An Introduction to Basic Medical English Terminology 1

Krasznai Mónika

AN INTRODUCTION TO BASIC MEDICAL ENGLISH TERMINOLOGY 1 Coursebook for Students of Medicine

Lektorálta: Mezei Zsuzsa Lívia A segédanyagot készítették: Szabóné Enyedi Gabriella, Papp Eszter, John Graham, Farkas János, Hajdu Zita, Dr. Nyilas Istvánné Dr. Laczkóné Rácz Edit, Louis J. Mattia, Major Judit, George Seel

TÁMOP-4.1.2.D-12/1/KONV-2012-0008

Debrecen 2014 1

CONTENTS UNIT 1 THE HUMAN BODY ...................................................................15 1.1 FEATURES OF THE HUMAN BODY……………………………………………………….. 16 1.1.1 Interesting Facts about the Human Body (W) ............................................................... 16 1.1.2 Pair-Work (S) .................................................................................................................. 16 1.1.3 The Human Body in Numbers (W) .................................................................................. 17 1.1.4 Interesting Activities of the Human Body (V) ................................................................. 17

1.2 BODY PARTS AND ORGANS………………………………………………………………… 19 1.2.1 A: The Body (V) ............................................................................................................... 19 1.2.2 B: The Hand (V) ............................................................................................................... 20 1.2.3 C: The Head (V) ............................................................................................................... 20 1.2.4 D: The Eye (V) ................................................................................................................. 20 1.2.5 E: The Foot (V) ................................................................................................................ 20 1.2.6 F: The Internal Organs (W) ............................................................................................. 21 1.2.7 Body Systems and Organs (V)......................................................................................... 22

1.3 MEDICAL SPECIALISTS………………………………………………………………………… 24 1.3.1 Medical Specialists and Activities (V) ............................................................................. 24 1.3.2 Definition of Specialists (W) ........................................................................................... 24

1.4 A PHYSICAL EXAMINATION………………………………………………………………… 25 1.4.1 Pair - Work (S)................................................................................................................. 25 1.4.2 Doctor - Patient Dialogue (R) ......................................................................................... 26 2

1.4.3 Explaining Words (W) ..................................................................................................... 27

1.5 DISEASES……………………………………………………………………………………………. 27 1.5.1 Diseases - Categories (V) ................................................................................................ 27 1.5.2 Common Infectious Diseases Worldwide (S) .................................................................. 30 1.5.3 Common Infectious Diseases (R) .................................................................................... 31 1.5.4 Health Tips to Tourists Travelling to Hungary (W) ......................................................... 34

1.6 MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………………….. 34 1.6.1 Medical Abbreviations – Guessing (W) .......................................................................... 34 1.6.2 Medical Abbreviations – Completion (W) ...................................................................... 35

1.7 DOCTOR’S INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT……………………………………….. 35 1.7.1 Names of Instruments (V)............................................................................................... 35 1.7.2 Usage of Instruments (S) ................................................................................................ 37 1.7.3 Matching Instrument and Definition (V) ........................................................................ 37

1.8 BODY PLANES……………………………………………………………………………………… 38 1.8.1 Body Planes in Different Fields of Medicine (S) .............................................................. 38 1.8.2 Definitions (S) ................................................................................................................. 38 1.8.3 Body Planes Listening Comprehension (L) ...................................................................... 38

1.9 PHYSICALLY PAINFUL AND DESCRIBING PAIN……………………………………….39 1.9.1 Matching Pain and Description (V) ................................................................................ 39 1.9.2 Pair-Work (S) .................................................................................................................. 40 1.9.3 What is Chronic Pain? (R) ............................................................................................... 40

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1.9.4 Pain that Comes and Goes (S) ........................................................................................ 41 1.9.5 Doctor-Patient Dialogue Completion (R) ........................................................................ 42

1.10 SOME COMMON PROBLEMS…………………………………………………………….. 43 1.10.1 Some Troubling Symptoms (S) ...................................................................................... 43 1.10.2 Doctor - Patient Dialogue: Pain (R) .............................................................................. 43

1.11 STRESS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 44 1.11.1 Matching Pictures and Definitions (V).......................................................................... 44 1.11.2 Adjective Forms of Verbs (V) ........................................................................................ 45 1.11.3 Verbs and Nouns (V) ..................................................................................................... 45 1.11.4 Stress (L) ....................................................................................................................... 45 1.11.5 Stress Test (R) ............................................................................................................... 47

1.12 TYPES OF MEDICINE………………………………………………………………………….. 48 1.12.1 Medicine and Definition (V) .......................................................................................... 48 1.12.2 Medicine – Table Completion (V) ................................................................................. 49 1.12.3 A Prescription (S) .......................................................................................................... 51 1.12.4 Completing Prepositions – Doctor-Patient Dialogue (R) .............................................. 51 1.12.5 Expressions (W) ............................................................................................................ 52

1.13 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY…………………………………………………………………..52 1.13.1 Combining Forms (V) .................................................................................................... 52

UNIT 2 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM .............................................................54 2.1 THE SKELETON…………………………………………………………………………………….55 4

2.1.1 Structure and Function of the Skeletal System (V) ......................................................... 55 2.1.2 Five Functions of Skeletal System (R) ............................................................................. 56 2.1.3 Bone Structure (R) .......................................................................................................... 56 2.1.4 Bone Development and Growth (R)................................................................................ 57 2.1.5 Other Elements of the Skeletal System (V) ..................................................................... 58

2.2 JOINT PAIN………………………………………………………………………………………….59 2.2.1 What Keeps the Joints Healthy? (S) ................................................................................ 59 2.2.2 Doctor - Patient Dialogue - Joints ................................................................................... 59 2.2.3 Summing up a Case (W) ................................................................................................. 60

2.3 THE SPINAL COLUMN…………………………………………………………………………. 60 2.3.1 Parts of the Spinal Column (V) ........................................................................................ 60 2.3.2 Noun Forms of Adjectives (V) ......................................................................................... 62

2.4 HERNIATED DISC…………………………………………………………………………………. 62 2.4.1 The Definition of Hernia (S) ............................................................................................ 62 2.4.2 Herniated Disc (R) ........................................................................................................... 63

2.5 SKELETAL SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY……………………………………………………….64 2.5.1 Skeletal System Root Words (V) ..................................................................................... 64 2.5.2 Analyzing Words (W) ...................................................................................................... 65

2.6 SPORTS INJURIES……………………………………………………………………………….. 66 2.6.1 Sports Injuries – Pictures (S) ........................................................................................... 66 2.6.2 Sports Injuries (R) ........................................................................................................... 67

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2.6.3 Synonyms (W) ................................................................................................................. 70

2.7 OSTEOARTHRITIS………………………………………………………………………………… 71 2.7.1 Osteoarthritis (L) ............................................................................................................ 71

2.8 FRACTURES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 72 2.8.1 Fractures (S).................................................................................................................... 72 2.8.2 What Are Fractures? (R) ................................................................................................. 72 2.8.3 Fracture Types (V)........................................................................................................... 73

2.9 BONES AND FEATURES OF THE FOOT…………………………………………………. 74 2.9.1 Bones and Arches of the Foot (V) ................................................................................... 74 2.9.2 Matching Foot Related Words (V) .................................................................................. 76 2.9.3 Flat Feet (L) ..................................................................................................................... 76

2.10 World Spine Day………………………………………………………………………………. 77 2.10.1 World Spine Day (R)...................................................................................................... 77

Unit 3 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ................................................79 3.1 THE HEART………………………………………………………………………………………….. 80 3.1.1 The Heart (R) .................................................................................................................. 80 3.1.2 Chambers and Valves of the Heart (V) .......................................................................... 81 3.1.3 Heart Cycle (R) ................................................................................................................ 82

3.2 HEART HEALTH TIPS…………………………………………………………………………… 83 3.2.1 Giving Advice to Your Patient How to Keep His Heart Healthy (R)................................. 83 3.2.2 Diet Tips for a Healthy Heart (V) .................................................................................... 84 6

3.2.3 Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health (S) ............................................................. 84 3.2.4 Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health (R) ............................................................. 85 3.2.5 Changing Exercise Habits (S) .......................................................................................... 86

3.3 CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE ON THE HEART…………………………………………..86 3.3.1 Healthy Heart Quiz (R) .................................................................................................... 86 3.3.2 Exploding Exercise Myths (V).......................................................................................... 87 3.3.3 Exploding Exercise Myths (R).......................................................................................... 88

3.4 HEART CONDITIONS…………………………………………………………………………… 92 3.4.1 High Blood Pressure (S) .................................................................................................. 92 3.4.2 High Blood Pressure (L)................................................................................................... 93

3.5 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM – COMMON AILMENTS…………………………………….94 3.5.1 Cardiovascular Problems (S) ........................................................................................... 94 3.5.2 Common Heart Ailments (L) ........................................................................................... 96

3.6 STROKE………………………………………………………………………………………………..96 3.6.1 Warning Signs and Symptoms of Stroke (S) ................................................................... 96 3.6.2 Stroke - Warning Signs and Symptoms (L) ..................................................................... 97 3.6.3 Stroke (R) ........................................................................................................................ 97 3.6.4 Stroke Survivors (L) ......................................................................................................... 99

3.7 WORLD HEART DAY……………………………………………………………………………..100 3.7.1 World Heart Day (R) ..................................................................................................... 100

3.8 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY……………………………………….102

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3.8.1 Cardiovascular System Combining Forms (V) ............................................................... 102 3.8.2 Specialist Words for Definitions (W)............................................................................. 103

Unit 4 THE URINARY SYSTEM ............................................................. 104 4.1 FUNCTION AND PARTS OF THE KIDNEY…………………………….……………….104 4.1.1 The Kidney (R) ............................................................................................................... 105 4.1.2 Parts of the Urinary Bladder (V) ................................................................................... 107 4.1.3 The Kidney – Sentence Completion (V) ......................................................................... 107 4.1.4 Matching Tests and Definitions (W) ............................................................................. 108 4.1.5 Matching – Bladder Treatments (W)............................................................................ 109

4.2 BLADDER PROBLEMS……………………………………………………………………….. 109 4.2.1 Interstitial Cysitis (V)..................................................................................................... 109 4.2.2 Bladder Inflammation (S) ............................................................................................. 110 4.2.3 Interstitial Cystitis (L) .................................................................................................... 110 4.2.4 Myths and Facts about the Bladder (R) ........................................................................ 111

4.3 URINARY SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY……………………………………………………..115 4.3.1 Root Words (V) ............................................................................................................. 115 4.3.2 Specialist Words (W) .................................................................................................... 115 4.3.3 Urinary System Specialists and Procedures (V) ............................................................ 116

4.4 KIDNEY CONDITIONS……………………………………………………………………….. 118 4.4.1 Kidney Conditions and Definitions (V) .......................................................................... 118 4.4.2 Kidney Diseases – Pictures (W) ..................................................................................... 119

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4.4.3 10 Tips to Prevent Kidney Disease (R) .......................................................................... 121 4.4.4 Advice to Patients Based on Pictures (W) .................................................................... 122

4.5 WORLD KIDNEY DAY………………………………………………………………………… 125 4.5.1 World Kidney Day – Sentence Completion (R).............................................................. 125

Unit 5 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ................................................... 127 5.1 THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS…………………………………………………………… 128 5.1.1 Parts of Female and Male Bodies (W) .......................................................................... 128

5.2 MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY…………… 128 5.2.1 Root Words (V) ............................................................................................................. 129 5.2.2 Analyzing Medical Words (W) ...................................................................................... 130

5.3 ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM…………………………. 131 5.3.1 Parts of the System (V) ................................................................................................. 131 5.3.2 Article on Female Reproductive Organs (R) ................................................................. 131 5.3.3 Opposite Words (V) ...................................................................................................... 133 5.3.4 Female Reproductive System Physiology –Processes (S).............................................. 133 5.3.5 Physiology of the Female Reproductive System (R) ..................................................... 135

5.4 ANATOMY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM…………………………… 136 5.4.1 Parts of the System (V) ................................................................................................. 136 5.4.2 Parts of the Male Reproductive System (R) .................................................................. 136 5.4.3 Physiology of the Male Reproductive System (R) ......................................................... 139

5.5 PREGNANT BODY……………………………………………………………………………… 140 9

5.5.1 Pregnancy and Childbirth (S) ........................................................................................ 140 5.5.2 Labelling a Picture (W) ................................................................................................. 140 5.5.3 Pregnancy (L) ................................................................................................................ 141 5.5.4 Pregnancy Myths and Facts (R) .................................................................................... 142

5.6 DISORDERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM………………………. 144 5.6.1 Uterine Fibroids (S) ....................................................................................................... 144 5.6.2 Uterine Fibroids Facts (V) ............................................................................................. 145 5.6.3 The Nature of Uterine Fibroids (V) ............................................................................... 145 5.6.4 Background, Prevalence and Symptoms of Fibroids (V) ............................................... 146 5.6.5 Diagnosis and Treatment of Fibroids (W) .................................................................... 147

5.7 OVARIAN CANCER…………………………………………………………………………….. 151 5.7.1 Opposite Words (V) ...................................................................................................... 151 5.7.2 Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer (L) .................................................................................. 151 5.7.3 World Ovarian Cancer Day (R) ..................................................................................... 152

5.8 DISORDERS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM…………………………… 154 5.8.1 Prostate Facts (S) .......................................................................................................... 154 5.8.2 Prostatitis (R) ................................................................................................................ 154 5.8.3 Testicular Cancer (S) ..................................................................................................... 159 5.8.4 Testicular Cancer (L) ..................................................................................................... 160

Unit 6 FINDING A JOB AND CREATING YOUR PROFILE ........................ 161 6.1 GETTING YOUR CAREER STARTED……………………………………………………… 162

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6.1.1 Assessing Yourself (S) ................................................................................................... 162 6.1.2 Choosing a Career (S) ................................................................................................... 164 6.1.3 What Employees Are Looking For (L) ........................................................................... 165 6.1.4. Starting Your Career (V) .............................................................................................. 165 6.1.5 Steve Jobs (L) ............................................................................................................... 166

6.2 FINDING JOBS USING SOCIAL MEDIA, INTERVIEWS……………………………. 168 6.2.1 How to Find a Graduate Job Using Social Media (R) .................................................... 168 6.2.2 The Rules of Social Recruiting (R) ................................................................................. 172 6.2.3 Should You Pay Someone to Write Your CV? (R) .......................................................... 175 6.2.4 How to Create Your CV (W) .......................................................................................... 176

Unit 7 INTERVIEWS AND STARTING WORK ......................................... 178 7.1 PROFESSIONAL NETWORKING AND INTERVIEWS………………………………. 179 7.1.1 Social Networking (S)................................................................................................... 179 7.1.2 Focus Point: LinkedIn (R).............................................................................................. 179 7.1.3 Creating Your LinkedIn Profile (1) (R) .......................................................................... 181 7.1.4 Creating Your LinkedIn Profile (2) (W) ......................................................................... 184 7.1.5 Creating Your LinkedIn Profile (3) (S) ........................................................................... 184 7.1.6. Interviews 1 (S) ............................................................................................................ 184 7.1.7. Interviews 2 (S) ........................................................................................................... 185 7.1.8 Reported Interview Questions (V) ................................................................................ 186 7.1.9 Tricky Questions (S) ...................................................................................................... 187

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7.2. IN THE OFFICE………………………………………………………………………………….. 187 7.2.1 The Perfect Office 1 (S) ................................................................................................. 187 7.2.2 The Perfect Office 2 (W) .............................................................................................. 188 7.2.3 Making a Good Impression (R) .................................................................................... 189 7.2.4 Benefits at Work 1 (R) .................................................................................................. 191 7.2.5 Benefits at Work 2 (S) .................................................................................................. 193 7.2.6 Codes of Practice – What to Wear 1 (R) ...................................................................... 194 7.2.7 Codes of Practice - What to Wear 2 (W) ...................................................................... 195 7.2.8 Codes of Practice – Privacy Issues (R) .......................................................................... 196 7.2.9 Encouraging Younger Staff (L) ..................................................................................... 197

Unit 8 mobility AND Cultural Diversity ............................................... 198 8.1 Working and Studying Abroad 1 – The Advantages and Disadvantages 199 8.1.1 Understanding Cultural Differences (R) ....................................................................... 199 8.1.2 Cultural Diversity Interview (S) .................................................................................... 201 8.1.3 Should I Study Abroad? Advantages and Disadvantages (R) ...................................... 202 8.1.4 My Study Abroad Experience (L) .................................................................................. 204 8.1.5 Role-Play Dialogue – to go abroad or not? (S) ............................................................ 206 8.1.6 Should You Study Abroad in Australia or New Zealand? (R) ....................................... 208

8.2 Working and Studying Abroad 2 – How to Get There……………………….. 213 8.2.1 Writing an Enquiry Letter to Study Abroad (W) .......................................................... 213 8.2.2 Application Letter - Erasmus Student Network (W) .................................................... 214

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8.2.3 Erasmus University in a nutshell (L) ............................................................................. 216

Unit 9 Business Travel ....................................................................... 218 9.1 Travelling Abroad on Business 1 – Tips for Travellers………………………… 219 9.1.1 Executive Planet Website – Etiquette by Country (R) .................................................. 219 9.1.2 A Guide to Business Travel (R) ..................................................................................... 220 9.1.3 SEVEN TIPS FOR BUSINESS TRAVEL (R) ........................................................................ 223 9.1.4 Business Travel ............................................................................................................ 228 9.1.5 Discussing a Group Booking for a Hotel (S) ................................................................. 229

9.2. Travelling Abroad on Business 2 – Organizing Travel………………………… 230 9.2.1 Letter of Complaint (W) ................................................................................................ 230 9.2.2 Business Travel Etiquette (L) ........................................................................................ 231 9.2.3. Corporate Travel Management from FCM (L) ............................................................. 233 9.2.4. Missed Flight – Airport Ticket Counter Encounter (S) ................................................. 236

Unit 10 DEVELOPING YOUR CAREER................................................... 237 10.1 TRAINING FOR WORK…………………………………………………………………….. 238 10.1.1 The Labour Market of the Future 1 (S) ...................................................................... 238 10.1.2 The Labour Market of the Future 2 (L) ...................................................................... 238 10.1.3 “It’s Never Too Late to Learn” (R) .............................................................................. 239 10.1.4. E-Learning (L) ............................................................................................................ 241 10.1.5 Addressing Weaknesses (R) ....................................................................................... 242 10.1.6 What is E-Learning? (L).............................................................................................. 244

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10.1.7 E-Learning (S)............................................................................................................. 245 10.1.8 What’s Your Opinion about E-Learning? (W) ............................................................ 245 10.1.9 How to Write ‘For and Against’ Type Essays (1) (W) ................................................. 246 10.1.10 Writing a Letter Inviting a Tender 1 (W) ................................................................. 247 10.1.11 Writing a Letter Inviting a Tender 2 (W) ................................................................. 248

10.2.MANAGEMENT…………………………………………………………………………………248 10.2.1 What do Managers Do? (V) ....................................................................................... 248 10.2.2 Useful People to Have in Teams (S) ........................................................................... 249 10.2.3 Selecting a Team (S) ................................................................................................... 250 10.2.4 Writing an E-Mail (W) ................................................................................................ 250 10.2.5. Motivating Staff Financially (V) ................................................................................. 251 10.2.6 How to Manage Your Staff (L) ................................................................................... 251 10.2.7. Motivating Staff (R) ................................................................................................... 253

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSCRIPTS ................................................ 256

L = listening activity; R = reading activity; S = speaking activity; W = writing activity; V = vocabulary development activity

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UNIT 1 THE HUMAN BODY Aims of the Unit

After completing this unit you will have the language skills that will prepare you for the start of your medical terminology studies. The sub-units will guide you through the basics of • anatomy • medical English.

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1.1 FEATURES OF THE HUMAN BODY WRITING

1.1.1 Interesting Facts about the Human Body (W)

Can you finish these sentences related to the human body? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

The brain is much more active at night than…………………………………… . 80% of the brain is ……………………………… . The largest internal organ is …………………………………….. . The acid in your stomach is strong enough to dissolve ………………………………….. . The surface area of a human lung is equal to ……………………………………. . Women’s hearts beat faster ………………………………….. . Your left lung is smaller than your right lung to …………………………………………… . Over 90% of diseases are caused or complicated by ……………………………………… . Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood the number is ……………………………… . We are about 1 cm taller in the morning than ………………………………………. . http://icantseeyou.typepad.com/my_weblog/2008/02/100-very-cool-f.html

www.thepracticeofyourlife.com

SPEAKING

1.1.2 Pair-Work (S) Choose two interesting facts. Discuss the reason for the answers in task 1.1.1. with your partner.

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WRITING

1.1.3 The Human Body in Numbers (W) Can you guess the correct number in the following sentences? The numbers are given in the box below. The number of lines will help you to find the answer. 70 1.5

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

1 3

120 30

60,000

20

100,000

166

400 600,000

The average red blood cell lives for _ _ _ days. Nerve impulses travel at over _ _ _ km/hr. We exercise at least _ _ muscles when we smile. We are about _ _ percent water. Our heart beats around _ _ _ _ _ _ times every day. A fetus acquires fingerprints at the age of _ months. We make _ litre of saliva a day. A sneeze generates a wind of _ _ _ km/hr The average human brain weighs about _ _ kg. It takes about _ _ seconds for a red blood cell to circle the whole body. An average human drinks about _ _ _ _ _ litres of water in a lifetime. Humans shed about _ _ _ _ _ _ particles of skin every hour. http://icantseeyou.typepad.com/my_weblog/2008/02/100-very-cool-f.html

www.express.co.uk

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.1.4 Interesting Activities of the Human Body (V) Choose the correct answer. 1. The higher your IQ, the more you ………… .

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a. dream. b. forget 2. Facial hair ………. faster than any other hair on the body. a. turns grey b. grows 3. Women are born better smellers than men and ……………better smellers over life. a. form b. remain 4. Men …………fat faster than women by a rate of about 50 calories a day. a. eat b. burn 5.

During your lifetime, you will ………… enough saliva to fill two swimming pools. a. produce b. take 6. After ………… too much, your hearing is less sharp. a. learning b. eating 7. Noise …………… the pupils of your eyes to dilate. Even very small noises can do this. a. causes b. has 8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Your eyes remain the same size after birth but your nose and ears never …………. growing. a. stop b. keep The hands and feet ……………. almost half of the total bones in the human body. a. belong to b. contain Three hundred million cells ……………. in the human body every minute. a. lose b. die All babies are colour blind at birth, they ……….. only black and white. a. look at b. see A normal human being can ………….. 20 days without eating . a. stay b. survive

http://www.nairaland.com/1178211/40-amazing-facts-human-body

www.ehow.com

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1.2 BODY PARTS AND ORGANS VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.2.1 A: The Body (V) Can you complete the missing body parts?

http://englishpatterns.com/community/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=1726

1. face

3. chin

4.________

7. upper arm 8. ________

9. forearm

13. _______ 14. abdomen

15. buttocks

19. knee

2. mouth

5. shoulder

6. arm

10. armpit

11. _______

12. chest

16. hip

17. leg

18. _______

20. calf

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VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.2.2 B: The Hand (V) Can you complete the missing body parts? 21.________

22. knuckle

23. fingernail

24. ________

26. middle finger

27. ring finger

28. little finger

29. ________

25. index finger

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.2.3 C: The Head (V) Can you complete the missing body parts? 30. hair

31. part

32. ________

33. side burn

34. ________

35. cheek

36. _______

37. nostril

38. jaw

39. beard

40. ________

41. tongue

42. tooth

43. lip

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.2.4 D: The Eye (V) Can you complete the missing body parts? 44. ________

45. eyelid

46. _______

47. iris

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.2.5 E: The Foot (V) Can you complete the missing body parts?

