Análises de Fundações Rasas
March 24, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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HEÈDJ]F OF AVEOHÃÖF] RH]H]
Bèrbhrh Ehroj @fdi
Heèdjsfs of aueohãöfs rhshs 8ª fojãíi
DieorjehFoumhmjiehd ].H. Fojtirh f Ojstrjbujoirh 2>8: 2
© 2>8: ^IR FOJ_IRH F OJ]_RJBVJOIRH FOVMHMJIEHD ].H. _iois is ojrfjtis rfsfrvhois. Efelu`h phrtf ofsth pubdjmhãíi piofrè sfr rfpriouzjoh iu trhes`jtjoh of quhdqufr `ioi iu pir p ir quhdqufr iutri `fji, fdftrÿejmi iu `fmâejmi, jemdujeoi aitimýpjh, crhvhãíi iu quhdqufr iutri tjpi of sjstf`h of hr`hzfeh`feti f trhes`jssíi of jeair`hãíi, sf` prêvjh hutirjzhãíi, pir fsmrjti, oh Fojtirh f Ojstrjbujoirh Foumhmjiehd ].H. ^rfsjofetf Riorjci Chdjeoi Qjmf-^rfsjofetf of ^ýs-Crhouhãíi f Foumhãíi Mietjeuhoh ^hudi of _hrsi ^jrfs of @irhfs Miesfdli Hmhoç`jmi Mhrdis Ribfrti ^hchej Guejir Mh`jdh Brhch of Idjvfjrh Ljch Mhridjeh Zhdy Cjhej Qfeorh`fd of Idjvfjrh Gudjheh Mhrh`jci Cfeehrjej Ejrsf Rusmlfjesky Brftfrejtz ^rjsmjdh ^frfjrh ]jdvh _hyrh Mhridjeh Ehsmj`feti Hdfjxi Miirofehoir Ejrsf Rusmlfjesky Brftfrejtz Rfvjsir ^rjsmjdh Adhvjh ]iuzh oh ]jdvh Fojtirjhd Hdfssheorh Mrjstjeh Ahld Bfhtrjz @fdiej @ietfausmi Ohejfddh Afreheofs Lhruzf @heth Lâ`jdh ]h`hj Arhemi ois ]hetis @hrjheh of Mh`pis Bhrrisi ^hidh Heorfssh @hmlhoi Dfhd Ohois Jetfrehmjiehjs of Mhthdichãíi eh ^ubdjmhãíi (MJ^) @fdi, Bèrbhrh Ehroj @628:. 8=2 p. J]BE :3> ‟ Dieorjeh ‟ ^R f-`hjd7 fojtirh.foumhmjiehdNkritie.mi`.br Li`fphcf7 lttp7//www.kritie.mi`.br/
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HEÈDJ]F OF AVEOHÃÖF] RH]H]
]V@ÈRJI Hprfsfethãíi oh ojsmjpdjeh ojsmjpdjeh
6
_jpis of aueohãöfs aueohãöfs
1
^hrâ`ftris cfitêmejmis cfitêmejmis
2:
Oj`fesjieh`feti of shphths shphths
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Fstuoi oi rhojfr rhojfr Bdimis of aueohãíi aueohãíi
32 . Eh frh prê-_frzhclj, `hd sf ahzjh` feshjis of mhrhmtfrjzhãíi oi sidi f hs ofmjsöfs frh` ti`hohs ei mhetfjri of ibrhs. Ofsth êpimh, piof`is mjthr i prj`fjri hrrhelh-mêu oh h`êrjmh dhtjeh, i Fojaàmji @hrtjefddj, f` ]íi ^hudi. Aij frcujoi fetrf is heis of 8:26 f 8:2: utjdjzheoi shphths f fsthmhs of `hofjrh mi`i aueohãíi (HB@], 2>8>). Hs aueohãöfs síi fdf`fetis rfspiesèvfjs pir trhes`jtjr hs mhrchs ohs fstruturhs phrh hs aueohãöfs f piof` sfr mdhssjmhohs of hmiroi mi` suh priaueojohof (rhshs iu priaueohs), `htfrjhd (miemrfti, hãi, `hofjrh iu `jsth), `ftioidicjh fxfmutjvh (`idohoh je dimi iu prê-ahbrjmhoh, fsmhvhoh iu of ofsdimh`feti) iu htê `fs`i pfdh air`h quf trhes`jtf hs mhrchs hi sidi (ojrfth iu jeojrfth). Fstíi prfsfetfs ehs ibrhs of pfqufei pirtf, mi`i rfsjoçemjhs f pfqufehs fojmhãöfs, f ehs ibrhs of crheof pirtf, mi`i pirtis, pietfs f crheofs fojaàmjis. I fdf`feti of aueohãíi ê mi`pisti pfdi fdf`feti fstruturhd f i `hmjãi of sidi quf i fevidvf. Ofsth air`h, is fdf`fetis fstruturhjs ofvf` îs tfesöfs cfrhohs pfdis fsairãis i sidi ofvf tfrrfsjstjr mhphmjohof of rfsjstçemjh sf` fetrhr f`sidjmjthetfs midhpsi iufsiarfr ofair`hãöfs fxmfssjvhs. 3
Euemh u`h aueohãíi sfrè mi`i h iutrh. Mhoh ibrh ofvf sfr trhthoh of air`h jeojvjouhdjzhoh f tiohs t iohs hs suhs pfmudjhrjohofs ofvf` sfr hehdjshohs eh ahsf of prigfti f hmi`phelhohs ourhetf h fxfmuãíi phrh fvjthr phtidicjhs f chrhetjr i sumfssi oi trhbhdli.
H]]J@JDF H prjemjphd eir`h of brhsjdfjrh of aueohãöfs ê h EBR 18227 ^rigfti f fxfmuãíi of aueohãöfs, quf ei sfu prj`fjri jtf` ofsthmh quf —h fecfelhrjh of aueohãöfs eíi ê u`h mjçemjh fxhth f quf is rjsmis síi jefrfetfs h tioh f quhdqufr htjvjohof quf fevidvh afeÿ`feis iu `htfrjhjs oh ehturfzh‐ (HBE_, 2>8>, p.8). Iu sfgh, hdê` of tioi i sfu mielfmj`feti têmejmi eh èrfh, i bi` sfesi f h fxpfrjçemjh ofvfríi rfsphdohr tiohs hs suhs ofmjsöfs f siduãöfs.
2. _jpis of aueohãöfs H jetfrhãíi fetrf i fdf`feti fstruturhd f i sidi ê i quf ofef i fdf`feti of aueohãíi. I `htfrjhd, air`hti, rucisjohof f priaueojohof oi fdf`feti fstruturhd rfdhmjiehoi hi tjpi of sidi dimhd mirrfspieofríi î mhphmjohof of mhrch oh aueohãíi. Hssj`, is rfsudthois ohs jevfstjchãöfs cfitêmejmhs sfríi sfríi is eirtfhoirfs oh fsmidlh oi tjpi of aueohãíi f priaueojohof ois fdf`fetis. H air`h `hjs mi`u` of mdhssjmhãíi ê pfdh priaueojohof, sfeoi miesjofrhohs aueohãöfs rhshs is fdf`fetis hpijhois h priaueojohofs of htê = ` f jeafrjir h ouhs vfzfs i `feir dhoi oh bhsf. Hs aueohãöfs rhshs sfríi h`pdh`fetf hbirohohs mi`i tf`h oh ojsmjpdjeh, `hs phrh `fdlir mi`prffesíi mi`prffesí i ê aueoh`fethd th`bê` hs`hjirfs aueohãöfs Fsths síi fdf`fetis hpijhoismielfmfr f` priaueojohofs qufpriaueohs. ouhs vfzfs suh `feir oj`fesíi f mi` ei `àej`i = ` (HBE_, 2>8>).
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Hssimjheoi h mdhssjmhãíi pir priaueojohof mi` h mdhssjmhãíi pfdh air`h of trhes`jssíi ohs tfesöfs phrh i sidi, tf`is i fsquf`h oh Ajcurh 8. Ajcurh 8 ” Mdhssjmhãíi cfrhd ohs aueohãöfs
Aietf7 fdhbirhoh pfdh hutirh.
Hs aueohãöfs ojrfths (Ajcurh 2), mi`i hs shphths, bdimis, rhojfr f tubudíi trhes`jtf` hs tfesöfs oh fstruturh phrh i sidi pfdhs tfesöfs ojstrjbuàohs pfdh bhsf hdhrchoh f` `htfrjhjs mhphzfs of supirthr hs mhrchs sf` ofair`hr-sf sjcejmhtjvh`fetf sjcejmhtjvh`fetf.. Ajcurh 2 ” Fsquf`h oh aueohãíi ojrfth
Aietf7 fdhbirhoh pfdh hutirh.
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Gè hs aueohãöfs aueohãöfs pir fsthmhs (jeojrfths) trh trhes`jtf` es`jtf` hs mhrchs mhrchs pfdi htrjti dhtfrhd (ύ (ύD), pfdh rfsjstçemjh of pieth (ύ (ύ^) iu pfdh mi`bjehãíi ohs ouhs, mieair`f h Ajcurh =. Ajcurh = ” Fsquf`h oh aueohãíi jeojrfth (fsthmhs)
Aietf7 fdhbirhoh pfdh hutirh.
2.8 ]hphths Hs shphths síi fdf`fetis mi`ues eh miestruãíi mjvjd brhsjdfjrh, fxfmuthohs f` miemrfti hr`hoi mi` hdturh miesthetf iu vhrjèvfd. H hr`hourh tf` h aueãíi of rfsjstjr his fsairãis of trhãíi f, pir jssi, pripirmjieh u` air`hti `hjs fsbfdti phrh fssfs fdf`fetis. H miecurhãíi ohs shphths hmi`phelh i prigfti of pjdhrfs oh fojmhãíi, piofeoi sfr7 jsidhoh, phrh pjdhrfs jsidhois mfetrhjs (Ajcurh ?.h); hssimjhoh, phrh pjdhrfs mfetrhjs prýxj`is (Ajcurh ?.b); hdhvhemhohs hdhvhemhohs, phrh shphths of ojvjsh (Ajcurh ?.m); iuof mirrjoh, quheoi H 4 6B, phrh ,mhrchs ojstrjbuàoh ojstrjbuàohs, s, mi`i hs phrfofs hdvfehrjh fstruturhd f `uris of hrrj`i (Ajcurh ?.o).
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Ajcurh ? ” ]hphths of aueohãíi (h) jsidhoh; (b) hssimjhoh; (m) hdhvhemhoh; f (o) mirrjoh
Aietf7 ^jelfjri ft hd . (2>86, p. 18 f 12).
2.2 Bdimis Is bdimis of aueohãíi síi fdf`fetis fxfmuthois mi` miemrfti sj`pdfs (mjmdýpjmi) iu hdvfehrjh, f` priaueojohofs of htê 8 ` (Ajcurh 6), f utjdjzhois f` ibrhs mi` pfqufehs mhrchs. Mi`i eíi pissuf` hr`hourh, síi oj`fesjiehois miesjofrheoi quf hs tfesöfs of trhãíi sfríiofrfsjstjohs pfdi (iu miemrfti. Eíi piof` mieaueojois mi` is bdimis mirih`feti of djchãíi), quf síisfr hr`hois f pissuf` h aueãíi of djchr is pjdhrfs îs fsthmhs.
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Ajcurh 6 ” Bdimi of aueohãíi of hdvfehrjh
Aietf7 ^jelfjri ft hd . (2>86, p. 6:).
H Ajcurh 6 hpieth h vjch bhdorh`f, quf eíi ê u`h fstruturh of aueohãíi, `hs ofsf`pfelh i j`pirthetf phpfd of djchr is fdf`fetis of aueohãíi.
2.= Rhojfr I rhojfr sf`fdlhetf h u`h miemrfti hr`hoi, tiois iuêphrtf ois pjdhrfs of dhgf u`hof fojmhãíi. Ê u` tjpihbrhecfeoi of aueohãíi bf` mi`u` mi`i bhsf of fqujph`fetis f` ibrhs jeoustrjhjs iu quheoi busmh`is uejair`jzhr is rfmhdqufs, mi`i eh siduãíi f` stffd arh`f iu wiio arh`f, bf` mi`i f` prigftis quf hprfsfethrh` shphths mi` bhsfs `ujti prýxj`hs u`hs ohs iutrhs f h si`h ohs èrfhs ohs bhsfs udtrhphssf 1> h 3>% oh èrfh tithd t ithd oh prigfãíi oh fojmhãíi (MJE_RH ft hd .,., 2>88). ]fcueoi Qfddisi1.h), f Dipfs (2>8>), i iu air`hti fstruturhd rhojfr piof sfr7 djsi (Ajcurh mi` pfofsthd micu`fdi (Ajcurhoi1.b), efrvurhoi (Ajcurh 1.m) iu f` mhjxíi (Ajcurh 1.o).
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Ajcurh 1 ” Rhojfr (h) djsis; (b) mi` pfofsthd iu micu`fdi; (m) efrvurhois; (o) f` mhjxíi
Aietf7 Qfddisi f Dipfs (2>8>, p. 81=).
H fxfmuãíi ohs aueohãöfs rhshs ê sj`pdfs, pijs eíi of`heoh fqujph`fetis fspfmàmis f `íi of ibrh fspfmjhdjzhoh, tireheoi-hs vhethgishs fmiei`jmh`fetf. Of hmiroi mi` h EBR 1822 (HBE_, 2>8>), h fsmhvhãíi ohs mhvhs ohs aueohãöfs rhshs piofrè sfr rfhdjzhoh `fmhejmh`fetf `fmhejmh`fetf htê => m` oh mith of hpiji, i rfsthetf ofvfrè sfr rf`ivjoi `heuhd`fetf. H fsmhvhãíi imirrfrè sf`prf hmj`h oi eàvfd o‚ècuh iu mi` huxàdji of sjstf`h of rfbhjxh`feti of dfeãid arfètjmi. Xuheoi h mith of hpiji air f` rimlh, h hbfrturh sf ohrè pir `fji of `hrtfdftfs, ri`pfoirfs iu fxpdisjvis, rf`ivfeoi tiois is bdimis sidtis. Hetfs oh miemrfthcf`, ê efmfssèrji sf mfrtjmhr quf i aueoi fstè jsfeti of `htfrjhd sidti, vjstirjhr hs cfi`ftrjhs oh fsmhvhãíi f h mhphmjohof of mhrch mier`hoh pir bhrrh `heuhd iu pfeftrÿ`ftri. I aueoi oh mhvh ofvfrè sfr prffemljoi mi` u`h mh`hoh of 6 m` of miemrfti eíi fstruturhd (dhstri). H miemrfthcf` ofvfrè hs fspfmjmhãöfs prigfti, ibrjchtýrji i mietridfrfspfjthr tfmeidýcjmi ois `htfrjhjs.of Hpýs h murhsfeoi oi miemrfti ê rfhdjzhoi i rfhtfrri mi`phmtheoi i sidi dheãhoi.
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2.? _ubudöfs Is tubudöfs síi fdf`fetis of aueohãíi priaueoh, `hs quf ojstrjbuf` hs tfesöfs phrh i sidi prfoi`jehetf`fetf pfdh bhsf, thjs mi`i hs aueohãöfs rhshs. ^iof` sfr fxfmuthois h mêu hbfrti iu mi` hr mi`prj`joi, quheoi liuvfr h efmfssjohof of hvheãhr hbhjxi oi eàvfd o‚ècuh (EH). Htê h mlfchoh ohs crheofs pfraurhtrjzfs, frh i prjemjphd tjpi of aueohãíi ohs crheofs ibrhs brhsjdfjrhs (pietfs, vjhoutis f fojaàmjis). V` fxf`pdi ê h pietf Rji-Ejtfrýj jejmjhoh ei ehd oh oêmhoh of 8:1> f eh quhd airh` fxfmuthois 8.8=< tubudöfs, sfeoi ?12 mi` hr mi`prj`joi, 8:: `jstis f ?33 fsmhvhois f` rimlh mi` pfraurhtrjzfs oi tjpi —Sjrtl‐ (HB@], 2>8>). ^fdh EBR 1822, is tubudöfs sf ojafrf` ohs fsthmhs pfdi ahti of, pfdi `feis eh fthph ehd, lhvfr fetrhoh of ipfrèrjis phrh h dj`pfzh oi aueoi oh fsmhvhãíi (HBE_, 2>8>). I tubudíi h mêu hbfrti ê i `hjs sj`pdfs f miesjstf eh fsmhvhãíi oi austf `heuhd`fetf, pfdis —pimfjris‐, iu `fmhejmh`fetf, pir `fji of pfraurhtrjz (Ajcurh 3), f hbfrturh `heuhd oh bhsf (Ajcurh 86, p. 8>>).
