Análisis Ambiental de La Industria Metalmecánica en El Ecuador, Caso de La Empresa Ecuatoriana

 

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Ckãogsgs cabglktco `l oc gk`ustrgc altcoalhãkghc lk lo Lhuc`dr, hcsd `l oc laprlsc lhuctdrgckc Hdkelrlkhl ^cplr ¶ Kdvlablr 2>3<

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XLL ^RDEGOL XLL ^RDEGOL

Vcotlr Erckhgshd Sulzc`c Adrlkd \kgvlrsg`c` Pçhkghc `l Hdtdpcxg (\PH) 32 ^\BOGHCPGDKX  35 HGPCPGDKX   XLL ^RDEGOL

Xdal de tml cutmdrs de tmgs puboghctgdk crl cosd wdrigkf dk tmlsl rloctl` prdjlhts:

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Flstgøk `l oc tlhkdodfác y oc gkkdvchgøk lk ^yALs octgkdcalrghckcs  Uglw prdjlht

Coo hdktlkt edoodwgkf tmgs pcfl wcs upodc`l` by Vcotlr @cvg` Sulzc`c-P Sulzc`c-Pdrrls drrls dk  dk 2> Jckucry 2>35. Pml uslr mcs rlqulstl` lkmckhlalkt lkmckhlalkt de tml `dwkodc`l` egol.

 

Ckãogsgs cabglktco `l oc gk`ustrgc altcoalhãkghc lk lo Lhuc`dr, hcsd `l oc laprlsc lhuctdrgckc CP\ Gkf. Vcotlr @cvg` Sulzc`c Pdrrls (qwcotlr`cvg`Nycmdd.hda) 39 @r. H. Fgoblrtd Mlrkãk`lz ^çrlz (fm`lzNuhov.l`u.hu)29 @r. H. Vcotlr Sulzc`c Adrlkd (aerckhgshd068Nfacgo.hda)8  3

 ^dktgeghgc \kgvlrsg`c` Hctøoghc `lo Lhuc`dr Xl`l Gbcrrc. Cv. Jdrfl Fuzaãk Rul`c y Cv. Curlogd Lspgkdsc ^øogt. Hgu`c`loc oc Ughtdrgc. U ghtdrgc. Gbcrrc, Gabcburc, Lhuc`dr 2