49. ankle

50. _______

51. instep

52. ball

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48. pupil

53. big toe

54. _______

55. little toe

56. toenail

http://englishpatterns.com/community/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=1726

WRITING

1.2.6 F: The Internal Organs (W) Complete the missing letters. 57.br _ _ _ 61. esophagus 65. liver 69. artery

58. spinal cord 62. mu _ _ _ 66. st _ _ _ _ _ 70. ki _ _ _ _

59. th _ _ _ 63. lung 67. intestines 71. pancreas

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60. windpipe 64. he _ _ _ 68. ve _ _ 72. bl _ _ _ _ _

http://englishpatterns.com/community/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=1726

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.2.7 Body Systems and Organs (V)

What body system do the following organs belong to? throat

esophagus

kidney

windpipe

liver

bladder

lung

stomach

………..………system

……………...system

intestines

heart vein artery

muscle

brain

pancreas

spinal cord ………………..system

bone ………………..system

……………….…system

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………………system

WRITING

1.2.8 Body Systems – Pictures (W) What body systems do you see in the pictures? Write underneath.

www.aokainc.com

www.aarcaro.wordpress.com

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1.3 MEDICAL SPECIALISTS

www.omaspokane.org

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.3.1 Medical Specialists and Activities (V) Match the medical specialists and their activities. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

allergist anesthesiologist caridologist dentist dermatologist gynecologist midwife naturopath neurologist obstetrician oncologist ophthalmologist pediatrician psychiatrist radiologist

1.

2.

3.

4.

a. tooth specialist b. specialist in mental health c. brain specialist d. specializes in natural cures and remedies e. tumour specialist, including cancer f. specializes in imaging tests g. specializes in eye diseases h. specialist for babies and children i. heart specialist j. specializes in pain prevention during surgery k. specialist for pregnant women l. spelializes in determining allergies m. skin specialist n. specializes in women’s diseases o. helps women deliver babies in a natural way 5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

http://www.englishclub.com/english-for-work/medical-specialists.htm

WRITING

1.3.2 Definition of Specialists (W) Give a definition of what the following specialists do. a. gastroenterologist ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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b. general practitioner ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… c. internist ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… d. ENT (ear, nose, throat) specialist …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. e. pathologist ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. f. plastic surgeon ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. g. rheumatologist …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… h. sports medicine specialist ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. i. urologist ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. www.webmd.com

1.4 A PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

www.discovery.com

SPEAKING

1.4.1 Pair - Work (S) Discuss your last visit at the general practitioner with your partner. Mention when it happened, what your complaints were, what examinations the doctor performed, and what he suggested.

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READING

1.4.2 Doctor - Patient Dialogue (R) Complete the text with the words given. run up, listen to, take, roll up, hold, exercise, order, have, open, come in for Doctor: When did you last 1. …………… a physical exam? Patient: I had my last physical two years ago. Doctor: Have you had any other exams recently? Blood test, an ECG or an ultra-sound? Patient: Well, I had a few X-rays at the dentist's. Doctor: How have you been feeling in general? Patient: Pretty well. No complaints, really. Doctor: Could you 2. ……………. your left sleeve? I'd like to 3. …………….. your blood pressure. Patient: Certainly. Doctor: 120 over 80. That's fine. You don't seem to be overweight, that's good. Do you 4. ……………. regularly? Patient: No, not really. If I 5. …………… a flight of stairs, it takes me a while to get my breath back. Doctor: How about your diet? Patient: I think I eat a pretty balanced diet. You know, I 6. …………… a hamburger from time to time, but generally I have well-balanced meals. Doctor: That's good. Now, I'm going to 7. …………….. to your heart. Patient: Ooh, that's cold! Doctor: Don't worry it's just my stethoscope. Now, breathe in and 8. ……………. your breath. Please pull up your shirt, and breathe deeply... Everything sounds good. Let's take a look at your throat. Please 9. ……………. wide and say 'ah'. Patient: 'ah' Doctor: OK. Everything looks ship shape. I'm going to 10. ……………… some blood test and that's about it. Take this slip to the front desk and they'll arrange an appointment for the tests. Patient: Thank you doctor. Have a nice day. http://esl.about.com/od/intermediatereading

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www.uctclinic.com

WRITING

1.4.3 Explaining Words (W) Explain the following with your own words: physical examination (exam): ………………………………………………………………………………………... ultra-sound: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… overweight: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. balanced diet: ………………………………………………………………………………................................... stethoscope: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… to look ship shape: …………………………………………………………………………................................. slip: …………………………………………………………………………………………........................................ to arrange an appointment: …………………………………………………………………………………………….

1.5 DISEASES VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.5.1 Diseases - Categories (V) Put the following diseases and health problems in one of the categories below. There are three diseases in each category.

www.sparticl.org

Musculoskeletal:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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www.drstandley.com

Hormonal:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

www.nursingcrib.com

Neurologic:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

www.grendahl.com

Visual:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

www.medimoon.com

Cardiovascular:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

www.clker.com

Lungs:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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www.aminoacidstudies.org

Skin and hair:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

www.jonbarron.org

Gastrointestinal:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

www.ladycarehealth.com

Urinary:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

www.nedelta.com

Oral and dental:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

www.healthimpactnews.com

Psychiatric:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

www.beautyhealthtips.in

General problems:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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anxiety

appetite loss

cataracts

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

dementia

depression

diabetes

dry skin

dsyuria

fatigue

fracture

glaucoma

gout

gum disease

hair loss

heart attack

heartburn

hypertension

insomnia

irregular heart rhythm osteoporosis

itching Parkinson's disease

poorly fitting dentures weight gain

asthma

dry mouth

macular degeneration menopause pneumonia

thyroid dysfunction constipation

balance problem

polyuria urinary incontinence

stomach ulcer

http://www.medicinenet.com/senior_health/page2.htm

SPEAKING

1.5.2 Common Infectious Diseases Worldwide (S) What do you see in the following pictures? What diseases are they related to?

1………………………………….. www.enwikipedia.org

2.……………………………………… www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu

30

3………………………………………. www.en.ird.fr

4………………………………………….

5………………………………………………….

www.tabletsmanual.com

www.fitsana.com

READING

1.5.3 Common Infectious Diseases (R) Read the following section on common infectious diseases and choose the word that completes the sentence.

The following is a list of the most common infectious diseases throughout the world today. Accurate numbers are difficult to determine, especially because so many of these diseases are endemic to 1. developed/developing countries, where many people do not have access to modern medical care. African Trypanosomiasis (“sleeping sickness”): African trypanosomiasis is spread by the tsetse fly, which is common to many African countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that nearly 450,000 cases occur each year. Symptoms of the disease 2. contain/include fever, headaches, joint pains, and itching in the early stage, and confusion, sensory disturbances, poor coordination, and disrupted sleep cycles in the second stage. If the disease goes untreated in its first stage, it causes irreparable neurological damage; if it goes untreated in its second stage, it is 3. fatal/fetal. Cholera: Cholera is a disease spread mostly through contaminated drinking water and unsanitary conditions. It is endemic in the Indian subcontinent, Russia, and sub-Saharan Africa. It is an acute infection of the intestines with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Its main symptom is copious diarrhoea. Between 5% and 10% of those infected 4. from/with the disease will develop severe symptoms, which also include vomiting and leg cramps. In its severe form, cholera can cause death by 5. dehydration/rehydration. An estimated 200,000 cases are reported to WHO annually. Cryptosporidiosis: Cryptosporidiosis has become one of the most common causes of waterborne disease in the United States in recent years; it is also found throughout the rest of the world. It is caused by a parasite that spreads when a water source is contaminated, usually with the faeces of

31

6. infecting/infected animals or humans. Symptoms include diarrhoea, stomach cramps, an upset stomach, and slight fever. Some people do not exhibit any symptoms. Dengue: WHO estimates that 50 million cases of dengue fever appear each year. It is spread through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Recent years have seen dengue outbreaks all over Asia and Africa. Dengue fever can be 7. mild/mildly to moderate, and occasionally severe, though it is rarely fatal. Mild cases, which usually affect infants and young children, involve a nonspecific febrile illness, while moderate cases, seen in older children and adults, display high fever, 8. several/severe headaches, muscle and joint pains, and rash. Severe cases develop into dengue hemorrhagic fever, which involves high fever, hemorrhaging, and sometimes circulatory failure. Hepatitis A: Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. Spread primarily by the fecal-oral route or by ingestion of contaminated water or food, the number of annual infections worldwide is estimated at 1.4 million. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, jaundice, and dark urine. Although those exposed usually 9. develop/improve lifelong immunity, the best protection against Hepatitis A is vaccination. Hepatitis B: Approximately 2 billion people are infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), making it the most common infectious disease in the world today. Over 350 million of those infected never rid themselves 10. from/of the infection. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that causes symptoms such as jaundice, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain; hepatitis B is the most serious form of the disease. Chronic infections can cause cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer in later years. Hepatitis C: Hepatitis C is a less common, and less severe, form of hepatitis. An estimated 180 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV); 3–4 million more are infected every year. The 11. major/majority of HCV cases are asymptomatic, even in people who develop chronic infection. Influenza: Several influenza epidemics in the 20th century caused millions of deaths worldwide, including the worst epidemic in American history, the Spanish influenza outbreak that killed more than 500,000 in 1918. Today influenza is less of a public health threat, though it continues to be a serious disease that affects many people. Approximately 20,000 people die 12. in/of the flu in the United States every year. The influenza virus attacks the human respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as fever, headaches, fatigue, coughing, sore throat, nasal congestion, and body aches. Malaria: Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that affects more than 500 million people annually, causing between 1 and 3 million deaths. It is most common in tropical and subtropical climates and is found in 90 countries—but 90% of all cases are found in Sub-Saharan Africa. Most of its 13. victims/patients are children. The first stage consists of shaking and chills, the next stage involves high fever and severe headache, and in the final stage the infected person's temperature drops and he or she sweats profusely. Infected people also often suffer from anemia, weakness, and a swelling of the spleen. Malaria was almost eradicated 30 years ago; now it is on the rise again.

32

www.etravelblog.com

Measles: Measles is a disease that has seen a drastic reduction in countries where a vaccine is readily available, but it is still 14. prevalent/prevalence in developing countries. Symptoms include high fever, coughing, and a rash; common complications include diarrhoea, pneumonia, and ear infections. Meningitis: Meningitis, often known as spinal meningitis, is an infection of the spinal cord. It is usually the result of a viral or bacterial infection. Bacterial meningitis is more severe than viral meningitis and may cause brain damage, hearing loss, and learning disabilities. Symptoms include severe headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, 15. lethargic/lethargy, delirium, photophobia, and a stiff neck. Pneumonia: Pneumonia has many possible causes, but it is usually an infection of the streptococcus or mycoplasma bacteria. These bacteria can live in the human body without causing infection for years, and only surface when another illness has lowered the person's 16. immune/immunity to disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes streptococcal pneumonia, the most common kind, which is more severe than mycoplasmal pneumonia. Rotavirus: Rotavirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. It kills more than 600,000 children each year, mostly in developing countries. Symptoms include vomiting, 17. water/watery diarrhoea, fever, and abdominal pain. Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis causes nearly 2 million deaths every year, and WHO estimates that nearly 1 billion people will be infected between 2000 and 2020 if more effective preventive 18. procedures/ processes are not adopted. The TB bacteria are most often found in the lungs, where they can cause chest pain and a bad cough that brings up phlegm with blood. Other symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, appetite loss, chills, fever, and night sweats. Typhoid: Typhoid fever causes an estimated 600,000 deaths annually, out of 12–17 million cases. It is usually spread through infected food or water. Symptoms include a sudden and 19. sustaining/ sustained fever, severe headache, nausea, severe appetite loss, constipation, and sometimes diarrhoea. Yellow Fever: Yellow fever causes an estimated 30,000 deaths each year, out of 200,000 cases. The disease has two phases. In the “acute phase,” symptoms include fever, muscle pain, headache, shivers, appetite loss, nausea, and vomiting. This lasts for 3–4 days, after which most patients 20. cure/recover. But 15% will enter the “toxic phase,” in which fever reappears, along with other symptoms, including jaundice; abdominal pain; vomiting; bleeding from the mouth, nose, eyes, and stomach. Half of all patients in the toxic phase die within two weeks; the other half recover.

33

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0903696.html

WRITING

1.5.4 Health Tips to Tourists Travelling to Hungary (W)

Give health tips to a tourist before travelling to Hungary. Write five sentences at least. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

www.implant.uk.com

1.6 MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS WRITING

1.6.1 Medical Abbreviations – Guessing (W) Can you find out what these medical abbreviations stand for?

www.misslosaga26.soup.io

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

BP: …………………………………………………………………………………………. COPD: ……………………………………………………………………………………. CNS: ……………………………………………………………………………………... ER: ………………………………………………………………………………………… ECG: ……………………………………………………………………………………… IM: ………………………………………………………………………………………..

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7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

IV: ………………………………………………………………………………………… M.D.: ……………………………………………………………………………………. OR: ………………………………………………………………………………………. OTC: …………………………………………………………………………………….. STD: …………………………………………………………………………………….. W: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. http://medicalterminology4fun.com/medical-abbreviations-list/

WRITING

1.6.2 Medical Abbreviations – Completion (W) Complete the missing words for the following medical abbreviations. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

ABR: absolute bed ……………………………………………… ABT: antibiotic …………………………………………………… ADH: antidiuretic ……………………………………………….. CBC: complete blood …………………………………………. CSF: cerebrospinal …………………………………………….. DOA: …………………………………………………. on arrival GI: …………………………………………………......intestinal ICP: intracranial ………………………………………………… MI: myocardial ……………………………………………….... SOB: shortness of …………………………………………….. S/S: signs and …………………………………………………… TPR:…………………………………….., pulse, respiration UTI: urinary tract ……………………………………………… VS: vital ……………………………………………………………. WBC: white …………………….. ……………………………..

http://medicalterminology4fun.com/medical-abbreviations-list/

1.7 DOCTOR’S INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.7.1 Names of Instruments (V) Write the name of the instrument below the pictures. The words have been given for you.

35

Blood infusion set

Bandage

Endoscope

Defibrillator

Hemodialysis machine

Syringe and needle

Stethoscope

Reflex hammer

Mercury thermometer

Weighing scale

Nebulizer

Kidney dish

1.............................

4...................................

7.......................................

10...................................

2......................................

3...................................

5....................................

6.......................................

8...............................

9.................................

11................................ …

12..................................

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruments_used_in_general_medicine

36

SPEAKING

1.7.2 Usage of Instruments (S) What do you use these tools and instruments for? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Bandage Blood infusion set Defibrillator Endoscope Hemodialysis machine Kidney dish Mercury thermometers Nebulizer Reflex hammer Stethoscope Syringe and needle Weighing scale

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.7.3 Matching Instrument and Definition (V) Match the instrument and its definition. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Bedpan Cannula Catheter Enema set Instrument sterilizer Ophthalmoscope Otoscope Oxygen mask or tube Sphygmomanometer Sucker Tongue depressor Tuning fork

a. It records the patient’s blood pressure. b. This is used for an oral examination. c. It is used as a test for deafness. d. This is for patients who cannot walk to the toilet. e. It assists oxygen intake. f. This is used for cleaning the doctor’s tools. g. This drains and collects urine from the bladder. h. This needle creates a permanent pathway to a vein. i. It drains blood or bodily secretions. j. It is used for evacuating the rectum of faeces. k. You can take a look at the retina with this. l. You can look at the external ear cavity using this.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruments_used_in_general_medicine

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

37

9.

10.

11.

12.

1.8 BODY PLANES SPEAKING

1.8.1 Body Planes in Different Fields of Medicine (S) Answer the question: In what fields of medicine are body planes especially important? Discuss the question with your partner.

SPEAKING 1.8.2 Definitions (S) You can see two definitions below. Decide which one is section and which one is plane.

a. An imaginary flat surface passing through the body. b. It is a slice or cut to expose the internal anatomy.

LISTENING

1.8.3 Body Planes Listening Comprehension (L)

Now listen to the recording and complete the tasks. Source: http://youtu.be/oxJ4fARh9gE

Task 1 What do we understand by anatomical position? Take notes. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Task 2 Label the picture below.

38

www.lifehealthwellness.com

Task 3 Find synonyms for 1. ………………………………, 2. ………………………………, and 3. …………………………….. Task 4 Write down what directional aspects we get from 1. ……………………………………………………………………………........... 2. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 3. …………………………………………………………………………………….. Task 5 What other plane is mentioned? Can you define it? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1.9 PHYSICALLY PAINFUL AND DESCRIBING PAIN VOCABULARY

1.9.1 Matching Pain and Description (V) Match the Pain and its Description. 39

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

acute burning chronic dull exruciating griping sharp stabbing tender unendurable

a. This pain is serious and lasts for a long time. b. It causes extreme pysical pain. c. This pain is sudden and severe. d. It has been injured and it is painful when you touch it. e. This pain is too unpleasant to bear it. f. This pain is not very strong and usually lasts for a long time. g. It feels as if some part of your body is touching something hot. h. A sharp and sudden pain in your stomach. i. This pain is strong and lasts for a short time. j. It feels like a ’knife’. www.macmillanictionary.com

SPEAKING

1.9.2 Pair-Work (S) Discuss the following with your partner: When did you last experience pain? What was the matter with you? What did you do to manage the pain?

READING

1.9.3 What is Chronic Pain? (R) Read this article on chronic pain and decide if the statements are true or false.

Several people suffer from chronic pain, defined as pain that lasts longer than six months. Chronic pain can be mild or excruciating, episodic or continuous, merely inconvenient or totally incapacitating. The most common sources of pain stem from headaches, joint pain, pain from injury, and backaches. Other kinds of chronic pain include tendinitis, sinus pain and pain affecting specific parts of the body, such as the shoulders, pelvis, and neck. Generalized muscle or nerve pain can also develop into a chronic condition. Chronic pain may originate from an initial trauma/injury or infection, or there may be an ongoing cause of pain. Some people suffer chronic pain in the absence of any past injury or evidence of body damage. The emotional toll of chronic pain also can make pain worse. Anxiety, stress, depression, anger, and fatigue interact in complex ways with chronic pain and may decrease the body's production of

40

natural painkillers; moreover, such negative feelings may increase the level of substances that amplify sensations of pain, causing a vicious cycle of pain for the person. There is evidence that unrelenting pain can suppress the immune system. Because of the mind-body links associated with chronic pain, effective treatment requires addressing psychological as well as physical aspects of the condition. The symptoms of chronic pain include:   

Mild to severe pain that does not go away Pain that may be described as shooting, burning, aching, or electrical Feeling of discomfort, soreness, tightness, or stiffness

Pain is not a symptom that exists alone. Other problems associated with pain can include:      

Fatigue Sleeplessness Withdrawal from activity and increased need to rest Weakened immune system Changes in mood including hopelessness, fear, depression, irritability, anxiety, and stress Disability

http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/guide/understanding-pain-management-chronic-pain

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Chronic pain can have different features. T/F Specific muscle pain can turn to chronic pain. T/F Chronic pain is always related to trauma. T/F Negative feelings can generally worsen pain. T/F Treatment should be focusing on the body exclusively. T/F Pain can lead to further symptoms. T/F Insomnia is usually not associated with pain. T/F The immune system is still effective if you have pain. T/F

SPEAKING 1.9.4 Pain that Comes and Goes (S) Try and guess the meaning of the following words and expressions with your partner:

to get to the bottom of something eating habits

41

to come and go on a scale of one to ten heavy foods

READING 1.9.5 Doctor-Patient Dialogue Completion (R) Choose the word that completes the dialogue. Doctor: How long have you been having this pain? Patient: It started in June. So for more than five months now. My 1. stomach/back hurts after some meals, but not always. Doctor: You should have come in 2. later/earlier. Let's get to the bottom of this. Have you changed your eating habits during this period? Patient: No, not really. Well, that's not true. I'm eating the same foods, 3. despite/but less. You know, the pain seems to come and go. Doctor: How 4. strong/heavy is the pain exactly? On a scale of one to ten, how would you describe the intensity of the pain? Patient: Well, I'd say the pain is about a two on a scale of one to ten. Like I 5. tell/say, it's not really bad. It just keeps coming back... Doctor: How long does the pain last when you get it? Patient: It comes and goes. Sometimes, I 6. almost/hardly feel anything. Other times, it can last up to half an hour or more. Doctor: Is there a type of food that seems to 7. cause/give stronger pain than other types? Patient: Hmmm ... heavy foods like steak or lasagna usually brings it on. I've been trying to avoid those. Doctor: Does the pain 8. travel/run to any other parts of your body - chest, shoulder or back? Or does it remain around the stomach area. Patient: No, it just hurts here. http://esl.about.com/od/intermediatereading

42

1.10 SOME COMMON PROBLEMS

www.prathama.org

SPEAKING

1.10.1 Some Troubling Symptoms (S) Guess the word with your partner. The definitions have been given for you.

High body temperature. ………………………… Sign, indication; something caused by and indicative of a certain disease or disorder. …………………… Abnormally frequent and loose bowel movements. ………………………… Thick, sticky mucus secreted by the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, as during a cold or other respiratory infection. ………………………… Having knowledge of something. ………………………… Having the respiratory passages blocked. …………………… An abnormally high sensitivity to certain substances, such as pollens or foods. ……………….

READING

1.10.2 Doctor - Patient Dialogue: Pain (R) Complete the text with the missing words. The first two letters have been given for you.

43

Patient: Good afternoon. Doctor: Good afternoon. Take a seat. So, what have you come in for today? Patient: Thank you. I'm feeling ill, I've got quite a bad 1. co_ _ _, but I don't seem to have a fever. Doctor: I see. How long have you had these symptoms? Patient: Oh, I've had the cough for two weeks, but I have been 2. fe _ _ _ _ _ ill just these past few days. Doctor: Are you having any other problems? Patient: Well, I've got a 3. he_ _ _ _ _ _. I've also had a little bit of diarrhoea. Doctor: Do you 4. pr _ _ _ _ _ any phlegm when coughing? Patient: Sometimes, but it's usually pretty dry. Doctor: Do you smoke? Patient: Yes, a few cigarettes a day. Certainly no more than a half a 5. pa _ _ _ _ a day. Doctor: How about 6. al _ _ _ _ _ _ _? Do you have any allergies? Patient: Not that I'm aware of. Doctor: Does your head feel stuffy? Patient: Yes, for the 7. pa _ _ few days. Doctor: OK. Now let's have a look. Could you please open your 8. mo _ _ _ and say 'ah'? http://esl.about.com/od/intermediatereading

1.11 STRESS VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.11.1 Matching Pictures and Definitions (V) Match the pictures and the following expressions.

1. ………………………… www.metaversemodsquad.com

2. …………………………….. www.sortednest.com

44

3. …………………………………. www.article.wn.com

Fight or flight response Don't sweat it./ Don't sweat the small stuff. Hectic life

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.11.2 Adjective Forms of Verbs (V) What are the adjective forms of these verbs? a. b. c. d.

circulate digest diaphragm reproduce

…………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………….. .…………………………………………………….

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.11.3 Verbs and Nouns (V) Can you complete this table? Verb

Noun

……………………………

digestion

breathe

………………………………..

perspire

……………………………….

…………………………….

sweating

exhaust

………………………………

grow

……………………………..