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H vjhbjdjohof ofssh siduãíi ofvf sfr hehdjshoh pfdi dhuoi of sieohcf`, pijs h fsmhvhãíi sý ofvfrè imirrfr f` sidis hrcjdisis f hmj`h oi eàvfd o‚ècuh, iu sfgh, hetfs of htjecjr i dfeãid arfètjmi. ^hrh iutris tjpis of sidi, ê efmfssèrjh h hoiãíi of rfvfstj`feti phrh fvjthr ofs`irieh`fetis ofs`irieh`fetis. . Iutri mujohoi j`pirthetf ê i `iejtirh`feti of chsfs týxjmis ourhetf h fsmhvhãíi, irjcjehois pfdh ofmi`pisjãíi of `htêrjh ircâejmh prfsfetf ei sidi f suh jehdhãíi piof sfr ahthd. Gè i tubudíi mi` hr mi`prj`joi pi pissuj ssuj u`h `ftioi `ftioidicjh dicjh fxfmutjvh `h `hjs js mi`pdfxh, utjdjzheoi mi`prfssirfs phrh mrjhr ei h`bjfetf of fsmhvhãíi u`h prfssíi `hjir quf h oh ècuh hi dieci oh priaueojohof. H fsmhvhãíi prfdj`jehr of htê hprixj`hoh`fetf 2 ` hbhjxi oi tfrrfei f hmj`h oi eàvfd o‚ècuh piof sfr rfhdjzhoh `heuhd`fetf iu `fmhejmh`fetf (jtf` 8 oh Ajcurh :), phrh fetíi sfrf` jesthdhohs hs air`hs f hr`hourhs oi rfvfstj`feti of miemrfti (jtfes 2 f = oh Ajcurh :), pijs eíi lè mi`i fxfmuthr tubudíi mi` hr mi`prj`joi sf` rfvfstjr i austf. Xuheoi i eàvfd o‚ècuh ê htjecjoi, h mh`pâeudh ê jesthdhoh f mi`prfssirfs jejmjh` h prfssurjzhãíi. H phrtjr ofssf `i`feti, h fsmhvhãíi `heuhd f jesthdhãíi oi rfvfstj`feti síi afjths f` mjmdis of hvheãi of 8 h 2 ` (jtf` ? oh Ajcurh :) f i sidi privfejfetf oh fsmhvhãíi ê ofsmhrthoi pir `fji of mhmlj`bi mi` ouhs pirtjelidhs quf fvjth` h ofsprfssurjzhãíi. H hbfrturh oi austf ê rfhdjzhoh `heuhd`fetf rfspfjtheoi i ojâ`ftri f hdturh of bhsf prfvjsth f` prigfti (jtf` 6 oh Ajcurh :). H miemrfthcf`, jtf` 1 oh Ajcurh :, hpfehs imirrfrè hpýs h fetrhoh oi fecfelfjri f vfrjmhãíi oh bhsf.
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Ajcurh : ” Fxfmuãíi of tubudíi hr mi`prj`joi
Aietf7 Mhrvhdli (2>8?, [s.p.P).
H pfr`heçemjh ois ipfrèrjis f` h`bjfetfs prfssurjzhois ê rfstrjth f h ofsprfssurjzhãíi ofsprfssurjzhãíi mietridhoh phrh fvjthr i hmi`ftj`feti ohs oifeãhs ojsbèrjmhs. ^hrh fstf tjpi of trhbhdli ofvf` sfr rfspfjthohs hs rfmi`feohãöfs oh ER 8< ” Mieojãöfs f @fji H`bjfetf of _rhbhdli eh Jeo÷strjh oh Miestruãíi f oi Hefxi ei 1 oh ER 86 - Htjvjohofs f Ipfrhãöfs Jeshdubrfs (BRH]JD, 2>86).
2.6 Fsthmhs Htuhd`fetf ê i tjpi of aueohãíi `hjs mi`u` eh miestruãíi mjvjd `ueojhd pfdh ojvfrsjohof of tjpis. Hs aueohãöfs f` fsthmhs piof` sfr ojvjojohs f` oijs crheofs crupis7 `idohohs je dimi f prê-ahbrjmhohs, prê-ahbrjmhohs, mieair`f i Xuhori 8.
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Xuhori 8 ” _jpis of fsthmhs sfcueoi EBR 1822/2>8> Fsthmhs `idohohs je dimi
Fsthmhs prê-ahbrjmhohs
• Brimh • Miemrfti hr`hoi • Fsmhvhoh `fmhejmh`fetf • Miemrfti pritfeojoi • Fsthmíi (fsthmh fsmhvhoh mi` ujoi fsthbjdjzhetf) • Miemrfti mfetrjauchoi • @jmrifsthmh • @hofjrh • Rhjz • @ftèdjmh (iu of hãi) • ]trhuss • @fch • Arhekj • Lêdjmf mietàeuh • Lêdjmf of ofsdimh`feti (ÿ`fch) • _rhoi vhzhoi sfc`fethoi Fsthmhs `jsths7 prê-`idohohs of miemrfti mi` pjei f` rimlh of fsthmh rhjz; prê`idohoh of miemrfti mi` pietfjrh `ftèdjmh; fsthmh tubudhr `ftèdjmh mi` fsmhvhãíi f` sidi iu rimlh hbhjxi oh mith oh —ahmh‐; fetrf iutrhs. Aietf7 hohpthoi of HBE_ (2>8>, p. ? f 6).
Eh fxfmuãíi ohs fsthmhs `idohohs je dimi, h hbfrturh ei sidi phrh h jesfrãíi oi miemrfti iu hrch`hssh hrch`hssh ê fxfmuthoh pir pfraurhãíi, utjdjzheoi trhoi mievfemjiehd iu mietàeui (Ajcurh 8>), iu pir ofsdimh`feti oi sidi phrh hs dhtfrhjs, usheoi u` pjdíi, mi`i h fsthmh Arhekj. ]feoi h fsthmh lêdjmf mietàeuh h `hjs hoithoh ei `ueoi eis ÷dtj`is heis. Jssi sf ofvf hi `iejtirh`feti miesthetf oh pfraurhãíi f miemrfthcf`. Ajcurh 8> ” _rhois of pfraurhãíi oi sidi
Mievfemjiehd. Aietf7 @ifs/j]timk.mi`. Mietàeui. Aietf7 Adjmk?3/j]timk.mi`.
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Is fqujph`fetis utjdjzhois phrh mrhvhr hs fsthmhs prê-ahbrjmhoh prê-ahbrjmhohss miesjstf` f` `hrtfdis of mrhvhãíi î pfrmussíi, vjbrhãíi iu prfeshcf`, sfeoi i bhtf-fsthmhs mievfemjiehd i `hjs utjdjzhoi. @hs is `hrtfdis ljorèudjmis f vjbrhtýrjis sf ofsthmh` ehs ibrhs f`bhrmhohs, mi`i h oh Ajcurh 88, pfdh aèmjd `ivj`fethãíi gueti hi cujeohstf jesthdhoi ehs bhdshs iu pdhthair`hs. Ajcurh 88 ” Mrhvhãíi of fsthmhs tubudhrfs `ftèdjmhs
Aietf7 `rhkYlr/j]timk.mi`.
2.1 Rhojfr fsthqufhoi I usi of rhojfr fsthqufhoi sfrè mhoh vfz `hjs mi`u` hquj ei Brhsjd, `fs`i eíi sfeoi mietf`pdhoi eh EBR 1822/2>8> (HBE_, 2>8>), i ahti ê quf fstf tjpi of aueohãíi vf` sfeoi h`pdh`fetf utjdjzhoi eis fojaàmjis hdtis, mi`i is of Oubhj, eis F`jrhois Èrhbfs. V` bfdi fxf`pdi ê i fojaàmji Burg Klhdjah, mi` sfus 81= heohrfs f 86).
8:
Ajcurh 82 ” Rhojfr fsthqufhoi oi Burg Klhdjah _iwfr
Aietf7 lttps7//updiho.wjkj`fojh.irc/wjkjpfojh/mi``ies/
aueohãíi, f phrh fssf fstuoi vimç prfmjsh mielfmfr hs mhrhmtfràstjmhs oi sidi pir `fji of dhuois of sieohcf` mieèvfjs, hehdjshr is fsairãis htuhetfs eh fstruturh ofsmrjtis eh pdheth of mhrchs ois pjdhrfs, mielfmfr is prhzis of fxfmuãíi, is fqujph`fetis ojspieàvfjs rfcjiehd`fetf f vjsjthrvjzjelhs, i dimhd phrh jofetjmhr pissàvfjs of hmfssi, fojmhãöfs fetrf iutris ahtirfs. Of j`pfoj`fetis air`h cfrhd, is ohois piof` sfr hcruphois mieair`f h Ajcurh 8=. Ajcurh 8= ” I quf hehdjshr phrh fsmidlfr i tjpi of aueohãíi
Aietf7 fdhbirhoh pfdh hutirh.
Hdê` oh heèdjsf of tiois is ohois ojspieàvfjs oh ibrh, sfcuf` hdcu`hs rfmi`feohãöfs j`pirthetfs phrh i sumfssi oh ibrh, bhsfhohs f` fxpfrjçemjhs mi`ues fetrf is cfitêmejmis, thjs mi`i7 • Hs aueohãöfs rhshs ofvf` sfr fvjthoh fvjthohss f` sidis midhpsàvfjs iu mi`prfssàvfjs, ofvjoi his fafjtis ois rfmhdqufs ojafrfemjhjs. • Hs fsthmhs prê-ahbrjmh prê-ahbrjmhohs ohs eíi síi rfmi`feohohs f` tfrrfeis mi` `hthmöfs. • Hs fsthmhs fsmhvhohs sf` ujoi fsthbjdjzhetf ofvf` sfr fxfmuthohs f` sidis hrcjdisis phrh fvjthr i ofs`irieh`feti ohs phrfofs oh fsmhvhãíi. • Hdcues fqujph`fetis mi mi` ` `hjir pirtf pissuf` thx thxhs hsmhsi, of is `ibjdjzhãíi f ofs`ibjdjzhãíi `hjs iefrishs f, efstf rfmursis ehemfjris oh ibrh ofvf` gustjmhr h hoiãíi oh siduãíi.
28
• H hoiãíi of siduãíi mi` fqujph fqujph`fetis `fetis ojspieàvfjs eh rfcjíi rfcjíi rfouz is mustis of `ibjdjzhãíi f ofs`ibjdjzhãíi oh ibrh. • Is hmfssis ofvf` sfr vfrjmhois phrh chrhetjr quf is fqujph`fetis mlfchríi hi dimhd mi` sfcurheãh. • Hs fsthmhs fsmhvhohs mi` fsthbjd fsthbjdjzhetf jzhetf efmfssjth` of fsphãis `hjirfs of mhetfjri phrh hbrjchr tiois is rfmursis efmfssèrjis f `ivj`fethr is fqujph`fetis. • ^iof lhvfr vhrjhãí vhrjhãíi i iu htê `fs`i sfmmjieh`feti oh ssfãíi fãíi trhesvfrshd ohs fsthmhs `idohohs je dimi fxfmuthohs f` hrcjdhs `idfs. • F` ibrhs of tubudöfs mi` hhrr mi`prj`joi lè h efmfssjo efmfssjohof hof of u`h mâ`hrh ljpfrbèrjmh, phrh i mhsi of pribdf`hs mi` is ipfrèrjis eh ofsmi`prfssíi, ofsmi`prfssíi, iu mievçeji mi` lispjthd oh mjohof quf tfelh. • Hdcu`hs siduãöfs cfrh` `hj `hjss rfsàouis f, f` hdcu`hs mjohofs, lè u`h mfrth ojmudohof f` femietrhr dimhjs of ofsmhrtf hpriprjhois. Qimç mielfmfu prjemjphjs tjpis of aueohãöfs f hs supfrmjhjs, prjemjphjs tf`h ojafrfeãhs fetrfisfdfs, prjemjphd`fetf ohs aueohãöfs ofsth ojsmjpdjeh. Mi` mfrtfzh, h phrtjr of hcirh vimç mhrè murjisi phrh ofsmibrjr quhjs aueohãöfs airh` hoithohs ehs fstruturhs quf vimç ho`jrh. Df`brf-sf of quf h ibsfrvhãíi ê fssfemjhd phrh h fecfelhrjh of aueohãöfs quf rfqufr vjvçemjh f fxpfrjçemjh eh prfvjsíi f siduãíi ois pribdf`hs.
22
_FIRJH F@ ^RÈ_JMH Qimç aij mietrhthoi mi`i fecfelfjri phrh prigfthr hs aueohãöfs of u` eivi fojaàmji of 8> heohrfs eh mjohof of ]hetis, ei djtirhd oi Fsthoi of ]íi ^hudi. ^hrh fssf trhbhdli, vimç rfmfbfu is dhuois of sieohcf` quf jeojmhvh` mh`hohs fspfsshs of hrcjdh `idf ircâejmh jetfrmhdhohs mi` mh`hohs of hrfjh. Qimç shbf, pfdh `fmâejmh ois sidis, quf i hofesh`feti imirrf ehs hrcjdhs `idfs quheoi sidjmjthohs f quf `ujtis prêojis f` ]hetis tjvfrh` pribdf`hs mi` rfmhdqufs. I quf piof tfr imirrjoi9 Qimç hoithrjh shphths of aueohãíi phrh fsth ibrh9 Rfjth sibrf hs pissàvfjs siduãöfs of aueohãöfs.
QFRJAJMHÃÍI OF DFJ_VRH 8. Hs aueohãöfs fstíi prfsfetfs prfsfetfs f` tioh ibrh of miestruãíi mjvjd f tç` i ibgftjvi of trhes`jtjr hs mhrchs oh fstruturh (iu supfrfstruturh) phrh i sidi. Efstf mietfxti, mi`pdftf hs dhmuehs oh sfetfeãh h sfcujr f hssjehdf h hdtfrehtjvh quf mirrfspieof his tfr`is mirrftis. Hs aueohãöfs quf trhes`jtf` hs mhrchs oh fstruturh phrh i sidi pfdh bhsf hdhrchoh síi mdhssjmhohs mi`i YYYYYYYYYYYY f hs aueohãöfs aueohãöfs quf ojstrjbuf` ojstrjbuf` hs mhrch mhrchss pfdi htrjti dhtfrhd f pfdh rfsjstçemjh of pieth síi mdhssjmhohss mi`i YYYYYYYYYYYY. mdhssjmhoh h. @idohohs je dimi/ofsdimh`feti. dimi/ofsdimh`feti. b. Jeojrfths/ojrfths. Jeojrfths/ojrfths.
2=
m. @idohohs je dimi/fsthmhs dimi/fsthmhs.. o. Jeojrfths/fsthmhs. Jeojrfths/fsthmhs. f. Ojrfths/jeojrfths Ojrfths/jeojrfths 2. Lè u`h crheof vhrjfohof of aueohãöfs phrh vimç mi`pir is sfus prigftis, `hs mhoh u`h tf` suhs mhrhmtfràstjmhs f phrtjmudhrjohofs. Hssimjf is tjpis of aueohãöfs, rfdhmjiehois eh midueh oh fsqufroh, mi` hs ofsmrjãöfs, hprfsfethohs eh midueh oh ojrfjth. H sfcujr, hssjehdf h hdtfrehtjvh quf mietê` h sfquçemjh mirrfth oh hssimjhãíi. 8. ]hphths
H. Fdf`fetis fxfmuthois mi` miemrfti sj`pdfs iu hdvfehrjh.
2. Bdimis of aueohãíi
B. Fdf`feti fetrf i pjdhr f hs fsthmhs.
=. Bdimis of djchãíi
M. Fdf`feti fxfmuthoi mi` miemrfti hr`hoi.
?. Rhojfr fsthqufhoi
O. Aueohãíi Aueohãíi `jsth.
h. 8-M; 2-B; =-H; ?-O. b. 8-O; 2-M; =-B; ?-H. m. 8-M; 2-H; =-B; ?-O. o. 8-H; 2-M; =-O; ?-B. f. 8-B; 2-O; =-M; ?-H.
2?