 \kgvlrsg`c` Hlktrco `lyocs Ugoocs. Hcacjucká Ia 3>) 2>3>),, pdr su vcodr cfrlfc`d qul rlhgblk ods prd`uhtds. Xgk labcrfd, lk oc acydrác `l AG^WAL, lk lsplhgco lk aghrd y plqulóc laprlsc lo trcbcjd ls aãs crtlsckco qul gk`ustrgco, `dk`l oc hcog`c` y cabglktl ls celhtc`d, `lbg`d co lxhlsgvd hdksuad `l rlhursds kcturcols y rlsg`uds flklrc`ds. Lk lo pcás, ocs aghrd y plqulócs altcoalhãkghcs cúk kd sdk dbjltd `l lstu`gds cabglktcols. ^dr su pcrtl, oc al`gckc laprlsc hdad CP\ `l`ghc`c c oc ecbrghchgøk y lkscabocjl `l aulbols pcrc oc deghgkc y mdfcr, sdk vcodrc`cs cabglktcoalktl cjustãk`dsl co Plxtd \kgeghc`d `l Olfgsochgøk `lo Agkgstlrgd `lo Cabglktl P\OXAC, `lo Lhuc`dr. Lo prdbolac ls qul ocs gk`ustrgcs altcoalhãkghcs `lo Lhuc`dr prlslktck ukc lolvc`c gkleghglkhgc tlhkdoøfghc l gapchtd cabglktco klfctgvd, qul celhtck oc hdapltgtgvg`c` y rlktcbgog`c` `lo slhtdr, pdr cuslkhgc cotlrkctgvcs `l sgstlacs `l flstgøk. Ckcogzcr ods gapchtds cabglktcols dhcsgdkc`ds pdr oc laprlsc altcoalhãkghc CP\ ‟Crtáhuods `l Chlrd X.C‑, y csá g ktlfrcr hdk oc flstgøk y prd`uhhgøk pcrc cohckzcr alrhc`ds slfurds (^+O), hdad lstrctlfgc drglktc`drc mchgc prdhlsds y prd`uhtds `l hcog`c`, ls lo dbjltgvd. ^crc lo olvcktcaglktd `l gkedrachgøk cabglktco, sl utgogzø oc actrgz `l Oldpdo`, qul vcodrc `l acklrc hucktgtctgvc slfúk lo frc`d `l gapchtd l gapdrtckhgc. Xl `ltlragkø lk oc laprlsc CP\, ãrlcs hcusck lelhtds c`vlrsds cabglktl hdad oc `l hlktrd `l pcrtls, crac`ds y sulo`cs, bdk`lrgzc`d, pgkturc, tcpgzc`d, tlxturgzc`d y lkscabocjl. Rlsuotc`ds aulstrck qul lo prdhlsd `l ecbrghchgøk hcusc lagsgdkls co cgrl y cfuc lk ukc acfkgtu` y plogfrdsg`c` cotc y co sulod lk acfkgtu` y plogfrdsg`c` al`gc. Xl hdkhouyl qul oc laprlsc CP\, flklrc gapchtds cabglktcols qul `lblk slr agtgfc`ds pdr uk c`lhuc`d sgstlac oc flstgøk. ^cocbrcs Hocvl: Lvcouchgøk cabglktco, altcoalhãkghc, actrgz `l Oldpdo`. GKPRD@\HHGØK Oc gk`ustrgc altcoalhãkghc hdkstgtuyl ukd `l ods pgocrls euk`calktcols pcrc lo `lscrrdood lhdkøaghd y sdhgco lk zdkcs rurcols, urbckcs y urbckcs acrfgkcols `l ods pcásls Y(EOCHXD, Y (EOCHXD, 2>3>, Zcrdr, 2>>>)Q 2>>>)Q Lo vcodr cfrlfc`d qul rlhgblk ods prd`uhtds y hdkvlrtgrsl lk bglkls `l hcpgtco ls gapdrtcktl lk oc lhdkdaác `lo Lhuc`dr (^RDLH\C@DR, 2>33) 2>33).. C plscr `lo cvckhl tlhkdoøfghd, lk oc acydrác `l aghrd, plqulóc y al`gckcs laprlscs AG^WALX, cúk plrsgstl lo trcbcjd crtlsckco qul gk`ustrgco9 `dk`l oc hcog`c` y cabglktl ls celhtc`d (EOCHXD, 2>3>) prd`uhtd 2>3>) prd`uhtd `l ods rlsg`uds flklrc`ds y lo lxhlsgvd hdksuad `l rlhursds kcturcols, qul pul`lk hdkstgtugrsl lk cflktls `l `ltlrgdrd `lo al`gd cabglktl, rlstck`d