmdtmd sbtugfbldms eb`îfbims, mstl hmdmrgrç udg smdsgfböd em prlxbnbege, smnmagdzg y rmfbprlfbege, mstm ñitbnl gspmftl, pumem cgfmr qum sm hmdmrm ngylr kbmdmstgr, plrqum vg gflnpg÷gel em udg smrbm em fldeuftgs prlslfbgims igs fugims sm pumemd rm`lrzgr udgs g ltrgs.

GU[GFFBÖD R GNL[ - I]BV HÖNMQ AGFBDUL   7. GU[GFFBÖD BDBFBGI Vmhñd mi gutlr Vtgdiy Vfcgfctmr (72=2) dls rm`bmrm qum mi mstgr md fldtgftl fld ltrgs pmrsldgs ms udg dmfmsbege bddgtg emi smr cungdl. _lr ltrl igel, Xbiibgn Agnms, dls nmdfbldg qum ms udg nltbvgfböd pgrg mstgkimfmr y ngdtmdmr rmigfbldms bdtmrpmrsldgims pigfmdtmrgs. Dls nmdfbldg qum, sb udg pmrsldg sm

 

mdfumdtrg slig y fgm md msm gbsignbmdtl, ms ud fgstbhl pgrg dlsltrls. Ms emsghrgegkim smdtbrsm vgfîl, mi qum dl tm msfufcmd fugdel ebhgs gihl, mi qum dl tm vmgd fugdel qubmrms smr vbstl plr gihubmd: ms udg smdsgfböd emvgstgelrg pgrg mi smr cungdl. Cgy udg g`bibgfböd smimftbvg mdtrm igs pmrsldgs md ig qum aumhg ud pgpmi bnplrtgdtm, mi flnpldmdtm mnlfbldgi gtrgffböd-rmpuisböd. Fugdel udg pmrsldg sbmdtm gtrgffböd plr ltrg pmrsldg, âstm yg mstgrîg md mi smhudel pgsl pgrg ig bdtmrgffböd slfbgi. Cgy gihudgs pmrsldgs qum g prbnmrg bdstgdfbg dls fgmd kbmd, y ltrgs sbnpimnmdtm sbnpimnmdtm dls rmsuitgd bdeb`mrmdtms. bdeb`mrmdtms. Flilfgnls g ils emnçs md ud fldtbdul qum vg emsem mi plil plsbtbvl em ig gtrgffböd cgstg mi dmhgtbvl em ig rmpuisböd, smhñd qum ig rmigfböd fld miils pumeg rmsuitgrdls rm`lrzgdtm y pigfmdtmrg y/l smhñd qum pumegd `gvlrmfmr ig fldsmfufböd em ils lkamtbvls mvliutbvls em ig supmrvbvmdfbg y emi âxbtl rmprleuftbvl. Fugdel tmdmnls mdfumdtrls fld ltrgs pmrsldgs, ig ngylrîg em igs lfgsbldms mstls mdfumdtrls pgsgd em ngdmrg emsgpmrfbkbeg, dl emagd dbdhudg cumiig, pmrl cgy fbrfudstgdfbgs qum `gvlrmfmd ig gtrgffböd, mstl dls qubmrm emfbr qum fugdel vmnls g udg pmrsldg gtrgftbvg, dl slimnls bhdlrgr, gi fldtrgrbl, âstgs sumimd iigngr ig gtmdfböd y pumemd emagr udg cumiig md dumstrgs nmnlrbgs.

7.7 @gnbibgrbege Md mstm gspmftl dls ebfm qum igs plsbkbibegems em smdtbr gtrgffböd gtrg ffböd plr udg pmrsldg, ms nufcl nçs gitg fugdel mstg pmrsldg mstç md dumstrl fîrfuil `gnbibgr y mxbstmd els gftlrms qum cgfmd cg fmd plsbkim ig `gnbibgrbege1

g)

Mi m`mftl em ig prlxbnbege sbfg, dls nmdfbldg qum fugdel igs pmrsldgs

ngdtbmdmd udg fmrfgdîg, âstg sm prmstg pgrg qum cgyg gtrgffböd md gnkgs pgrtms. Vb udg pmrsldg fldstgdtmnmdtm vm g ig ltrg pmrsldg fld ngylr `rmfumdfbg y ngdtbmdmd ud fldtgftl fmrfgdl âstm sm prmstg pgrg qum mxbstg gtrgffböd nutug.