=. H miestruãíi of u` fojaàmji mi`frmjhd mi`frmjhd prfvç ei sfu prigfti = subsidis. H mith oi pjsi oi subsidi `hjs priaueoi ê -82 ` f pfdhs sieohcfes eíi aij femietrhoi i eàvfd o‚ècuh f i tipi rimlisi sf femietrh eh mith -86 `. Xuhd tjpi of aueohãíi vimç rfmi`feohrjh phrh fssh ibrh hpijhoh eh rimlh9 h. Fsthmhs. b. _ubudíi mi` hr mi`prj`joi. m. _ubudíi h mêu hbfrti. o. ]hphths. f. Rhojfr fsthqufhoi. fsthqufhoi.
Rfafrçemjhs bjbdjicrèmhs HB@]. Hssimjhãíi Brhsjdfjrh of @fmâejmh ois ]idis f Fecfelhrjh Cfitêmejmh. Ljstýrjh ohois Fecfelhrjh CfitêmejmhCfitêmejmh. ei Brhsjd7 1> heis oh Hssimjhãíi Brhsjdfjrh of @fmâejmh ]idis f Fecfelhrjh ]íi ^hudi7 HB@], 2>8>. HBE_ - Hssimjhãíi Brhsjdfjrh of Eir`hs _êmejmhs. EBR 1822 ” ^rigfti f fxfmuãíi of aueohãöfs. aueohãöfs. Rji of ghefjri7 HBE_, 2>8>. BI_FDLI, @. L. M. ^rjemàpjis oh @fmâejmh ois ]idis f Aueohãöfs phrh h Miestruãíi Mjvjd. Mjvjd. ]íi ^hudi7 Bdumlfr, 2>86. BRH]JD. @jejstêrji oi _rhbhdli f F`prfci. ER 86 - Htjvjohofs f Ipfrhãöfs Jeshdubrfs. Brhsàdjh7 @_F, 2>86. YYYYYY. @jejstêrji oi trhbhdli trhbhdli f F`prfci. ER 8886. MHRQHDLI, K. Aueohãöfs f mietfeãöfs7 siduãöfs têmejmhs. Rfvjsth têmejmhs. Rfvjsth jearhfstruturh urbheh7 prigftis mustis f miestruãíi. e. ?8, hcisti, 2>8?. Ojspieàvfd f`7 lttp7// jearhfstruturhurbheh83.pjej.mi`.br/sidumif jearhfstruturhurbhe h83.pjej.mi`.br/sidumifs-tfmejmhs/?8/tubudi s-tfmejmhs/?8/tubudifs-mi`-hrfs-mi`-hrmi`prj`joi-=8:686-8.hspx.. Hmfssi f`7 >2 gue. 2>8:. mi`prj`joi-=8:686-8.hspx
26
MJE_RH, G.M.H.; HIKJ, E.; HDBJFRI, G.L. Aueohãöfs ojrfths7 ^rigfti Cfitêmejmi. ]íi ^hudi7 Imjeh of _fxtis, 2>88. CHRMJH, G. Heèdjsf fxpfrj`fethd f eu`êrjmh of rhojfrs fsthqufhois fxfmuthois fxfmuthois f` sidi oh rfcjíi of Mh`pjehs. 2>86. _fsf (Oiutirhoi f` Fecfelhrjh Mjvjd) ” Ahmudohof of Fecfelhrjh Mjvjd, Hrqujtfturh f Vrbhejs`i, Vejvfrsjohof of Mh`pjehs, Mh`pjehs, 2>86. ^JELFJRI, H. M. oh A. B.; MRJQFDHRI, @.; CJB]IE, R. ^rigftis of aueohãöfs f tfrrhpdfehcf`.. ]íi ^hudi7 Êrjmh, 2>86. tfrrhpdfehcf` QFDDI]I, O. of H.; DI^F], A. of R. Aueohãöfs7 Aueohãöfs7 Mrjtêrjis Mrjtêrjis of prigfti, jevfstjchãíi oi subsidi, aueohãöfs supfrmjhjs f aueohãöfs priaueohs. ]íi ^hudi7 Imjeh of _fxtis, 2>8>.
Chbhrjti Xufstíi 8 ” 8 ” Rfspisth7 F Rfsiduãíi7 Hs aueohãöfs quf trhes`jtf` hs mhrchs oh fstruturh phrh i sidi pfdh bhsf hdhrchoh síi mdhssjmhohs mi`i ojrfths f hs aueohãöfs quf ojstrjbuf` hs mhrchs pfdi htrjti dhtfrhd f pfdh rfsjstçemjh of pieth síi mdhssjmhoh mdhssjmhohss mi`i jeojrfths. Affobhmk of rfairãi7 Hs aueohãöfs ojrfths pissuf` bhsf hdhrchoh phrh hu`fethr h èrfh oh bhsf f miesfqufetf`fetf h mhphmjohof of mhrch. Gè isf fdf`fetis `hjshpriaueois èrfh dhtfrhd `hjir busmh` hpijhr pieth f` pissuf` sidis `hjsu`h rfsjstfetfs. Xufstíi 2 ” 2 ” Rfspisth7 M Rfsiduãíi7 ]hphths ” Fdf`feti fxfmuthoi mi` miemrfti hr`hoi; Bdimis of aueohãíi ” Fdf`fetis fxfmuthois mi` miemrfti sj`pdfs iu hdvfehrjh; Bdimis of djchãíi - Fdf`feti fetrf i pjdhr f hs fsthmhs; Rhojfr fsthqufhoi ” Aueohãíi `jsth. Affobhmk rfairãi7síi Is hr`hois bdimis offdjchãíi, hi mietrèrji ois eíi ê bdimis of of aueohãíi, sfu miethti mi` i sidi miesjofrhoi.
21
Xufstíi = ” = ” Rfspisth7 O Rfsiduãíi7 ^rj`fjrh`fetf, fxfmuth-sf h fsmhvhãíi oi subsidi, f mi`i h priaueojohof fetrf i aueoi oh fsmhvhãíi f h mith of hpiji ohs aueohãöfs ei tipi rimlisi ê `feir oi quf = `, h siduãíi sfrè u`h aueohãíi rhsh, quf efstf mhsi mirrfspieof î shphth. Affobhmk of rfairãi7 ]f aissf` fxfmuthohs fsthmhs h phrtjr oh mith oi tfrrfei, i miemrfti fxmfofetf ofvfrjh sfr of`idjoi ourhetf h fsmhvhãíi. Hdê` of pridiechr i tf`pi of fsmhvhãíi f is mustis of sfrvjãis f `htfrjhjs, cfrhrjh rfsàouis phrh sfrf` ofsmhrthois.
23
^hrâ`ftris cfitêmejmis Hutirh7 Bèrbhrh Ehroj @fdi
Ibgftjvis • Rfdhmjiehr Rfdhmjiehr is phrâ`ftris oh `fmâejmh ois sidis eh fecfelhrjh of aueohãöfs. • Hprfsfethr Hprfsfethr is phrâ`ftris ois sidis j`pirthetfs eh fdhbirhãíi ois prigftis of aueohãöfs. • Hprfsfethr Hprfsfethr is phrâ`ftris ohs rimlhs j`pirthetfs eh fdhbirhãíi ois prigftis of aueohãöfs.
2<
8. Heèdjsf oi sidi ei prigfti of aueohãöfs H heèdjsf oi sidi ê aueoh`fethd phrh h fsmidlh oi tjpi of aueohãíi f phrh oj`fesjiehr is fdf`fetis. Ei prigfti ohs aueohãöfs of u`h fojmhãíi, fecfelfjri midlf is ohois ibtfr h tipicrhh oi dimhd, isifeshjis oi sidi, piofeoi sfrof ofmh`pi mh`piphrh iu dhbirhtýrji, f vjsjth i dimhd phrh vfrjmhr hs mieojãöfs ohs fojmhãöfs vjzjelhs hi tfrrfei f is hmfssis. Ê crheof h quhetjohof of phrâ`ftris quf fsth pfsqujsh jejmjhd oh ibrh jrè cfrhr. ]frè efmfssèrji fsthbfdfmfr hdcu`hs fstrhtêcjhs, mi`i hoithr vhdirfs `êojis f hs mieojãöfs `hjs ofsahvirèvfjs phrh chrhetjr h sfcurheãh oi prigfti. Hpýs sj`pdjmhr is ohois f fetfeofr mi`i h aueohãíi ofvfrè htuhr ehqufdf mfeèrji, vimç ofvfrè sfdfmjiehr is `êtiois of mèdmudi f is phrâ`ftris cfitêmejmis efmfssèrjis. efmfssèrjis. H quhdjohof ois ohois f ois `êtiois síi aueoh`fethjs phrh h hmurèmjh oh prfvjsíi, piofrjh h sistjmhãíi of u` mi`pfeshr h jesumjçemjh oi iutri9 H jofjh of quf h sistjmhãíi of u` mi`pfesh i iutri, rfprfsfethoh eh Ajcurh 8.h, ê u` frri. Eh Ajcurh 8.b vimç piof vfrjmhr quf mi` ohois of `è quhdjohof i `êtioi `hjs sistjmhoi rfsudth f` u`h prfvjsíi pjir oi quf h ibtjoh pir u` `êtioi sj`pdfs (QFDDI]I; DI^F], 2>8>). Ajcurh 8 ” Hmurèmjh oh prfvjsíi
Aietf7 Dh`bf (8:3= hpuo Qfddisi Qfddisi f Dipfs, 2>8>, p. 6).
2:
]feoi quf, sfcueoi Qfddisi f Dipfs (2>8>, p.?), —h prfmjsíi ofsmrfvf h rfpftjbjdjohof oh `fojãíi; hmurèmjh ofsmrfvf i quheti i vhdir `fojoi sf ojsthemjh oi vhdir mirrfti.‐ Fsth heèdjsf mlh`h h htfeãíi phrh i ahti of quf `ujths vfzfs ush`is is `êtiois mi`puthmjiehjs, `hs mi` ohois of `è quhdjohof. Hdê` oh `è quhdjohof ois phrâ`ftris, vimç sf ofphrhrè mi` ibrhs mi` pribdf`hs tàpjmis of jesumjçemjh iu htê `fs`i husçemjh of jevfstjchãíi oi sidi f jssi hmhrrfthrè pribdf`hs quf vhrjh` phrh mhoh tjpi of aueohãíi, prjemjphd`fetf ehs ibrhs of pfqufei f `êoji pirtf, mieair`f i Xuhori 8. Xuhori 8 ” ^ribdf`hs tàpjmis ofmirrfetfs _jpi of aueohãíi
^ribdf`hs tàpjmis ofmirrfetfs
Aueohãöfs ojrfths
_fesöfs of miethti fxmfssjvhs, jemi`phtàvfjs mi` hs rfhjs mhrhmtfràstjmhs oi sidi, rfsudtheoi f` rfmhdqufs jeho`jssàvfjs iu rupturh. Aueohãöfs f` sidis/htfrris lftfricçefis, privimheoi rfmhdqufs ojafrfemjhjs. Aueohãöfs sibrf sidis mi`prfssàvfjs sf` fstuois of rfmhdqufs, rfsudtheoi crheofs ofair`hãöfs. Aueohãöfs hpijhohs f` `htfrjhjs of mi`pirth`feti `ujti ojafrfetf, sf` gueth, imhsjieheoi hphrfmj`feti of rfmhdqufs ojafrfemjhjs. Aueohãöfs hpijhohs f` mristh ourh sibrf sidis `idfs, sf` heèdjsf of rfmhdqufs, imhsjieheoi h rupturh iu crheofs ofsdimh`fetis oh aueohãíi.
Aueohãöfs priaueohs
Fsthmhs of tjpi jehofquhoi hi subsidi rfsudtheoi `hu mi`pirth`feti. Cfi`ftrjh jehofquhoh mi`prj`feti iu ojâ`ftri jeafrjirfs his efmfssèrjis. Fsthmhs hpijhohs f` mh`hohs rfsjstfetfs sibrf sidis `idfs mi` rfmhdqufs jemi`phtàvfjs mi` h ibrh. Imirrçemjh of htrjti efchtjvi eíi prfvjsti, rfouzjeoi h mhrch ho`jssàvfd ei`jehd hoithoh phrh fsthmh. Aietf7 @jdjtjtsky ft hd. (2>>
Ajcurh 2 ” E÷`fri jesumjfetf of sieohcfes
Aietf7 @jdjtjtsky ft hd. (2>>>).
=8
^HRH ]HBFR @HJ] H cfidicjh hpdjmhoh eh èrfh of fecfelhrjh, mielfmjoh mi`i cfidicjh of fecfelhrjh, trhth ohs mhrhmtfràstjmhs ois sidis f rimlhs hpdjmhohs eis prigftis of aueohãöfs, miestruãöfs subtfrrâefhs (t÷efjs, `ftrÿs ftm.), ibrhs djefhrfs (rioivjhs, fstrhohs, afrrivjhs, mhehjs, outis ftm.) f bhrrhcfes. Qimç piofrè fxpdirhr `hjs sibrf h cfidicjh of fecfelhrjh ei djvri of Ejvhdoi Mljissj (MLJI]]J, 2>8=).
H]]J@JDF Is phrâ`ftris cfitêmejmis síi ohois ois `htfrjhjs oh mristh tfrrfstrf rfdhmjiehois his pribdf`hs eh fecfelhrjh. Fdfs ofvfríi sfr jetfrprfthois pfdi fecfelfjri mjvjd f hpdjmhois f` `êtiois mjfetàmis ourhetf i oj`fesjieh`feti ois fdf`fetis of aueohãöfs f ibrhs of cfitfmejh ojvfrshs.
8.8 ^hrâ`ftris ois sidis Is prjemjphjs phrâ`ftris ois sidis piof` sfr ibtjois pir feshjis dhbirhtirjhjss iu pir feshjis of mh`pi. Fetrftheti, fspfmjhd`fetf dhbirhtirjhj eis prigftis of aueohãöfs, lè u`h prfoi`jeâemjh eh ibtfeãíi ois phrâ`ftris of rfsjstçemjh f ofair`hbjdjoho ofair`hbjdjohoff je sjtu. I fecfelfjri cfitêmejmi, phrh pdhefghr h prispfmãíi cfitêmejmh f hehdjshr tiois is phrâ`ftris ibtjois, ofvf mielfmfr priaueoh`fetf is miemfjtis oh `fmâejmh ois sidis. ]fcueoi Ohs (2>81, p.3), —h fecfelhrjh of aueohãöfs ê u`h mi`bjehãíi jetfdjcfetf oh `fmâejmh ois sidis, oh cfidicjh of fecfelhrjh f oi gudch`feti hofquhoi ofrjvhoi of fxpfrjçemjhs phsshohs‐.
=2
Ojstrjbujãíi crheudi`êtrjmh H mhrhmtfrjzhãíi ois sidis pfdi th`heli ohs phrtàmudhs ê i prj`fjri ohoi h sfr busmhoi pfdi fecfelfjri hi jejmjhr u` prigfti of aueohãöfs. Is th`helis ohs phrtàmudhs of u` sidi síi oftfr`jehois pfdi feshji of heèdjsf crheudi`êtrjmh (pfefjrh`feti `hjs sfoj`fethãíi) f sfphrhois of hmiroi mi` u`h fsmhdh, mi`i h oh eir`h EBR 16>2 oh HBE_ (8::6) (Xuhori 2), pir fxf`pdi. Xuhori 2 ” Fsmhdh crheudi`êtrjmh oh HBE_ ^forfcudli
Hrfjh crissh
2 ``
Hrfjh `êojh
>,1 ``
>,2 ``
Hrfjh eh
]jdtf
Hrcjdh
>,>1 `` `` >,>>2 ``
Aietf7 hohpthoi of HBE_ (8::6, p. 8=, p. :2).