sustlktcbgog`c` co hrlhgaglktd lhdkøaghd (Zcrdr,2>>>).. Oc capogc fcac `l prd`uhtds qul flklrc lo slhtdr altcoalhãkghd `lplk`l (Zcrdr,2>>>) bãsghcalktl `l oc sgtuchgøk lhdkøaghc `lo pcás. Hcsd pcrtghuocr `l lstc gk`ustrgc lk lo Lhuc`dr ls qul lstl `gvlrsgeghc`d slhtdr hrlhgø lk uk prdal`gd `lo 6% ckuco mcstc lo 2>38, plrd `ls`l lo 2>30 rlfgstrc ukc rcolktgzchgøk, `dk`l lo hrlhgaglktd sl `lschlolrø y søod cohckzø lo 0% y kd hrlhlrã lstç 2>3>>>> tdkloc`cs co prd`uhhgøk cód, plrd hrll qullolsc pu`glrc 2>3>>3>). 2>3>). Lo hdkjuktd `l prdbolacs `lbl juzfcrsl pcrc ukc gktlfrchgøk `l flstgøk, prd`uhhgøk y al`gd cabglktl hdad rczdkls qul hdodhck lk alrhc`ds slfurds (^+O) c ad`d `l lstrctlfgc sustlktcbol lkedhc`c c prdhlsds y prd`uhtds `l hcog`c` (Drtázck` Grczurrcbczltc, 2>>3) 2>>3). Oc laprlsc CP\ ‟Crtáhuods `l. Chlrd X.C:‑, hctcodfc`c hdad al`gckc laprlsc `l chulr`d c (Hdrrlc, 2>33), 2>33), sl ubghc lk lo @gstrgtd Altrdpdogtckd `l Sugtd (@.A.S.). Oc laprlsc ls gapdrtcktl lk lo `lscrrdood lhdkøaghd-sdhgco `lo slhtdr y `lo pcás. Xgk labcrfd, pdr su ubghchgøk y prdhlsd flklrc gapchtds klfctgvds co al`gd cabglktl y pdr lkhdktrcrsl ubghc`c lk oc zdkc rlsg`lkhgco urbckc. Oc hdktcagkchgøk aãs lvg`lktl lk lstl tgpd `l laprlscs ls lo rug`d, slfug`d `l `lslhmds søog`ds kd plogfrdsds l lagsgdkls `l fcsls, `lshcrfcs oáqug`cs c leoulktls y egkcoalktl `lslhmds søog`ds plogfrdsds (Sulzc`c, 2>32). 2>32). Xlfúk lo prd`uhtd egkco ods rlhursds utgogzc`ds sdk vcrgc`ds y hdk lood lo frc`d `l hdktcagkchgøk. Oc sdstlkgbgog`c` cabglktco `l oc chtgvg`c` lstã lk rglsfd. Oc ecotc `l hdkshglkhgc pcrc dptgagzcr y agtgfcr ods lelhtds klfctgvds co cabglktl cfrcvc cúk aãs lo prdbolac lk td`d lo pcás. ^dr tco adtgvd, ls klhlscrgd uk hdkhlptd `l flstgøk qul drglktl y vcodrl prãhtghcs prd`uhtgvcs y cabglktcols lk oc laprlsc altcoalhãkghc, hdk lo egk `l prdtlflr ods rlhursds kcturcols y cagfcbols hdk lo cabglktl. Oc chtgvg`c` altcoalhãkghc lk lo Lhuc`dr Xlfúk oc lkhulstc `l ackuechturc `lo 2>>6 locbdrc`c pdr lo GKLH, oc plqulóc y al`gckc laprlsc (^WALX) altcoalhãkghc pdsll ukc frck pcrtghgpchgøk `l dbrlrds, od huco rlprlslktc uk 63% `lo tdtco `l trcbcjc`drls, aglktrcs qul ods lapolc`ds y `ulóds `l ocs laprlscs hdrrlspdk`lk lo 26 % y 2% rlsplhtgvcalktl (EOCHXD, 2>3>). 2>3>). Xlfúk lo `dhualktd, lo tdtco `l trcbcjc`drls `lo slhtdr altcoalhãkghd suack 7005< dbrlrds, `l ods hucols lo =6, , 2>3>, oc gk`ustrgc altcoalhãkghc `lo Lhuc`dr cpdrtø hdk 23808 lapolds lk =>36 laprlscs, laprlscs, `l ocs hucols 6=53 hdrrlspdk`lk c oc aghrd laprlsc y ls lstã oc qul flklrc oc acydr hcktg`c` `l trcbcjd, hdk uk pdrhlktcjl lk vlktcs alkdr co 2,2% 3>>%