……………………………

accumulation

LISTENING

1.11.4 Stress (L) 1. Now listen to the recording and write down the 12 areas that are affected when you face stress.

Source: http://youtu.be/Ho_a5FlcsJ4 45

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………… and ………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

www.lifecoachingcourses.ie

2. Listen to the recording again and complete the sentences. Use one word only. 1. When you're stressed your body a. ………………………………… instantly. 2. Your heart beats b. ………………………………. and you put excess strain on it. 3. Your blood pressure further rises because your body also narrows and constricts your blood vessels to prevent you from bleeding to c. …………………………………… from injury. 4. Here's the challenge: your d. …………………………………... will clot regardless of whether or not you really are injured. 5. So, even if you're eating healthy foods your body won't be able to e. ………………………………… digest that food. 6. Your body will suppress your f. ……………………………………. system. 7. Anxiety and panic g. …………………………………… can also accompany shallow breathing. 8. Under stress we can h. …………………………………. excessively. 9. Some of our bodies are not equipped to adequately process that lot of blood sugar and that can lead to i. ……………………………………… health problems. 10. Your body reduces the flow of anti-aging growth hormones, so as a j. ………………………. our bodies age faster. 11. Your reproductive systems are suppressed and you produce k. ………………………………… sex hormones, so this can result in you feeling a drop in your libido, your sex drive.

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12. Your body pumps out adrenaline and noradrenaline which alert our body that it's in l. ………………..………………… . 13. Your body also pumps out cortisol which is considered the m. ………………………………….. stress hormone.

READING

1.11.5 Stress Test (R) Complete this stress test and then check your result.

www.mymentalhealthday.org

In the last month, how often have you: Never

Almost never (1 point)

1. Been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly? 2. Felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life? 3. Felt nervous and "stressed"? 4. Felt unsure about your ability to handle your personal problems? 5. Felt that things weren’t going your way? 6. Found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do? 7. Been unable to control irritations in your life? 8. Felt that you weren’t on top of things? 9. Been angered because of things that were outside of your control? 10. Felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them?

47

Some-times Fairly (2 points) often (3 points)

Very often (4 points)

Score:

Interpreting the score: Score your stress level

0-10 Below average. Congratulations, you seem to be handling life’s stressors well at the moment.

11- Average. Your life is far from stress-free so now is the time to learn how to reduce your stress 14 to healthier levels.

15- Medium-High. You may not realize how much stress is already affecting your mood, 18 productivity, and relationships.

19 + High. You’re experiencing high levels of stress. The higher your score, the more damage stress is doing to your mind, body, and behavior.

http://www.helpguide.org/topics/stress.htm

1.12 TYPES OF MEDICINE VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.12.1 Medicine and Definition (V) Match the medicine with its definition.

www.passkontrol.net

www.ehow.com

48

1.anaesthetic

A. A drug that makes people calmer when they are very worried or nervous.

2.analgesic

B. A medicine you use for helping you to cough liquid up from your lung.

3.antacid

C . A drug that we use in order to sleep better.

4.antibiotic

D. A substance that prevents a poison from having bad effects.

5.antidote

E. A drug or gas that is given to someone before a medical operation.

6.antihistamine

F. A drug that reduces pain.

7.anti-inflammatory

G. A pill that you take to help you to sleep.

8.contraceptive

H. A drug taken to reduce inflammation (= swelling, heat, and pain).

9.emetic

I. A drug used for preventing a woman from becoming pregnant.

10.expectorant

J. A drug used to treat an allergy.

11.laxative

K. A drug that makes someone calmer, or makes them sleep.

12.narcotic

L. A medicine that reduces the amount of acid in your stomach.

13.sedative

M. A drug that cures illnesses and infections caused by bacteria.

14.sleeping pill

N. A medicine that helps you to make solid waste.

15.tranquillizer

O. A drug that makes you vomit.

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus-category/american/Types-and-forms-of-medicine

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.12.2 Medicine – Table Completion (V)

Complete the table with the words given. antibiotics antidepressants anxiety

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blood pressure pills blood thinners diuretics epilepsy drugs headaches, muscle aches and pains heart medicine indigestion pills insomnia lower high blood sugar man’s best friend mom’s bone pills rheumatoid arthritis

Professional English word

Common English word

Usage

Analgesics

pain pills

………………………………………………

Antacids

………………………………………….

heartburn

Antiarthritic

rheumatism pills

……………………………………………..

…………………………………………..

bug killers

microbial infections

Anticoagulants

…………………………………………..

prevent blood clots

Anticonvulsants

………………………………………….

prevent seizures

…………………………………………..

uppers

relieve depression

Antihypertensives

………………………………………….

lower high blood pressure

Cardiac drugs

………………………………………….

treat abnornal heart rhythms, heart failure and angina pectoris

…………………………………………

water pills

remove excess water from the body

Erectile disfunction

…………………………………………...

impotency

Hypnotics

sleeping pills

……………………………………………

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Hypoglycemic agents

diabetic drugs

……………………………………………

Osteoporosis medicine

………………………………………..

strengthens bones

Tranquillizers

downers

………………………………………….. www.dmu.edu

www.en.wikipedia.org

www.dailymail.co.uk

www.worldhealth.net

SPEAKING

1.12.3 A Prescription (S) Discuss the questions with your partner. When did you last take medicine? What was your problem? What medicine did you get?

READING

1.12.4 Completing Prepositions – Doctor-Patient Dialogue (R) Complete the missing prepositions. Patient: What about my sleeping problems I've been having? Doctor: I'm going to give you a prescription 1. ……… some medicine to help you get a better night's sleep. Patient: Thank you doctor. Doctor: Here, you can get this prescription 2. ……any pharmacy. Patient: How often should I take the medicine? Doctor: Just take one pill about 30 minutes before you go 3. …….bed.

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Patient: How long should I take them? Doctor: The prescription is 4. ……thirty days. If you're not sleeping well after thirty days, I'd like you to come 5. …… . Patient: Is there anything else I can do to help me sleep 6. …… night? Doctor: Don't worry so much about things 7. …… work. I know, I know. Easier said than done. Patient: Should I stay home 8. ……work? Doctor: No, I don't think that's necessary. Just remember to stay calm. http://esl.about.com/od/intermediatereading

WRITING

1.12.5 Expressions (W) Put the following words and expressions in a sentence: prescription …………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….. to get a good night's sleep .………………………………………………………………………………………………. pharmacy ………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………. to take medicine ……………..………………………………………………………………………………………………. take a pill …………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………….. stay calm …………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………

1.13 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

www.nlm.nih.gov

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.13.1 Combining Forms (V) Match the root words and their meaning. 1. bio2. cyan(o)3. dors(o)-

A. red, redness B. white C. night

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4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

erythr(o)fibr(o)gyn(o)hydr(o)immun(o)kinesi(o)leuk(o)lip(o)melan(o)micr(o)noct(i)oncophagophyt(o)pharmacospir(o)therm(o)-

D. heat E. woman F. eating, swallowing G. blue H. tumour I. life J. back K. fibre L. plant M. breathing N. water O. safe, immune P. fat Q. motion R. black, pigmented S. small T. drugs, medicine

www.medicalterminology4fun.com

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

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UNIT 2 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Aims of the Unit

After completing this unit you will know parts and functions of the skeletal system. You will also learn about the most common • diseases •disorders affecting this system.

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2.1 THE SKELETON VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

2.1.1 Structure and Function of the Skeletal System (V) 1.Complete the missing vowels. The skeletal system includes the bones of the sk_l_t_n and the c_rt_l_g_s, l_g_m_nts, and other c_nn_ct_ve t_ss_ _ that stabilize or connect the bones. In addition to supporting the weight of the body, bones work together with m_scl_s to maintain body position and to produce controlled, precise movements. http://my.clevelandclinic.org/anatomy/musculoskeletal_system The skeleton is divided into two sections. One is appendicular skeleton - the bones of the limbs and

supporting thoracic (pectoral) and pelvic girdles. The other is the axial skeleton - the bones of the body axis. 2.Based on the definitions above which one is appendicular and which one is axial skeleton in this picture?

www.wcc.hawaii.edu

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READING

2.1.2 Five Functions of Skeletal System (R) Match the five functions of the skeletal system with their definitions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

It provides support for the body. It stores minerals and lipids. It produces blood cells. It protects body organs. It provides leverage and movement.

A. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. (Ninety-nine percent of the body's calcium is found in the skeleton.) The calcium salts of bone are a valuable mineral reserve that maintains normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids. The bones of the skeleton also store energy reserves as fat in areas filled with yellow marrow. B. Many bones function as levers that can change the magnitude and direction of the forces generated by muscles. C. Many soft tissues and organs are surrounded by skeletal elements. For example, the rib cage protects the heart and lungs, the skull protects the brain, the vertebrae protect the spinal cord, and the pelvis protects the reproductive organs. D. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and other blood elements are produced in the red marrow, which fills the internal cavities of many bones. E. The skeletal system provides structural framework for the entire body. Individual bones or groups of bones provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs. http://my.clevelandclinic.org/anatomy/musculoskeletal_system

READING

2.1.3 Bone Structure (R) Read this section and take notes about compact and spongy bones in the table below. Each bone in the skeleton contains two forms of tissue: compact (dense) bone that is relatively solid and spongy (cancellous) bone that forms an open network of struts and plates. Compact bone is found on the external surface of the bone. Spongy bone is located inside the bone. The proportion of compact and spongy bone varies with the shape of the bone. Compact bone is thickest where stresses arrive from a limited range of directions. Spongy bone is located where bones are not heavily stressed or where stresses arrive from many directions. Spongy bone is much

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lighter than compact bone, which helps reduce the weight of the skeleton and makes it easier for muscles to move the bones. http://my.clevelandclinic.org/anatomy/musculoskeletal_system

Type of bone

Features of bone

READING

2.1.4 Bone Development and Growth (R) Put the verbs in the correct form. The growth of the skeleton 1. (determine) …………………. the size and proportions of the body. Bones 2. (begin) …………………… to form in a mother's womb about six weeks after fertilization, and portions of the skeleton 3. (not stop)……………….. growing until about the age of 25. Most bones 4. (originate) ………………… as hyaline cartilage. The cartilage gradually 5. (convert) ………………. to bone through a process called ossification. Bone growth 6. (begin) ………………. at the center of the cartilage. As bones 7.(enlarge) …………….., bone growth activity 8. (shift) ……………… to the ends of the bones (an area commonly 9. (call) ……………….. the growth plate), which 10. (result) ………………….. in an increase in bone length. Bone growth facts  

Twenty percent of the adult skeleton 11. (replace) ………………….. each year. Moderate amounts of physical activity and weight-bearing activities 12. (be) …………….. essential to stimulate bone maintenance and to maintain adequate bone strength. http://my.clevelandclinic.org/anatomy/musculoskeletal_system

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VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

2.1.5 Other Elements of the Skeletal System (V) Complete the definitions with the words given. cartilage, tendons, skeletal muscles, fibrocartilage, joints, nerves, ligaments, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage 1. ………………..…. are where two bones interconnect. Each joint reflects a compromise between stability and range of motion. For example, the bones of the skull are very stable but with little motion, whereas the shoulder joint allows for a full range of motion but is a relatively unstable joint. 2. ………………..….. attach muscle to bone. 3. …………….……... attach bone to bone. 4. ………………….... contract to pull on tendons and move the bones of the skeleton. In addition to producing skeletal movement, muscles also maintain posture and body position, support soft tissues, guard entrances and exits to the digestive and urinary tracts, and maintain body temperature. 5. ………………….. control the contraction of skeletal muscles, interpret sensory information, and coordinate the activities of the body's organ systems. 6. …………………. ..is a type of connective tissue. It is a firm gel-like substance. The body contains three major types of cartilage: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. 7. ………………….. is the most common type of cartilage. This type of cartilage provides stiff but somewhat flexible support. Examples in adults include the tips of ribs (where they meet the sternum) and part of the nasal septum. Another example is articular cartilage, which is cartilage that covers the ends of bones within a joint. The surfaces of articular cartilage are slick and smooth, which reduces friction during joint movement. 8. …………………… provides support but can tolerate distortion without damage and return to its original shape. The external flap of the ear is one place where elastic cartilage can be found. 9. …………………... resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact, and limits relative movement. Fibrocartilage can be found within the knee joint, between the pubic bones of the pelvis, and between the spinal vertebrae. http://my.clevelandclinic.org/anatomy/musculoskeletal_system

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www.nlm.nih.gov

www.click4biology.info

www.aviva.co.uk

2.2 JOINT PAIN SPEAKING

2.2.1 What Keeps the Joints Healthy? (S) What would you suggest to a patient with joint problems? Discuss the question with your partner.

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

2.2.2 Doctor - Patient Dialogue - Joints Complete the dialogues with the missing words. The first two letters have been given for you. Patient: Good morning. Doctor Smith? Doctor: Yes, please come in. Patient: Thank you. My name is Daniel Smith. Doctor: What have you come in for 1. to _ _ _ Mrs Brown?

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Patient: I've been having some pain in my joints, especially the 2. kn _ _ _. Doctor: How long have you been having the pain? Patient: I'd say it started three or four months ago. It's been getting 3. wo _ _ _ recently. Doctor: Are you having any other problems like weakness, 4. fa _ _ _ _ _ or headaches? Patient: Well I've certainly 5. fe_ _ under the weather. Doctor: Right. How much physical 6. ac _ _ _ _ _ _ do you get? Do you do any sports? Patient: Some. I like to play tennis about 7. on _ _ a week. I take my dog for a walk every morning. Doctor: OK. Let's have a look. Can you 8. po_ _ _ to the area where you are having pain? http://esl.about.com/od/intermediatereading

WRITING

2.2.3 Summing up a Case (W) Sum up Mrs Brown’s case in 5 sentences. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2.3 THE SPINAL COLUMN VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

2.3.1 Parts of the Spinal Column (V) Complete the missing words with the help of the pictures.

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www.spineuniverse.com

The vertebral column (spinal column) supports the head and encloses the spinal cord. The spinal column is comprised of 26 individual bones, these bones are referred to as vertebrae. The spinal column is divided into 5 different areas containing groups of vertebrae and are grouped as follows: • 7 cervical vertebrae in the ……………………………… • 12 thoracic vertebrae in the upper ……………………………. corresponding to each pair of ribs • 5 lumbar vertebrae in the …………………………… back • 5 sacral vertebrae which are fused together to form one …………………………… called the sacrum • 4 coccygeal vertebrae that are fused together to form the coccyx or ……………………….. The vertebrae are referred to by their name and number, counting down from the top of the spinal column as follows: The cervical vertebrae are C1 - C7 The thoracic vertebrae are T1 –T12 The lumbar vertebrae are L1 – L5 The sacrum and coccyx do not have numbers and each is thought of as one bone. Spinal nerves exit the sacrum and coccyx at levels within the main structure of each vertebra. http://www.apparelyzed.com/spine.html

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VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

2.3.2 Noun Forms of Adjectives (V) What are the noun forms of these adjectives? Adjective

Noun

vertebral

………………………………………………………

spinal

………………………………………………………

cervical

………………………………………………………

thoracic

………………………………………………………

lumbar

………………………………………………………

sacral

………………………………………………………

coccygeal

..…………………………………………………….

2.4 HERNIATED DISC SPEAKING

2.4.1 The Definition of Hernia (S) What do we understand by hernia? Can you give a definition?

www.mdguidelines.com

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READING 2.4.2 Herniated Disc (R) Choose the word that completes the sentence. Herniated disc is a relatively 1. common/commonly condition that can occur anywhere along the spine, but most often affects the lower back or neck region. Also known as a slipped disc or ruptured disc, a herniated disc develops when one of the cushion-like pads between the vertebrae moves out of position and presses on adjacent nerves. Herniated discs are typically 2. causing/caused by overuse injuries or trauma to the spine; however, disc conditions can also develop as a result of the normal aging process. It is also known that there is a genetic factor that contributes to the development of disc degeneration and herniated disc. In most cases, a herniated disc in the 3. upper/lower back will heal within six months, as the size of herniation shrinks with time via resorption. Surgery may be needed if medication, physical therapy and other treatments fail. What is a disc? Spinal discs are cushion-like pads located 4. between/among the vertebrae. Without these “shock absorbers,” the bones in the spine would grind against one another. In addition to giving the spine flexibility, discs protect the spine by absorbing the impact of trauma and body weight. A herniated disc occurs when the outer layer tears or ruptures and the gel-like center 5. drips/leaks into the spinal canal. When a disc herniates and spills into the spinal canal, it can cause compression of the nerves or spinal cord. Intense, debilitating pain and alterations in sensation often occur. In addition, the gellike substance inside the disc releases chemical irritants that 6. contribute/belong to nerve inflammation and pain. What causes a herniated disc? As we age, the spinal discs gradually lose fluid volume. This process starts at about age 30 and progresses slowly, over time. As the discs dry out, microscopic cracks or tears 7. should/ can form on the outer surface, causing it to become brittle, weak and more susceptible to injury. The most common causes of herniated disc are:      

Wear and tear: Discs dry out and aren’t as flexible as they once were. Repetitive movements: Work, lifestyle, and certain sports activities that put stress on the spine, especially the lower back, further weaken an 8. already/almost vulnerable area. Lifting the wrong way: Never lift while bent at the waist. Proper lifting entails lifting with your legs and a straight back. Injury: High-impact trauma can cause the disc to bulge, tear or rupture. Obesity: Carrying excess weight puts an undue amount of strain on the spine. Genetics: There are some genes that are more commonly present in individuals with disc degeneration.

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What are the symptoms of a herniated disc? Pain 9. from/on a herniated disc can vary, depending on the location and severity of the injury. It is typically felt on one side of the body. Herniated disc can manifest itself with a range of symptoms, including:    

Dull ache to severe pain Numbness, tingling, burning Muscle 10. weak/weakness, spasm, altered reflexes Loss of bowel or bladder control (Note: These symptoms constitute a medical emergency. If they occur, seek medical attention immediately).

How is a herniated disc diagnosed? A herniated disc is likely if low back pain is accompanied by radiating leg pain in a nerve root distribution, and other neurologic deficits such as numbness, weakness, and altered reflexes. Imaging studies are usually ordered to 11. strengthen/confirm a diagnosis of herniated disc. X-rays are not the imaging medium of choice because soft tissues (eg, discs, nerves) are hard to capture with this technology. However, they may be used as an initial tool to rule out other disorders such as a growth or fracture. Confirmation of the suspicion of herniated disc is generally accomplished with: 

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This technology reveals the spinal cord, surrounding soft tissue and nerves. It is the best imaging study to support the diagnosis of a herniated disc.

Herniated discs sometimes heal on their own 12. through/across a process called resorption. This means that the disc fragments are absorbed by the body. Most people suffering from herniated disc respond well to conservative treatment and do not require surgery. www.spineuniverse.com

2.5 SKELETAL SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

2.5.1 Skeletal System Root Words (V) Memorize the most important skeletal system root words. oste/o chondr/o arthr/o myel/o

bone cartilage joint bone marrow

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ten/o, tendin/o ligament/o burs/o my/o, myos/o

tendon (binds muscle to bone) ligament (binds bone to bone) bursa, “bag”, (shock absorber between tendons and bones) muscle

www.dmu.edu

Suffixes: -malacia -porosis -trophy -algia, algesia -itis

softening porous development, stimulation, maintenance (increase in size and strength of muscles) pain inflammation

-oma

tumour

-cyte

cell

-plasty

surgical repair

www.dmu.edu

WRITING

2.5.2 Analyzing Words (W)

Based on the information above analyze the following words: osteitis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. osteocyte …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. chondroma ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. arthroplasty …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. myeloma …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. tendonitis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… bursitis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. myoma ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. osteomalacia …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… osteoporosis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. myalgia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. arthralgia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… www.dmu.edu

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2.6 SPORTS INJURIES SPEAKING

2.6.1 Sports Injuries – Pictures (S) Look at the pictures below. What has happened to the sports people?

Picture 1

www.huffingtonpost.com

Picture 2

www.orthopedicsurgeonaz.com

Picture 3

www.sportorvos.hu

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Picture 4

www.insuranceclaims.co.uk

Picture 5

www.healthmeup.com

READING

2.6.2 Sports Injuries (R) Read the following section on sports injuries and answer the questions. The term sports injury, in the broadest sense, refers to the kinds of injuries that most commonly occur during sports or exercise. Some sports injuries result from accidents, others are due to poor training practices, improper equipment, lack of conditioning, or insufficient warm-up and stretching. Although any part of your body can be injured during sports or exercise, the term is usually reserved for injuries that involve the musculoskeletal system, which includes the muscles, bones, and associated tissues like cartilage. A strain is an injury which occurs to a muscle in which the muscle fibers tear as a result of overstretching. Strains are also colloquially known as pulled muscles. The equivalent injury to a ligament is a sprain. Typical symptoms of a strain include localized pain, stiffness, swelling, inflammation, and bruising around the strained muscle.

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Strains can happen to anyone and are certainly not restricted to athletes; nevertheless, people who are involved in sports are more at risk of developing a strain. A sprain is an injury which occurs to ligaments caused by a sudden overstretching. The ligament is usually only stretched, but sometimes it can be snapped, slightly torn, or ruptured, all of which are more serious and require longer to heal. Sprains are graded in three degrees. Although some signs and symptoms can be used to assess the severity of a sprain, the most definitive method is with the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). A first degree sprain has only minor tearing of the ligament whereas a third degree sprain is characterized by complete rupture. The typical signs and symptoms associated with a sprain are the cardinal signs of inflammation: localized pain, swelling, and loss of function. Although any joint can experience a sprain, some of the more common include the ankle, knee, and fingers. Perhaps one of the more spoken about sprains is that to the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee. This is a disabling sprain common to athletes, especially basketball, soccer, and judo players. Sprains can best be prevented by proper use of safety equipment (wrist, ankle guards), warm-ups and cool-downs (including stretching), being aware of your surroundings and maintaining strength and flexibility. Achilles tendon injuries refer to a stretch, tear, or irritation to the tendon connecting the calf muscle to the back of the heel. The most common cause of Achilles tendon tears is a problem called tendinitis, a degenerative condition caused by aging or overuse. When a tendon is weakened, trauma can cause it to rupture. Stress fractures occur largely in the weight-bearing bones, such as the tibia or fibula (bones of the lower leg) and metatarsals (bones of the foot), and are common in sports that require repetitive impact, primarily running/jumping sports such as gymnastics or track and field. Running creates forces two to three times a person's body weight on the lower limbs. Stress fractures usually have a narrow list of symptoms. It could present as a generalized area of pain, tenderness, and pain with weight-bearing. Usually when running, a stress fracture has severe pain in the beginning of the run, moderate pain in the middle of the run, and severe pain at the end and after the run. X-rays usually do not show any evidence of stress fractures, so a CT scan, or MRI may be more effective in unclear cases. Joint dislocation takes place when bones in a joint become displaced or misaligned. It is often caused by a sudden impact to the joint. The ligaments almost always become damaged as a result of a dislocation. Once a joint is dislocated, it may reduce (return to its proper position) on its own, or it may require physical manipulation. Once reduction is achieved, the joint is held in place through a splint (for straight joints like fingers and toes) or a bandage (for complex joints like shoulders). Even if a dislocated joint reduces on its own, it should be immobilized and medical

68

attention should be sought. Contact sports such as football and basketball, as well as high-impact sports and sports that can result in excessive stretching or falling, cause the majority of dislocations. The shoulders, fingers, and wrists are all common places for a dislocation to occur. Menisci are cartilaginous elements within the knee joint which serve to protect the ends of the bones from rubbing on each other and to effectively deepen the tibial sockets into which the femur attaches. There are two menisci in each knee, the medial and the lateral meniscus. Either or both may be cracked, or torn, when the knee is forcefully rotated and/or bent. Overtraining occurs when the volume and intensity of an exercise exceeds the organism’s recovery capacity. Improvements in strength and fitness occur only during the rest period following the training. This process takes at least 36 hours to complete. If sufficient rest is not available then complete regeneration cannot occur. If this imbalance between excess training and inadequate rest persists then the individual's performance will eventually plateau and decline. Overtraining may be accompanied by one or more of the following symptoms: persistent muscle soreness, persistent fatigue, elevated resting heart rate, increased susceptibility to infections, increased incidence of injuries, irritability, depression and loss of motivation. Fortunately, most sports injuries can be treated effectively, and most people who suffer injuries can return to a satisfying level of physical activity after an injury. Even better, many sports injuries can be prevented if people take the proper precautions. www.ftvs.cuni.cz

1. What do sports injuries result from? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. What are the typical symptoms of strain? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. What are the characteristic sites of sprain? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. How can you prevent sprains? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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5. What do Achilles tendon injuries refer to? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6. Where do stress fractures happen most often? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7. How can dislocation be treated? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8. How can you injure your menisci? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9. When can overtraining occur? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10. What other symptoms can accompany overtraining? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

WRITING

2.6.3 Synonyms (W) Find synonyms for the following from the text. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

pulled muscles: ……….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… third degree sprain: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… tear of Achilles tendon: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… bones of the foot: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… a displaced joint: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. reduce: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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2.7 OSTEOARTHRITIS LISTENING

2.7.1 Osteoarthritis (L) Listen to the recording and answer the following questions:

Source: http://youtu.be/F8YLJxiNh9Y 1. What joints can osteoarthritis affect most commonly? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. What role does the cartilage play in the knee? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. What function does the synovial fluid have? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. What happenes to the bones when the cartilage is worn away? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. What is seen in the joint space? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

www.altimawellness.com

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2.8 FRACTURES SPEAKING

2.8.1 Fractures (S) Discuss the following questions with your partner. Have you had a break in the bone? If yes, when did it happen? How did it happen? How was it treated?