8. Mir prfth 2. ^dèstjmis, sf `idlhois, brisis
==
Iutris fstuois vjemudhois î `fmâejmh ois sidis piof` sfr efmfssèrjis eis fstuois ois sidis, mi`i is àeojmfs aàsjmis, f hjeoh, phrh is sidis eis, is dj`jtfs of pdhstjmjohof f i fstuoi of htjvjohof ohs hrcjdhs. Mdhssjmhãíi pfoidýcjmh
^hrh i fstuoi ohs aueohãöfs, hdcues sidis `frfmf` ofsthquf pfdh suh air`hãíi, mi`i is sidis rfsjouhjs (quf pfr`hefmf` ei dimhd of irjcf`) dhtfràtjmis f fxphesjvis. H pirisjohof ofssfs sidis, mielfmjois mi`i midhpsàvfjs, ê fdfvhoh f f` oftfr`jehohs mieojãöfs of u`johof phssh` pir u`h hdtfrhãíi of fstruturh quf privimhrè rfmhdqufs hmfetuhois. Hi dieci oh suh vjoh prissjiehd, prissjiehd, iuvjrè miesthetf`fetf is ei`fs pipudhrfs of hdcues sidis tjpjmh`fetf brhsjdfjris, mi`i, pir fxf`pdi, is mjthois pir Mhputi f Mhputi (2>86)7 tfrrh rixh (sidi dhtfràtjmi mi`u` oi fsthoi of ]íi ^hudi f f` iutris fsthois); f `hsshpç (sidi rfsjouhd eíi dhtfràtjmi, oi Rfmÿemhvi Bhjhei, mi` prfsfeãh of u` hrcjdi `jefrhd oi crupi ohs `iet`irjdiejths). ^rispfmãíi ois phrâ`ftris cfitêmejmis Eis prigftis of aueohãöfs, f` cfrhd, ê mi`u` m i`u` h hoiãíi of `êtiois ojrftis of prispfmãíi bhsfhois eh heèdjsf of h`istrhs ofair`hohs iu jeofair`hohs, mugis rfsudthois síi rfdhmjiehois ojrfth`fetf hi ofsf`pfeli ohs aueohãöfs, mi`i, pir fxf`pdi, i feshji ]^_ (]theohro ^feftrhtjie _fst ).). @hs hdê` oi feshji ]^_, quf hprfsfeth hdê` oh mhrhmtfrjzhãíi oi sidi f pisjãíi oi dfeãid arfètjmi, i E]^_, quf ê u` phrâ`ftri of rfsjstçemjh. Iutris feshjis sf ofsthmh` ei mfeèrji ehmjiehd, mi`i i O@_ ” Ojdhti@ftfr _fst , M^_V - pjfzimief pfeftrhtjie tfst , @^@ iu ^@_ - @êehro prfssurf`ftfr tfst f f Qhef _fst. Eh Ajcurh ? vimç piof ibsfrvhr is crèmis rfsjstçemjh kjdiphsmhd hi dieci oh priaueojohof iafrfmjois pfdis `êtiois f`of `fchphsmhd, iu e÷`fris of cidpfs oi ]^_.
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Ajcurh ? ” Feshjis of usi mirrfetf eh prètjmh brhsjdfjrh
Aietf7 ]mlehjo f Iofbrfmlt (2>82, p. 81).
I O@_ (feshji ojdhti`êtrjmi ” ojdhtÿ`ftri of @hrmlfttj) rfsudth ei @O@_ (`ýoudi ifoi`êtrjmi oi ojdhtÿ`ftri), quf pissjbjdjth h fstj`htjvh oi mifmjfetf of f`puxi f` rfpiusi (K>), `ýoudi of fdhstjmjohof (F), rhzíi of prê-hofesh`feti prê-hofesh`feti (IMR), rfsjstçemjh of mjshdlh`feti eíi orfehoh (]u) f âecudi of htrjti jetfrei (Ρ). I M^_V (pjfzimief) ê u` j`pirthetf feshji cfitêmejmi, theti phrh h èrfh of aueohãöfs mi`i phrh h cfitfmejh h`bjfethd eh heèdjsf of sidis mieth`jehois. ^hrh i prigfti of aueohãöfs, ofsthmh`-sf is phrâ`ftris of rfsjstçemjh qm (rfsjstçemjh of pieth oi mief) f h rhzíi of htrjti, quf ê h rfdhãíi oi htrjti dhtfrhd oi mief mi` h rfsjstçemjh of pieth oi mief (as/qm), hdê` oh piriprfssíi, mielfmjoh th`bê` mi`i prfssíi efutrh (u). I @^@ iu ^@_ (feshji prfssji`êtrjmi) p ripirmjieh ohois quf huxjdjh` eh heèdjsf ois rfmhdqufs ehs aueohãöfs pir `fji oi `ýoudi
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of ofair`hbjdjohof oi sidi, mielfmjoi th`bê` mi`i `ýoudi mjshdlhetf (C) iu `ýoudi of Ziuec (F), ojaàmjd of sfr femietrhoi pir iutris `êtiois. ^fr`jtf busmhr is phrâ`ftris mi`i h rfsjstçemjh hi mjshdlh`feti eíi orfehoh (]u), âecudi of htrjti jetfrei (Ρ) f âecudi of ojdhtâemjh. ^ir `, i feshji oh phdlfth (Qhef _fst) ê hoithoi phrh h oftfr`jehãíi oh rfsjstçemjh hi mjshdlh`feti eíi orfehoh (]u) ohs hrcjdhs `idfs f piof iafrfmfr u`h fstj`htjvh oh tfesíi of prê-hofesh`feti prê-hofesh`feti f, miesfqufetf`fetf, h rhzíi of prê-hofesh`feti (IMR). ^hrâ`ftris of rfsjstçemjh hi mjshdlh`feti Is phrâ`ftris of rfsjstçemjh hi mjshdlh`feti, mifsíi f htrjti síi ibtjois pfdh heèdjsf oh fevidtýrjh of @ilr-Miudi`b (Ajcurh 6), fdhbirhoh h phrtjr ois ohois of feshjis trjhxjhjs. Ajcurh 6 ” Fevidtýrjh of @ilr-Miudi`b
Aietf7 Bioý (2>83, s.p).
Eh rfsjstçemjh hi mjshdlh`feti, h mifsíi (m) ê h rfspiesèvfd pir `hetfr hs phrtàmudhs oi sidi uejohs, `hs ofpfeofrè oh u`johof oi sidi, oh
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air`h, th`heli f hrrhegi ohs phrtàmudhs, bf` mi`i oh hofsíi ofvjoi î eh mh`hoh of ècuh fetrf hs supfraàmjfs of miethti. H mifsíi hphrfetf imirrf pir mhush oh tfesíi of supfraàmjf, cfrheoi hofsíi oh eh mh`hoh of ècuh fetrf hs supfraàmjfs of miethti ois sidis of crheudi`ftrjh eh, quheoi ÷`jois. Ê pir jssi quf quheoi miestruà`is u` mhstfdi eh prhjh (Ajcurh 1), hs phrtàmudhs of hrfjh sf `hetç` gueths htê quheoi fstjvfrf` phrmjhd`fetf shturhohs. Ajcurh 1 ” Mhstfdi of hrfjh ” fxf`pdi of mifsíi hphrfetf
Aietf7 Dhbiki/j]timk.mi`.
Gè i âecudi of htrjti (Ρ) imirr imirrff eis sidis crheudhrfs crheudhrfs (c (crissis) rissis) pir lhvfr u` jetfrtrhvh`feti ohs phrtàmudhs, quf ofpfeof oh prfssíi of miethti fetrf is críis. Ê i âecudi air`hoi fetrf h fevidtýrjh of rupturh f i fjxi ohs tfesöfs eir`hjs eh rfprfsfethãíi crèmh oh Ajcurh 6. H rfsjstçemjh hi mjshdlh`feti eíi orfehoh (]u) ê ibtjoh f` ojvfrsis feshjis phrh hrcjdhs shturhohs. Ei mhsi oh hrfjh, h suh hdth pfr`fhbjdjohoff ahz mi` quf, dici hpýs sfr mhrrfchoh, lhgh h ojssjphãíi pfr`fhbjdjoho oi fxmfssi oh prfssíi efutrh. @hs h hrcjdh pissuj bhjxh pfr`fhbjdjohof f ourhetf i mhrrfch`feti prhtjmh`fetf eíi lhvfrè orfehcf`. Ê mi`i sf tioi i mhrrfch`feti aissf hpdjmhoi sf` hdtfrhãíi of vidu`f.
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^hrâ`ftris of ofair`hbjdjohof iu mi`prfssjbjdj mi`prfssjbjdjohof ohof I rfmhdquf ê mhushoi, eh `hjirjh ohs vfzfs, ofvjoi î mi`prfssjbjdjohof ois sidis f ê rfspiesèvfd pir crheof phrtf ohs phtidicjhs ehs fojmhãöfs, pir jssi, sfu fstuoi eíi ofvf sfr `jej`jzhoi eis prigftis of aueohãöfs. I prj`fjri mrjtêrji h sfr shtjsafjti f` quhdqufr prigfti of aueohãöfs ê chrhetjr u` hofquhoi ahtir of sfcurheãh mietrh h rupturh [...P. Hojmjiehd`fetf, h aueohãíi ofvf sfr prigfthoh phrh quf is rfmhdqufs, f` fspfmjhd is rfmhdqufs ojafrfemjhjs, sfgh` `hetjois ofetri ois dj`jtfs of tidfrâemjh [...P. Ê fssfemjhd dj`jthr h `hcejtuof ois rfmhdqufs. Jssi piof hu`fethr i musti ohs aueohãöfs, `hs eíi hu`feth, efmfsshrjh`fetf, i musti cdibhd oh ibrh. (]KF@^_IE, 8:68 hpuo ]MLEHJO ]MLEHJO f IOFBRFML_, 2>82, p.8=3)
I `ýoudi of vhrjhãíi vidu`êtrjmh (`v) ê utjdjzhoi eh fstj`htjvh oi hofesh`feti iu rfmhdquf, sfeoi h vhrjhãíi uejtèrjh of vidu`f rfsudthoi oh vhrjhãíi oh tfesíi faftjvh oi sidi ofvjoi î hpdjmhãíi of u` mhrrfch`feti. H vhrjhãíi uejtèrjh of vidu`f piof sfr ibtjoh pfdh heèdjsf oh vhrjhãíi oi àeojmf of vhzjis iu pfdi feshji dhbirhtirjhd ifoi`êtrjmi (Ajcurh 3). Ajcurh 3 ” Feshji ifoi`êtrjmi
Aietf7 Mhputi f Mhputi (2>86, s.p).
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I mifmjfetf of hofesh`feti (mv) ê fxtrhàoi oh heèdjsf ohs pirmfethcfes of rfmhdquf eh murvh tf`pi-rfmhdquf f i huxjdjhrè eh oftfr`jehãíi oi rfmhdquf hi dieci oi tf`pi. Rhzíi ofquf prê-hofesh`feti (IMR) ê hpfdh rfdhãíi fetrf h tfesíi faftjvh `èxj`h i sidi gè aij sub`ftjoi tfesíi faftjvh fxjstfetf, sfeoi jcuhd h 8 phrh hrcjdhs eir`hd`fetf hofeshohs f `hjir quf 8 phrh hrcjdhs prê-hofeshohs prê-hofesho hs (Ajcurh 86, s.p).
^hrâ`ftris of pfr`fhbjdjohof Mifmjfetf of pfr`fhbjdjohof (k) ê h mhphmjohof iu ojajmudohof of aduxi of ècuh pfdis vhzjis oi sidi. ^iof sfr ibtjoi pfdh Dfj of Ohrmy, miesjofrheoi rfcj`f of uxi pfr`hefetf f` feshjis dhbirhtirjhjs (mi` mhrch hmiesthetf, vhrjèvfd iu bi`bfh`feti) iu f` mh`pi, f` sieohcfes trhoi iu mi`pdf`fetheoi feshjis ]^_, ibsfrvheoi h vhrjhãíi (l8 f l>) oi eàvfd o‚ècuh (EH) mi` i tf`pi (Ajcurh :).
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Ajcurh : ” Feshji of tubi hbfrti
Aietf7 Mhputi f Mhputi (2>86, s.p).
8.2 ^hrâ`ftris ohs rimlhs Hs aueohãöfs piof` trhes`jtjr is fsairãis oh fstruturh phrh i sidi, phrh h rimlh iu phrh h`bis. ^hrh jssi, eíi hpfehs is phrâ`ftris ois sidis ofvf` sfr hehdjshois, `hs is oh rimlh th`bê`, mi`i jofetjmhr i tjpi of rimlh, h hdtfrhãíi, h rfsjstçemjh, h ofsmietjeujohof (ahdlhs, gueths, ssurhs), ssurhs), fstruturh (xjstisjohof, oi oibrhs, brhs, ojhmdhs ojhmdhsfs fs f ahdlhs), ahdlhs), fetrf iutris. Ê mi`u` hpijhr eh rimlh hs aueohãöfs ohs bhrrhcfes, ois fojaàmjis mi` subsidis (Ajcurh 8>.h) f ohs pietfs iu vjhoutis (Ajcurh 8>.b).
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Ajcurh 8> ” Aueohãöfs hpijhohs f` rimlh (h) supfrmjhjs iu rhshs f` ibrhs prfojhjs; (b) priaueohs f` hpijis of pietfs
(h)
(b) Aietf7 fdhbirhoh pfdh hutirh.
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Is tjpis of rimlh síi mdhssjmhois of hmiroi mi` h air`hãíi. Je÷`frhs rimlhs sf air`h` oi `hc`h vudmâejmi, ofei`jehohs àcefhs, iutrhs síi privfejfetfs oh trhesair`hãíi of iutrhs rimlhs, mielfmjohs mi`i `fth`ýrmhs f hs sfoj`fethrfs air`hohs h phrtjr oh djtjmhãíi of sfoj`fetis (Ajcurh 88). Ajcurh 88 ” _jpis of rimlhs
Aietf7 fdhbirhoh pfdh hutirh.
V` phrâ`ftri j`pirthetf ei fstuoi ohs rimlhs ê i crhu of hdtfrhãíi quf jeojmh i fstècji f` quf sf femietrh` is miestjtujetfs `jefrhjs quf siarfrh` `iojmhãíi pfdh hãíi oi jetf`pfrjs`i (Ajcurh 82).
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Ajcurh 82 ” Crhu iu jetfesjohof of hdtfrhãíi ohs rimlhs
Aietf7 HBE_ (8::6, p. 2 Fsthoi oh oh ri rimlh
E÷`fri of of arhturhs pi pir `f `ftri djefhr
Imhsjiehd`fetf arhturhoh 8 ^iumi arhturhoh 8”6 @fojheh`fetf arhturhoh 1 ” 8> @ujti arhturhoh 88 ” 2> Fxtrf`h`fetf arhturhoh 2> F` arhc`fetis _irröfs iu pfohãis of ojvfrsis th`helis Aietf7 hohpthoh of HBE_ (8::6, p. 3).
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Ajcurh 8= ” _fstf`uelis of rimlh
Aietf7 Lhjdslhoiw/j]timk.mi`.
Oh heèdjsf oh rfmupfrhãíi oh rimlh, pir `fji ois tfstf`uelis, ibtf`is i RXO (ofsjcehãíi rfprfsfeth rfprfsfethtjvh tjvh oh rimlh) mirrfspieofetf hi quimjfetf oh si`h ois mi`prj`fetis supfrjirfs h 8> m` of tfstf`uelis síis f mi`phmtis, pfdi mi`prj`feti oi trfmli pfraurhoi, quf rfprfsfeth h quhdjohof oh rimlh prispfmthoh, mieair`f _hbfdh 2. _hbfdh 2 ” Xuhdjohof oh rimlh mi` bhsf ei RXO Xuhdjohof oh rimlh
@ujti pibrf
RXO (%) > h 26
^ibrf
26 h 6>
Rfcudhr
6> h 36
Bih
36 h :>
Fxmfdfetf
:> h 8>> Aietf7 Oefr (8::3, p. 8?).
F` sidi iu f` rimlh, vimç ofvf ibtfr f hehdjshr tiois is phrâ`ftris cfitêmejmis fevidvjois ei prigfti, df`brheoi quf mhoh ibrh sfrè ÷ejmh f hs mieojãöfs `hjs ofsahvirèvfjs f`bhshríi i sfu trhbhdli, busmheoi hssj` h sfcurheãh ohs fstruturhs.
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_FIRJH F@ ^RÈ_JMH Qimç fstè tfeoi h ipirtuejohof of phrtjmjphr of u` crheof ofshi, pijs aij ofsjcehoi pfdh f`prfsh prigftjsth f` quf trhbhdlh phrh pdhefghr h prispfmãíi cfitêmejmh f fdhbirhr is prigftis of aueohãöfs f mietfeãöfs of u`h ibrh pirtuèrjh. _rhth-sf of u`h ibrh pfmudjhr f vimç prfmjshrè fsmidlfr f pdhefghr is feshjis, midfthr f jetfrprfthr je÷`fris ohois, phrh fetíi hpdjmè-dis ehs `ftioidicjhs of mèdmudi. Xuhjs phrâ`ftris cfitêmejmis síi j`pirthetfs ei fstuoi of u`h ibrh ofstf tjpi f pirtf9 ]hbfeoi quf i sidi prfoi`jehetf oh rfcjíi ê hrcjdh `hrjelh.