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Egfurc 3: Xgtuchgøk 3: Xgtuchgøk `l oc gk`ustrgc altcoalhãkghc lk lo Lhuc`dr Oc prlslkhgc sgfkgeghctgvc y flklrchgøk `l lapold `l oc aghrdlaprlsc ls hdktrc`ghtdrgd c ocs vlktcs flklrc`cs. ^uls, su pcrtghuocrg`c` `l crtlsckco y oc hcog`c` `l sus prd`uhtds y slrvghgds oc mchlk vuoklrcbol y `l subsgstlkhgc.

 

Klhlsg`c` `l flstgøk cabglktco lk oc gk`ustrgc altcoalhãkghc lhuctdrgckc @ls`l lo cód 3777, sl vgsouabrc lk oc Hdkstgtuhgøk uk gktlrçs lk ods tlacs cabglktcols, qul sl vc pocsack`d lk oc Oly `l Flstgøk Cabglktco, aãs tcr`l lk P\OC mdy P\OXAC qul ls lo Plxtd \kgeghc`d `l oc Olfgsochgøk Xlhuk`crgc `lo Agkgstlrgd `lo Cabglktl `dk`l sl rlúkl td`cs ocs olyls rlochgdkc`cs c oc prdtlhhgøk `l ods rlhursds kcturcols. Lo pcsd aãs `lhgsgvd lk lstc actlrgc sl `c lk oc Hdkstgtuhgøk `lo 2>>=, `dk`l pdr prgalrc vlz sl rlhdkdhlk ods @lrlhmds `l oc Kcturcolzc y sl hrlck gkstckhgcs pcrc rlsdovlr ods prdbolacs cabglktcols: c`agkgstrctgvc, ju`ghgco, gktlrkchgdkco. Lk oc vác ju`ghgco c aãs `l oc hgvgo y `l oc plkco sl lstcbolhlk ocs Uács hdad: oc Chhgøk `l ^rdtlhhgøk, Chhgøkpdr `lGkhuapogaglktd mcblcs Hdrpus,y  Chhgøk `l Chhlsd c oc Hdkstgtuhgdkcols Gkedrachgøk ^úboghc, Chhgøk `l ` l Mcblcs @ctc, Chhgøk  Chhgøk Lxtrcdr`gkcrgc `l ` l ^rdtlhhgøk. Lktrl çstcs, oc Uác `l ^rdtlhhgøk ls oc aãs `grlhtc y rãpg`c huck`d hdad plrsdkcs kcturcols scblads qul cofúk prdylhtd ctlktc hdktrc lo cabglktl. Oc Oly `l Flstgøk Cabglktco y lk lo Plxtd \kgeghc`d `l Olfgsochgøk Xlhuk`crgc `lo Agkgstlrgd `lo  Cabglktl P\OXAC, sl lstcbolhl lk lo Hctcodfd `l hctlfdrgzchgøk cabglktco kchgdkco, huctrd hctlfdrács slfúk lo gapchtd y rglsfd cabglktco lk: Gapchtds kd sgfkgeghctgvds, gapchtds bcjds, gapchtds al`gds y `l gapchtds cotds (Agkgstlrgd `lo Cabglktl, C abglktl, 2>389 Drtgz, U.9 Rd`ráfulz, P. 2>30). Oc hctlfdrgzchgøk cabglktco kchgdkco, ls uk prdhlsd `l hlrtgeghchgøk y oghlkhgcaglktd cabglktco, `l ods prdylhtds, dbrcs d chtgvg`c`ls c kgvlo kchgdkco, lk eukhgøk `l ocs hcrchtlrástghcs pcrtghuocrls `l çstds y `l ods gapchtds klfctgvds qul flklrck co cabglktl y qul td`cs ods prdylhtds dbrcs d chtgvg`c`ls c `lscrrdoocrl sl lk lo pcás, `lblrãk sdaltlrsl co prdhlsd `l hlrtgeghchgøk y oghlkhgcaglktd cabglktco, hdkedral co prdhlsd `l hctlfdrgzchgøk cabglktco kchgdkco (X\GC, 2>38) Xlfúk lo ogstc`d ukgeghc`d `l rlfuocrgzchgøk `dk`l `ltlragkc ods gapchtds y rglsfds cabglktcols pcrc oc locbdrchgøk `l lstruhturcs altãoghcs y `l eãbrghcs pcrc altcoalhãkghc, lstãk hocsgeghc`cs lk hctlfdrác GG y qul lstãk lstãk hdksg`lrc`cs `l bcjd gapchtd (HHCK, 2>309 Uçolz, A., 2>3338). Xgk labcrfd, lstd kd sl coljc `l hcuscr gapchtds cabglktcols, pldr cúk `dk`l lk ods prdhlsds gk`ustrgcols flklrck rug`d, hdktcagkchgøk c ceoulktls `l søog`ds, oáqug`ds y fcsls c oc ctadselrc prd`uhtd `l pgktc`d, hdabustgøk, euk`ghgøk, sulo`cs lktrl ods prgkhgpcols, hcsd `l oc gk`ustrgc altcoalhãkghc. Dbjltgvd flklrco  flklrco   Ckcogzcr ods gapchtds cabglktcols dhcsgdkc`ds pdr oc laprlsc altcoalhãkghc CP\ ‟Crtáhuods `l  Chlrd X.C‑, l gktlfrcroc hdk oc flstgøk y prd`uhhgøk pcrc cohckzcr alrhc`ds slfurds (^+O), hdad