READING

2.8.2 What Are Fractures? (R) Find synoyms for the following from the text below: a. b. c. d.

A broken bone. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. The bone breaks but there is no open wound in the skin. ………………………………………………… The bone breaks through the skin. ………………………………………………………………………………….. The bone cracks either part or all of the way through, but does move and maintains its proper alignment. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… e. The bone is in many pieces. …………………………………………………………………………………………….. f. The bone snaps into two or more parts and moves so that the two ends are not lined up straight. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

A fracture is the medical term for a broken bone. Fractures are common; the average person has two during a lifetime. They occur when the physical force exerted on the bone is stronger than the bone itself. Understanding Bone Fractures Your risk of fracture depends, in part, on your age. Broken bones are very common in childhood, though children's fractures are generally less complicated than fractures in adults. As you age, your bones become more brittle and you are more likely to suffer fractures from falls that would not occur when you were young. There are many types of fractures, but the main categories are displaced, non-displaced, open, and closed. Displaced and non-displaced fractures refer to the way the bone breaks.

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www.eorthopod.com

In a displaced fracture, the bone snaps into two or more parts and moves so that the two ends are not lined up straight. If the bone is in many pieces, it is called a comminuted fracture. In a nondisplaced fracture, the bone cracks either part or all of the way through, but does move and maintains its proper alignment.

http://firstaid.lastingaid.co.za

A closed fracture is when the bone breaks but there is no puncture or open wound in the skin. An open fracture is one in which the bone breaks through the skin; it may then recede back into the wound and not be visible through the skin. This is an important difference from a closed fracture because with an open fracture there is a risk of a deep bone infection.

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

2.8.3 Fracture Types (V) What types of fracture can you see in the pictures below? Match fracture types 1-6 with the correct pictures A-F.

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A

B

C

D

E

F

1. Greenstick fracture: an incomplete fracture in which the bone is bent. This type occurs most often in children. 2. Spiral racture: a fracture which is characterised by a spiral. It is often denoted as being caused by torsion or force onto the bone. 3. Transverse fracture: a fracture at a right angle to the bone's axis. 4. Oblique fracture: a fracture in which the break has a curved or sloped pattern. 5. Comminuted fracture: a fracture in which the bone fragments into several pieces. 6. An impacted fracture is one whose ends are driven into each other. This is commonly seen in arm fractures in children and is sometimes known as a buckle fracture. Other types of fracture are pathologic fracture, caused by a disease that weakens the bones, and stress fracture, a hairline crack. http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-fractures-basic-information

2.9 BONES AND FEATURES OF THE FOOT

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

2.9.1 Bones and Arches of the Foot (V)

Revise your knowledge about the foot with the help of the pictures.

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https://myhealth.alberta.ca

www.danceproject.ca

www.footpainreliefstore.com

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

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2.9.2 Matching Foot Related Words (V)

Try and guess the meaning of the following words by matching the pairs. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J.

chiropodist, podiatrist pes planus congenital arch support initial temporary orthotic prominent gait athlete

1. a person trained to compete in sports or exercises 2. a manner of walking 3. lasting for a limited time 4. a person who treats disorders of the feet 5. an abnormal condition, existing at birth 6. a foot afflicted with a fallen arch 7. relating to, or occurring at the beginning 8. a device that bears the weight of another thing, e.g. foot 9. a device used to correct an orthopedic problem 10. projecting outward or upward from a line or surface

LISTENING

2.9.3 Flat Feet (L)

Watch this video on flat feet and answer the questions.

Source: http://youtu.be/G8ZDMyxe0R0 1.What are the two types of flat feet? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.How does an arch support take its effect? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.What does prescription orthotic treatment involve? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.What are the „side effects” of flat feet? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.How can the flat footed problem affect your activity? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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2.10 World Spine Day

www.topnews.ae

READING

2.10.1 World Spine Day (R) Choose the word that best completes each sentence. Every year on October 16th people from around the world join together to 1. ………… awareness on World Spine Day 2. ………… part of the Bone and Joint Decade’s Action Week. Spinal disorders, such as back pain, neck pain, scoliosis and disc disease, to 3. ………… a few are common, and they can have a profound 4. …………. on a person’s overall health, impacting a person’s ability to work, to enjoy everyday activities and even disrupting healthy 5. ………… patterns. Research has demonstrated that 6. ………… postures and inactivity can contribute to the development of back pain and other spinal disorders. The good 7. …………… is that many of these common problems can be easily avoided! That’s why this year’s theme for World Spine Day is “Straighten Up and Move,” focusing on the 8. ……………. of proper posture and movement in maintaining good spinal health. To help mark World Spine Day, participating health 9. ……………. providers and organizations around the world will provide important information, tips and tools to help 10. ……………. many of these spinal disorders.

1. a.rise

b.raise

c.risen

d.rose

2. a.like

b.alike

c.as

d.likely

3. a.name

b.call

c.know

d.tell

4. a.affect

b.effect

c.affection

d.effective

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5. a.sleepy

b.sleeping

c.sleepless

d.sleep

6. a.poor

b.poorly

c.poverty

d.poorish

7. a.new

b.newly

c.news

d. newish

8. a.important

b.importantly

c.unimportant

d.importance

9. a.caring

b.cared

c.care

d.careful

10.a.prevent

b.prevention

c.preventing

d.prevented

www.worldspineday.org

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Unit 3 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Aims of the unit

After completing this unit you will have knowledge about parts and function of the heart. You will learn • how to keep your heart healthy • about heart problems and diseases.

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3.1 THE HEART

www.nhlbi.nih.gov

READING

3.1.1 The Heart (R) Complete the text with the missing words. The number of letters has been given for you. Everyone knows that the heart is a 1. _ _ _ _ _ organ. We cannot live without our heart. However, when you get right down to it, the heart is just a pump. A complex and important one, yes, but still just a pump. As with all other pumps it can become clogged, 2. _ _ _ _ _ down and need repair. This is why it is critical that we know how the heart works. The heart is a hollow, cone-shaped 3. _ _ _ _ _ _ located between the lungs and behind the sternum (breastbone). Two-thirds of the heart is located to the left of the midline of the body and 1/3 is to the right. The apex (pointed end) points down and to the 4. _ _ _ _ . It is 12 cm long, 8-9 cm wide and 6 cm from front to back, and is roughly the size of your 5. _ _ _ _ . The average weight of a female human heart is 255 grams and a male's heart is 300 grams. The heart has three layers. The smooth, inside lining of the heart is called the endocardium. The 6. _ _ _ _ _ _ layer of heart muscle is called the myocardium. It is surrounded by a fluid filled sac called the pericardium. http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/circulatory/heart3.htm

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VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

3.1.2 Chambers and Valves of the Heart (V)

1.Mark the chambers in the picture below. The heart is divided into four chambers: 1. 2. 3. 4.

right atrium (RA) right ventricle (RV) left atrium (LA) left ventricle

www.uofmhealth.org

2.Find the correct word: aortic valve, tricuspid valve, mitral valve, pulmonary valve. Each chamber has a sort of one-way valve at its exit that prevents blood from flowing backwards. When each chamber contracts, the valve at its exit opens. When it is finished contracting, the valve closes so that blood does not flow backwards. 1. 2. 3. 4.

The …………………………………….... is at the exit of the right atrium. The …………………………………….... is at the exit of the right ventricle. The …………………………………….… is at the exit of the left atrium. The …………………………………….… is at the exit of the left ventricle.

http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/circulatory/heart3.htm

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www.drugs.com

READING

3.1.3 Heart Cycle (R) Complete the missing words.

www.texasheartinstitute.org

When the heart muscle contracts or 1. …………………….. (called systole), it pumps blood out of the heart. The heart contracts in two stages. In the first stage, the right and left 2. ………………….. contract at the same time, pumping blood to the right and left ventricles. Then the ventricles contract together to propel 3. ………………………. out of the heart. Then the heart muscle relaxes (called diastole) before the next 4. …………………….. . This allows blood to 5. ………………….. up the heart again. The right and left sides of the heart have 6. …………………… functions. The right side of the heart collects oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the 7. ………..……. where it picks up

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oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The left side of the heart then collects oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body so that the cells throughout your body have the 8. ………………………. they need to function properly. http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/circulatory/heart3.htm

3.2 HEART HEALTH TIPS

www.firstlighthomecare.com

READING

3.2.1 Giving Advice to Your Patient How to Keep His Heart Healthy (R) Match the headings with their contents.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Know your numbers. Get moving. Eat for heart health. Don't smoke and avoid second hand smoke. Aim for a healthy weight.

A. People who smoke are up to six times more likely to suffer a heart attack than non-smokers. If you smoke, QUIT! B. Make a commitment to be more physically active. Every day, aim for 30 minutes of moderateintensity activity such as taking a brisk walk, raking, dancing, light weight lifting, house cleaning or gardening.

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C. If you don't know your ideal weight, ask your doctor. The more overweight you are-the higher your risk for heart disease. D. Choose a diet low in saturated fat, trans fat, sodium and cholesterol. Be sure to include whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. E. Ask your doctor to check your blood pressure, cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL, triglycerides), and blood glucose. Work with your doctor to improve any numbers that are not normal. http://www.bostonscientific.com

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

3.2.2 Diet Tips for a Healthy Heart (V) You want to give further diet tips to your patient for a healthy heart. The verbs have been removed. Find the appropriate verb for each tip. cook, eliminate, use, try, stay, eat, replace, choose, maintain 1. …………………… a diet low in fat, especially animal fats and palm and coconut oils. (These foods contain saturated fat and cholesterol. Saturated fat and cholesterol can cause heart disease.) 2. ……………………. a diet moderate in salt and sodium. 3. ……………………. or improve your weight. 4. …………………… fried foods and replace them with baked, steamed, boiled, broiled, or microwaved foods. 5. ……………………. with oils which are low in fat and saturated fat like corn, sunflower, soybean, olive and sesame oils. ………………….. away from oils that are high in fat and saturated fat. 6. ……………………. fatty cuts of meat with lean cuts of meat or low-fat meat alternatives. 7. In recipes requiring one whole egg ………………………. two egg whites as a lower fat alternative. 8. ……………………… herbs and spices as seasoning for vegetables instead of salt and butter. http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10292

SPEAKING

3.2.3 Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health (S) Discuss the questions with your partner:

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Do you prefer indoor or outdoor activities? What do you do to keep fit? How often do you exercise? Do you think gardening and housework can keep you fit?

www.czineth.com

www.dailymail.co.uk

READING

3.2.4 Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health (R) The first word of each paragraph has been removed. Find the missing words. Even, Surveys, Less, Participation, The, More, People, Of, Cardiovascular, Lack

1. ……………………………………………… disease is the No. 1 killer in America. About 700,000 Americans died last year of CVD, accounting for over 29% of all deaths. 2. ……………………………………………… of physical activity is clearly shown to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease. 3. ……………………………………………… relative risk of coronary heart disease associated with physical inactivity ranges from 1.5 to 2.4, an increase in risk comparable with that observed for high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and cigarette smoking. 4. ……………………………………………. active, less fit persons have a 30–50% greater risk of developing high blood pressure. 5. …………………………………………… in regular physical activity gradually increased during the 1960s, '70s, and early '80s, but seems to have leveled off in recent years. 6. ………………………………………….. show that 28% of Americans age 18 or older are not active at all. 44% of adults get some exercise, but they do not do it regularly or intensely enough to

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7. 8. 9.

10.

protect their hearts. Only 27% of American adults get enough leisure-time exercise to achieve cardiovascular fitness. ………………………………………….. with lower incomes and poor education are more likely to be physically inactive. …………………………………………. people age 55 and older, 38% report essentially sedentary lifestyles. …………………………………………. low-to-moderate intensity activities, when done for as little as 30 minutes a day, can bring benefits. These activities include pleasure walking, climbing stairs, gardening, yard work, moderate-to-heavy housework, dancing, and home exercise. ………………………………………… vigorous aerobic activities, such as brisk walking, running, swimming, bicycling, roller skating, and jumping rope—done most days of the week for at least 30 minutes—are best for improving the fitness of the heart and lungs. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0904883.html

SPEAKING

3.2.5 Changing Exercise Habits (S) Answer the question. After having read the article would you change your exercising habits? How?

3.3 CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE ON THE HEART

READING

3.3.1 Healthy Heart Quiz (R)

Decide if the following statements are true or false.

www.quantachange.com

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1. The risk factors for heart disease that you can do something about are: high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity. 2. A stroke is often the first symptom of high blood pressure, and a heart attack is often the first symptom of high blood cholesterol. 3. A blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg is generally considered to be high. 4. The best ways to treat and control high blood pressure are to control your weight, exercise, eat less salt (sodium), restrict your intake of alcohol, and take your high-blood-pressure medicine, if prescribed by your doctor. 5. A blood cholesterol of 240 mg/dL is desirable for adults. 6. The most effective dietary way to lower the level of your blood cholesterol is to eat foods low in cholesterol. 7. Lowering blood cholesterol levels can help people who have already had a heart attack. 8. Only children from families at high risk of heart disease need to have their blood cholesterol levels checked. 9. Smoking is a major risk factor for four of the five leading causes of death including heart attack, stroke, cancer, and lung diseases such as emphysema and bronchitis. 10. If you have had a heart attack, quitting smoking can help reduce your chances of having a second attack. 11. Someone who has smoked for 30 to 40 years probably will not be able to quit smoking. 12. The best way to lose weight is to increase physical activity and eat fewer calories. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/obesity/hrt_n_pk/cm_hbp.pdf

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

3.3.2 Exploding Exercise Myths (V) Can you explain these words or phrases?

couch potato …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. sedentary lifestyle ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… bulky ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… subcutaneous ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… expenditure …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… briskly …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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flab ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… all for naught ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… overlook ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… lean (body) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. subtle …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. vigorous ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

www.nasw.org

READING

3.3.3 Exploding Exercise Myths (R) Read this article on exploding exercise myths. The summary of every paragraph has been removed and got mixed. Find the relevant title for each paragraph.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

You can't be fit and fat With the right exercise, you can get rid of trouble spots Weight gain is inevitable as you age Strength-training will make women too muscular No pain, no gain Light weights on your arms or legs can boost your exercise benefit If you don't lose weight, there's no point in exercising If you didn't exercise when you were younger, it could be dangerous to start when you're older 9. If you can't exercise regularly, why bother? 10. Exercise burns lots of calories

1………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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“Many women are afraid that strength-training will make them bulky,” says Miriam Nelson of the Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University in Boston. “They think strength-training is only for men.” “Women naturally have less bone and muscle than men, so they need to take care of what they've got,” says Nelson. That's why women are at greater risk of osteoporosis than men. And lost muscle puts women at greater risk of disability as they age. And don't worry about looking like a bodybuilder. “Women don't have enough testosterone to create big, bulky muscles,” says Nelson. “To become a bodybuilder, women have to do a lot of weird things that most strength-training programs don't do.” 2………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Some people carry light, handheld weights when they walk or run. Others strap Velcro-fastened weights around their ankles. Don't bother, says exercise physiologist Ben Hurley of the University of Maryland. “It slows you down, so you get less benefit from aerobic exercise, and it doesn't add enough weight to give you the benefits of strength-training,” he explains. To build muscle, you have to use weights that you can lift no more than eight to twelve times in a row. “If you can go beyond the twelfth repetition, the resistance is too light to stress the muscle,” says Hurley. “As your muscles get stronger, you need to add more weight—or other resistance—so you can still do only eight to twelve repetitions.” 3……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… “Some people believe that if they exercise one area, it will cause fat to be removed from that area,” says Rosemary Lindle, a University of Maryland exercise physiologist. “In our gym the men, who tend to store their fat in their abdomens, are on the ab machines, and the women are on the total hip machines for hours,” she notes. “But spot-reducing is a myth.” Abdominal and hip exercises can strengthen and tone the muscles. But those muscles are underneath the “subcutaneous” layer of fat that gives the lovely appearance of flab. Only losing weight can get rid of excess fat, and where you lose the weight depends on your genes. Losing weight around the waist is easier than losing it at the hips.“I tell women to do some strengthtraining in their upper body to create a better balance between upper and lower body,” says Lindle. “You can build your own natural shoulder pads.” 4………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. “People have the mistaken idea that exercise is a fabulous way to lose weight,” says William Evans of the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. “But exercising doesn't burn a lot of calories.” Walking or running a mile burns about 100 calories. But sitting still for the same time burns about 50 or 60 calories. “So the extra you expend isn't huge and people get discouraged at their slow rate of weight loss.”

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Another misconception: You keep burning considerably more calories for a long time after you stop exercising. “Calorie expenditure is elevated for the first minute or two, but by five or six minutes the extra expenditure is pretty small, and by 40 minutes post-exercise, it's back to where you started,” says Evans. That doesn't mean dieters should give up on exercise. The more you exercise, the more fit you'll get. That means you'll burn more calories because you can walk briskly or run for five miles instead of one. So instead of burning 100 calories, you burn 500 (that's 250 more than if you had stayed on the couch). What's more, says Evans, “the better-conditioned you are, the more fat you burn for energy, because your muscles adapt to using an enzyme that oxidizes fat. People who are less trained burn more carbohydrates instead.” Dieters who exercise also lose less lean body mass—that is, less muscle—than dieters who just cut calories. And physical activity can help with the toughest problem: keeping weight off. Says Evans: “Studies show that after people lose weight, the best predictor of maintaining the weight loss is whether they exercise regularly.” 5………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. What gets most people off the couch and into their walking shoes? It's that unwanted flab that motivates most of us. It shouldn't. “Many people don't see immediate weight loss and say it's all for naught and stop,” says exercise expert William Haskell of Stanford University Medical School. In fact, exercise has a laundry list of benefits beyond any impact on your next shopping trip. Among them: “It improves the ability of insulin to enter cells, so it lowers the risk of diabetes,” says Haskell. “It also lowers the risk of heart disease by improving blood clotting mechanisms, lowering triglycerides, and raising HDL - ‘good’ - cholesterol.” Exercise alters not only your risk of disease, but your quality of life, he adds. “In our studies, exercise improved sleep in people with modest sleep dysfunction,” that is, people who take a long time to fall asleep or who wake up frequently at night. “The psychological benefits of exercise are frequently overlooked,” says Haskell. “Exercise isn't a panacea, but it has consistently been shown to relieve both depression and anxiety.” 6………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Most Americans get fatter as they get older…but they don't have to. “It's a matter of reduced physical activity levels and lower metabolic rate caused by a loss of lean body mass (muscle),” says JoAnn Manson of Harvard Medical School. “The lifelong loss of lean body mass reduces our basal metabolic rate as we age,” says Arkansas's William Evans. “It's a very subtle change that begins between ages 20 and 30. The percentage of body fat gradually increases, and it produces an ever-decreasing calorie requirement.” That's

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because fat cells burn fewer calories than muscle cells. And a lower metabolic rate means that unless you eat less, you'll gain weight over the decades. Any activity makes you burn more calories (so you're less likely to wind up with an excess). And strength-training can offset the loss of muscle mass. “Starting at age 40 in women and at 60 in men, we lose six to eight percent of our muscle per decade,” says Maryland's Hurley. “However, after only two months of strength-training, women recover a decade of loss and men recover two decades.” That's with three weekly sessions that take 40 minutes each, including warm-up, rest periods, and stretching. “The time spent doing the exercises that increase muscle mass is only about five minutes a session,” says Hurley. Not a bad return on your time. 7…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. “The notion that all fat people are sedentary and unfit and at high risk of disease is not true,” says Steven Blair of the Cooper Clinic in Dallas, Texas. “Overweight and obese individuals who are fit do not have elevated mortality rates. We need to get off those people's backs.” But in Blair's study of 25,000 men who have come to the Cooper Clinic, ten percent of the normal-weight men—and half of the overweight men—were unfit. Getting all of those unfit people—fat or thin—to move more could make a difference. In Blair's study, low fitness was as strong (or stronger) a predictor of dying as other risk factors, like high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Yet doctors rarely test a patient's fitness as part of a checkup. “Fitness is such an important predictor of mortality, it's inexcusable not to evaluate it as part of a person's health risk,” says Blair. 8……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… “Many people still believe that you have to work at a very high intensity in order to get a benefit,” says Blair. In fact, moderate-intensity exercise lowers the risk of dying just as much as high-intensity exercise. For example, says Manson, “in the Nurses' Health Study, women who regularly engaged in brisk walking reduced their risk of heart disease to the same degree as women who engaged in vigorous exercise. You don't need to run a marathon.” The trick is making sure that the exercise is at least moderate-intensity—that is, equivalent to walking at a pace of three to four miles an hour. High-intensity exercise does have one advantage: it saves time. It takes less time to burn the same number of calories at higher intensity. “You can jog for 20 minutes or walk for 40 or 45,” says Blair. “You pay your money and you take your choice.” 9…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. It takes ten to twelve weeks of regular exercise to become “fit”—that is, to improve your performance on a treadmill (a measure of your oxygen capacity). But your health can improve after that first brisk walk or run. “Take a 50-year-old man who is somewhat overweight and typically has moderately elevated blood sugar, triglycerides, or blood pressure,” says Stanford's William Haskell.