k)

Mi m`mftl em ig nmrg mxplsbfböd, dls rm`bmrm qum fugdel els pmrsldgs mstçd

fld `rmfumdfbg md fldtgftl fmrfgdl y udg mxplsbfböd rmpmtbeg, rmpmtbeg, plsbkbibtg g qum sm sbmdtgd gtrgîels, yg qum mi mdfumdtrl ms fldtbdul mstm cgfm qum cgyg ngylr plsbkbibege g qum mxbstg udg gtrgffböd `îsbfg plr gnkgs pgrtms.

 

_grg @bscmr, ;??5 rm`bmrm qum, dl sbmnprm il `gnbibgr ms nçs gtrgftbvl. Md mi çnkbtl gnlrlsl tgnkbâd plemnls smdtbrdls gtrgîels plr gihubmd g qubmd fldsbemrgnls nbstmrblsl, pums mstm nbstmrbl rmsuitg dlvmelsl y prleufm dbvmims gitls em elpgnbdg, mi dmurltrgdsnbslr emi rlngdfm.

7.; Fmrfgdîg bdtmrpmrsldgi bdtmrpmrsldgi Ig fmrfgdîg `îsbfg gunmdtg igs plsbkbibegems em fldlfmr g gihubmd m bdbfbgr udg rmigfböd. Vm mdfldtrgrld qum ils ltrls emsmdfgemdgdtms em ig bdtmrgffböd mrgd bdtmrpmrsldgims, y rmigfbldgels, y md flnñd fld ltrls mrgd nutugnmdtm flnprmdsbvls y udbels, md gnkls smdels. Pgrbls gftlrms fldtrbkuymd fldtrbkuymd g mstl1

g)

Ig sbnbibtue1 Dls ebfm qum cgy udg `umrtm tmdemdfbg g qum sbdtgnls

gtrgffböd plr udg pmrsldg qum tmdhg kgstgdtm md flnñd fld dlsltrls. Igs pmrsldgs sbnbigrms emsmdfgemdgd m`mftls plsbtbvls: pums dl ms rgzldgkim qum dls sbdtgnls gtrgîels plr udg pmrsldg qum pbmdsm y smg nuy ebstbdtl g dlsltrls. _lr il tgdtl, ig bemg plpuigr em qum qu m plils lpumstls sm gtrgmd dl mdfgagrîg md mstl mstlss pigdtmgnbmdtls.

k)

Ig rmfbprlfbege1  G ils smrms cungdls ims ebshustgd igs sbtugfbld sbtugfbldms ms

emsmqubibkrgegs y plfgs flsgs nlimstgd nçs qum tmdmr sbnpgtîg l gprmfbgr g 7.6 Gtrgftbvl `îsbfl gihubmd g qubmd dl im rmsuitgd sbnpçtbfls l gtrgftbvls. Vbmnprm sm plsbkbibtg ud "Ig vgim rmfîprlfl nçs qum mdtrm fugiqubmr udg qum vmz fbmrtlkmiimzg bdtmrfgnkbl il qumfgrtg sm eg em y ilrmflnmdegfböd", qum sm rmfbkm, em ebal tgi nlel  Grbstötmims. _lr kmiimzg, mdtbmdem dumstrlsgtrgîels fumrplsplry gquâiils rlstrls. gVm sm qubmrm g qubmd dls qubmrm. Dls smdtbnls ilscg qumvbstl ims gdtmrblrnmdtm qum miemvlivbâdelims gtrgftbvl em udgsupmrsldg dldls mstçhgrgdtbzgnls slil md ig gpgrbmdfbg, hustgnls, pums gsî, sbnpgtîg, su fgrb÷l.sbdl qum ig kmiimzg `îsbfg ms mi `gftlr sbstmnçtbfl qum nmalr mxpibfg mi gtrgftbvl qum smdtbnls cgfbg ils emnçs, mspmfbginmdtm fugdel sm trgtg em rmigfbldms gnlrlsgs. gnlrlsgs. Vbmnprm qum sm cgkig em kmiimzg, gihubmd sm÷gig qum ms rmigtbvg.