lstrctlfgc drglktc`drc mchgc prdhlsds y prd`uhtds `l hcog`c`. ALPD@DODFÁC Lo Lstu`gd sl rlcogzø lk oc laprlsc CP\, ubghc`c lk oc Hgu`c` `l Sugtd, Lhuc`dr, egfurc 2. Oc laprlsc lstã `l`ghc`c c oc prd`uhhgøk `l aulbols `l Deghgkc, mdfcr y deghgkc, slfúk oc egfurc 8.

Egfurc 2. Laprlsc CP\. Sugtd

Egfurc 8. Oáklcs `l prd`uhhgøk `l CP\

 

^crc `lscrrdoocr oc Lvcouchgøk `l Gapchtd Cabglktco (LGC), sl utgogzck hrgtlrgds y pcrãaltrds qul cslfurck g`lktgeghcr, vcodrcr y lvcoucr ods gapchtds pdsgtgvds y klfctgvds `l oc laprlsc altcoalhãkghc CP\ ‟Crtáhuods `l Chlrd X.C.‑, X. C.‑, `l chulr`d c ocs chtgvg`c`ls `l oc egfurc e gfurc 0.   RLH\RXD X\LOD

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 Egfurc 0: ^rdpulstc altd`doøfghc `l gkvlstgfchgøk Ocs aulstrcs søog`cs sdk coachlkc`cs tlapdrcoalktl cklxd c oc eãbrghc, pcrc oulfd slr rlhghoc`cs d lkvgc`cs ods flstdrls cabglktcols pcrc su `lbg`d trctcaglktd. ^crc ocs aulstrcs oáqug`cs sl utgogzck lkvcsls poãstghds `l hglrrl eãhgo y mlraçtghd tdac`ds c oc lktrc`c `l ods ceoulktls. Oc vcodrchgøk `l `lslhmds oáqug`ds lk eãbrghc pcrc pM, sl utgogzø uk lqugpd acrhc Mckkc y `l agklrcols al`gcktl açtd`d ACK/C^MC Ad`geghc`d y hdodrgaçtrghd ALRHI y MCHM. Lo hcu`co al`gcktl cedrd ad`geghc`d. Oc tlaplrcturc sl ag`gø al`gcktl tlraøaltrd `gfgtco acrhc MCKKC. ^crc lo hcsd `l fcsls sl utgogzø uk lqugpd ckcogzc`dr gk`ustrgco `l fcsls `l hdabustgøk, L-gkstrualkt 00>>. Ocs al`ghgdkls `l rug`d sl rlcogzcrdk lk oc pocktc `dk`l sl ubghck ãrlcs `l adtdrls, sulo`cs, hdrtls, al`gcktl lo usd `l uk sdkøaltrd acrhc, L]PLHM Gkstrualkts. Xlrgl: LGH 0>668>, rckfd lktrl 25 c 38> `B (C). Lk oc egfurc sgfuglktl sl gk`ghc ods puktds `dk`l sl flklrck hdktcagkcktls. Lk oc egfurc a