QFRJAJMHÃÍI OF DFJ_VRH 8. _ioi prigfti of fecfelhrjh fecfelhrjh hvhdjh hs sidjmj sidjmjthãöfs thãöfs fevidvjohs f h rfsjstçemjh ois `htfrjhjs quf jríi mi`pir h fojmhãíi, miemrfti, hãi f sidi. Xuhjs síi phrâ`ftris of rfsjstçemjh hi mjshdlh`feti oi sidi9 Hssjehdf h hdtfrehtjvh mirrfth. h. @ýoudi of fdhstjmjohof (F) f rhzíi of prêhofesh`feti (IMR). b. @ýoudi mjshdlhetf (C) f âecudi of ojdhtâemjh. m. Mifsíi (m) f âecudi of htrjti jetfrei (Ρ). o. @ýoudi mjshdlhetf (C) f âecudi of htrjti jetfrei (Ρ). f. Mifsíi (m) f âecudi of ojdhtâemjh.
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2. Is feshjis cfitêmejmi cfitêmejmiss of mh`pi airefmf` ojvfrsi ojvfrsiss tjpis of ohois, mi`i i tjpi of sidi, pisjãíi oi eàvfd o‚ècuh f h rfsjstçemjh, q quf uf ê i prjemjphd prjemjphd phrâ`ftri phrh i fstuoi ohs aueohãöfs. Xuhjs síi is ohois ibtjois f` mh`pi miesjofrhois phrâ`ftris of rfsjstçemjh9 Hssjehdf h hdtfrehtjvh mirrfth. h. Mifmjfetf of f`puxi f` rfpiusi (K>); `ýoudi of fdhstjmjohof (F). b. E]^_; rfsjstçemjh of pieth oi mief (qm). m. ^iriprfssíi ^iriprfssíi (u); rfsjstçemjh of pieth oi mief (qm). o. Rfsjstçemjh hi mjshdlh`feti eíi orfehoh (]u); rhzíi of prê-hofesh`feti (IMR). f. Rhzíi of htrjti (a s/qm); `ýoudi of fdhstjmjohof (F). =. Is fstuois oh `fmâejmh o ois is sidis síi aueoh aueoh`fethjs `fethjs phrh hs ibrhs cfitêmejmhs f aueohãöfs, prjemjphd`fetf ei quf sf rfafrf his rfmhdqufs. Efstf mietfxti, prffemlfr mirrfth`fetf hs dhmuehs oh sfetfeãh h sfcujr7 Is rfmhdqufs síi rfspiesè rfspiesèvfjs vfjs pir crheof phrtf ohs phtidicjhs ehs fstruturhs f YYYYYYYYYYYY ê priprjfohof oi sidi quf ofvf sfr ibsfrvhoh phrh fvjthr fssf tjpi of pribdf`h, sfeoi is sidis mi` crheof YYYYYYYYYYYY is YYYYYYYYYYYY f YYYYYYYYYYYY. h. H mi`prfssjbjdjohof ” mi`prfssjbjdjohof ” hrfeisis ” sjdtisis.
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b. H rfsjstçemjh ” pdhstjmjohof ” hrcjdisis ” turaisis. m. H mifsíi ” pdhstjmjohof ” sjdtisis sjdtisis ” hrcjdisis hrcjdisis.. o. H rfsjstçemjh ” rfsjstçemjh ” hrfeisis ” hrcjdisis. f. H mi`prfssjbjdjohof ” mi`prfssjbjdjohof mi`prfssjbjdjohof ” hrcjdisis ” turaisis.
Rfafrçemjhs bjbdjicrèmhs HBE_. Hssimjhãíi Brhsjdfjrh of Eir`hs _êmejmhs. EBR 16>2 ” Rimlhs f sidis. sidis. Rji of ghefjri7 HBE_, 8::6. BIOÝ, B. Jetriouãíi î `fmâejmh ois sidis. sidis. Rji of Ghefjri7 D_M, 2>83. MH^V_I, L. ^.; MH^V_I, H. E. @fmâejmh ois sidis f suhs hpdjmhãöfs, vidu`f87 vidu`f87 Aueoh`fetis. 3 fo. Rji of Ghefjri7 D_M, 2>86. MLJI]]J, E. G. Cfidicjh of fecfelhrjh. fecfelhrjh. ]íi ^hudi7 Imjeh of _fxtis, 2>8=. OH], B. ^rjemàpjis of fecfelhrjh of aueohãöfs. aueohãöfs. ]íi ^hudi7 Mfechcf Dfhrejec, 2>81. OEFR. Ofphrth`feti Ehmjiehd of Fstrhohs of Riohcf`. ]ieohcf` of rfmielfmj`feti pfdi `êtioi rithtjvi. OEFR-^RI 8>2. Brhsàdjh7 OEFR, 8::3. Ojspieàvfd f`7 lttp7//jpr.oejt.civ.br/eir`hs-f lttp7//jpr.oejt.civ.br/eir`hs-f-`heuhjs/eir`hs/primf -`heuhjs/eir`hs/primfoj`feti-pri/ oj`feti-pri/ oefr-pri8>2-:3.poa . Hmfssi f`7 2> sft. 2>8>82.
Chbhrjti Xufstíi 8 ” 8 ” Rfspisth7 M Rfsiduãíi7 Is phrâ`ftris hi mjshdlh`feti sidi síi mifsíi (m) f âecudiofofrfsjstçemjh htrjti jetfrei (Ρ). H mifsíioi (m) ê h rfspiesèvfd pir `hetfr hs phrtàmudhs oi sidi uejohs f i âecudi
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of htrjti (Ρ) imirrf eis sidis crheudhrfs (crissis) pir lhvfr u` jetfrtrhvh`feti ohs phrtàmudhs. Affobhmk of rfairãi7 Xuheti `hjir h prfssíi, `hjir sfrè h htuhãíi oi htrjti eh rfsjstçemjh hi mjshdlh`feti oi sidi. Xufstíi 2 ” 2 ” Rfspisth7 B Rfsiduãíi7 E]^_; rfsjstçemjh of pieth oi mief (qm). Affobhmk of rfairãi7 ^hrh quhdqufr prigfti of aueohãöfs, jeofpfeofetf`fetf oi pirtf, lè h efmfssjohof of utjdjzhr pfdi `feis u` ofssfs phrâ`ftris of feshjis of mh`pi. Xufstíi = ” = ” Rfspisth7 F Rfsiduãíi7 Is rfmhdqufs síi rfspiesèvfjs pir crheof phrtf ohs phtidicjhs ehs fstruturhs f h mi`prfssjbjdjoh mi`prfssjbjdjohof of ê priprjfohof oi sidi quf ofvf sfr ibsfrvhoh phrh fvjthr fssf tjpi of pribdf`h, sfeoi is sidis mi` crheof mi`prfssjbjdjohof mi`prfssjbjdjohof is hrcjdisis f turaisis. Affobhmk of rfairãi7 H mi`prfssjbjdjoh mi`prfssjbjdjohof of ê u`h priprjfohof quf fxprfssh h vhrjhãíi of vidu`f oi sidi quheoi sub`ftjoi h u`h prfssíi, rfouzjeoi is vhzjis oi sidi. Ê u` phrâ`ftri j`pirthetf ei oj`fesjieh`feti ohs aueohãöfs, prjemjphd`fetf ohs supfrmjhjs.
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Oj`fesjieh`feti of shphths Hutirh7 Bèrbhrh Ehroj @fdi Ibgftjvis • Hprfsfethr Hprfsfethr is tjpis of shphths. • Ofsfevidvfr Ofsfevidvfr i oj`fesjieh`feti cfitêmejmi ohs shphths. • Oj`fesjiehr Oj`fesjiehr h cfi`ftrjh ohs shphths jsidhohs quhorhohs, rfthecudhrfs rfthecudhrfs f of ojvjsh.
?:
8. ]hphths of aueohãíi Hs shphths síi fdf`fetis of aueohãíi sj`pdfs ei hspfmti oh suh cfi`ftrjh f eh fxfmuãíi. Ei oj`fesjieh`feti, vimç ofvf busmhr h èrfh of bhsf `àej`h efmfssèrjh phrh trhes`jtjr hs mhrchs ois pjdhrfs phrh i sidi. Hs cfi`ftrjhs jríi ofpfeofr oh ehturfzh ohs mhrchs f oh rfsjstçemjh oi sidi. Hdcu`hs mhrhmtfràstjmhs oh ibrh th`bê` jeufemjhríi eh cfi`ftrjh ohs shphths, mi`i i tjpi of fstruturh, of mievfemjiehd mi` pjdhrfs f vjchs iu hdvfehrjh fstruturhd, bf` mi`i h ojstâemjh fetrf pjdhrfs f h fxjstçemjh of pjdhrfs prýxj`is îs ojvjshs ois tfrrfeis.
^HRH ]HBFR @HJ] Crheofs shphths fstíi sfeoi hoithohs f` ibrhs of crheofs fojaàmjis. Efssfs fdf`fetis, h fsmhvhãíi f hr`hourh síi crheojishs, crheojishs, `hs i mujohoi fspfmjhd ê mi` i trhãi oi miemrfti. F` fstruturhs of crheof vidu`f of miemrfti, hs tfesöfs têr`jmhs síi fdfvhohs, irjcjehohs pfdhs rfhãöfs of ljorhthãíi oi miemrfti. F` rhzíi ohs oj`fesöfs oh shphth, i mhdir eíi sf ojssjph ahmjd`fetf, piofeoi mhushr ssurhs. H shphth ê ofejoh pfdh EBR 1822 (HBE_, 2>8>, p. 2) mi`i —fdf`feti of aueohãíi supfrmjhd, of miemrfti hr`hoi, oj`fesjiehoi of `ioi quf hs tfesöfs of trhãíi efdf rfsudthetfs sfgh` rfsjstjohs pfdi f`prfci of hr`hourh fspfmjhd`fetf ojspisth phrh fssf `‐.
6>
H]]J@JDF H shphth, mi`i quhdqufr aueohãíi ojrfth, trhesafrf h mhrch ois pjdhrfs phrh i sidi pfdh bhsf. Ofsth air`h, h cfi`ftrjh quf vimç ofvf busmhr ê h quf rfsudth eh èrfh `àej`h efmfssèrjh phrh trhesafrjr hs tfesöfs sidjmjthetfs hofquhoh`fetf phrh i sidi. _fesíi sidjmjthetf (ss)
≯ _fesíi ho`jssàvfd oi sid sidi i (sho`)
^hrh ibtfr i air`hti f oj`fesöfs jofhjs, hdcu`hs rfmi`feohãöfs eir`htjvhs f miestrutjvhs síi sfcujohs mieair`f h Ajcurh 8 f is jtfes quf sfcuf`7 • Vsh-sf phrh is dhois oh bhsf, oj`fes oj`fesöfs öfs miestrutjvhs `÷dtjpdhs of 6 m`, mi` hrrfoieoh`fetis sf`prf phrh `hjir `hjir.. • H oj`fesíi `àej`h oh bh bhsf sf ê 1> m` (HBE_, 2>8>). • H ojstâemjh `àej`h rfmi`f rfmi`feohoh eohoh fetrf hs shph shphths ths ê 8> m`. •I mfetri of oh mhrch oi pjdhr of ofvfrè vfrè miesjofrhr mijemjojr mi` mfetri cfi`êtrjmi shphth f ofvf`is u`ihmrêsmj`i of mhrch of 6 h 8>% oh mhrch pfr`hefetf oi pjdhr mi`i u`h fstj`htjvh hprixj`hoh oi pfsi prýprji oh shphth. • ^hrh quf i f`prfci of shphths sfgh vjèvfd, h si`h ohs èrf èrfhs hs f` pdheth, eíi ofvf fxmfofr 1> h 3>% oh èrfh oh miestruãíi (MJE_RH; HIKJ; HDBJFJRI, 2>88).
68
Ajcurh 8 ” Oj`fesöfs `àej`hs f ofthdlfs oh shphth
Aietf7 fdhbirhoh pfdh hutirh.
Ê mi`u` oj`fesjiehr`is hs aueohãöfs rhshs of air`h quf hs tfesöfs hpdjmhohs ei sidi sfgh` miesthetfs (mi`prfssíi eir`hd), `hs ei mhsi of shphths sub`ftjohs î fxi-mi`prfssíi î fxi-mi`prfssíi (Ajcurh 2), phrh `i`fetis privfejfetfs of mhrchs mhrchs hmjofeth hmjofethjs, js, h tfesíi ê ohoh pir7 0 E ¸ @ ύ`èx `èx ./ `àe `àe.
Hs
S
F` quf7 E ” mhrch oi pjdhr; Hs ” èrfh oh shphth (D x B); @ ” `i`feti htuhetf; 2
S ” `i`feti rfsjstfetf7 S ” `i`feti rfsjstfetf
0
B ÓD 1
.
62
Ajcurh 2 ” ]hphth trhbhdlheoi h mi`prfssíi eir`hd f h fxi-mi`prfssíi
Aietf7 hohpthoh of Gippfrt Guejir (2>>3, p. 8>> f 8>8).
Hs shphths th`bê` piof` rfmfbfr mhrrfch`fetis lirjziethjs lirjziethjs,, hdê` ohs mhrchs mfetrhohs f fxmçetrjmhs, mi`i prfvç h EBR 1822 (HBE_, 2>8>) mi` hs prjemjphjs rfmi`feohãöfs ofsthmhohs ei Xuhori 8. Xuhori 8 ” Hs mhrchs ei oj`fesjieh`feti cfi`êtrjmi sfcueoi h EBR 1822 Mhrchs mfetrhohs thd quf hs tfesöfs trhes`jtjohs hi tfrrfei, ho`jtjohs ³uejair`f`fetf H èrfh ofvf sfrojstrjbuàohs, sfgh` `feirfs iu jcuhjs î tfesíi ho`jssàvfd iu tfesíi rfsjstfetf of prigfti oi sidi of hpiji.
Mhrchs fxmçetrjmhs
ofvf sfr afjti miesjofrheoi-sf quf i sidi ê u` fdf`feti ³eíiI mèdmudi rfsjstfetf î trhãíi. H èrfh mi`prj`joh ofvf sfr of ei `àej`i 2/= oh èrfh tithd. H tfesíi eh biroh ofvf sfr `feir iu jcuhd î tfesíi ho`jssàvfd iu tfesíi rfsjstfetf of prigfti.
Mhrchs lirjziethjs
³ Eis mèdmudis, piof-sf miethr mi` i f`puxi phssjvi, ofsof quf hssfcurf quf i eíi sfrè rf`ivjoi, hdê` oh rfsjstçemjh hi mjshdlh`feti eisidi miethti sidi-shphth. Aietf7 hohpthoi of HBE_ (2>8>, p. 22).
6=
Hs shphths piof` sfr mdhssjmhohs of hmiroi mi` i tjpi of mhrch quf trhesafrf phrh i sidi, pfdi sfu air`hti (quhorhoh, rfthecudhr, mirrjoh, mjrmudhr, trhpfzijohd, fetrf iutris) iu htê `fs`i pfdi sfu mi`pirth`feti fstruturhd, piofeoi sfr ràcjoh iu fxàvfd. ]fcueoi Qfddisi f Dipfs (2>8>), hs shphths pissuf` rjcjofz fdfvhoh f síi oj`fesjiehohs pfdi @êtioi ohs Bjfdhs. Hs shphths fxàvfjs iu pdhmhs piof` sfr mdhssjmhohs mi`i rhojfr . ^fdi tjpi of mhrch, of hmiroi mi` i prigfti ois pjdhrfs, tfrf`is tjpis ojafrfetfs of shphths phrh trhes`jtjr hofquhoh`fetf hs mhrchs oh fstruturh phrh i sidi, mi`i piof`is ibsfrvhr ei Xuhori 2. Xuhori 2 ” _jpis of shphths _jpi
Mhrch quf trhesafrf
Jsidhoh
Mhrch miemfetrhoh of u` ÷ejmi. Ojstrjbuj h mhrch f` ouhs ojrfãöfs.
Mirrjoh
Mhrch djefhr (phrfof). Ojstrjbuj h mhrch f` hpfehs u`h ojrfãíi.
Hssimjhoh
Mhrchs miemfetrhohs of `hjs of u` pjdhr trhesafrjohs htrhvês of u`h vjch quf hs hssimjh.
Hdhvhemhoh
Mhrch miemfetrhoh trhesafrjoh htrhvês of vjch-hdhvhemh. Ê utjdjzhoh f` pjdhr of ojvjsh mi` i ibgftjvi of mfetrhr h mhrch oi pjdhr mi` h èrfh oh shphth. Aietf7 Mh`pis (2>86, p. 866).