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“A single bout of exercise of moderate intensity—like 30 to 40 minutes of brisk walking—will lower those numbers.” People should still try to at least follow the Center for Disease Control's modest advice to get at least 30 minutes of moderate activity on most—or preferably all—days of the week, he adds. But if you can't, don't let that stop you from taking even a single walk. “Every bout has benefits,” says Haskell. 10……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. “Many people think they're too old to start an exercise program,” says Tufts University's Miriam Nelson. “They think it's unsafe because they have heart disease or diabetes or because they're too out of shape to start.” You're never too old to start, says Nelson. And she ought to know. In one Tufts study, the participants were frail nursing-home residents whose ages ranged from 72 to 98. After just ten weeks, strength-training improved their muscle strength, ability to climb stairs, and walking speed. “When they see what a difference it makes, they're thrilled,” says Nelson. The same goes for people with chronic diseases. “People say they can't exercise because they have arthritis,” she adds. “But we see some of the greatest benefits in people with arthritis. Exercise reduces pain and increases range of motion, strength, and mobility.” That doesn't mean that anyone can plunge into a bout of vigorous exercise, regardless of health history. In a recent study, ordinarily inactive people—especially men who had high cholesterol or angina or were smokers or obese—were ten times more likely to have a heart attack within an hour of exerting themselves (usually by jogging or heavy lifting) than at other times. As for the all-too-common “I don't have time to exercise,” Nelson responds, “somehow, you've got to make the time, or you're going to have medical problems like heart disease, diabetes, or osteoporosis. And it will take a lot more time to deal with them than it takes to exercise.” http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0872851.html

3.4 HEART CONDITIONS SPEAKING

3.4.1 High Blood Pressure (S) Answer the questions. 1. What is considered to be normal blood pressure?

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2. What counts as elevated blood pressure? 3. What can contribute to high blood pressure?

www.foodmatters.tv

LISTENING

3.4.2 High Blood Pressure (L) 1.Listen to the recording and find synonyms for the following:

Source: http://youtu.be/diG519dFVNs

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

high blood pressure: ………………………………………………………………………………………………… blood volume: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. viscosity: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. sphygmomanometer: ………………………………………………………………………………………………. pressure when heart beats: …………………………………………………………………………………….. pressure between beats: …………………………………………………………………………………………. enlarged arterial wall: ……………………………………………………………………………………………… build up: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. high blood pressure with an unknown cause: ……………………………………........................ diuretic: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2.Listen to the recording again and answer these questions: 1. What do arteries supply the tissues with? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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2. What do we understand by cardiac output? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. Name two factors that can contribute to resistance besides viscosity. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. What substances can form build ups? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. Name three conditions artery damage and reduced blood flow can lead to. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6. List five lifestyle changes you have to make if you want to have normal blood pressure. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7. How do ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and direct-acting vasodilators take effect? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3.5 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM – COMMON AILMENTS

SPEAKING

3.5.1 Cardiovascular Problems (S) Collect as many cardiovascular problems as you can with your partner. The pictures below may help you.

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www.nytimes.com

www.anticoagulant-drugs.com

www.en.wikipedia.org

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LISTENING

3.5.2 Common Heart Ailments (L) Listen to the recording and complete the missing words.

Source: http://youtu.be/KPwZAvKRiWU

1. The two ……………………….. cardiovascular diseases are heart disease and stroke. 2. A heart attack occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart is severely reduced or …………………………… . 3. A stroke is similar to a heart attack ……………………...... that it impacts the brain instead of your heart. 4. This kills brain ………………………… in the immediate area. 5. Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, drinking, drug use, obesity, ……………………… ………………………….., diabetes and stress.

6. The older you get, the …………………………… your risk.

7. Many of these risk factors can be ………………………… or even preventable altogether.

8. About 61 million Americans, almost one-fourth of the population live with the ………………………..… of stroke or heart disease.

3.6 STROKE SPEAKING

3.6.1 Warning Signs and Symptoms of Stroke (S)

Answer the question: What do we understand by body language?

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LISTENING

3.6.2 Stroke - Warning Signs and Symptoms (L) Watch this video and take notes on the meaning of F.A.S.T.

Source: http://youtu.be/wH7k5CFp4hI

www.cccma.org

READING

3.6.3 Stroke (R) Read the text on stroke. Some words have been removed. Complete the text with the missing words. involved, breath, respond, flow, symptom, warning,

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disability, change, immediate, words, factors, vision Every second counts if you or somebody else is having a stroke. A stroke is a medical emergency that requires 1. ……………………………….……… treatment. Just a few hours can make the difference between recovery or learning to walk and talk all over again—or worse still—death. You only have three hours from the time of your first 2. ……………………………………… to receive treatment that can minimize the damage to your brain that can cause serious, long-term, disabilities. If you get to the hospital and it is not a stroke—that is wonderful news! If it is a stroke, you will get the help you need. Warning Signs Save precious time—know and 3. …………………………………….. quickly to the warning signs of stroke: Most of us have headaches now and then. But the symptoms of stroke will seem unusual and come on suddenly.      

A feeling of numbness or weakness in your face, arm, or leg (You might notice it on one side more than the other.) 4. …………………………………………. problems in one or both eyes Dizziness or loss of balance; difficulty walking Confusion Problems speaking or understanding what other people are saying Severe headaches without 5. ……………………………………….. or explanation

Women may have the same symptoms as men, but they have also reported a few others. These symptoms also happen suddenly and unexpectedly:       

Pains in the face or legs Hiccups Nausea Feeling weak all over Chest pain Shortness of 6. ………………………………………… Rapid heart beat

Strokes are painless, but don’t let that stop you from getting help. Even though you feel better, and it seems like the problem has passed 1 in 20 people who have a mini-stroke have another stroke in the next two days. Just like a stroke, a mini-stroke requires immediate care and follow-up medical treatment to control any risk 7. ………………………………………., such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Quick check for stroke—it can save a life

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If you are with someone and you notice a sudden 8. ………………………………………….. in appearance or behaviour, make sure it’s not a stroke. Ask them to do these three simple things: 1. Smile—Is it the smile you know and love? Or, is one corner of the mouth drooping down? 2. Close your eyes and raise your arms—Are the arms held high together, or is one drifting back down to the side? 3. Repeat a simple phrase—Why not make it funny? If the person is fine, you can laugh about it later. Listen for slurred 9. …………………………………………… and unusual sounding speech. What is a stroke? Why is it so serious? A stroke is an interruption of the blood 10. …………………………………………… to the brain. When the blood supply to a part of the brain is restricted or cut off, the affected brain cells can die. That is why it is so important to be treated for stroke as soon as possible. Your brain is 11. ………………………………… in everything you do—walking, talking, stopping to smell the roses— whatever you enjoy doing. If the part of the brain involved in those activities is damaged by the stroke, you might not be able to do those things any more. Stroke Prevention Stroke is the leading cause of adult 12. …………………………………………….. and the third leading cause of death even though 80 percent of strokes are preventable. www.scai.org

LISTENING

3.6.4 Stroke Survivors (L) Watch this video on a stroke survivor and take notes under the following headings:

Source: http://youtu.be/stnGfZGBDXI

Time of accident: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Morning routine activities: making coffee for his wife ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Pierre’s speech: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Pierre’s condition before stroke: a weekend warrior ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Stroke affects: anybody ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Stroke Survivor: Pierre Georges Bonnefil www.article.wn.com

3.7 WORLD HEART DAY READING

3.7.1 World Heart Day (R) Choose the word that best completes each sentence.

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World Heart Day is part of an international campaign to spread awareness about heart disease and stroke 1. ……………… . This is the perfect day to quit smoking, get exercising and start eating healthy – all in the name of keeping your ticker in good working order, and improving the health and well 2. ……………….. of people all over the world. The World Heart Federation has found that heart disease and strokes are the world’s leading 3. …..…………. of death, killing 17.1 million people every year – that is more than victims of cancer, HIV and AIDS and malaria. Overeating, 4. …………….. of exercise, unhealthy diets and high blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels are all factors which can trigger heart disease and threaten our own lives, and those of our loved ones. World Heart Day was 5. ………………. up to spread the message that heart problems can be prevented. The aim is to 6. ………………. health globally by encouraging people to make lifestyle changes and promoting education internationally about ways to be good to your heart. This lesson is becoming increasingly relevant as reports of obesity, poor 7. …………….. and physical inactivity in children and young people become more and more common. Events 8. …………………. place to promote healthy hearts. Charities and other organisations coordinate walks and runs, health checks, public talks, shows and exhibitions to name a few of the interesting and 9. ………………….. events which mark the day. So on World Heart Day, get 10. ……………….. , eat your fruit and veg and get outside; both you and your heart will feel the benefits.

www.croi.ie

1. a. prevent 2. a. be 3. a. cause 4. a. deficient 5. a. sit 6. a. improve 7. a. eating 8. a. make 9. a. information 10. a. included

b. preventing b. been b. reason b. deficiency b. set b. develop b. consumption b. take b. informing b. involved

c. prevention c. to be c. background c. lack c. seat c. grow c. slimmming diet c. hold c. informative c. revolved

www.daysoftheyear.com/days/heart-day/

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d. prevented d. being d. origin d. lacking d. sat d. enlarge d. diet d. keep d. informal d. promoted

3.8 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY

www.webcina.com

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

3.8.1 Cardiovascular System Combining Forms (V) Memorize these root words. angi(o)

blood vessel

aort(o)

aorta

arteri(o)-, arter(o)-

artery

ather(o)-

fatty matter

atri(o)-

atrium

brady-

slow

cardi(o)-

heart

coron(o)-

heart; crown

dilat(o)-

widen; expand

ech(o)-

sound

electr(o-)

electricity, electrical activity

hemangi(o)-

blood vessel

pericardi(o)-

pericardium

phleb(o)-

vein

rhythm(o)-

rhythm

stheth(o)-

chest

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sphygm(o)-

pulse

tachy-

fast

thromb(o)-

blood clot

valv(o)-, valvul(o)-

valve

vas(o)-

blood vessel

ven(o)-

vein

ventricul(o)-

ventricle

WRITING

3.8.2 Specialist Words for Definitions (W) Find the specialist words for the following definitions: inflammation of the the outer layer of the heart: …………………………………………………………. blood clot cell: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… abnormally slow heart beat: …………………………………………………………………………………………. abnormally fast heart beat: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. X-ray of veins: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. inflammation of veins: …………………………………………………………………………………………………. X-ray of an artery: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… low levels of oxygen: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. a drug that opens up the blood vessels: ………………………………………………………………………. abnormal heartbeat: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. an enlarged heart: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. a test in which electronic sensors are placed on the body to monitor electrical activity of the heart: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. an instrument used to measure blood pressure: ………………………………………………………….. an instrument for listening to sounds within the chest: ……………………………………………….. www.dmu.edu

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Unit 4 THE URINARY SYSTEM Aims of the Unit

After completing this unit you will know parts and function of the urinary system. You will learn about •kidney health •kidney problems and diseases.

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4.1 PARTS AND FUNCTION OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

www.cancer.gov

READING

4.1.1 The Kidney (R)

Read the text. Match the paragraphs and their headings. In addition to removing wastes, your kidneys release three important hormones: What do my kidneys do? What is renal function? The kidneys remove wastes and extra water from the blood to form urine.

A. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Your kidneys are bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist. They are located near the middle of your back, just below the rib cage. The kidneys are sophisticated trash collectors. Every day, your kidneys process about 200 litres of blood to sift out about 2 litres of waste products and extra water. The waste and extra water become urine, which flows to your bladder through tubes called ureters. Your bladder stores urine until you go to the bathroom. B. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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The wastes in your blood come from the normal breakdown of active muscle and from the food you eat. Your body uses the food for energy and self-repair. After your body has taken what it needs from the food, waste is sent to the blood. If your kidneys did not remove these wastes, the wastes would build up in the blood and damage your body. The actual filtering occurs in tiny units inside your kidneys called nephrons. Every kidney has about a million nephrons. In the nephron, tiny blood vessels called capillaries intertwine with tiny urinecarrying tubes called tubules. A complicated chemical exchange takes place, as waste materials and water leave your blood and enter your urinary system. At first, the tubules receive a combination of waste materials and chemicals that your body can still use. Your kidneys measure out chemicals like sodium, phosphorus, and potassium and release them back to the blood to return to the body. In this way, your kidneys regulate the body's level of these substances. The right balance is necessary for life, but excess levels can be harmful. C. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………   

Erythropoietin, or EPO, which stimulates the bones to make red blood cells. Renin, which regulates blood pressure. The active form of vitamin D, which helps maintain calcium for bones and for normal chemical balance in the body.

D. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… In medical language we may talk about the work your kidneys do as renal function. If you have two healthy kidneys, you have 100 percent of your renal function. This is more renal function than you really need. Some people are born with only one kidney, and these people are able to lead normal, healthy lives. Many people donate a kidney for transplantation to a family member or friend. Small declines in renal function do not cause a problem. In fact, you can be healthy with 50 percent of your renal function if it remains stable. But many people with 50 percent of their renal function have a kidney disease that will get worse. You will have some serious health problems if you have less than 20 percent of your renal function. If your renal function drops below 10 to 15 percent, you cannot live long without some form of renal replacement therapy - either dialysis or transplantation. http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/function-kidneys

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www.umich.ed

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

4.1.2 Parts of the Urinary Bladder (V) Complete the missing parts in the picture below.

www.medicalook.com

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

4.1.3 The Kidney – Sentence Completion (V) Choose the word that completes the text. The urinary bladder is a muscular sac in the pelvis, just above and behind the pubic bone. When 1. full/empty, the bladder is about the size and shape of a pear.

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Urine is made in the kidneys, and 2. travels/arrives down two tubes called ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine, 3. letting/allowing urination to be infrequent and voluntary. The bladder is lined by layers of muscle tissue that stretch to accommodate urine. The normal capacity of the bladder is 400 to 600 ml. During urination, the bladder muscles 4. relax/contract, and two sphincters open to allow urine to flow out. Urine exits the bladder into the urethra, which carries urine out of the body. Because it passes 5. across/through the penis, the urethra is longer in men (20 cm) than in women (4 cm). Bladder Conditions   

 

 

  

Cystitis: Inflammation or infection of the bladder 6. causing/doing acute or chronic pain or discomfort or urinary frequency or hesitancy. Urinary stones: Stones (calculi) may form in the kidney and travel 7. up/down to the bladder. If calculi block urine flow to or from the bladder, they can cause severe pain. Bladder cancer: A tumour in the bladder is usually discovered after blood is 8. noticed/felt in the urine. Cigarette smoking and workplace chemical exposures cause most cases of bladder cancer. Urinary incontinence: Involuntary urination, which may be 9. acute/chronic. Urinary incontinence can result from a variety of causes. Overactive bladder: The bladder muscle (detrusor) contracts 10. voluntarily/involuntarily, causing some urine to leak out. Detrusor overactivity is a common cause of urinary incontinence. Hematuria: Blood in the urine. Hematuria may be benign, or may be caused 11. from/by infection or a serious condition bladder cancer. Urinary retention: Urine does not exit the bladder normally due to obstruction or suppressed bladder muscle activity. The bladder may swell to 12. keep/hold more than a litre of urine. Cystocele: Weakened pelvic muscles (usually from childbirth) allow the bladder to press on the vagina. Problems 13. with/in urination can result. Bed-wetting (nocturnal enuresis): Bed-wetting is defined as a child age 5 or older who wets the bed at 14. last/least one or two times a week over at least three months. Dysuria (painful urination): Pain or discomfort during urination due to infection, irritation, or inflammation of the bladder, urethra, or 15. external/internal genitals.

WRITING

4.1.4 Matching Tests and Definitions (W) Match the bladder tests and their definitions. Cystoscopy

Urodynamic testing

Urinalysis

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1. ……………………………………: This basic test of urine is done both routinely and when looking for problems of either the bladder or kidneys. The first part of the test is a dipstick, if this is abnormal the urine should be looked at under microscope. 2. …………………………………..: A narrow tube is passed through the urethra into the bladder. A light, camera, and tools allow a doctor to diagnose and treat bladder problems. 3. …………………………………..: A series of tests of urination, usually done in a doctor’s office. Urine flow, pressure, bladder capacity, and other measurements can help identify bladder problems.

WRITING

4.1.5 Matching – Bladder Treatments (W) Now do the same with bladder treatments. Kegel exercises

Anti-spasm medications

Surgery

Bladder catheterization

1. ……………………………………….: Bladder cancer generally requires surgery. Some cases of urinary incontinence and cystocoele may also be treated with surgery. 2. …………………………..…………..: If urine outflow is obstructed, a catheter may be necessary to relieve pressure in the bladder. 3. …………………………………..…..: Medicines can help relieve some bladder (detrusor) overactivity and incontinence. 4. ……………………………………….: Exercising the pelvic muscles (as when stopping your urine stream) may improve urinary incontinence. http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/picture-of-the-bladder

4.2 BLADDER PROBLEMS VOCABULARY

4.2.1 Interstitial Cysitis (V) Study this definition. Interstitial: Pertaining to being between things, especially between things that are normally closely spaced. The word interstitial is much used in medicine and has specific meaning, depending on the context. For instance, interstitial cystitis is a specific type of inflammation of the bladder wall. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9587

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www.sw.org

SPEAKING

4.2.2 Bladder Inflammation (S) Answer the questions. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Have you ever had bladder inflammation? What were the symptoms? How was it treated? What can you do to prevent it?

LISTENING

4.2.3 Interstitial Cystitis (L) Listen to the recording on cystitis and answer the questions.

Source: http://youtu.be/7ub5X1hXW4M 1. What else do you call interstitial cystitis? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Mention four symptoms of cystitis. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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3. What other things do we need to rule out? Mention two. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. When does cystitis tend to occur? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. What food and drinks should you avoid if you have cystitis? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. How can you cope with stress? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

READING

4.2.4 Myths and Facts about the Bladder (R) Dr Scott Davidson tells you myths and facts about the bladder. Some words are missing. Find them.

Myth: Small bladder, big problems

http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/oab-13/slideshow-bladder-myths-and-facts

Some people blame a small bladder 1. ………………….. frequent leaks, but your body's normal "capacity" is rarely the true cause of a life-disrupting problem. In healthy people, that capacity ranges from 1 to 2 cups. The real culprit is more likely to be weak muscles, medication 2. …………………effects, infection, or nerve damage - and treatments are available. Myth: You need 8 glasses a day

www.chatelaine.com

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We do not all need eight glasses of water a day. If you tend to leak, this could be why. Fluid needs differ, depending 3. …………………….. your size and activity. The best advice for healthy people is to drink when you are thirsty and stay hydrated. This keeps urine from becoming too concentrated and lowers the 4. ……………………….. of getting kidney stones. Myth: Drinking less is best

http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/oab-13/slideshow-bladder-myths-and-facts

Waving off the waiter when he tries to refill your glass may help a little. But doctors say a healthy bladder should be able to handle a normal 5. ………………………. of fluid. You might want to consider downsizing that morning cup of coffee or skipping the cola, because 6. …………………………. is a bladder stimulant. Myth: Bladder problems are a fact of life If bladder problems are bothering you, talk with your doctor. Incontinence is a medical problem not an inevitable 7. …………………………… of aging. Treatments will depend on a person’s specific problem and overall health. People who seek help often see improvements in their symptoms and their day-to-day 8. ……………………………… .

http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/oab-13/slideshow-bladder-myths-and-facts

Fact: Twice a night isn't right One bathroom trip during the night may be acceptable, but for two or more - called nocturia – it is time for a checkup. To determine if it is 9. …………………………. by a treatable condition, your doctor will want more information: a bathroom diary, a record of fluids you drank, and a list of medications and known illnesses. Some possible causes include drinking a lot just before bed, an enlarged 10. ..............……….., certain medications, and overactive bladder.

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http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/oab-13/slideshow-bladder-myths-and-facts

Fact: Anyone can have bladder trouble Bladder problems impact men and women at many different 11. ………………………… of life. Though they might be more common in certain groups - including women who have had children, older adults, men with a history of prostate trouble, and people with spinal 12. ……………………….. injuries nobody should suffer silently. People with problems should seek advice from a doctor.

http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/oab-13/slideshow-bladder-myths-and-facts

Fact: It is not always a prostate problem Plumbing problems in men can sometimes be caused by an overactive bladder, not related to an enlarged prostate. Both conditions can send men running to the bathroom again and again, but the 13. ………………………………. are different. Talk to your doctor about all your symptoms, 14. ………………………….. testing may be needed, and what treatments may be appropriate.

http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/oab-13/slideshow-bladder-myths-and-facts

Fact: Kegels are for men, too You may have heard of women doing these bladder-control moves after childbirth. Doctors recommend them for men, too. While urinating, try 15. ………………………. the flow midstream. Then, start again. The muscles that stop your flow are what you want to work on strengthening. Next, on an 16. ……………………….. bladder, try contracting these muscles for 3-5 seconds and then release,

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and keep the stomach, buttocks, and legs relaxed. Work up to three sets of 10 repetitions each day. You can do Kegels anywhere, anytime, without anyone noticing.

www.kegels.com.au

Fact: A system and schedule may help Bladder training is a first step that may help some people 17. ………………………… overactive bladders. You resist the first urge to go and wait for the scheduled time. Gradually, you can try holding it 18. ………………………….. . Together with Kegels, these two methods can cut overactive bladder episodes by half.

http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/oab-13/slideshow-bladder-myths-and-facts

Fact: Shaping up for bladder control A healthy lifestyle may play a supportive 19. …………………………. in preventing and lessening some bladder problems. Doctors say getting regular exercise and doing Kegels can curb stress incontinence, the leakage caused by coughing, laughing, or sneezing. And because carrying a lot of extra weight causes bladder troubles, slimming 20. ………………………….. may help, too. http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/oab-13/slideshow-bladder-myths-and-facts

http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/oab-13/slideshow-bladder-myths-and-facts

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4.3 URINARY SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

4.3.1 Root Words (V) Memorize these root words. nephr/o, ren/o hydro/o cyst/o pyel/o ur/o, -uria olig/o -pexy -osis polya/n-gram

kidney water bladder renal collecting ducts urine scanty, less than normal to reattach to normal position surgically abnormal condition frequent no record www.dmu.edu

WRITING

4.3.2 Specialist Words (W)

Find the specialist word for the following:

inflammation of the kidney: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. artery related to kidney:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… abnormal condition involving back up of urine into the kidney: …………………………………………………. inflammation of the bladder: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… removal of bladder: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. X-ray of the collecting ducts: ..……………………………………………………………………………………………………. frequent urination: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. no urine formation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… reduced urine formation: …………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….. surgically attach kidney in normal anatomical position: ……………………………………………………………. www.dmu.edu

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VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

4.3.3 Urinary System Specialists and Procedures (V) Complete the missing words in the definitions below. Nephrologist: this is a physician specializing in 1. ………………………………. diseases. Urologist: a physician specializing in the genitourinary tract, which includes kidneys, urinary bladder and urethra of both men and women and the 2. ……………………………….. and testes in men. Cystoscopy: looking into the 3. ………………………………… with an optic instrument.

www.sparrow.org

Intravenous pyelogram: special X-rays showing the drainage pattern of the kidneys. A dye is injected into a vein. After a waiting period for the blood and dye to pass through the kidneys, X-rays can be 4. ……………………………… of the collecting system of the kidney, ureter and bladder.

www.swndha.nshealth.ca

Retrograde pyelogram: in this 5. ………………………………… a dye is flushed backwards up the urethra and bladder and up the ureters to the kidneys.

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www.shailyahospital.com

Voiding cystourethrogram: an imaging technique (X-ray) displaying the urethra and bladder while urinating! How did the 6. ……………………………….. get into the bladder? See retrograde pyelogram above.

www.beiling.net

Dialysis - a procedure for cleansing the blood of waste products in individuals with complete kidney failure or who have had kidneys removed by surgery. With the in-hospital procedure, the patient’s blood is circulated through a machine that 7. ………………………………… waste products. The blood is recirculated back into the patient.