COACHLKCAGLKPD

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Ac`lrcs csglktds y lspco`crls 35>ukg`c`ls

Xuprcslh 66 ^dogurltckd > >>> a2 `l actlrgcols pcrc dbtlklr crtáhuods `l deghgkcs if, `l mdfcr x if y x if., `l mdfcr. Xl lstgac qul oc hcktg`c` `l `lslhmds ls `l x if y qul lk su acydrác sdk lkvgc`ds c rlhghocjl lk lo hcsd `l altcols y co rlúsd rlsg`uds `l lspdkjcs y tlocs. Rlsg`uds `l pgkturcs, sulo`cs, cfucs `l ogapglzc `l pgkturc y edsectgzc`d pcrc logagkcr gapurlzcs y øxg`ds `lo altco lk lo tckqul `l trctcaglktd pcrc oulfd slr gkhdrpdrc`cs co hcu`co `lo rgd.

 

\kc vlz g`lktgeghc`ds ods gapchtds cabglktcols y mchglk`d usd `l oc actrgz Oldpdo` ( Cbloock, 2>>5), sl prdhl`gø c vcodrcr hucogtctgvcalktl `l chulr`d c ods `gelrlktls átlas, hdksg`lrck`d 2>>5), csplhtds `lo FRC@D FRC@D @L GA^DRPCKHGC, `l chulr`d c oc tcboc 3. Pcboc 3. Actrgz `l Oldpdo`. ACPRGZ @L G@LKPGEGHCHGØK W LUCO\CHGØK @L GA^CHPDX CABGLKPCOLX @lshrgphgøk `loprdylhtd: ^ghmgkhmc, @.A.S., Bcrrgd @ds^ulktls 36/2>38 O\FCR:

Kdabrl `loprdylhtd: LGC Laprlsc altcoalhãkghc hc CP\ " Crtáhuods ds `l Chlrd X.C." Elhmc: ECHPDRLXCABGLKPCOLX

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Xl lstcbolhl qul lo gapchtd cabglktco ls `l hcrãhtlr slvlrd, hdk oc hdksg`lrchgøk qul sl `lblk mchlr hdrrlhhgdkls lk ocs ltcpcs `l prdhlsd `dk`l acydr celhhgøk co cabglktl sl flklrc slfúk oc egfurc 6.

Egfurc 6. Ãrlcs hrátghcs `l acydr hdktcagkchgøk cabglktco lk oc laprlsc CP\ Gapchtd cabglktco slvlrd, gapoghc qul oc rlhuplrchgøk kd prlhgsc prãhtghcs prdtlhtdrcs d hdrrlhtdrcs gktlksgvcs y oc hdkslhuhgøk `l ocs hdk`ghgdkls cabglktcols gkghgcols rlquglrl hglrtd tglapd. Xgk labcrfd, ls gapdrtcktl rlhcohcr qul lxgstlk csplhtds pdsgtgvds co cabglktl yc qul ls lo prgkhgpco adtdr `l flklrchgøk `l trcbcjd lsplhgcoalktl pcrc plrsdkcs qul vgvlk col`cócs c oc laprlsc.

 

^crc vcodrcr hucktgtctgvcalktl oc hdktcagkchgøk cabglktco sl lstcbolhgø egfurcs `dk`l sl aulstrck lo frc`d `l celhhgøk tcktd `l fcsls lk ods `gelrlktls mdrkds `l oc eãbrghc. Al`g`cs `l lagsgdkls `l fcsls

30>

   k     ø    g 32>    h    c    k    g 3>>    a    c    t =>    k    d 5>    h    l     ` 0>     `    c 2>     `    g    t    k >    c    H

Adkøxg`d `l hcrbdkd (ppa) @gøxg`d `l czuerl (ppa)

MDRKD @L XLHC@D

MDRKD 3

MDRKD 2

Øxg`ds `l kgtrøflkd (ppa) Actlrgco pcrtghuoc`d (af/Ka¸)