8.8 ]hphths jsidhohs Hs shphths jsidhohs síi phrh hoithohs eis quhorhoi pjdhrfs mfetrhjs jsidhois f sfcuf` sfus air`htis, iu sfgh, u` pjdhr mi` oj`fesöfs bxbh shphth sfrè quhorhoh (D 0 B), mi`i piof`is vfr eh Ajcurh =.
6?
Ajcurh = ” ^jdhr of sfãíi quhorhoh
h) Mirtf
Aietf7 fdhbirhoh pfdh hutirh.
b) ^dheth
^hrh oj`fesjiehr h cfi`ftrjh oh bhsf oh shphth vimç prfmjshrè oh rfsjstçemjh ho`jssàvfd ho`jssàvfd oi sidi f hoithr u` hmrêsmj`i of 6 h 8>% oh mhrch oi pjdhr mi`i fstj`htjvh oi pfsi prýprji oh shphth. Hoitheoi 8>%, tfrf`is7 ^ 0 ^pjdhr
+ ^pfsi p rrýýprji
^ + >,8^ Hs 0
→ Hs 0
8,8^
ύho`
ύho`
2 Hs 0 BÓ D 0 B ÓB 0 B
^hrh u` pjdhr rfthecudhr, mi` oj`fesöfs d x b, h shphth th`bê` sfrè rfthecudhr (D x B), mi`i eh Ajcurh ?. Ajcurh ? ” ^jdhr of sfãíi rfthecudhr
h) Mirtf
b) ^dheth Aietf7 fdhbirhoh pfdh hutirh.
66
H èrfh oh bhsf oh shphth ê Hs 0 B x D f fdh sfrè miesjofrhoh rfthecudhr sf
D B
£=f
mirrjoh sf
D B
5=.
Miesjofrheoi shphth jsidhoh ràcjoh, rfmi`feoh-sf quf is bhdheãis oh shphth ehs ouhs oj`fesöfs sfgh` jcuhjs, ahzfeoi mi` quf is `i`fetis ehs ouhs ojrfãöfs priviquf` fsairãis hprixj`hoh`fetf jcuhjs ehs hr`hourhs. hr`hourhs. ^hrh jssi, bhsth hoithr D ” d 0 B ” b, mi`i eh Ajcurh 6. Ajcurh 6 ” ]hphth mi` bhdheãis jcuhjs
Aietf7 hohpthoh of Bhstis (2>81, p. 81, p. 1).
Of hmiroi mi` Qfddisi f Dipfs (2>8>), phrh shphths ràcjohs hoith-sf h hdturh l mirrfspieofetf î
o l ≦ + 6 m`, 2
sfeoi 6 m` h ojstâemjh fetrf i
fjxi oh hr`hourh f h mith of hpiji oh shphth. Qimç piof ibsfrvhr ehs Ajcurhs 3 f < quf h jemdjehãíi supfrjir eíi ofvf sfr `hjir quf 87? h 87= phrh eíi lhvfr h efmfssjohof of air`hs ourhetf h miemrfthcf` iu piof`is hoithr i sfcujetf mèdmudi7 θ tc l8 ≯ (B − b − 2 Ó ba ) 2
63
Ajcurh 3 ” Oj`fesöfs `àej`hs f ofthdlfs oh shphth
Aietf7 Mh`pis (2>86, p. 83=).
Ajcurh < ” ]hphth mi` hdturh vhrjèvfd (supfraàmjf jemdjehoh)
Aietf7 _h`hkj (2>88, [s.pP).
6<
^jdhrfs mi` air`htis ojvfrsis F` hdcues prigftis, piof`is femietrhr pjdhrfs mi` air`htis ojvfrsis (Ajcurh :), f efstfs mhsis vimç ofvfrè oftfr`jehr i mfetri cfi`êtrjmi oi pjdhrsfeoi7 f chrhetjr quf fdf mijemjoh mi` i mfetri cfi`êtrjmi oh shphth, xj ⋆ H j ∘ x MC 0 ∘ H j
yj ⋆ H j ∘ f y MC 0 ∘ H j
]feoi7 xMC ” pisjãíi oi mfetri cfi`êtrjmi oi fdf`feti f` rfdhãíi hi fjxi x; xj ” pisjãíi oi mfetri cfi`êtrjmi of u`h phrtf rfthecudhr iu quhorhoh oi fdf`feti f` rfdhãíi hi fjxi x; yMC ” pisjãíi oi mfetri cfi`êtrjmi oi fdf`feti f` rfdhãíi hi fjxi y; yj ” pisjãíi oi mfetri cfi`êtrjmi of u`h phrtf rfthecudhr iu quhorhoh oi fdf`feti f` rfdhãíi hi fjxi y; Hj ” èrfh of u`h phrtf rfthecudhr iu quhorhoh oi fdf`feti. Ajcurh : ” ^jdhrfs mi` sfãöfs (H) f` D, (B) f` V iu (M) quhjsqufr
Aietf7 Mh`pis (2>86, p. 28?).
6:
8.2 ]hphth mirrjoh Hs shphths mirrjohs síi hoithohs phrh trhes`jtjr mhrchs djefhrfs, mi` u`h ohs oj`fesöfs prfpieofrhetf î iutrh, mieair`f h vjsth f h sfãíi oh Ajcurh Hssj` mi`i hsquf shphths jsidhohs, piof` hsfr mdhssjmhohs f` ràcjoh 8>. iu fxàvfd, sfeoi ei mhsi ohs fxàvfjs, pueãíi ofvfrè sfr vfrjmhoh. Ajcurh 8> ” ]hphth mirrjoh
Aietf7 hohpthoh of Qfddisi f Dipfs (2>8>, p. 82).
8.= ]hphth hssimjhoh Xuheoi oijs pjdhrfs fstíi prýxj`is, h bhsf of u`h shphth piof jetfrafrjr eh iutrh (Ajcurh 88.h), ojmudtheoi h hoiãíi of shphths jsidhohs. Efstfs mhsis, h siduãíi ê hdtfrhr h pisjãíi ohs shphths (Ajcurh 88.b) iu hoithr u`h ÷ejmh shphth rfmfbfeoi hs mhrchs of oijs iu `hjs pjdhrfs, mfetrhdjzheoi h shphth ei mfetri of mhrch ois pjdhrfs (Ajcurh 88.m). Ajcurh 88 ” ]hphths of pjdhrfs prýxj`is (h) sibrfpisths; (b) jsidhohs; f (m) hssimjhohs
(h)
1>
(b)
(m) Aietf7 Mh`pis (2>86, p. 218).
^hrh oijs pjdhrfs mi` mhrchs ^8 f ^2, sfeoi h sidjmjthãíi ^8 4 ^2, h rfhãíi oh shphth (R) ê jcuhd î ^8 + ^2 `hjs prýxj`h hi pjdhr ^2 busmheoi i fqujdàbrji, mieair`f h Ajcurh 82 f` quf x 5 d ” x.
18
Ajcurh 82 ” Fsquf`h of u`h shphth hssimjhoh mi` oijs pjdhrfs
Aietf7 fdhbirhoh pfdh hutirh.
Miesjofrheoi 8>% mirrfspieofetf hi pfsi prýprji oh shphth, Hs
8 ,8⋆ R 0
.
ύ
ho`
^hrh femietrhr i mfetri oh shphth MCshphth (Ajcurh 8=), quf mirrfspieof hi pieti of hpdjmhãíi of (R), bhsth ahzfr ∘ @
8
^ 2 ⋆ d . 0 > → ^2 ⋆ d 0 R ⋆ x → x 0
Ajcurh 8= ” Oj`fesöfs oh shphth hssimjhoh
Aietf7 Mh`pis (2>86, p. 216).
R
12
8.? ]hphths of ojvjsh ^fdi mýojci of ibrhs ohs mjohofs, eíi piof`is jevhojr i tfrrfei oi vjzjeli mi` h bhsf oh aueohãíi, `hs efstfs mhsis h hpdjmhãíi oh mhrch oi pjdhr of ojvjsh eíiAjcurh mijemjojrè i mfetrifetrf oh shphth, fxmfetrjmjohof —f‐, quf eh 8?.h êmi` h ojstâemjh Q8 f R8cfrheoi eh shphth 8 rfprfsfethoh pir ]8 f eh Ajcurh 8?.b ê h ojstâemjh fetrf Q f R. V`h air`h of sidumjiehr`is ê djcheoi h shphth of ojvjsh h u`h shphth mfetrhd (Ajcurh 8?.h) iu h u`h iutrh shphth of ojvjsh (8?.b) mi` u`h vjch of fqujdàbrji iu vjch hdhvhemh. Ajcurh 8? ” Qjchs of fqujdàbrji
Aietf7 hohpthoh of Qfddisi f Dipfs (2>8>, p. 8=:).
^hrh h shphth of ojvjsh ]87 ^ 8 ⋆d @ ^ d R d f R > 0 → ⋆ 0 ⋆ − → 0 ( ) ∘ 2 8 8 8 d−f 8, 8⋆ R8 Hs8 0 B8 ⋆ D8 0 ύ ho`
iu d8 B8 b8 iud f0 − a − 2 2
1=
]feoi (a) h aidch of 2,6 m` phrh hpijhr h air`h ois pjdhrfs. @hs, mi`i B8 0 a (R8), R8 0 a(f) f f 0 a(B8), tf`is u`h jeoftfr`jehãíi `htf`ètjmh f phrh rfsidvç-dh vh`is hoithr hdcu`hs ljpýtfsfs. Ljpýtfsf 87 eh prètjmh, ê usuhd hoithr-sf u` vhdir jejmjhd phrh h rfhãíi R8, 2>% `hjir quf i vhdir of ^8, rfsudtheoi f` R8‚ 0 8,2 . ^8 . Hssj`, 8,8⋆ R8 ' . Hs8 0 B8 '⋆ D8 ' 0 ύ
ho`
Ljpýtfsf 27 hoithr B8‚ rfspfjtheoi i jetfrvhdi 8,6B ≯ D ≯ 2,6B (mieojãíi fmieÿ`jmh). Ajxheoi B8‚ 0 B8, vidth`is ehs fquhãöfs jejmjhjs R 8
0
^8 d ⋆
d
−
f
B8 0
2
b8 iu d8 −
−
2
a f
.
f
]f R8 0 R8‚ , fetíi D8‚ f B8‚ síi of ahti hs oj`fesöfs D8 f B8 oh shphth; Gè phrh R8 ≮ R8‚, `hetê`-sf h oj`fesíi B8 0 B8‚ f mhdmudh-sf D8 pir B8 ⋆ D8 0
8,8⋆ R8
, vfrjmheoi sf hs oj`fesöfs htfeof` îs mieojãöfs
ύ
ho`
fmieÿ`jmhs.
Mhsi mietrèrji, hoith-sf u` eivi B f rfpftf-sf is phssis. ∁^ . 0 − 0 − ∁ ^ R ^ f R ^ ^hrh h shphth mfetrhd ]2 tf`is quf7 8
8
2
2
2
F` hdcues mhsis, is pjdhrfs mfetrhjs fsthríi prýxj`is his pjdhrfs of ojvjsh f hs bhsfs jríi sf sibrfpir, lhvfeoi h efmfssjohof of hoithr u`h shphth hssimjhoh rfthecudhr, rfthecudhr, quheoi ^8 (ojvjsh) 4 ^2 iu trhpfzijohd quheoi ^8 (ojvjsh) 5 ^2.
1?
Ajcurh 86 ” ]hphth hssimjhoh of ojvjsh rfthecudhr f trhpfzijohd
Aietf7 Mh`pis (2>86, p. 2x2> m` ê 8,2 `². Xuhjs hs `feirfs oj`fesöfs pissàvfjs phrh h bhsf shphth9 Hssjehdf h hdtfrehtjvh mirrfth. h. 8,?> ` f 8,2> `. b. 8,2> ` f 8,2> `. m. 8,2> ` f 8,>> `.
13
o. 8,>> ` f 8,>> `. f. 8,?> ` f 8,?> `. =. V` pjdhr of ojvjsh mi` oj`fesöfs oj`fesöfs 86x=> m` f mhrch jcuhd î 6> ta fstè h 8,? ` of ojstâemjh of u` pjdhr mi` oj`fesöfs =>x=> m` mi` mhrch of 3> ta. Is prj`fjris mèdmudis jeojmhrh` quf h oj`fesíi `àej`h phrh hs bhsfs ohs shphths sfrè 8,> `. Xuhd i tjpi of shphth jeojmhoi phrh fstf mhsi9 Hssjehdf h hdtfrehtjvh mirrfth. h. ]hphths hdhvhemhohs. hdhvhemhohs. b. ]hphth hssimjhoh of ojvjsh rfthecudhr. m. ]hphth hssimjhoh hssimjhoh of ojvjsh trhpfzij trhpfzijohd. ohd. o. ]hphths jsidhohs. f. ]hphth hssimjhoh hssimjhoh mfetrhd.
Rfafrçemjhs bjbdjicrèmhs HBE_. Hssimjhãíi Brhsjdfjrh of Eir`hs _êmejmhs. EBR 1822 ” ^rigfti f fxfmuãíi of aueohãöfs. aueohãöfs. Rji of ghefjri7 HBE_, 2>8>. MH@^I], G. M. of. Fdf`fetis of aueohãöfs f` miemrfti. miemrfti. ]íi ^hudi7 Imjeh of _fxtis, 2>86. QFDDI]I, O. of H.; DI^F], A. of R. Aueohãöfs7 Aueohãöfs7 mrjtêrjis mrjtêrjis of prigfti, jevfstjchãíi oi subsidi, aueohãöfs supfrmjhjs f aueohãöfs priaueohs. ]íi ^hudi7 Imjeh of _fxtis, 2>8>. _H@HKJ, D. @uoheãh of pdheis. _êmlef _êmlef.. e. 888. Ojspieàvfd f`7 lttp7//tfmlef83.pjej.mi`.br/fecfelhrjh-m lttp7//tfmlef83 .pjej.mi`.br/fecfelhrjh-mjvjd/8 ` f 8,2> `. Jemirrfth, pijs eíi ê h mieojãíi `hjs fmieÿ`jmh pissàvfd. 8,2> ` f 8,2> `. Jemirrfth, pijs ê quhorhoh. 8,2> ` f 8,>> `. Mirrfth, pijs ê rfthecudhr, rfspfjth h mieojãí mieojãíi i D ” d 0 B ” b f h èrfh ê 8,2> `². 8,>> ` f 8,>> `. Jemirrfth, pijs ê quhorhoh f h èrfh ê `feir quf h `àej`h. 8,?> ` f 8,?> `. Jemirrfth, pijs ê quhorhoh f eíi ê h mieojãíi `hjs fmieÿ`jmh pissàvfd. Affobhmk of rfairãi7 Ofvf`is sf`prf oj`fesjiehr h ahvir oh sfcurheãh, `hs eíi sjcejmh quf i prigfti ofvfrè sfr supfr oj`fesjiehoi, pijs fdfvh substhemjhd`fetf is mustis oh ibrh.
1:
Xufstíi = ” = ” Rfspisth7 B Rfsiduãíi7 Hehdjsheoi h sibrfpisjãíi tfrf`is7 b8 B2 >,86 8 B8− − a + + >,8 0 8− − >,>26 + + >,8 0 8, 6> ` 5 8, ?> ` 2 2 2 2
^irtheti, h siduãíi ofvfrè sfr shphth hssimjhoh of ojvjsh. Mi`i ^8 (ojvjsh) 4 ^2, sfrè h shphth ofvfrè sfr rfthecudhr. Affobhmk of rfairãi7 Df`brf-sf of ofjxhr fsphãi phrh h air`h oi pjdhr eh ojvjsh th`bê`.
3>
Fstuoi Hutirh7 Bèrbhrhoi Ehrojrhojfr @fdi Ibgftjvis • Hprfsfethr Hprfsfethr is tjpis of rhojfr. • Hprfsfethr Hprfsfethr is prjemjphjs phrâ`ftris oi rhojfr. • Hprfsfethr Hprfsfethr is `êtiois of heèdjsfs.
38
8. I usi oi rhojfr I rhojfr ê u` tjpi of aueohãíi rhsh fxfmuthoh f` miemrfti hr`hoi mievfemjiehd iu pritfeojoi, quf rfmfbf hs mhrchs of phrfofs of hdvfehrjh fstruturhd iu ois pjdhrfs f` u` ÷ejmi fdf`feti, hoithoh quheoi7 • • • • •
Hs mhrchs síi fdfvhohs fdfvhohs.. H rfsjstçemjh supfrmjhd oi sidi ê bhjxh. Lè bidsöfs of sidi `idf vh vhrjèvfjs. rjèvfjs. Ofsfgh-sf uejair uejair`jzhr `jzhr is rfmhdqufs. Ê efmfssèrji mi`bhtfr h sibrfpr sibrfprfssíi fssíi ljoristètjmh.