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www.ustudy.in

Lithotripsy - Crushing kidney stones with sound waves. The sludge from crushing kidney stones has an easy direct pathway out of the body (down the ureter to the bladder and out the urethra). Nephrolithotripsy is an elective procedure that may spare a patient 8. ……………………………… . www.dmu.edu

www.nlm.nih.gov

4.4 KIDNEY CONDITIONS

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

4.4.1 Kidney Conditions and Definitions (V) Match the belonging kidney conditions and their definitions. Renal cyst

Pyelonephritis

Polycystic kidney disease

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Nephrotic syndrome Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) Kidney cancer Interstitial nephritis

Hypertensive nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy Chronic renal failure

End stage renal disease (ESRD) Acute renal failure (kidney failure)

1. ………………………………………………………….: (infection of kidney pelvis): Bacteria may infect the kidney, usually causing back pain and fever. A spread of bacteria from an untreated bladder infection is the most common cause of pyelonephritis. 2. ………………………………………………………..: Minerals in urine form crystals (stones), which may grow large enough to block urine flow. It's considered one of the most painful conditions. Most kidney stones pass on their own but some are too large and need to be treated. 3. ………………………………………………………..: Damage to the kidneys causes them to spill large amounts of protein into the urine. Leg swelling (edema) may be a symptom. 4. ……………………………………………………….: A genetic condition resulting in large cysts in both kidneys that impair their function. 5. ……………………………………………………….: A sudden worsening in kidney function. Dehydration, a blockage in the urinary tract, or kidney damage can cause acute renal failure, which may be reversible. 6. ………………………………………………………: A permanent partial loss of kidney function. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes. 7. ……………………………………………………….: Complete loss of kidney function, usually due to progressive chronic kidney disease. People with ESRD require regular dialysis for survival. 8. ………………………………………………………: High blood sugar from diabetes progressively damages the kidneys, eventually causing chronic kidney disease. Protein in the urine (nephrotic syndrome) may also result. 9. ……………………………………………………….: Kidney damage caused by high blood pressure. Chronic renal failure may eventually result. 10. ……………………………………………………….: Renal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer affecting the kidney. Smoking is the most common cause of kidney cancer. 11. ……………………………………………………….: Inflammation of the connective tissue inside the kidney, often causing acute renal failure. Allergic reactions and drug side effects are the usual causes. 12. ……………………………………………………….: A benign hollowed-out space in the kidney. Isolated kidney cysts occur in many normal people and almost never impair kidney function. http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/picture-of-the-kidneys

WRITING

4.4.2 Kidney Diseases – Pictures (W) What kidney diesease can you see in these pictures?

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www.savealifemissions.com

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

www.kidneycares.org

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

www.dreamstime.com

2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

www.shutterstock.com

3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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www.medrevise.co.uk

4. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

READING

4.4.3 10 Tips to Prevent Kidney Disease (R) Read this section on how to prevent kidney disease. The verbs have been removed from the instructions. Find the appropriate verb. drink 2x

avoid 2x

take

reduce

eat

exercise

think

manage

resist

Our kidneys are designed in a way that their filtration capacity naturally declines after the age of 30-40 years. With every decade after your 30s, your kidney function is going to reduce by 10%. But, if you’re going to increase the load on your kidneys right from the beginning, your risk of developing kidney disease later in life will definitely be higher. Here is why the youth is more affected by kidney diseases. To be on the safe side, follow these few tips and take good care of your kidneys to prevent the risk of developing kidney problems. 1. .………………………………. diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease: In most of the cases, kidney disease is a secondary illness that results from a primary disease or condition such as diabetes, heart diseases or high blood pressure. Therefore, controlling sugar levels, cholesterol and blood pressure by following a healthy diet, exercise regimen and medication guidelines is essential to keep kidney disease at bay. 2. ……………………………….. the intake of salt: Salt increases the amount of sodium in diet. It not only increases blood pressure but also triggers the formation of kidney stones. 3. ……………………………….. lots of water every day: Water keeps you hydrated and helps the kidneys to remove all the toxins from your body. It helps the body to maintain blood volume and concentration. It also helps in digestion and controls the body temperature. 4. Don’t ……………………………………… the urge to urinate: Filtration of blood is a key function that your kidneys perform. When the process of filtration is done, extra amount of wastes

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5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

and water is stored in the urinary bladder that needs to be excreted. Although your bladder can only hold a lot of urine, the urge to urinate is felt when the bladder is filled with 120150 ml of urine. If you start ignoring the urge to go to the restroom, the urinary bladder stretches more than its capacity. This affects the filtration process of the kidney. …………………………………………… right: Nearly all processes taking place inside your body are affected by what you choose to eat and how you eat. If you eat more unhealthy, junk and fast food, then your organs have to face the consequences, including the kidneys. You should include right foods in your diet. Especially foods that can strengthen your kidneys like fish, asparagus, cereals, garlic and parsley. Fruits like watermelon, oranges and lemons are also good for kidney health. ………………………………………….. healthy beverages: Including fresh juices is another way of drinking more fluids and keeping your kidneys healthy. Juices help the digestive system to extract more water and flush out wastes from the body. Avoid drinking coffee and tea. They contain caffeine which reduces the amount of fluids in the body. So, the kidneys have to work harder to get rid of them. If you are already suffering from kidney problems, you should avoid juices made from vegetables such as spinach and beets. These foods are rich in oxalic acid and they help in the formation of kidney stones. ………………………………………… alcohol and smoking: Excess intake of alcohol can disturb the electrolyte balance of the body and hormonal control that influences the kidney function. Smoking is not directly related to kidney problems but it reduces kidney function significantly. It also has an adverse effect on heart health which can further worsen kidney problems. ………………………………………. daily: Researchers believe that obesity is closely linked to kidney related problems. Being overweight doubles the chances of developing kidney problems. Exercising, eating healthy and controlling portion size can surely help you to lose extra weight and enhance kidney health. Besides, you will always feel fresh and active. ………………………………………. self medication: All the medicines you take have to pass through the kidney for filtration. Increased dosage or taking medicines that you are not aware of can increase the toxin load on your kidneys. That is why you should always follow dosage recommendations and avoid self medication. ……………………………………… before you …………………………………….. supplements and herbal medicine: If you are on vitamin supplements or if you are taking some herbal supplements, you should reconsider your dosage requirement. Excessive amount of vitamins and certain plant extracts are linked to kidney damage. You should talk to your doctor about the risk of kidney disease.

http://www.thehealthsite.com/diseases-conditions/tips-to-prevent-kidney-disease-sh11/

WRITING

4.4.4 Advice to Patients Based on Pictures (W) Look at the pictures below. Give advice to your patient with the help of the pictures.

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1.

www.nih.gov

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.

www.healthcareinsights.net

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3.

www.badradical.net

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4.

www.clipartbest.com

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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5.

www.xfinity.comcast.net

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6.

www.zastavki.com

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7.

www.medindia.net

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8.

www.howtolivehealthy.net

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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9.

www.metro.us

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10.

www.prevention.com

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.5 WORLD KIDNEY DAY

www.kidney.org

READING

4.5.1 World Kidney Day – Sentence Completion (R) Choose the word that best completes the sentence.

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a.

grown jointed rise harmful Couple amazed exact box access pretty rare threat

b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b.

growth joints risen harmed Few amazing exacted bag excess cute really tweet

c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c.

grower jointly raise harmless Three amazement exactly room exits beautiful rarely treats

d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d.

grows joint arise harms Numerous amazes exacts cage except lovely real treat

World Kidney Day is on the 12th of March. It started in 2006 and has 1. ……………………….. quickly. In its first year, 66 countries celebrated it and two years later that number rose to 88. The day is a 2. ………………………….. venture of the International Society of Nephrology and the International Federation of Kidney Foundations. The aim of the day is to 3. …………………………….. awareness about the importance of our kidneys. Campaigns and campaigners also want to highlight how 4. …………………………. kidney disease is, and spread the message that most forms of kidney disease are treatable. 5. ………………………………… of us ever stop to think about our kidneys. Perhaps even fewer know exactly what they are and what they do. Our two kidneys form an 6. …………………………….. organ that keeps our body healthy. So just what are our kidneys and what do they do, 7. ………………………… ? They are (of course) kidney-shaped organs each about the size of an apple. They are located under our rib 8. ………………………….., deep in our abdomen. Their main job is to keep our blood clean. They do this by filtering and removing poisons and 9. ……………………………. water from our blood - 200 litres every day. They also help to control our blood pressure, and they produce red blood cells and keep our bones healthy. They’re 10. …………………………………. busy all the time. Kidney disease can affect anyone – about ten percent of us suffer from it. Most of us don’t know we have it because it 11. ……………………………….. causes pain. If we have regular health and blood checks, doctors can quickly detect any disease early on and 12. ………………………………. it. www.wikipedia.com

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Unit 5 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Aims of the Unit

In this unit you will learn parts of the male and female reproductive systems. We will take a look at problems and diseases of both • the male • the female reproductive systems.

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5.1 THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

WRITING

5.1.1 Parts of Female and Male Bodies (W) Can you label the parts of the female and male bodies?

www.patient.co.uk

www.tooloop.com

5.2 MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

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5.2.1 Root Words (V) Memorize these root words. aden/o: tie, connection andr/o: male balan/o: penis cervic/o: cervix, neck colp/o: vagina fibr/o: fibers, fibrous tissue gravid/o: pregnancy gynec/o: woman hyster/o: uterus lact/o: milk mamm/o, mast/o: breast men/o: menses, menstruation, month metr/o: uterus oophar/o, ovary/o: ovary orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o: testis ov/ i, ov/o, ovul/o: egg perine/o: perineum prostat/o: prostate gland salping/o: fallopian tube scrot/o: scrotum sperm/o, spermat/o: spermatozoa, sperm testicul/o: testicle, testis

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thel/o: nipple umbilic/o: navel uter/o: womb vagin/o: vagina vas/o: vas deferens http://medicalterminology4fun.com/reproductive-system-combining-forms/

WRITING

5.2.2 Analyzing Medical Words (W) Analyze the following medical words. 1. hysterectomy: ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. salpingitis: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. hematosalpinx: ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. colpoplasty: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. colposcopy: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6. oophorectomy: ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 7. mammogram: ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. mastectomy: ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9. orchiditis: ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. orchidectomy: ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 11. balanitis: …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12. hysteroscopy: ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 13. androgynous: ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

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14. prostatitis: …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15. prostatectomy: …………………………………………………………………………………………. 16. vasectomy: ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17. menopause: …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18. gynecology: …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19. cervical cancer: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 20. gravid uterus: ………………………………………………………………………………………….

http://medicalterminology4fun.com/reproductive-system-combining-forms/

5.3 ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

5.3.1 Parts of the System (V)

Revise your knowledge about the female reproductive system and complete the missing parts.

www.cea1.com

READING

5.3.2 Article on Female Reproductive Organs (R) Complete the text with the missing words.

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breastfeeding milk

carry push

delivery skin

extend superior

exterior tissue

maturity womb

Ovaries The ovaries are a pair of small glands about the size and shape of almonds, located on the left and right sides of the pelvic body cavity lateral to the 1. …………………… portion of the uterus. Ovaries produce female sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone as well as ova (commonly called "eggs"), the female gametes. Ova are produced from oocyte cells that slowly develop throughout a woman’s early life and reach 2. …………………… after puberty. Each month during ovulation, a mature ovum is released. The ovum travels from the ovary to the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized before reaching the uterus. Fallopian Tubes The fallopian tubes are a pair of muscular tubes that 3. ………………………… from the left and right superior corners of the uterus to the edge of the ovaries. The fallopian tubes end in a funnelshaped structure called the infundibulum, which is covered with small finger-like projections called fimbriae. The fimbriae swipe over the outside of the ovaries to pick up released ova and 4. ………………………… them into the infundibulum for transport to the uterus. The inside of each fallopian tube is covered with cilia that work with the smooth muscle of the tube to carry the ovum to the uterus. Uterus The uterus is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ located posterior and superior to the urinary bladder. Connected to the two fallopian tubes on its superior end and to the vagina (via the cervix) on its inferior end, the uterus is also known as the 5. ……………………………. as it surrounds and supports the developing fetus during pregnancy. The inner lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium, provides support to the embryo during early development. The visceral muscles of the uterus contract during childbirth to 6. …………………………. the fetus through the birth canal. Vagina The vagina is an elastic, muscular tube that connects the cervix of the uterus to the 7. ………………… of the body. It is located inferior to the uterus and posterior to the urinary bladder. The vagina functions as the receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse and carries sperm to the uterus and fallopian tubes. It also serves as the birth canal by stretching to allow 8. …………………………. of the fetus during childbirth. During menstruation, the menstrual flow exits the body via the vagina. Vulva The vulva is the collective name for the external female genitalia located in the pubic region of the body. The vulva surrounds the external ends of the urethral opening and the vagina and includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris. The mons pubis, or pubic mound, is a raised layer of adipose 9. ………………………….. between the skin and the pubic bone that provides cushioning to the vulva. The inferior portion of the mons pubis splits into left and right halves called the labia majora. The mons pubis and labia majora are covered with pubic hairs. Inside of the labia majora are smaller, hairless folds of 10. ………………………. called the labia minora that surround the vaginal and urethral openings.

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Breasts and Mammary Glands The breasts are specialized organs of the female body that contain mammary glands, 11. ……....... ………. ducts, and adipose tissue. The two breasts are located on the left and right sides of the thoracic region of the body. In the center of each breast is a highly pigmented nipple that releases milk when stimulated. The areola, a thickened, highly pigmented band of skin that surrounds the nipple, protects the underlying tissues during 12. ………………………….. . The mammary glands are a special type of sudoriferous glands that have been modified to produce milk to feed infants. Within each breast, 15 to 20 clusters of mammary glands become active during pregnancy and remain active until milk is no longer needed. The milk passes through milk ducts on its way to the nipple, where it exits the body. www.innerbody.com

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

5.3.3 Opposite Words (V) What is the opposite of these words?

superior ↔ ………………………………………………………………………………. exterior ↔ ………………………………………………………………………………. anterior ↔ ……………………………………………………………………………… inner ↔ ………………………………………………………………………………….. external ↔ …………………………………………………………………………….. medial ↔ ……………………………………………………………………………….

SPEAKING

5.3.4 Female Reproductive System Physiology –Processes (S) What process do you see in these pictures?

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1.

www.medicinenet.com

2.

www.news.softpedia.com

3.

www.health.howstuffworks.com

4.

www.drhealth.md

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READING

5.3.5 Physiology of the Female Reproductive System (R) Read this section about the physiology of the female reproductive system. The heading of each paragraph has been removed. Find the belonging heading and paragraph.

Fertilization Pregnancy

Lactation

Oogenesis and Ovulation

The Reproductive Cycle

Menstruation

A. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. This is the process of producing an ovum and readying the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum to begin pregnancy. If an ovum is produced but not fertilized and implanted in the uterine wall, the reproductive cycle resets itself through menstruation. The entire reproductive cycle takes about 28 days on average, but may be as short as 24 days or as long as 36 days for some women. B. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Under the influence of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH), the ovaries produce a mature ovum in a process known as ovulation. By about 14 days into the reproductive cycle, an oocyte reaches maturity and is released as an ovum. Although the ovaries begin to mature many oocytes each month, usually only one ovum per cycle is released. C. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Once the mature ovum is released from the ovary, the fimbriae catch the egg and direct it down the fallopian tube to the uterus. It takes about a week for the ovum to travel to the uterus. If sperm are able to reach and penetrate the ovum, the ovum becomes a fertilized zygote containing a full complement of DNA. After a two-week period of rapid cell division known as the germinal period of development, the zygote forms an embryo. The embryo will then implant itself into the uterine wall and develop there during pregnancy. D. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… While the ovum matures and travels through the fallopian tube, the endometrium grows and develops in preparation for the embryo. If the ovum is not fertilized in time or if it fails to implant into the endometrium, the arteries of the uterus constrict to cut off blood flow to the endometrium. The lack of blood flow causes cell death in the endometrium and the eventual shedding of tissue in a process known as menstruation. In a normal menstrual cycle, this shedding begins around day 28 and continues into the first few days of the new reproductive cycle. E. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… If the ovum is fertilized by a sperm cell, the fertilized embryo will implant itself into the endometrium and begin to form an amniotic cavity, umbilical cord, and placenta. For the first

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8 weeks, the embryo will develop almost all of the tissues and organs present in the adult before entering the fetal period of development during weeks 9 through 38. During the fetal period, the fetus grows larger and more complex until it is ready to be born. F. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… This is the production and release of milk to feed an infant. The production of milk begins prior to birth under the control of the hormone prolactin. Prolactin is produced in response to the suckling of an infant on the nipple, so milk is produced as long as active breastfeeding occurs. As soon as an infant is weaned, prolactin and milk production end soon after. The release of milk by the nipples is known as the “milk-letdown reflex” and is controlled by the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin is also produced in response to infant suckling so that milk is only released when an infant is actively feeding. 

 


www.innerbody.com

5.4 ANATOMY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

5.4.1 Parts of the System (V) Revise your knowledge about the male reproductive system with the help of the picture.

www.uvahealth.com

READING

5.4.2 Parts of the Male Reproductive System (R) Read this section about the parts of the male reproductive system. Choose the word that completes each sentence.

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The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, spermatic ducts, sex glands, and penis. These organs work together to 1. create/produce sperm, the male gamete, and the other components of semen. These organs also work together to deliver semen out of the body and into the vagina where it can fertilize egg cells to produce offspring. Scrotum The scrotum is a sac-like organ made of skin and muscles that houses the testes. It is located inferior to the penis in the 2. pubis/pubic region. The scrotum is made up of 2 side-by-side pouches with a testis located in each pouch. The smooth muscles that make up the scrotum allow it to regulate the distance between the testes and the rest of the body. When the testes become too warm to support spermatogenesis, the scrotum relaxes to move the testes away from the body’s 3. heat/hot. Conversely, the scrotum contracts to move the testes closer to the body’s core heat when temperatures drop below the ideal range for spermatogenesis. Testes The 2 testes, also known as testicles, are the male gonads responsible for the production of sperm and testosterone. The testes are ellipsoid 4. lobular/glandular organs around 1.5 to 2 inches long and an inch in diameter. Each testis is found inside its own pouch on one side of the scrotum and is connected to the abdomen by a spermatic 5. wire/cord and cremaster muscle. The cremaster muscles contract and relax along with the scrotum to regulate the temperature of the testes. The inside of the testes is divided into small compartments known as lobules. Each lobule contains a section of seminiferous 6. tubule/tube lined with epithelial cells. These epithelial cells contain many stem cells that divide and form sperm cells through the process of spermatogenesis. Epididymis The epididymis is a sperm 7. store/storage area that wraps around the superior and posterior edge of the testes. The epididymis is made up of several feet of long, thin tubules that are tightly coiled into a small mass. Sperm produced in the testes moves into the epididymis to mature before being passed on through the male reproductive organs. The length of the epididymis delays the release of the sperm and 8. allows/lets them time to mature. Spermatic Cords and Ductus Deferens Within the scrotum, a pair of spermatic cords connects the testes to the abdominal cavity. The spermatic cords 9. maintain/contain the ductus deferens along with nerves, veins, arteries, and lymphatic vessels that support the function of the testes. The ductus deferens, also known as the vas deferens, is a muscular tube that carries sperm superiorly from the epididymis into the abdominal cavity to the ejaculatory duct. The ductus deferens is wider in diameter than the epididymis and uses its internal 10. space/place to store mature sperm. The smooth muscles of the walls of the ductus deferens are used to move sperm towards the ejaculatory duct through peristalsis. Seminal Vesicles The seminal vesicles are a pair of lumpy exocrine glands that store and produce some of the liquid portion of semen. The seminal vesicles are about 2 inches in length and located posterior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum. The liquid produced by the seminal vesicles contains

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proteins and mucus and has an alkaline pH to help sperm 11. surviving/survive in the acidic environment of the vagina. The liquid also contains fructose to feed sperm cells so that they survive long enough to fertilize the oocyte. Ejaculatory Duct The ductus deferens passes through the prostate and joins with the urethra at a structure known as the ejaculatory duct. The ejaculatory duct contains the ducts from the seminal vesicles as well. 12. During/While ejaculation, the ejaculatory duct opens and expels sperm and the secretions from the seminal vesicles into the urethra. Urethra Semen passes from the ejaculatory duct to the exterior of the body via the urethra, an 8 to 10 inch long muscular tube. The urethra 13. moves/passes through the prostate and ends at the external urethral orifice located at the tip of the penis. Urine exiting the body from the urinary bladder also passes through the urethra. Prostate The prostate is a walnut-sized exocrine gland that borders the inferior end of the urinary bladder and 14. surrounds/covers the urethra. The prostate produces a large portion of the fluid that makes up semen. This fluid is milky white in colour and contains enzymes, proteins, and other chemicals to support and protect sperm during ejaculation. The prostate also contains smooth muscle tissue that can constrict to prevent the flow of urine or semen. Cowper’s Glands The Cowper’s glands are a pair of pea-sized exocrine glands located inferior to the prostate and anterior to the anus. The Cowper’s glands secrete a thin alkaline fluid into the urethra that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes acid from urine remaining in the urethra after urination. This fluid enters the urethra during sexual arousal 15. before/prior to ejaculation to prepare the urethra for the flow of semen. Penis The penis is the male external sexual organ located superior to the scrotum and inferior to the umbilicus. The penis is 16. rough/roughly cylindrical in shape and contains the urethra and the external opening of the urethra. Large pockets of erectile tissue in the penis allow it to fill 17. with/in blood and become erect. The erection of the penis causes it to increase in size and become turgid. The function of the penis is to deliver semen into the vagina during sexual intercourse. In addition to its reproductive 18. function/functioning, the penis also allows for the excretion of urine through the urethra to the exterior of the body. Semen Semen is the fluid produced by males for sexual reproduction and is ejaculated out of the body during sexual intercourse. Semen contains sperm, the male reproductive gametes, along with a number of chemicals suspended in a liquid medium. The chemical 19. composition/compund of semen gives it a thick, sticky consistency and a slightly alkaline pH. These traits help semen to support reproduction by helping sperm to 20. remain/keep within the vagina after intercourse and to neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina. In healthy adult males, semen contains around

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100 million sperm cells per milliliter. These sperm cells fertilize oocytes inside the female fallopian tubes. www.innerbody.com

READING

5.4.3 Physiology of the Male Reproductive System (R) Choose the word that best completes each sentence.

11. a. produce 12. a takes 13. a. mature 14. a. splits 15. a. heading 16. a. on 17. a. fertile 18. a. through 19. a. exterior 20. a. divide

b. to produce b. makes b. maturation b. tears b. head b. at b. fertilizing b. across b. interior b. dividing

c. producing c. lasts c. maturing c. swings c. headed c. up c. fertilized c. in c. anterior c. divided

d. produced d. begins d. matured d. moves d. headdress d. into d. fertilization d. on d. posterior d. division

Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis is the process of 1. ……………………… sperm and takes place in the testes and epididymis of adult males. Prior to puberty, there is no spermatogenesis due to the lack of hormonal triggers. At puberty, spermatogenesis 2. ………………………. when luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are produced. LH triggers the production of testosterone by the testes while FSH triggers the 3. ……………………….. of germ cells. Testosterone stimulates stem cells in the testes known as spermatogonium to undergo the process of developing into spermatocytes. Each diploid spermatocyte goes through the process of meiosis I and 4. ……………………. into 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes. The secondary spermatocytes go through meiosis II to form 4 haploid spermatid cells. The spermatid cells then go through a process known as spermiogenesis where they grow a flagellum and develop the structures of the sperm 5. …………………… . After spermiogenesis, the cell is finally a sperm cell, or spermatozoa. The spermatozoa are released 6. …………………….. the epididymis where they complete their maturation and become able to move on their own.