MDRKD 8

Egfurc =. Lagsgdkls `l fcsls lk eulktls egjcs @l ods huctrd mdrkds lstu`gc`ds rlelrlktl c ocs lagsgdkls `l fcsls, lo mdrkd 3 ls lo qul acydr hdktcagkc rlsplhtd c oc lagsgøk `l czuerl y øxg`ds `l kgtrøflkd. Oc lagsgøk `l adkøxg`d `l hcrbdkd sl drgfgkc lk lo mdrkdoc `l slhc`d y oc hdktcagkchgøk actlrgco pcrtghuoc`d lk td`ds ods mdrkds. Xgk labcrfd, slfúk kdrac kdrac lhuctdrgckc kgkfukd `l`l lstc hdktcagkchgøk suplrc lo oáagtl plragtg`d. Flklrchgøk `l rug`d Lo usd `l actlrgcols hdad lo altco lk `gelrlktls tgpds, `galksgdkls, lsplsdr, lth, qul rlquglrl lo prdhlsd gk`ustrgco, csá hdad `l hdrtls y sulo`cs pcrc oc ecbrghchgøk, sl flklrc rug`d lk td`c oc eãbrghc. ^dr tco adtgvd sl rlcogzø oc al`ghgøk `lo rug`d, huyds rlsuotc`ds `l aulstrck lk oc egfurcs 7 y 3>.

Al`ghgøk `l rug`d `gurkc 6>,> ,> 8>,> 3>,> ^uktd 3

^uktd 2

O Clq (`B)

^uktd 8

O Cl edk`d (`B)

^uktd 0

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Egfurc 7. Rug`d flklrc`d `urcktl lo `ác lk `gelrlktls puktds `l oc eãbrghc

 

Al`ghgøk `l rug`d kdhturkc 6> 8> 3> ^uktd 3

^uktd 2

O Clq (`B)

^uktd 8

^uktd 0

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Egfurc 3>. Rug`d flklrc`d lk oc kdhml lk `gelrlktls puktds `l oc eãbrghc

 

Oc flklrchgøk `l rug`d tcktd lk lo `ác y oc kdhml kd sdbrlpcsc ods oáagtls plragsgbols qul ls `l 6< `B, cjustãk`dsl c ods kdracs cabglktcols `lo @gstrgtd altrdpdogtckd `l Sugtd y Olyls cabglktcols `lo Lhuc`dr. @lshcrfcs oáqug`cs Pcboc 2. ^crãaltrds `l hdktrdo `l rlsg`uds oáqug`ds ^CRÃALPRDX pM Plaplrcturc Hcu`co

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Egfurc 33. Kgvlols `l hdktcagkcktls prlslktls lk `lshcrfcs oáqug`cs HDKHO\XGDKLX 3.

Lk oc laprlsc CP\ `l chulr`d c ods hrgtlrgds `l Lvcouchgøk `l Gapchtds Cabglktcols y slfúk oc vcodrgzchgøk dbtlkg`c lk oc Actrgz `l Oldpdo`, `dk`l lo gapchtd cabglktco ls `l hcrãhtlr AD@LRC@D klfctgvc. Xg bglk oc rlhuplrchgøk kd prlhgsc prãhtghcs prdtlhtdrcs d hdrrlhtdrcs gktlksgvcs, ls klhlscrgd hdktrdocr y prlvlkgr al`gcktl oc gapolalktchgøk c`lhuc`cs pcrc ctlkucr `ghmcs celhhgdkls.

2.

Oc laprlsc sl lkhulktrc lk ocpcrc hctlfdrác GG y lstãk hdksg`lrc`cs `l bcjd gapchtdy `dk`l td`ds ods prdylhtds, rlquglrlk su eukhgdkcaglktd `l ukc oghlkhgc cabglktco kd `l lstu`gds cabglktcols.

 

8.

0.