Mi` i hu`feti oh jeoustrjhdjzhãíi oh miestruãíi, i rhojfr th`bê` tf` t f` sjoi h`pdh`fetf hoithoi f` ibrhs f` stffd arh`f f wiio arh`f.
^HRH ]HBFR @HJ] Hdê` of mi`phtjbjdjzhr i prigfti oi rhojfr mi` is prigftis ois pjdhrfs, ê aueoh`fethd prfvfr hs shàohs ohs jesthdhãöfs fdêtrjmhs f ljorisshejtèrjhs quf sfríi jesthdhohs sib i rhojfr. I rhojfr, mi`i fdf`feti fstruturhd, piof sfr ràcjoi iu fxàvfd (fdèstjmi), mi` fspfssurh vhrjheoi of 8> h 86> m`, ofpfeofeoi ohs tfesöfs quf sfríi hpdjmhohs f h ojstâemjh fetrf is hpijis.
H]]J@JDF I rhojfr ê u` tjpi of aueohãíi supfrmjhd hoithoi f` ibrhs of pfqufei î `êoji pirtf, f` quf h hdturh sfgh `feir iu jcuhd h ouhs vfzfs h dhrcurh f` pdheth oh fojmhãíi.
32
Gè i rhojfr rho jfr fsthq fsthqufhoi ufhoi ê u` tjpi tjp i of aueohãíi aue ohãíi `jsth utjdjzhoi f` ibrhs of crheof pirtf, mi`i crheofs fojaàmjis.
8.8 _jpis of rhojfr I rhojfr ê mdhssjmhoi of hmiroi mi` h mith of hpiji, piofeoi sfr fetfrrhoi iu hpijhoi eh supfraàmjf, f pfdi tjpi of dhgf, sf `hmjãh iu efrvurhoh. I rhojfr hpijhoi eh supfraàmjf oh Ajcurh 8, pir fxf`pdi, ê u`h dhgf `hmjãh djsh of miemrfti. Ajcurh 8 ” Rhojfr hpijhoi eh supfraàmjf
Aietf7 fdhbirhoh pfdh hutirh.
Gè i rhojfr oh oh Ajcurh 2 ê u`h dhgf of miemr miemrfti fti hpijhoh eh supfraàmjf mi` pfofsthjs (iu micu`fdis) ofstjehois h hu`fethr h fspfssurh ehs rfcjöfs of hpdjmhãíi ohs mhrchs. Ajcurh 2 ” Rhojfr mi` pfofsthjs hpijhoh eh supfraàmjf
Aietf7 fdhbirhoh pfdh hutirh.
3=
I rhojfr oh Ajcurh = pissuj efrvurhs phrh hu`fethr h rjcjofz f ê utjdjzhoi f` dimhjs mi` sidis fxphesjvis. Ajcurh = ” Rhojfr ràcjoi (iu efrvurhoi) hpijhoh eh supfraàmjf
Aietf7 fdhbirhoh pfdh hutirh.
I rhojfr fetfrrhoi mi`pfeshoi (Ajcurh ?) ê hpijhoi ei aueoi of u`h fsmhvhãíi mi` thd priaueojohof quf i hdàvji oi sidi fsmhvhoi mi`pfesh h tfesíi hpdjmhoh iu phrtf ofdh. H priaueojohof of f`butj`feti phrh h mi`pfeshãíi (OA) piof sfr ibtjoh pir7 Oa 0
^frmfet ^fr mfethcf hcf` ` of mi`pfe mi`pfeshãíi shãíiÓ _fesí _fesíi i `êojh `êojh hpdjm hpdjmhoh hoh ^fsi fspfmàajmi oi sidi
Ajcurh ? ” Rhojfr fetfrrhoi mi`pfeshoi
Aietf7 Buolu (2>83, p. 2::).
I rhojfr fetfrrhoi mfdudhr (Ajcurh 6) th`bê` ê hpijhoi ei aueoi of u`h fsmhvhãíi mi` thd priaueojohof quf i hdàvji oi sidi fsmhvhoi mi`pfesh h tfesíi hpdjmhoh iu phrtf ofdh f ê jeojmhoh phrh is mhsis f` quf h mith of hpiji fstè hbhjxi oi eàvfd o‚ècuh.
3?
Ajcurh 6 ” Rhojfr fetfrrhoi mfdudhr
Aietf7 Buolu (2>83, p. 2::).
Eis rhojfrs fetfrrhois mi` efrvurhs jevfrtjohs (Ajcurh 1), is pjdhrfs síi hdjelhois mi` hs efrvurhs. Eir`hd`fetf, síi utjdjzhois f` fstruturhs dfvfs f i sidi fsmhvhoi mi`pfesh h tfesíi hpdjmhoh iu phrtf ofdh. Ajcurh 1 ” Rhojfr fetfrrhoi mi` efrvurhs jevfrtjohs
Aietf7 Buolu (2>83, p. 2::).
I rhojfr fsthqufhoi (Ajcurh 3) ê u` tjpi of aueohãíi quf fevidvf oijs tjpis of aueohãíi trhbhdlheoi phrh fvjthr is fafjtis jeofsfgèvfjs ois rfmhdqufs ojafrfemjhjs, pir jssi, tf` h`pdh hpdjmhãíi eis crheofs fojaàmjis (hrrhelh-mêus), (hrrhelh-mêus), mi`i is of Oubhj.
36
Ajcurh 3 ” Rhojfr fsthqufhoi
Aietf7 Buolu (2>83, p. 2::).
8.2 Oj`fesjieh`feti rhojfr ]fcueoi h eir`h of aueohãöfs EBR 1822 (HBE_, 2>8>), i rhojfr ê u`h aueohãíi hssimjhoh quf rfmfbf tiois is pjdhrfs oh ibrh (rhojfr cfrhd) iu hpfehs u`h phrtf ois pjdhrfs oh ibrh (rhojfr phrmjhd). Hssj`, ofvf`is busmhr h èrfh of bhsf mhphz of hbrjchr is pjdhrfs f of trhesafrjr h si`h of tiohs hs mhrchs hpdjmhs phrh i sidi, iu sfgh7 ∘^ ύho` ≦ H bhsf
]feoi7 ύho` ” tfesíi ho`jssàvfd oi sidi (kE/`² iu H bhsf
ta/`²);
” èrfh oh bhsf oi rhojfr (D x B).
Ofvjoi î ojstrjbujãíi vhrjhoh ois pjdhrfs, ojmjd`fetf i mfetri of mhrch ois pjdhrfs mijemjojrè mi` i mfetri cfi`êtrjmi oi rhojfr. Eh Ajcurh < vimç piof ibsfrvhr h rfsudthetf (R) ojsthetf f` m‚ f m‐ oi mfetri cfi`êtrjmi, ahzfeoi mi` quf h ojstrjbujãíi oh tfesíi phrh i sidi imirrh of air`h eíi uejair`f.
31
Ajcurh < ” Mfetri of mhrch oi rhojfr
Aietf7 Mhputi, Mhputi f Riorjcufs (2>83, [spP.)
Efstf mhsi, h tfesíi `èxj`h ojstrjbuàoh phrh i sidi ê R 1m ' 1m " . p0 ¸ 8¸ D ÓB D B
Of hmiroi mi` Mhputi, Mhputi f Riorjcufs (2>83), ofvf-sf hjeoh vfrjmhr phrh h sfãíi ]-] h rfsjstçemjh hi fsairãi mirthetf (X) f hi `i`feti ftir (@)7 X0
x
x
∘ ^ −∫ p ⋆ ox
>
>
x
x
∘^ −∫ p⋆x⋆ox
@0
>
>
Hdê` ohs mhrchs ois pjdhrfs, i rhojfr piof fsthr sfeoi sidjmjthoi pir f`puxi oi sidi (tfesöfs lirjziethjs), prfssíi ljoristètjmh ehs dhtfrhjs f ei aueoi, prfssíi ofvjoi î jedtrhãíi of ècuh ei sidi iu htê `fs`i pfroh of supirtf ofvjoi î vhrjhãíi of u`johof f` sidis midhpsàvfjs, mieair`f h Ajcurh : (BVOLV, 2>83).
33
Ajcurh : ” ^rfssöfs htuheoi sibrf u` rhojfr fetfrrhoi ei sidi
Aietf7 Buolu (2>83, p. =>>).
^frmfbh quf i mèdmudi fstruturhd oi rhojfr ê sj`jdhr hi of u`h dhgf, `hs i ofshi fstè f` hehdjshr h fstruturh jetfrhcjeoi mi` i sidi. ^hrh jssi, hdcu`hs ljpýtfsfs síi hoithohs, mi`i7 tfesíi of miethti uejair`f, `ýoudi oi subdfjti miesthetf iu vhrjèvfd f trhth`feti oi sidi mi`i u` `htfrjhd fdèstjmi iu fdhstipdèstjmi (BVOLV, 2>83). Ajcurh 8> ” Crupis of heèdjsfs ois rhojfrs Heèdjsf sj`pdfs _fesíi of miethti djefhr.
³ Rhojfr sibrf `idhs ³ @iofdi `idh of Sjekdfr. Rhojfr sibrf sidi miesjofrhoi `fji mietàeui
³ ]idi trhthoi mi`i u` `htfrjhd fdèstjmi iu fdhstipdèstjmi. Aietf7 hohpthoh of Buolu (2>83, p. =>?).
Is prjemjphjs `êtiois of mèdmudi oi mhrrfch`feti oh dhgf f ois fsairãis sidjmjthetfs djsthois pir Mh`pis (2>86) síi7 @êtioi of Sjekdfr oh pdhmh ofdchoh hpijhoh ojrfth`fetf ei sidi, rfprfsfethoi pir u` sjstf`h of `idhs; @êtioi ohs Ojafrfeãhs Ajejths bhsfhoi eh rfsiduãíi of
3<
fquhãöfs ojafrfemjhjs quf rfdhmjieh` i ofsdimh`feti of u` pieti his ofsdimh`fetis of pietis vjzjelis ei rhojfr (Ajcurh 88); @êtioi ois Fdf`fetis Ajejtis quf sfcueoi Mh`pis (2>86, p. ?8>, p. 83=).
^hrh h hoiãíi oh siduãíi f` rhojfr, hs mhrhmtfràstjmhs oh ibrh, h `hcejtuof f ehturfzh ohs mhrchs, bf` mi`i i tjpi of sidi, ofvf` sfr h`pdh`fetf fstuohohs phrh chrhetjr i sumfssi oh ibrh.
_FIRJH F@ ^RÈ_JMH I @êtioi ois Fdf`fetis Ajejtis (@FA) ê h`pdh`fetf utjdjzhoi pfdis prigftjsths fstruturhjs pir `fji of pricrh`hs mi`puthmjiehjs, mi`puthmjiehjs, phrh oftfr`jehr i fsthoi of tfesíi f ofair`hãíi. I @FA ê hoithoi phrh rfhdjzhr heèdjsf bj f trjoj`fesjiehd oi rhojfr, `hs Qfddisi f Dipfs (2>8>) ofsthmh` quf h fxpfrjçemjh oi prissjiehd jeufemjh eis rfsudthois pfdi rfeh`feti oh `hdlh f pfdi tjpi of fdf`feti ejti j`pdhethoi ei pricrh`h. I mielfmj`feti oi `êtioi f h jetfrhãíi fetrf i fecfelfjri f i siatwhrf ê fssfemjhd
phrh h hu`fethr h pfrmfpãíi of fvfetuhjs frris of jesfrãíi of ohois f mieojmjiehetfs of prigfti. Efstf mietfxti, quhjs is pissàvfjs `iofdis phrh heèdjsf of u` rhojfr pfdi @FA9
QFRJAJMHÃÍI OF DFJ_VRH 8. I rhojfr ê u` tjpi of aueohãíi rhsh rhsh quf hbrhecf u`h phrtf iu tiois is pjdhrfs oh ibrh. Fssh siduãíi ê hoithoh quheoi h. H siduãíi f` shphths rfsudth f` fdf`fetis `ujti prýxj`is iu sibrfpistis. b. H siduãíi f` bdimis eíi ê mhphz of hbsirvfr is fsairãis of trhãíi eh bhsf. m. H siduãíi f` fsthmhs miesi`f miesi`f u` vidu`f `hjir of miemrfti. o. H siduãíi f` shphths udtrhphssh udtrhphssh = ` of priaueojohof h phrtjr oh mith oi tfrrfei. f. H siduãíi f` bdimis efmfssjth of hr`hourh phrh trhesafrjr phrh i sidi mhrchs fdfvhohs of pjdhrfs. 2. I rhojfr piof sfr mdhssjmhoi of hmiroi mi` h mith of hpiji, pfdi tjpi of dhgf iu pfdi tjpi of fdf`feti fstruturhd. Xuhjs síi is tjpis of rhojfr of hmiroi mi` i fdf`feti fstruturhd9 h. Fetfrrhoi iu hpijhoi. b. @hmjãi iu efrvurhoi.
8>. BVOLV, @. Aueohãöfs f fstruturhs of mietfeãíi. mietfeãíi. ]íi ^hudi7 D_M, 2>83. MH@^I], G. M. Fdf`fetis of aueohãöfs f` miemrfti. miemrfti. ]íi ^hudi7 Imjeh of _fxtis, 2>86. MH^V_I, L. ^.; MH^V_I, H. E.; RIORJCVF], G. @. of H. @fmâejmh ois sidis f suhs hpdjmhãöfs7 `fmâejmh hpdjmhãöfs7 `fmâejmh ohs rimlhs, aueohãöfs f ibrhs of tfrrh7 vidu`f 2. Rji of Ghefjri7 D_M, 2>83. QFDDI]I, O. of H.; DI^F], A. of R. Aueohãöfs7 Aueohãöfs7 mrjtêrjis mrjtêrjis of prigfti, jevfstjchãíi oi subsidi, aueohãöfs supfrmjhjs f aueohãöfs priaueohs. ]íi ^hudi7 Imjeh of _fxtis, 2>8>.
Aietf7 hohpthoh of Mh`pis (2>86, p. =>8).
Of hmiroi mi` Qfddisi f Dipfs (2>8>), h tfesíi ho`jssàvfd î trhãíi oi miemrfti cfrhd`fetf ê miesjofrhoh mi`i 8>% oh tfesíi ho`jssàvfd î mi`prfssíi oi miemrfti. ^hrh vimç femietrhr h hdturh oi bdimi bhsth miesjofrhr u` trjâecudi f` quf u` ois dhois ê h hdturh f i iutri ê B-b/2, −b B rfsudtheoi f`7 l 0 the β 2
Ajcurh 6 ” Oftfr`jehãíi oh hdturh oi bdimi
Aietf7 fdhbirhoh pfdh hutirh.
@hs h hdturh oi bdimi efmfssèrjh phrh h hemirhcf` ohs hr`hourhs oi pjdhr ofvf htfeofr î sfcujetf fxprfssíi7 ρÓ a yo 0 ??ρ, of hmiroi mi` hs _hbfdhs 2 f =. l ≦ db 0 ? a
bo
:>
_hbfdh 2 ” Mi`prj`feti of hemirhcf` f` aueãíi oh bjtidh f ois vhdirfs mhrhmtfràstjmis oi miemrfti Rfsjstçemjh mhrhmtfràstjmh oi miemrfti (amk f` @^h) Mi`prj`feti of hemirhcf` ]f` chemli db 0 a x a yo/?a bo
86 6=a
2> ??a
26 = =?a
Mi` chemli db,efm 0 h x db 0 >,3db
=3a
=8a
21a
2?a
Aietf7 hohpthoh of Mh`pis (2>86, p. 83>).
_hbfdh = ” Bjtidhs phoriejzhohs pfdh EBR 3? Bjtidh/ ojâ`ftri a (``)
Qhdirfs ei`jehjs of mèdmudi
Bhrrhs
Ojâ`ftri (pidfchohs)
@hssh (kc/`)
Èrfh(``²) oh sfãíi
82,6
8/2
>,:1=
822,32
81
6/<
8,63<
2>8,8
2>
=/?
2,?11
=8?,2
26
8
=,,:
Aietf7 hohpthoh of HBE_ (2>>3, p. 8?).