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www.commons.wikimedia.org

Fertilization Fertilization is the process by which a sperm combines with an oocyte, or egg cell, to produce a 7. ………………….. zygote. The sperm released during ejaculation must first swim 8. …………………… the vagina and uterus and into the fallopian tubes where they may find an oocyte. After encountering the oocyte, sperm next have to penetrate the outer corona radiata and zona pellucida layers of the oocyte. Sperm contain enzymes in the acrosome region of the head that allow them to penetrate these layers. After penetrating the 9. ………………….. of the oocyte, the nuclei of these haploid cells fuse to form a diploid cell known as a zygote. The zygote cell begins cell 10. …………………….. to form an embryo. www.innerbody.com

5.5 PREGNANT BODY SPEAKING

5.5.1 Pregnancy and Childbirth (S)

The following words are related to pregnancy and childbirth. Can you define them? labour

delivery

naval

amniotic sac

WRITING

5.5.2 Labelling a Picture (W)

Label the picture.

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dilate

due date

www.raisingchildren.net.au

LISTENING

5.5.3 Pregnancy (L) 1. Listen to the text and find synonyms for the following.

Source: http://youtu.be/jk0F-TnKFwU

uterus: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. vagina: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. amniotic sac: …………………………………………………………………………………….. placenta: …………………………………………………………………………………………… cervix: ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Listen to the text again. Write a sentence with each of the given words. stretch: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... amniotic fluid: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................................

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umbilical cord: .........................................………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… eliminate: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… mucous plug: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

READING

5.5.4 Pregnancy Myths and Facts (R)

Take the pregnancy myths and facts quiz. Decide if the statements are true or false. 1. Nothing can relieve the symptoms of morning sickness.

www.medicinenet.com

2. Occasionally, small amounts of alcohol are fine for pregnant women.

www.medicinenet.com

3. Fetal alcohol syndrome describes birth defects caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

www.medicinenet.com

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4. Preconception health should be addressed five years before a planned pregnancy.

www.medicinenet.com

5. Exercise is dangerous for pregnant women and should be avoided during pregnancy.

www.bodyharmony.co.za

6. Physical activity during pregnancy can lessen the discomforts associated with pregnancy.

www.medicinenet.com

7. Folic acid is a very important vitamin to take during pregnancy.

www.medicinenet.com

8. Since a pregnant woman is eating for two, she needs an additional 1,000 calories per day.

www.medicinenet.com

9. Not including the baby, pregnancy weight gained is all fat.

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www.medicinenet.com

10. It is impossible to prevent stretch marks from occurring during pregnancy.

www.medicinenet.com http://www.medicinenet.com/pregnancy_myths_and_facts_quiz/faq.htm

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

5.6 DISORDERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

SPEAKING

5.6.1 Uterine Fibroids (S) Answer the question. What is a fibroid? Where can it be located?

www.healthcentral.com

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9.

10.

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

5.6.2 Uterine Fibroids Facts (V) Read this section on uterine fibroid facts. Some root words are given to you. Use the words in their correct form.   

 

1. (Uterus) ……………………..………… fibroids are benign tumours that originate in the uterus. It is not known 2. (exact) ………………………………………. why women develop uterine fibroids. Most women with uterine fibroids have no symptoms. However, fibroids can cause a number of symptoms 3. (depend) …………………………………. on their size, location within the uterus, and how close they are to adjacent 4. (pelvis) ……………………………………… organs. These are most commonly abnormal 5. (bleed) …………………………………… , pain and pressure. Uterine fibroids are 6. (diagnose) ………………………………………. by pelvic exam and by ultrasound. If 7. (treat) ……………………………………….. for uterine fibroids is required, both 8. (surgery) ……………………………………….. and medical treatment options are available. http://www.medicinenet.com/uterine_fibroids/patient-comments-269.htm

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

5.6.3 The Nature of Uterine Fibroids (V) Read the next section on what uterine fibroids are. Some prepositions and some location words have been removed. Find the correct preposition. What are uterine fibroids? Uterine fibroids are benign tumours that originate 1. …………………… the uterus (womb). Although they are composed 2. …………………… the same smooth muscle fibers as the uterine wall (myometrium), they are much denser than normal myometrium. Uterine fibroids are usually round. Uterine fibroids are often described based 3. …………………… their location 4. ………………………. the uterus. Subserosal fibroids are located 5. …………………….. the serosa (the lining membrane 6. …………………… the outside of the uterus). These often appear localized 7. ……………………… the outside surface of the uterus or may be attached 8. ……………………….. the outside surface by a pedicle. Submucosal (submucous) fibroids are located 9. ……………………… the uterine cavity beneath the lining of the uterus. Intramural fibroids are located 10. …………………………… the muscular wall of the uterus. http://www.medicinenet.com/uterine_fibroids/patient-comments-269.htm

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www.mdguidelines.com

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

5.6.4 Background, Prevalence and Symptoms of Fibroids (V) Read the following two sections on the background, prevalence and symptoms of fibroids. Choose the word that completes the sentence.

What causes uterine fibroids and how common are they? We do not know exactly why women develop these tumours. 1. Gene/Genetic abnormalities, alterations in growth factor (proteins formed in the body that direct the rate and extent of cell proliferation), abnormalities in the vascular (blood vessel) system, and tissue 2. response/respond to injury have all been suggested to play a role in the development of fibroids. Family history is a key factor, since there is often a history of fibroids developing in women of the same family. Race also appears to play a role. Women of African descent are two to three times more 3. like/likely to develop fibroids than women of other races. Women of African ancestry also develop fibroids at a younger age and may have symptoms from fibroids in their 20s, in 4. contrary/contrast to Caucasian women with fibroids, in whom symptoms typically occur during the 30s and 40s. 5. Pregnancy/Pregnant and taking oral contraceptives both decrease the likelihood that fibroids will develop. Fibroids have not been observed in girls who have not reached puberty, but adolescent girls may 6. rarely/rare develop fibroids. Other factors that researchers have associated with an increased risk of developing fibroids include having the first menstrual 7. era/period (menarche) prior to age 10, consumption of alcohol (particularly beer), uterine infections, and elevated blood pressure (hypertension). Estrogen 8. tends/likes to stimulate the growth of fibroids in many cases. During the first trimester of pregnancy, about a third of fibroids will enlarge and then shrink after the birth. In general, fibroids tend to shrink after menopause, but postmenopausal hormone therapy may cause symptoms to persist.

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Overall, these tumors are 9. fair/fairly common and occur in about 70% to 80% of all women by the time they reach age 50. Most of the time, uterine fibroids do not cause symptoms or problems, and a woman with a fibroid is usually unaware of its 10. present/presence. What are the symptoms of uterine fibroids? Most women with uterine fibroids have no symptoms. However, abnormal uterine bleeding is the most common symptom of a fibroid. If the tumours are near the uterine lining, or interfere with the 11. blood/bloody flow to the lining, they can cause heavy periods, painful periods, prolonged periods or spotting between menses. Women with excessive bleeding due to fibroids may 12. develop/improve iron deficiency anemia. Uterine fibroids that are degenerating can sometimes cause 13. severe/severely, localized pain. Fibroids can also cause a number of symptoms depending on their size, location within the uterus, and how close they are to adjacent pelvic organs. Large fibroids can cause:    

pressure, pelvic pain, pressure on the bladder with frequent or even obstructed 14. urine/urination, and pressure on the rectum with painful or difficult defecation.

While fibroids do not interfere with ovulation, some studies suggest that they may impair 15. fertile/fertility and lead to poorer pregnancy outcomes. In particular, submucosal fibroids that deform the inner uterine cavity are most strongly associated with decreases in fertility. Occasionally, fibroids are the cause of 16. recur/recurrent miscarriages. If they are not removed in these cases, the woman may not be able to sustain a pregnancy. http://www.medicinenet.com/uterine_fibroids/patient-comments-269.htm

WRITING

5.6.5 Diagnosis and Treatment of Fibroids (W) In the last four sections some words have been omitted and substituted with a picture. Find the correct word. Do untreated uterine fibroids pose a risk? For the most part, uterine fibroids that do not cause a problem for the woman can be left untreated. In some cases, even fibroids that are not causing symptoms require removal or at least close 1. ……… ………………………………… . Rapid growth is a reason to watch more carefully, since a rare cancerous form of fibroid (referred to as a leiomyosarcoma) is usually a fast-growing tumor, and it cannot be differentiated from a benign fibroid by 2. ……………………………………… , MRI , or other imaging studies. However, this type of tumor occurs in less than 1% of uterine fibroids.

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Another risk of leaving these tumors alone is that they sometimes grow to a size that eventually cause significant symptoms, thus requiring removal. If fibroids grow large enough, the surgery to remove them can become more difficult and risky. What are the usual ways of diagnosing uterine fibroids? Uterine fibroids are diagnosed by pelvic exam and even more commonly by ultrasound. Often, a pelvic mass cannot be determined to be a fibroid on pelvic exam alone, and ultrasound is very helpful in differentiating it from other conditions such as 3. …………………….……… ……..…….……………….s. MRI and CT scans can also play a role in diagnosing fibroids, but ultrasound is the simplest, cheapest, and best technique for imaging the pelvis. Occasionally, when trying to determine if a fibroid is present in the uterine cavity (endometrial cavity), a hysterosalpingogram (HSG) is done. In this procedure, an ultrasound exam is done while contrast fluid is injected into the uterus from the 4. …………………… . The fluid within is visualized in the endometrial cavity and can outline any masses that are inside, such as submucosal fibroids.

Surgery for fibroids There are many ways of managing uterine fibroids. Surgical methods are the mainstay of treatment when treatment is necessary. Possible surgical interventions include hysterectomy, or removal of the uterus (and the fibroids with it). Myomectomy is the selective removal of just the fibroids within the uterus. Myomectomy can be done through a hysteroscope, laparoscope or with the standard open 5. ………………………………………. on the abdominal wall. Some treatments have involved boring holes into the fibroid with laser fibers, freezing probes (cryosurgery), and other destructive techniques that do not actually remove the tissue but try to destroy it in place. Surgery is necessary if there is suspicion of malignancy in any case of a leiomyoma or uterine mass. Another technique for treating fibroids is known as uterine artery embolization (UAE). This technique uses small beads of a compound called polyvinyl alcohol, which are injected through a 6. ..………………. into the arteries that feed the fibroid. These beads obstruct the blood supply to the fibroid and starve it of blood and oxygen. While this technique has not been in use long enough to evaluate long-term effects of UAE versus surgery, it is known that women undergoing UAE for fibroids have a shorter hospital stay than those having surgery but a greater risk of complications and readmissions to the hospital. Studies are underway to evaluate the long-term outcomes of UAE as opposed to surgical treatment. Uterine artery occlusion (UAO), which involves clamping the involved uterine arteries as opposed to injecting the polyvinyl alcohol beads, is currently under investigation as a potential alternative to UAE. Medical treatments Non-surgical techniques are usually hormonal in nature and include the use of drugs that turn off the production of 7. ………………………………… from the ovaries (GnRH analogs). These medications are given for three to six months and induce a hypoestrogenic (low estrogen) state. When successful, they can shrink the fibroids by as much as 50%. Side effects of these drugs are similar to the symptoms of the perimenopause and can include hot flashes, sleep disturbance, vaginal dryness, and mood changes. Bone loss leading to 8. ………………………………… after long-term (6 to

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12+ months) use is the most serious complication. This may be treated with hormonal add back therapy. These drugs may also be used as preoperative treatment for large leiomyoma to shrink them in order to make the operation less difficult and reduce surgical risk. Low dose formulations of oral contraceptives are also sometimes given to treat the abnormal bleeding associated with fibroids, but these do not shrink the fibroids themselves. Use of oral contraceptive pills has been associated with a decreased risk of developing fibroids, so some women may benefit from their use for this purpose. http://www.medicinenet.com/uterine_fibroids/patient-comments-269.htm

1.

www.theviewfromhere.ca

2.

www.medicalnewstoday.com

3.

www.kkh.com.sg

4.

www.texaschildrens.com

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5.

www.atlasofpelvicsurgery.com

6.

www.phys.org

7.

www.twospirit.co.uk

8.

www.healthcaresciencedegree.info

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5.7 OVARIAN CANCER

www.bionews-tx.com

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

5.7.1 Opposite Words (V) What is the oppposite of these words and phrases? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

rare ↔ ………………………………………………………. genaral ↔ …………………………………………………. diarrhoea ↔ ……………………………………………… weight loss ↔ …………………………………………… mild ↔ ……………………………………………………… earlier ↔ ………………………………………………….. intermittent ↔ ……………………………………..... sinister ↔ …………………………………………………

LISTENING

5.7.2 Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer (L) Watch this video on symptoms of ovarian cancer and take notes under the following headings. Source: http://youtu.be/NLKg-FDFGV0

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1. Age of women: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Younger women: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Symptoms related to eating: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Location of pain: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. Symptoms related to urination: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. You should see your GP if: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. Diary should contain: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

READING

5.7.3 World Ovarian Cancer Day (R) Choose the word that best completes each sentence.

World Ovarian Cancer Day (WOCD) is observed on May 8. It aims to create a community where those living with ovarian cancer, survivors and their families and friends can 1. …………….. , share their experiences and help educate the public about this deadly disease. WOCD is observed by hospitals, cancer 2. …………. organizations and communities worldwide. Public educational events are held to 3. …………… awareness about the risks, symptoms and screening of ovarian cancer. Past events included runs, walks and races that raised funds towards scientific research of ovarian cancer. Campaign awareness was spread via Twitter, Facebook and other 4. …………… media. Every year about quarter of a million women around the world are diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 140,000 women die of it, 5. …………. it the cancer for women with the lowest survival rate. Due to a widespread lack of awareness and the absence of early screening tests many cases of ovarian cancer are diagnosed late 6. ………..… to “poor outcomes”. It is estimated that only 45% of women with ovarian cancer are 7. ……………to survive for more than five years. About 89% of breast cancer patients survive for five or more years. The 8. …………… of

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WOCD is to address this problem and to educate women and their communities about the risks, symptoms and screening of ovarian cancer. The first WOCD was 9. …………… in 2013. The genesis of the day was in 2009, when medical professionals got together for an international conference where they 10. …………… their experiences and struggles while working with ovarian cancer patients.

http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/world/world-ovarian-cancer-day

1. a. combine 2. a. support 3. a. enlarge 4. a. society 5. a. make 6. a. driving 7. a. likely 8. a. propose 9. a. kept 10. a. shared

b. unite b. supporting b. distribute b. sociable b. made b. leading b. like b. proposal b. held b. spread

c. connect c. supportive c. magnify c. social c. to make c. guiding c. alike c. purpose c. lasted c. contracted

d. join d. supported d. spread d. sociality d. making d. governing d. liked d. purposefulness d. taken d. distribute

www.ovariancancerday.org

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5.8 DISORDERS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

www.macmillan.org.uk

SPEAKING

5.8.1 Prostate Facts (S) Discuss these questions with your partner.       

What size is the prostate? What is a gland? What is the role of the prostate gland? Prostate problems are common in men in their 30s. True or False? What are the symptoms of an enlarged prostate? An enlarged prostate indicates prostate cancer. True or False? How can a doctor usually detect an enlarged prostate?

http://www.medicinenet.com/enlarged_prostate_bph_quiz/faq.htm

READING

5.8.2 Prostatitis (R) Read this article on prostatitis and find the relevant heading for each paragraph. Classification of prostatitis

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How is the diagnosis of prostatitis made? Prostatitis conclusion Prostatitis definition Prostatitis facts What are the complications of prostatitis? What are the risk factors for prostatitis? What are the signs and symptoms of prostatitis? What causes prostatitis? What is the prognosis for prostatitis? What is the treatment for prostatitis?

When should I see my doctor for prostatitis? 1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..   

Ten to twelve percent of all men experience prostatitis symptoms. Prostatitis is most common prostate problem in men under the age of 50. Prostatitis can be an acute illness or a chronic condition.

2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland. The inflammation can be due to an infection as well as other various causes. Nearly 10% of all males will have prostatitis at some point in their lives. Prostatitis accounts for nearly 25% of physician office visits for genitourinary complaints in young and middle-aged men. The prostate gland is part of the male reproductive system, and it is a walnut-sized gland found in men that is located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It surrounds the urethra, the tube through which urine and semen exit the body. Its main function is to produce seminal fluid in order to transport sperm through the urethra. 3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. A. Acute bacterial prostatitis: Caused by a bacterial infection and it typically starts suddenly and may include flu-like symptoms. It is the least common of the four types of prostatitis.

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B. Chronic bacterial prostatitis: Characterized by recurrent bacterial infections of the prostate gland. Between attacks the symptoms might be minor or the patient may even be free from symptoms, however it can be difficult to treat successfully. C. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Most cases of prostatitis fall into this category, however it is the least understood. It can be further characterized as inflammatory or non-inflammatory, depending upon the presence or absence of infection-fighting cells in the urine, semen, and prostatic fluid. Often no specific cause can be identified. The symptoms can come and go or remain chronically. D. Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis: This condition is often diagnosed incidentally during the work-up for infertility or prostate cancer. Individuals with this form of prostatitis will not complain of symptoms or discomfort, but they will have the presence of infection-fighting cells present in semen/prostatic fluid.

www.soc.ucsb.edu

4. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Prostatitis can be caused by bacteria that leak into the prostate gland from the urinary tract (the most common bacterial cause) and from direct extension or lymphatic spread from the rectum. It can also result from various sexually transmitted organisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, or HIV. Other organisms responsible for infection are the same found most frequently in urinary tract infections, such as Escherichia coli. In many instances (especially in the chronic form of prostatitis), no specific cause of prostatitis can be found. 5. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Men of all ages can be affected by prostatitis, but it is more common in young and middle-aged men. Other risk factors for the development of prostatitis include the following:     

A prior history of prostatitis Having a recent urinary tract infection Recent use of a urinary catheter or a recent urologic procedure Enlarged prostate gland Having a structural or functional urinary tract abnormality

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 

Dehydration (not enough fluids) Local pelvic trauma or injury such as from bicycle riding or horseback riding

6. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… The symptoms associated with prostatitis can vary depending on the underlying cause of prostatitis. The symptoms may appear slowly or come on quickly, and they may improve rapidly (depending on the cause and treatment available) or they may last for several months and they can keep recurring (chronic prostatitis). The rapidity and severity of onset is usually most pronounced with acute bacterial prostatitis. The following are signs and symptoms that may be present with prostatitis:       

Painful, difficult and/or frequent urinating Blood in the urine Groin pain, rectal pain, abdominal pain and/or low back pain Fever and chills Malaise and body aches Urethral discharge Painful ejaculation or sexual dysfunction

7. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... If you have any of the signs or symptoms consistent with prostatitis, you should see your health care professional for further evaluation. Depending on the symptoms and your response to therapy, your doctor may need to refer you to a urologist. 8. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Prostatitis is usually diagnosed by analyzing a urine sample and undergoing an examination of your prostate gland by your health care practitioner. This examination involves a digital rectal examination to palpate the prostate gland and feel for abnormalities of the gland. Occasionally, the physician may also collect and test a sample of the prostatic fluid. Additional tests that may be obtained include a complete blood count (CBC), an electrolyte panel, blood cultures, a swab of urethral discharge if present, and sometimes a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. The PSA test, which is used as a screening test for prostate cancer, may also be elevated with prostatitis. Other tests that may also be obtained include urodynamic tests (to check how well you empty your bladder and establish if prostatitis is affecting your ability to urinate), ultrasound imaging, computer tomography (CT) imaging, cystoscopy, and a prostate biopsy. 9. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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The treatment for prostatitis depends on the underlying cause and type of prostatitis. Antibiotics are prescribed if the cause is a bacterial infection. All forms of prostatitis require pain control, and close follow-up with your health care professional. Treatment modalities may include the following:     

Antibiotics: Your doctor will decide the specific antibiotic and the duration of treatment. Anti-inflammatory medications: These can help manage your pain. Alpha-blockers: By relaxing the muscle fibers around the bladder and prostate gland, alpha-blockers may decrease your urinary symptoms and help you empty your bladder. Avoid alcohol, caffeine and spicy foods. Lifestyle changes: If you cycle or ride horses, it is recommended to suspend this activity until you improve.

10. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… There are several potential complications of prostatitis, which may include the following:      

acute prostatitis becoming chronic prostatitis, bladder outlet obstruction or urinary retention, infertility, abscess of the prostate gland, spreading of the infection to the blood stream (bacteremia/sepsis), and rarely death.

11. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………  



Acute bacterial prostatitis can often be treated very successfully and has a very good prognosis. Chronic prostatitis, and especially chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, can often lead to longterm symptoms and discomfort if treatment is unsuccessful. It is important to have close follow-up and continued care by either your primary care physician or a urologist. Prostatitis does not to increase your risk of developing prostate cancer.

12. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Prostatitis can be an acute bacterial illness that is often easily treated with antibiotics, or it can be a chronic condition that recurs and requires long-term medical attention. http://www.medicinenet.com/prostatitis_inflammation_of_the_prostate_gland/article.htm

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SPEAKING

5.8.3 Testicular Cancer (S) Below you can see answers given to FAQs in connection with testicular cancer. Guess the questions with your partner.

1) ………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………… ? Testicular cancer is combinely treated by an urologist and an oncologist 2) ……………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………….? Testicular cancers make up for 1-2% of all the cancers in men. Of late, the frequency of occurrence has been on the rise. 3) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….? Yes testicular cancer seems to follow a familial pattern in some cases. If your father had the disease, the chances of you getting the cancer is 3-4 times more than a person with no family history. 4) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….? No study thus far indicates that diet plays a role in the development of testicular cancer. 5) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….? Men in the age group of 25-45 years must periodically check their testicles after a warm water bath. On examining a testicle if they find a lump they must check the other testicle too. If the lump is found in both the testicles then there may be no cause to worry. But if the lump is located in one testicle alone, it is better to consult a doctor.

http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/testicular-cancer-faqs.htm#ixzz3AqcNGR1N

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www.londonurologist.co.uk

LISTENING

5.8.4 Testicular Cancer (L)

Listen to the recording on testicular cancer and complete the sentences. Source: http://youtu.be/_mZRsud4h2Q 1. There may be things that draw the patient's attention to the a. …………….., for example, pain or b. ………………… in the groin area or trauma. 2. Sometimes people have trauma to the c. ……………….. and they examine themselves or someone examines that area, and they feel a firm, d. ………………. mass within the testicle. 3. Until proven otherwise, any solid, firm mass within the testicle should be considered as a e. ………………… cancer. 4. Testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body including the f. ………………. area, the g. ………………. , and various other areas. 5. When cancer spreads to the h. …………………, patients may have shortness of breath or difficulty i. ………………… . 6. Cancer can spread through the lymphatic channels to lymph j. ……………….. in the body, so patients may feel lumps in the k. ………………. area or the groin area. 7. In general, most cases of testicular cancer will also have l. …………………. of a mass within the testicle itself.

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Unit 6 FINDING A JOB AND CREATING YOUR PROFILE Aims of the Unit

After completing this unit you will have the language and skills that will prepare you for the start of your career. The two sub-units will guide you through the different stages of this wonderful journey;  

choosing your career path, creating a modern profile.

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6.1 GETTING YOUR CAREER STARTED SPEAKING

6.1.1 Assessing Yourself (S)

What kind of a person are you? What have you achieved so far? What ideas do you have for the future? Discuss these questions with your partner.

1. Where are you studying? I’m studying at the University of ……….., at the Faculty of …………… on the ………………. course

2. Which year are you in? I’m in my second year / final year I’m a second year student

3. Is there anything you’re really interested in? At the moment I’m specialising in …….. I’m particularly interested in ………… I’m not quite sure what I want to do, but I think I’d prefer to work in the public sector / private sector / financial sector / industrial sector / creative industries / medical sector

4. What are you working on at the moment? At the moment I’m working on (writing) my dissertation / thesis. It’s about ………..

5. What do you enjoy / find difficult about studying? I particularly enjoy ………… / I find …………… quite difficult

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6. Why did you choose to study this subject / why did you choose this kind of work? I chose ……………… because I’ve always been interested in / had an interest in… I think it will help me find a good job I think it’s an interesting subject which can help you in many different ways.