Lk oc eãbrghc sl g`lktgeghcrdk ãrlcs hrátghcs `l acydr hdktcagkchgøk hdad ocs `l ãrlcs `l coachlkcaglktd `l actlrgcols y hlktrd `l pcrtls, crac`ds, sulo`cs, bdk`lrgzc`d, pgkturc, tcpgzc`d, tlxturgzc`d, crac`ds, acqugkcs y mdrkds, lkscabocjl y coachlkcaglktd, td`d lstd pdr oc hcktg`c` `l pcplo, poãstghd, rug`d flklrc`d, fcsls, `lfrc`chgøk `l cfuc, lktrl dtrds. Oc laprlsc CP\ flklrc hdktcagkchgøk cabglktco, plrd slfúk oc kdrac lhuctdrgckc, lstã `lktrd `l ods oáagtls plragsgbols. ^dr od qul rlquglrl `l lstu`gds aãs prdeuk`ds y usd `l prdfrcacs pcrc lstcbolhlr lo vlr`c`lrd gapchtd cabglktco flklrc`d lk oc al`gckc laprlsc.

BGBOGDFRCEÁC HC^LG^G 2>3>. ^rdfrcac `l aljdrcaglktd hdktgkud `l oc hcog`c` y prd`uhtgvg`c` lk plqulócs y al`gckcs gk`ustrgcs `l ^ghmgkhmc. Lhuc`dr: COC@G. HDRRLC, R. 2>33. Rlfocalktd c oc lstruhturc l gkstgtuhgdkcog`c` `l `lscrrdood prd`uhtgvd, `l oc gkvlrsgøk y `l ods alhckgsads l gkstrualktds `l edalktd prd`uhtgvd, lstcbolhg`ds lk lo hø`gfd drfãkghd `l oc prd`uhhgøk, hdalrhgd l gkvlrsgdkls. 63>. Bdolták `l ckãogsgs slhtdrgco y `l AG^WALX. Hlktrd `l gkvlstgfchgdkls lhdkøaghcs y `l oc aghrd, plqulóc y al`gckc laprlscs.  Lhuc`dr: EOCHXD. OLCO, J. 2>>>3. Plk`lkhgcs `lo euturd lk lo al`gd cabglktl gk`ustrgcó. Lhdkdaác Gk`ustrgco, UG. ^RDLH\C@DR 2>33. Ckãogsgs slhtdrgco `l altcoalhãkghc. Lhuc`dr: ^RDLH\C@DR. S\LZC@C, V. @. 2>32. @gcfkøstghd y locbdrchgøk `l uk sgstlac `l flstgøk cabglktco huapoglk`d hdk oc olfgsochgøk cabglktco lhuctdrgckc vgflktl lk oc laprlsc altcoalhãkghc CP\  Crtáhuods `l Chlrd X.C.   Gkflkglrác Gk`ustrgco alkhgøk Flsgtøk `l ^rdhlsds ^rlfrc`d,

\kgvlrsg`c` Plhkdoøfghc Lqugkdhhgco. ZCRDR, H. 2>>>. Gktrd`uhhgøk c oc gkflkglrác cabglktco pcrc oc gk`ustrgc `l prdhlsds. Hdkhlphgøk, Hmgol: \kvlrsg`c` `l Hdkhlphgøk. UÇOLZ HCXCKDUC ACRFCRGPC. 2>330. EGHMC cabglktco Hlktrd Hdalrhgcols GKCS\GPD. HHG.   Sugtd.  CABGLKPCO-HHG2.p`e 

mttp://www.hhg.hda.lh/wp-hdktlkt/upodc`s/2>30/>2/EGHMC-

X\GC, 2>38. Hctlfdrác gv gkhousgøk c oc oghlkhgc cabglktco. Xgstlac Úkghd `l Gkedrachgøk Cabglktco X\GC. Agkgstlrgd `lo cabglktl. mttp://coerlshd.cabglktl.fdb.lh:=>75/coerlshd/`/`/wdrispchl/XpchlsXtdrl/b02`8e76-258=0l0h-70b7-5l>66b`c`h77/GKHO\XGDKTCTOGHLKHGCTCABGLKPCOTGU.p`e . Sugtd.