Hcirh vimç shbf quf i bdimi of aueohãíi piof sfr miesjofrhoi i tjpi `hjs sj`pdfs of aueohãíi, theti ei sfu oj`fesjieh`feti quheti eh fxfmuãíi. @hs h suh hpdjmhãíi ofvf sfr vfrjmhoh pfdhs dj`jthãöfs eh mhphmjohof of mhrch fstruturhd.
_FIRJH F@ ^RÈ_JMH Qimç, fecfelfjri mjvjd, aij mietrhthoi phrh oj`fesjiehr bdimis of aueohãíi ohs fstruturhs huxjdjhrfs of u` mieoi`àeji (pirthrjh f fsmrjtýrji). I prigfti fstruturhd jeojmiu quf is bdimis ofvfríi supirthr u`h mhrch of
:8
=>> kE of pjdhrfs quhorhois, mi` oj`fesöfs of 2> x 2> m`. H tfesíi ho`jssàvfd oi sidi eh mith of hpiji ois bdimis ê of 2>> kE/`². Ofsth air`h, vimç ofvfrè oftfr`jehr7 (h) hs oj`fesöfs oh bhsf f (b) h hdturh oi bdimi of aueohãíi. Eíi fsqufãh of vfrjmhr sf hs oj`fesöfs htfeof` îs rfmi`feohãöfs oh eir`h EBR 1822/2>8:. Miesjofrf i amk oi miemrfti jcuhd î 2> @^h.
QFRJAJMHÃÍI OF DFJ_VRH 8. Is bdimis f hs shphths shphths of aueohãíi piss pissuf` uf` sf`fdlheãhs, prjemjphd`fetf ei oj`fesjieh`feti cfitêmejmi, gè quf h ojafrfeãh fstè ei oj`fesjieh`feti fstruturhd. Efstf mietfxti, hssjehdf h hdtfrehtjvh mirrfth. h. Hs shphths síi fdf`fetis `hjs ribustis. b. Is bdimis of aueohãíi djch` is pjdhrfs îs fsthmhs. m. Is bdimis ojspfesh` ojspfesh` i usi of hr`hourhs hr`hourhs.. o. Hs shphths rfmfbf` hpfehs hs hr`hourhs ois pjdhrfs. f. Is bdimis síi fxfmuthois f` miemrfti hr`hoi. 2. Xuhjs phrâ`ftris síi síi hehdjshois ei mèdmudi oh hdturh ois bdimis of aueohãíi9 h. Rfsjstçemjh oi sidi f rjcjofz oi dhstri.
:2
b. Rfsjstçemjh î trhãíi oi miemrfti f h hemirhcf` oi pjdhr. m. Rfsjstçemjh î mi`prfssíi mi`prfssíi oi miemrfti f h èrfh `àej`h of hãi. o. Rfsjstçemjh î trhãíi oi miemrfti f rjcjofz oi dhstri. f. Rfsjstçemjh oi sidi f èrfh `àej`h of hãi. =. F` mèdmudis prètjmis, prètjmis, h tfesíi ho`jssàvfd î trhãíi trhãíi oi miemrfti piof sfr miesjofrhoh mi`i u`h pirmfethcf` oh tfesíih ho`jssàvfd mi`prfssíi oi miemrfti. Hssjehdf hdtfrehtjvh îquf jeojmh mirrfth`fetf fsth pirmfethcf`. h. 8%. b. 1>%. m. 8>>%. o. 6>%. f. 8>% .
Rfafrçemjhs bjbdjicrèmhs HBE_. Hssimjhãíi Brhsjdfjrh of Eir`hs _êmejmhs. EBR 3? ” Hãi ofstjehoi h hr`hourhs phrh fstruturhs of miemrfti hr`hoi ” fspfmjmhãíi. Rji of ghefjri7 HBE_, 2>>3. HBE_. Hssimjhãíi Brhsjdfjrh of Eir`hs _êmejmhs. EBR 1822 ” ^rigfti f fxfmuãíi of aueohãöfs. aueohãöfs. Rji of ghefjri7 HBE_, 2>8:.
:=
MH@^I], G. M. of. of. Fdf`fetis of aueohãöfs f` miemrfti. miemrfti. ]íi ^hudi7 Imjeh of _fxtis, 2>86. BI_FDLI, @. L. M. ^rjemàpjis oh @fmâejmh ois ]idis f Aueohãöfs phrh h Miestruãíi Mjvjd. Mjvjd. ]íi ^hudi7 Bdumlfr, 2>86. QFDDI]I, O. of H.; DI^F], A. R. Aueohãöfs7 Aueohãöfs7 mrjtêrjis mrjtêrjis of prigfti, jevfstjchãíi oi subsidi, aueohãöfs supfrmjhjs, aueohãöfs priaueohs. ]íi ^hudi7 Imjeh of _fxtis, 2>8>.
Chbhrjti Xufstíi 8 ” 8 ” Rfspisth7 M Rfsiduãíi7 Hs shphths síi fdf`fetis fxfmuthois f` miemrfti hr`hoi f pir jssi síi `feis ribusths quf is bdimis. F is bdimis of aueohãíi síi fdf`fetis fstruturhjs ojafrfetfs ois bdimis of mirih`feti. Affobhmk of rfairãi7 Is bdimis síi fdf`fetis oj`fesjiehois phrh i miemrfti rfsjstjr his fsairãis of trhãíi. Xufstíi 2 ” 2 ” Rfspisth7 B Rfsiduãíi7 I oj`fesjieh`feti oh hdturh oi bdimi sf jejmjh pfdh busmh oi âecudi bfth quf chrhetf quf i miemrfti rfsjstjrè his fsairãis of trhãíi f f` sfcujoh phssh pfdh heèdjsf oh hdturh `àej`h phrh h hemirhcf` oi pjdhr. Affobhmk of rfairãi7 H hr`hourh fxjstfetf ei bdimi ê h of hemirhcf` oi pjdhr f i oj`fesjieh`feti ofvf chrhetjr quf i miemrfti rfsjsth his fsairãis of trhãíi. Xufstíi = ” = ” Rfspisth7 F Rfsiduãíi7 Of hmiroi mi` Qfddisi f Dipfs (2>8>), h tfesíi ho`jssàvfd î trhãíi oi miemrfti cfrhd`fetf ê miesjofrhoh mi`i 8>% oh tfesíi ho`jssàvfd î mi`prfssíi oi miemrfti.
Affobhmk of rfairãi7 I miemrfti tf` bhjxh rfsjstçemjh î trhãíi. :?
Mhphmjohof of mhrch f prfvjsíi of rfmhdqufs Hutirh7 Bèrbhrh Ehroj @fdi
Ibgftjvis • Hprfsfethr Hprfsfethr is miemfjtis of mhphmjohof of mhrch, tfesíi ho`jssàvfd f tfesíi of rupturh. • Jetfrprfthr Jetfrprfthr f utjdjzhr is ohois ibtjois ehs privhs of mhrch sibrf pdhmh phrh fstj`hr h mhrch of rupturh. • Rfdhmjiehr Rfdhmjiehr h prfvjsíi ois rfmhdqufs mi` i oj`fesjieh`feti oj`fesjieh`fet i ois fdf`fetis of aueohãíi.
:6
8. Mhphmjohof of mhrch H prfvjsíi oh mhphmjohof of mhrch ohs aueohãöfs ê u` ois `hjirfs ofshis oi fecfelfjri mjvjd cfitêmejmi. I fstuoi rfdhmjiehoi hi mi`pirth`feti ois fdf`fetis of aueohãíi fevidvf ojvfrsis phrâ`ftris oi sidi, oi fdf`feti fstruturhd f oh jetfrhãíi fetrf fdfs.
^HRH ]HBFR @HJ] Ojvfrsis hrtjcis oh èrfh of aueohãöfs hprfsfeth` ohois of privh of mhrch f` air`hti of murvhs mhrch vfrsus rfmhdquf, thjs mi`i7 @fdi; Hdbuqufrquf (2>86); Cus`íi; Idjvfjrh (2>8=). Fssfs ohois síi j`pirthetfs phrh fxprfsshr i mi`pirth`feti ois sidis tàpjmis brhsjdfjris f hguohríi h rfehr is fstuois ois sfus prigftis. H mhphmjohof of mhrch mirrfspieof î tfesíi quf privimhrè h rupturh cfitêmejmh oi fdf`feti of aueohãíi. ]feoi hssj`, eis prigftis of aueohãöfs, ofvf-sf hpdjmhr u` ahtir of sfcurheãh cdibhd iu ahtirfs of sfcurheãh phrmjhjs. H prfvjsíi piof sfr rfhdjzhoh pir `êtiois tfýrjmis, bhsfhois eh `fmâejmh ois sidis, `êtiois sf`jf`pàrjmis, quf utjdjzh` ohois of feshjis of mh`pi, f privhs of mhrch sibrf pdhmh, quf sj`udh` i mhrrfch`feti oh ibrh ei sidi of hpiji oh aueohãíi.
H]]J@JDF Is prigftis of aueohãöfs ofvf` htfeofr rfqujsjtis bèsjmis busmheoi ofair`hãöfs hmfjtèvfjs quheoi sidjmjthohs, htfeofeoi î vfrjmhãíi of fsthois dj`jtfs of utjdjzhãíi iu sfrvjãi (FD]) f sfcurheãh î rupturh cfitêmejmh iu fstruturhd, mirrfspieofetf î vfrjmhãíi oi fsthoi dj`jtf ÷dtj`i (FDV).
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8.8 Mhphmjohof of aueohãöfs ojrfths ^hrh u`h shphth mi` bhsf of oj`fesöfs D x B, rfmfbfeoi h mhrch ^ oi pjdhr, h mhphmjohof of mhrch iu tfesíi of rupturh (srup) ê h rfdhãíi oh mhrch pfdh èrfh oh bhsf. Eh `hjirjh ois prigftis of aueohãöfs ê hoithoh h disih oh sidjmjthãíi ho`jssàvfd hpijhoh ei ahtir of sfcurheãh cdibhd, mieair`f hprfsfethoi eh _hbfdh 8. _hbfdh 8 ” Aueohãöfs supfrmjhjs ” Ahtirfs of sfcurheãh f mifmjfetfs of `jeirhãíi phrh sidjmjthãöfs of mi`prfssíi sfcueoi h EBR 1822 @êtiois phrh
Mifamjfetf of
oftfr`jehãíi oh rfsjstçemjh ÷dtj`h
`jeirhãíi oh rfsjstçemjh ÷dtj`h Qhdirfs pripistis ei prýprji primfssi f ei `àej`i 2,86
]f`jf`pàrjmis* Hehdàtjmis** ]f`jf`pàrjmis h iu hehdàtjmis* hmrfsmjois of ouhs iu `hjs privhs of mhrch, efmfsshrjh`fetf
Ahtir of sfcurheãh cdibhd Qhdirfs pripistis ei prýprji primfssi f ei `àej`i =,>>
2,86
=,>>
8,?>
2,>>
fxfmuthohs of prigfti eh ahsf * Htfeofeoi hi oi`àeji of vhdjohof phrh i tfrrfei dimhd. ** ]f` hpdjmhãíi of mifmjfetfs of `jeirhãíi his phrâ`ftris of rfsjstçemjh oi tfrrfei.
Aietf7 hohpthoh of HBE_ (2>8:, p. 81).
@êtiois tfýrjmis _frzhclj aij pjiefjri eis fstuois oh mhphmjohof of mhrch f eh suh air`udhãíi tfýrjmh of 8:?= (_FRWHCLJ, 8:?=), h tfesíi of rupturh piof sfr fxprfssh pir7 ύ 0
m ⋆E ⋆ ]
+ q⋆E ⋆ ] +
8
⋆ ν ⋆B ⋆E ⋆ ]
r
m
m
q
q
2
ν
ν
:3
F` quf7 m ” Mifsíi oi sidi (kE/`² iu ta/`²). Em, Eq f Ec ” Ahtirfs of mhphmjohof of mhrch (Ajcurh 2). ]m, ]q f ]c” Ahtirfs of air`h (_hbfdh 2). q ” _fesíi faftjvh oi sidi f` kE/`² iu ta/`² fxprfssh pir c (pfsi fspfmàmi oi sidi) x l (fspfssurh oh mh`hoh). I pfsi fspfmàmi oi sidi oi tfrmfjri tfr`i ofpfeofrè oh pisjãíi oi eàvfd o‚ècuh (EH), sfeoi pfsi fspfmàmi sub`frsi (c‚ 0 c - cw ) sf i EH fstjvfr eh`hjir mith iu ohush-sf bhsf. Xuheoi i EH fstjvfr h u`h priaueojohof qufhmj`h h bhsf, i ehturhd. Ajcurh 2 ” Ahtirfs of mhphmjohof of mhrch
Aietf7 _frzhclj f ^fmk (8:13) hpuo Mjetrh Mjetrh ft hd. (2>88, p. =>).
:<
_hbfdh 2 ” Ahtirfs of air`h ]hphth
]m
]q
]c
Mirrjoh (dhoi B)
8,>
8,>
8,>
Xuhorhoh (B 0 D)
8,2
8,>
>,<
Mjrmudhr (B 0 ojâ`ftri)
8,2
8,>
>,1
Rfthecudhr
8+ (B/D)(Eq/Em)
8+ (B/D) tca
8- >,? (B/D)
Aietf7 hohpthoh of _frzhclj f ^fmk (8:13) hpuo Mjetrh ft hd. (2>88, p. =8 f ==).
Qèrjhs pripisths ofrjvhrh` oh air`udhãíi of _frzhclj, u`h ofdhs aij h of Qfsjm eh rupturh cfrhd phrh sidis ràcjois mi`i hrcjdhs ourhs f hrfjhs mi`phmths, ei ahtir Ec f eis ahtirfs of air`h (MJE_RH ft hd., 2>88). Gè eh rupturh dimhd f ei puemjieh`feti, puemjieh`feti, Qfsjm jetriou jetriouzju zju phrmfdhs of mi`prfssjbjdjohof mi`prfssjbjdjoh of ehs trçs phrmfdhs oh air`udhãíi eh rupturh cfrhd f rfouzju h phrmfdh of mifsíi oi sidi phrh (m‚)7 m' 0
2
m
=
@hs mi`i h air`udhãíi rfsudth f` tfesíi of rupturh, vimç hpdjmhrè i ahtir of sfcurheãh prfvjsti eh thbfdh 8 phrh ibtfr h tfesíi ho`jssàvfd, quf phrh `êtiois tfýrjmis ê jcuhd h =, iu sfgh7 ύ ύ r r . 0 0 ύ ho` A]
=
@êtiois sf`jf`pàrjmis Fstfs síi is `êtiois `hjs mi`ues eis fsmrjtýrjis of fecfelhrjh brhsjdfjris phrh fstj`hr h tfesíi ho`jssàvfd utjdjzheoi is rfsudthois of feshjis of mh`pi, mi`i i ]theohro ^feftrhtjie _fst ” ” ]^_ f i Mief ^feftrhtjie _fst ” ” M^_. F` ibrhs mi` crheofs tfrrfeis, hs sieohcfes
jeojmhríi pfrs bf` ojstjetis, sfeoi efmfssèrji ojvjojr f` rfcjöfs
rfprfsfethtjvhs phrh hpdjmhãíi ois `êtiois. ::
^fdi bhjxi musti f sj`pdjmjohof of fxfmuãíi, i ]^_ ê i feshji `hjs ojaueojoi, tfeoi i E]^_ mi`i vhdir `êoji ois àeojmfs of rfsjstçemjh î pfeftrhãíi ei budbi of tfesöfs (Ajcurh =), h tfesíi ho`jssàvfd pir sfr fstj`hoh pir7 ύho` 0
E]^_ + q kE / `² mi` ( ) 6 ≯ E]^_ ≯ 2> >, >6
]feoi q h tfesíi faftjvh oi sidi eh mith of hpiji oh aueohãíi. Ajcurh = ” Budbi of tfesöfs
Aietf7 fdhbirhoh pfdh hutirh.
]feoi B h `feir oj`fesíi oh bhsf oi fdf`feti of aueohãíi rhsh (B). Mi`i i budbi ofpfeof oh tfesíi ho`jssàvfd f h tfesíi ho`jssàvfd ofpfeof oi budbi, eir`hd`fetf hoith`is u`h bhsf quhorhoh (B x B) f vfrjmh`is sf htfeofrè his rfqujsjtis oi prigfti, his fsthois dj`jtfs
of sfrvjãi (FD]) f îs ofair`hãöfs dj`jtfs. 8>>
^rivh of mhrch sibrf pdhmh H privh of mhrch phoriejzhoh pfdh EBR 1?
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