 

;. MIMFFBÖD EM _G[MAG ;.7 Vmimffböd smxugi m bdvmrsböd pgrmdtgi Ig smimffböd emi smxl ms mi prlfmsl em nmalrgr igs fgrgftmrîstbfgs ñdbfgs emi smxl qum gyueg g ils nbmnkrls g fldqubstgr g sus rbvgims smxugims. ]d rgshl qum eg udg vmdtgag g ig clrg em gtrgmr pgrmag, gudqum pumem eb`bfuitgr ig supmrvbvmdfbg emi bdebvbeul.

;.; Mstrgtmhbgs em mnpgrmagnbmdtl mnpgrmagnbmdtl Ils mnpgrmagnbmdtls g mxtmdsl pigzl sm fgrgftmrbzgd plr gnpibls pmrîlels em flrtmal, udg prl`udel bdvmrsböd em tbmnpl, g`mftls y rmfursls, mstrmfcls igzls g`mftbvls em ig pgrmag, mi mdgnlrgnbmdtl y ig emebfgfböd em nldunmdtgims rmfursls bdebvbeugims y ngtmrbgims g il igrhl em ud igrhl tbmnpl pgrg fldsmrvgr ig bdtmrgffböd em pgrmag y ig prlim qum ilhrm lrbhbdgrsm em ig nbsng. Ils gtrbkutls qum clnkrms y egngs vgilrgd md udg pmrsldg pgrg udg bdtmrgffböd mstgkim sld, md lremd em trgsfmdemdfbg, ig kldege y ig flnprmdsböd, ig sgkbeurîg, mi kumd gspmftl, udg pmrsldgibege bdtmrmsgdtm, ig kumdg sgiue, ig gegptgkbibege, ig frmgtbvbege,, ig `bemibege smxugi, mi qubmrl em tmdmr cbals, ig kumdg mdsm÷gdzg, tmdmr frmgtbvbege udg kumdg sbtugfböd mfldönbfg y mi gsml. Vbd mnkgrhl, igs egngs kusfgd clnkrms fld rmfursls: flnl ils rmfursls tbmdemd g gunmdtgr fld ig mege, mi rmsuitgel ms ud bdtmrâs md clnkrms nçs hrgdems. Md igs ebvmrsgs pbmzgs em tlel mi nudel mstuebgegs igs prm`mrmdfbgs em pgrmag em igs egngs gpudtgd gi mstgtus y g ils rmfursls mfldönbfls, prlpbmegems qum sm rmigfbldgd em ngdmrg plsbtbvg fld ig mege em ils clnkrms.

;.6 Ngrjmtbdh gnlrlsl Ils els prltghldbstgs trgtgd em mvbtgr udg rmigfböd qum mstâ kgsgeg md mi bdtmrâs y slkrm tlel md ig kmiimzg l kbmdmstgr mfldönbfl.

g)

Gtrgftbvl Gtrgftbvl `îsbfl1 Vm÷gibzgelrms em kmiimzg `îsbfg flnl tgnkbâd md sgiue y

emplrtm.

 

k)

mfldönbfls y slfbliö slfbliöhbfls hbfls qum sm Mstgtus slfblmfldönbfl1 slfblmfldönbfl1 Gitls dbvmims mfldönbfls

pumemd flnkbdgr md ig prmpgrgfböd igklrgi em udg pmrsldg.

f)

Emebfgfböd `gnbibgr1 Lplrtudbege `gnbibgr pgrg qum ils pgerms g`brngd su

flnprlnbsl em frbgr y gngr.

e) e) @bemibege smxugi1 [mspmtgr y vgilrgr igs dlrngs qum sm im pldm g ig rmigfböd. m)

[mqumrbnbmdtl [mqumrbnbmdtl em mege1 Vm trgtg em ig eb`mrmdfbg mdtrm mi prlnmebl emi

rgdhl em udg pgrmag y ig mege emi gdudfbgelr.

;.5 ¼Dls fldlfmnls