7. Have you started to look for a job yet? At the moment I’m concentrating on my studies / dissertation, but in a couple of months I’ll start to look for a job. Yes, I’ve already done a few internet searches and I’ve sent my CV off to various companies.

8. What do you think you’ll get from this course? I think the course here will give me a good understanding of the ………… . I’ll be able to analyse information more quickly and more accurately. Maybe it will help me to make better decisions. It’s always good to have a theoretical background, but I think you can only really learn through practical experience.

9. What kind of job would you like? / Where would you like to work? I’d like to work in the financial sector / medical sector / social care sector / agricultural sector / legal sector because you can use the skills you have learnt, you have to think quickly, there is usually quite a lot of variety in the work and the financial rewards are quite good. I’d like to be a doctor / social worker / lawyer, because …. The disadvantage is that it’s quite risky, and there is a lot of stress.

10. What kind of organisation would you like to work in? What kind of company would you like to work for? My ideal job would be for a small to medium size company where I would be able to use my initiative and also work in a small team Ideally I’d like to work for a large organisation because there’s more chance for promotion and you can learn a lot more.

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I think I’d probably prefer to be self-employed, because it gives you so much more freedom to do the things you want to do.

11. What do you think are your main strengths? I think I’m quite good at understanding problems. I usually manage to find ways of doing things quite efficiently I always think carefully before making a decision

12. Do you have any weaknesses? I’m not so good at working in a big group I don’t find it easy to tolerate other people if they’re slow or not concentrating on the job I tend to give up if things get difficult

SPEAKING

6.1.2 Choosing a Career (S)

Discuss the following questions with your partner or in a small group.

1. Make a list of things, subjects or skills that you feel you are good at; discuss your list. 2. Which factors do you take into consideration when choosing a job? Put them in order of importance!         

location working with people working hours salary promotion fringe benefits job satisfaction boss individual work

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3. What is the most difficult or most pleasant job you can imagine? 4. Imagine that you are a careers adviser! What advice would you give someone who is:

  

money-motivated and prepared to take risks a very talented musician who is not necessarily money-motivated an achiever who has a background in IT and is a very confident person suffering from a lack of satisfaction in their present job?



LISTENING

6.1.3 What Employees Are Looking For (L)

In the following recording Elsie Hunt, a member of a graduate recruitment team, is talking about what employers are looking for in candidates. Listen to the recording and put a tick () next to the item that you hear in the recording.



ability to work in a team



a degree with a good result



good language skills



motivation



computer literacy



knowledge about the firm



work experience

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

6.1.4 Starting Your Career (V)

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Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right.

1. Resume/résumé [AmE]

a) a job that lasts for a short time that a student does in order to b) the student of a gainformer experience school/college

2. internship [AmE]

3. Alumni

c) someone whose job is to give people advice about jobs and professional training

4. CEO

d) curriculum vitae

5. HR

e) the person with the most authority in a large company

6. Careers adviser/officer counsellor [AmE]

f) the department in a company that deals with employing & training people

g) earning money by selling your work to several organisations

7. bonus/perks

h) something you receive as well as your wage for doing a particular job

8. freelance

LISTENING

6.1.5 Steve Jobs (L) 166

Do you know this man?

How did he become famous? Watch this video (13-16 minutes) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UF8uR6Z6KLc

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

Find the meaning of the following expressions:



dawn on somebody



visions began to diverge



screw up



side with somebody



have a falling out



let somebody down



drop the baton

1. opinions or interests are different from each other 2. have a quarrel with someone 3. support a person or a group 4. not do something that someone expects you to do 5. fail to do something 6. make a bad mistake or do something stupid

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7. you realise it for the first time

Discuss these questions with your partner or in a small group:

1. How did Jobs’ enterprise start? 2. How did Apple progress in the following years? 3. What happened when he turned 30? 4. What was the reason why he was fired? 5. How did his feelings change over time? 6. What was the irony of fate in his career? 7. What advice is he giving to the graduating students?

6.2 FINDING JOBS USING SOCIAL MEDIA, INTERVIEWS READING

6.2.1 How to Find a Graduate Job Using Social Media (R) Read this article about how you can use social media to help you find a job. Then answer the questions after the article.

Using social media wisely at university can help land the perfect graduate job. Ajaz Hussain offers his tips on how to make the most of LinkedIn and Facebook as a student.

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Photo:

ALAMY

Facebook will automatically turn as many adverts as possible into so-called "sponsored stories", which aim to replicate the effect of word-of-mouth marketing online.

For most students, using social media and applying for graduate jobs are entirely separate activities. After all, status updates about your "excellent communication skills" and A* in English Literature are as likely to interest your friends as embarrassing drunken photos are likely to impress prospective employers. But get it right and social media can play a key role in landing the perfect graduate job once you leave university. Over 90 per cent of employers will use social recruiting, and among the many tools available to students you would do well to consider your professional online brand using LinkedIn. From a professional-looking photo, keyword-aware headline statement and summary section, to identifying your top skills and achieving an ‘all-star’ profile, there are many aspects to building an online presence that reflects your career ambitions. With the relationship changes between Twitter and LinkedIn, you can also ensure you have an integrated strategy pushing your ‘professional’ communications or ‘status updates’ from LinkedIn to Twitter, ensuring you have a consistent message to potential recruiters. A useful framework for preparing your 120-character maximum headline statement is to consider your skills, qualifications, experiences, attributes and knowledge in the form of an impact statement. Many students need to move beyond the ‘Student at University’ headline commonly

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seen for university students to something more aspiring, for example: ‘MSc Management student at LUMS / Founder Lancaster University South-East European Society / seeking graduate analyst role / Consultancy’. As in your CV, you need to say more with less, and think about your past achievements and future ambitions, considering the language of the industry and company of interest. This improves your chances of appearing in the search results of potential recruiters, businesses and suppliers. There are currently over 2.9 million company pages on LinkedIn, which means you have access to local and global companies from HP (who recently exceeded 1 million followers) to Tata Consultancy Services (India). Use the company pages to research, be the first to share breaking news of new products and services and let your network know about your passion and interest for a particular industry. You can also see new jobs and which companies people have joined. As a student you can use LinkedIn to research companies before an interview, analyse patterns of people who have joined and move on and begin to generate your own career ideas. Both employers and university careers services are increasingly placing emphasis on Facebook and LinkedIn with targeted campaigns. There are over 1.6 million groups on LinkedIn – check out if your university alumni group have a presence (if not, why not create one), join the group and seek out groups either in the UK or overseas that you could join. Groups will allow you to accelerate your career ambitions in ways not possible previously. Ajaz Hussain is Postgraduate Careers Adviser at Lancaster University Management School. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/student-life/10010861/How-to-find-a-graduatejob-using-social-media.html

1. Decide whether these statements are TRUE or FALSE!

a. When graduates apply for a job they usually do not use social media. b. Before an interview you can get information about the company and the people. c. Prospective employers aren’t likely to be influenced by embarrassing photos. d. According to the writer the majority of employers seek candidates via social media. e. The more you write in your headline statement, the more chances you will have with recruiters.

2. Answer these questions!

1. What elements should your headline statement include?

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2. How can a graduate student take advantage of LinkedIn? 3. What does the writer mean by ’professional online brand’? 4. Apart from employers what other groups use information on Facebook and LinkedIn? 5. What is their purpose?

3. Put the words below in the proper place in the text:

How to find a graduate job using social media?

with

up

current

aware

embarrassing

chances

policy

posts

suitability

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employees

The nature of social media is that it is social, but you should be……1….. that it is not just your friends who may read your ……2….. or comments, or view your photos. Things you do online can affect your future career and employment ……3…… Many employers check the social networking accounts (e.g. Facebook and Twitter) of possible ……4….. to gauge their character and ……5….. for roles. To make a positive impression ……6….. employers through your social media accounts, you should:

• think before you post - don't post negative comments about ……7….. or former employers (venting your anger or frustrations about your work online can be a career limiting move) • clean ……8….. your accounts - remove potentially ……9….. or offensive content, including inappropriate images (even ones where your friends have tagged you)

• change your privacy settings to hide certain content from work colleagues

• respect your employer's social media ……10….. - many employers have a 'no social networks allowed' policy while at work.

READING

6.2.2 The Rules of Social Recruiting (R) With more employers using LinkedIn, Twitter and Facebook to hire staff, Graham Snowdon explains how jobseekers can use them to their advantage

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Laws of the social recruiting jungle: it can be tricky to be spotted with so many candidates vying for the attention of recruiters. Photograph: Richard Allen

Chances are you are already familiar with social networks as tools for keeping in touch with friends, or to broadcast your thoughts. But if their value as a way of connecting with potential employers has passed you by, it's time to wise up (1) fast. A recent US survey showed that nearly 90% of employers either use, or plan to use, social media for recruiting. However, the use of social networking to by both jobseekers and recruiters raises several tricky questions of ethics and ettiquette. On the web, if it can be known, it will be known A recent article in the New York Times told the story of Social Intelligence, a company used by some US firms to scour (2) the web for information about potential recruits. Much of Social Intelligence's data reportedly comes from non-social internet use – an individual's comments on blogs or eBay activity records, for example. For many, it is a disturbing vision, and Robert Hohman, chief executive of Glassdoor.com, a website that lets employees anonymously review their employers (see below), foresees a backlash (3) against such data mining that will lead to government regulation. "When we get down to personal information, there's two types," he says. "There's that which you have willingly shared with the world on social networks, and I think that's completely fair game. Then there's information which you had no intention of sharing which, by some mechanism, is being made available … morally it runs foul of what we think of as privacy." Tarnowski points out that the Facebook data of real interest to employers may lie beyond drunken holiday snaps and in your primary and secondary connections which, collectively, paint a far more accurate picture. "The list of people I choose to be friends with says a lot about the kind of person I am," Tarnowski says. "Past job titles say a lot about what I'm likely to do in the future. The courses I've done say a lot about what might be suitable jobs. All these snippets,(4) if you amass them, could be incredibly valuable." For now, there remains an understandable risk for Facebook users regarding the kind of information employers might be party to. The network's data privacy rules remain notoriously

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slack,(5) and it is hard to delete permanently a Facebook profile. Google+, a new attempt to rival Facebook, attempts to bridge these problems by allowing users to group their contacts into "circles" – of family, friends and work – and share different updates with each, as well as deploying much stronger data privacy rules. Perhaps, thankfully for jobseekers, there is a silver lining (6) in that transparency can work both ways. Jeffrey likens the situation for those checking out employers to that of researching a hotel on Tripadvisor: "I don't trust the spin (7) in the brochures, I see what other people have written and trust them to help me make my holiday decisions. You can see the same in recruitment." For many larger employers, such openness has taken a bit of getting used to. "Companies building social media communities are no longer in charge of the message, which is a bit scary," says Jeffery. "In the old days, you could put a message out there in print or broadcast, and there was no way to respond to it. In the social media age, everyone is talking out there. So whatever companies say about themselves has to be realistic, or else we're going to get shot down. (8)" Mirror image Four years ago, Robert Hohman was working for the travel website Expedia and wondering about his own next career move when he had the idea for GlassDoor.com. Seeing how easy it was for employers to research potential recruits, why, he wondered, was it so difficult for jobseekers to see the other way through the mirror? "There's a tremendous information assymetry (9) between the jobseeker and the employer," Hohman says. "You're asking people to make some of the most important decisions of their entire life … and asking them to do it with almost no information. But it's not because it doesn't exist." At GlassDoor workers can anonymously rate their employers on a range of criteria such as management structure, career prospects, salary and staff morale (10). Collectively the data – 1.75m entries covering 120,000 companies so far – builds up an intriguing and, at times, brutally honest picture of corporate working life. Hohman says the aim was to build a "constructive, balanced and fair community where we could collect information in a responsible way". All content is reviewed by GlassDoor employees before it goes live (11), and there are strict guidelines about what can go up. "For example, you have to give us some good things and some things that could be improved. We don't want a puff piece, (12) or a rant piece. (13)" Originally a US concept, GlassDoor is now taking off globally, with the UK being the site's next highest source of traffic. But what do employers under the microscope think of such warts-and-all (14) exposure of their pay and practices? Hohman says much of the initial suspicion has faded away as companies see the wisdom in being honest and open online. "You can view employer sentiment changing as the years have gone by," he says. "I wanted to build a community that was safe for employers. If they didn't feel that, we had failed. I think we've largely succeeded." Extract from: http://www.theguardian.com/money/2011/aug/19/rules-social-recruiting-linkedin-twitter-facebook/print

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1. to wise up

a. a text or report designed to promote something

2. to scour

b. loose, not very strict

3. a backlash

c. a positive aspect of something that is generally negative

4. a snippet

d. the (positive or negative) feeling among the workforce

5. slack

e. to become aware of something you didn’t know

6. a silver lining

f. totally honest

7. spin

g. a text or report expressing anger or complaint

8. to get shot down

h. a small piece of something

9. assymetry

i. to search very carefully for something

10. staff morale

j. to be heavily criticised

11. to go live

k. to make information public

12. a puff piece

l. a sharp, usually delayed, negative reaction to something

13. a rant piece

m. very positive, often dishonest publicity

14. warts-and-all

n. inequality

READING

6.2.3 Should You Pay Someone to Write Your CV? (R) If you have not much time (or confidence), it is possible to find a professional to write your CV for you. Read this article and answer the questions that follow. In a recent Question and Answer session on switching between the public and private sectors, one of the panellists said: "Getting someone else to write your CV for you, especially a CV writing business, is a mistake. I would always want to see how you describe yourself, rather than someone else do it for you. Professionally-written CVs look generic and sterile and do not create a good impression with the reader." In my view, the belief that the individual is the best person to write their own CV is not always true. Although many people can write their own CVs, and do it well, others struggle with a variety of problems; such as incorrect English, not knowing how to structure a CV and not knowing how to best highlight their most relevant strengths. Through in-depth consultation, a professional CV writer can help identify the key achievements and skills necessary for a particular role or sector, cut out unnecessary or irrelevant details, and pinpoint what makes the individual stand out. This level of objectivity is one of the major benefits in working with a professional writer. It's often difficult to be able to stand back from your own career history to assess what's relevant or not, or to choose the most appropriate qualities. If you do choose to work with a professional, here are some tips for working with a CV writer: Be prepared to invest your time

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You'll probably need to answer an in-depth email questionnaire or be interviewed before any writing actually starts. The more information you can give your CV writer to work with, the better, so the promise of a quick turnaround time isn't always going to result in the best possible CV. Take the time to think about your career aims, your past achievements, and the value you bring, before you start the whole process. Your CV will probably be used as a springboard for questions at interview, so you need to make sure you feel happy with the way it's written and with the choice of words. Being involved in the writing process means your CV sounds authentic. Look for experience in your field Ask for a CV writer who has industry experience in your sector. HR professionals and recruiters with relevant experience can also have valuable insights into what companies are looking for. Choose a professional writer The UK CV-writing market is not regulated as in the USA, where the letters CPRW (Certified Professional Resume Writer) indicate that the writer is a trained professional. This means you'll need to do some research and shop around to find someone with the appropriate writing skills. Look for someone who's prepared to take the time to unearth your core accomplishments, choose exactly the right words for maximum impact and who understands what and where to edit. Ask to see before and after samples of their work or use personal recommendations before you choose a CV writing service.

http://jobs.theguardian.com/article/4170823/should-you-pay-someone-to-write-your-cv-/

1. Why did one of the panellists believe that you should always write your own CV? 2. According to the author, what three main difficulties do people often encounter when they try to write a CV? 3. What benefits can a professional CV writer bring? 4. Why is preparation of the CV important? 5. Why is it more difficult to find a professional CV writer in the UK than in the USA? 6. What should you check before you employ a CV writer?

WRITING 6.2.4 How to Create Your CV (W) With the help of this guideline create your own CV!

1. Name and Address

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Begin your CV with your full name and contact details. If you have a LinkedIn page you could include the address here. 2. Personal Profile Follow this section with a personal profile – a short paragraph describing your background and why you are right for the job. Be specific, cite specific achievements. 3. Areas of Expertise Next, list three or four areas of expertise – strengths you possess that will convince the employer you’ll perform well in the position. 4. Work History Outline your work history, most recent job first. Include dates worked, job title, employer, a brief description of the role and its responsibilities and any goals you achieved. Place most emphasis on the skills the prospective employer is looking for. 5. Education Provide your education history. Include the name of the institution, dates you attended, courses taken and qualifications gained. 6. Hobbies Briefly mention your hobbies and interests. Pay attention to what they say about you. Are you a team player? Are you a creative thinker? 7. Referees List the details of two referees, preferably your last two managers. Alternatively, mention that they can be supplied upon request. 8. To the Point Keep your CV clear and to the point, don’t use fancy fonts, pictures or coloured paper. Try not to exceed two pages in length. Write in a manner that allows the document to be read quickly – your CV will probably be looked at for no more than 60 seconds in the first instance. http://howto.yellow.co.nz/careers-and-work/job-search/writing-your-cv-%E2%80%93-a-quick-guide/

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Unit 7 INTERVIEWS AND STARTING WORK Aims of the Unit

After completing this unit you will have the language and skills that will prepare you how to become a better communicator. The two sub-units will guide you through the different stages of this wonderful journey;  

interviews and starting work.

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7.1 PROFESSIONAL NETWORKING AND INTERVIEWS SPEAKING

7.1.1 Social Networking (S) Discuss these questions with your partner or in a small group 

What are some of the different methods you can use to try to find a job?



What is social networking?



Can you use social media to find a job?



Do you already use Linkedin or know anyone who does?

READING

7.1.2 Focus Point: LinkedIn (R) Read this short introduction to LinkedIn LinkedIn is the world’s largest professional social network on the internet, currently counting 225 million users. It is used by industry experts and leaders (e.g. presidents and vice presidents), university students, recent graduates and generally by anyone who is interested in advancing their career. You can build and manage your online professional identity and power your career by discovering job opportunities, business deals and new ventures.

What do the numbers say? 

77% of all job openings are posted on LinkedIn

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

48% of recruiters post jobs on LinkedIn and nowhere else on social media



89% of recruiters have filled a position using LinkedIn at some point in time



97% of all HR and staffing professionals use LinkedIn in their recruiting efforts.

www.powerformula.net

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READING

7.1.3 Creating Your LinkedIn Profile (1) (R) Read the following text about how to make a great student profile on LinkedIn and answer the questions that follow.

Building a Great Student Profile - Showcase your experience and professional interests on LinkedIn! 1. Write an informative profile headline. Your headline is a short, memorable professional slogan. For example, “Honors student seeking marketing position.” Check out the profiles of students and recent alumni you admire for ideas. 2. Pick an appropriate photo. LinkedIn isn’t Facebook. Upload a high-quality photo (your profile will be 7 times more likely to be viewed) of you alone, professionally dressed. No party shots, cartoon avatars, or pictures of your puppy! 3. Show off your education. Include all your high schools, major(s) and minor, courses, and study abroad or summer programs. Don’t be shy — LinkedIn is an appropriate place to show off your test scores, and honors or awards. 4. Develop a professional Summary. Your Summary statement is like the first few paragraphs of your best-written cover letter — concise and confident about your qualifications and goals. Include relevant work and extracurricular activities. 5. Fill “Skills & Expertise” with keywords. This section is the place to include keywords and phrases that recruiters search for. Find relevant ones in job listings that appeal to you and profiles of people who have the kinds of roles you want. 6. Update your status regularly. Posting updates helps to keep you on the radar and build your professional image. Mention your projects, professional books, articles, or events you’re attending. Many recruiters read your updates! 7. Show your connectedness. Groups you join appear at the bottom of your profile. Joining some shows that you want to engage in professional communities and learn the lingo. Start with your university and industry groups. 8. Collect diverse recommendations. The best profiles have at least one recommendation for each position a person has held. Recruiters are most impressed by recommendations from people who have directly managed you. 9. Claim your unique LinkedIn URL. To increase the professional results that appear when people search for you online, set your LinkedIn profile to “public” and create a unique URL (e.g., www.linkedin.com/in/JohnSmith).

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10. Share your work. You can also add actual examples of your writing, design work, or other accomplishments on your profile, where you can share rich media or documents. What better way to sell your skills than to show employers exactly what you can produce? http://university.linkedin.com/content/dam/university/global/en_US/site/pdf/TipSheet_BuildingaGreatProfil e.pdf

Now answer the questions. Match the meaning of the word or phrase from the article with the definition below: diverse unique connectedness

to be on the radar memorable rich

lingo shy engage in

(1) worth remembering or easily remembered (2) fearful; hesitant; reluctant (3) to be in the spotlight, the focus of attention (4) having social or professional relationships, especially with influential or powerful persons (5) become involved in (6) the language and speech, especially the jargon or slang of a particular field or group (7) different; of various kinds or forms (8) existing as the only one or as the sole example; single (9) of great value or worth; valuable

Answer these questions. 1. Your profile headline should be: a. short and informative b. memorable and long c. clever and admirable 2. Having a photo: a. will not help, it can be distracting

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b. will help, but it should be something fun like a picture of your puppy c. will result in more people looking at your profile 3. One of the following should be done frequently: a. Developing your summary b. Including keywords in the “Skills and Expertise” section c. Updating your status 4. One way to show that you have professional relationships is by: a. joining groups b. learning the industry jargon c. getting your own, unique URL 5. Sharing your work on LinkedIn will help you to: a. make some money b. promote your ability c. make fewer connections

A final word! The benefits of LinkedIn are almost endless with no downside to having a LinkedIn profile. Get involved in forums, join groups and meet like-minded individuals like yourself. Best of all LinkedIn is totally free. Job seeking is a tough business and applying for online jobs each and every day is a job in itself! From a job seeker’s perspective, LinkedIn is another tool that you can use to help get ahead when searching for a new job. Don’t forget one important aspect. While the advantages and benefits of having a LinkedIn profile can help open up doors to opportunities that may never have existed previously, having an incomplete or unprofessional LinkedIn profile can actually have a detrimental effect and portray a negative impression of being lazy or having a lack of attention to detail. If you choose to create a LinkedIn profile prepare it properly and utilize everything that LinkedIn has to offer. http://www.redstarresume.com/the-advantages-and-benefits-of-creating-a-linkedin-profile/

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WRITING

7.1.4 Creating Your LinkedIn Profile (2) (W)

Getting started on LinkedIn – create your profile at www.linkedin.com It is really easy to start building your profile on LinkedIn. Use the advice from the text above and from this link: http://daily.undergradsuccess.com/5-tips-to-build-your-student-linkedin-profile/ to get started: 1. Write your LinkedIn profile headline 2. Add your education 3. Write your profile summary 4. Include any work placements in the experience section 5. List your skills and expertise (5-10 skills are enough to get started) 6. Add any publications, certifications, honors and awards and the languages you speak Now that you have your LinkedIn profile up and running you will need to start building connections and networking.

SPEAKING

7.1.5 Creating Your LinkedIn Profile (3) (S)

Think about these questions and discuss them with your partner or in a small group 1. Do you think having a Linkedin profile and actively using Linkedin could help you find a job? 2. Will you use Linkedin? 3. Social media is only one place where we can we build our Networks, we can also physically go out and network. What are some of the events or places where people can go to network professionally?

7.1.6. Interviews 1 (S)

Discuss these questions with a partner or in a small group Which factors and characteristics do you think are the most important in order to have a successful interview?

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Skills / Experience / References / Manners interviewer

Attractiveness / Dress / Personality / Punctuality / / Confidence / Eye Contact / Smiling / Knowing the

LISTENING

7.1.7. Interviews 2 (S)

www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSylCmes5dw

Listen to this clip and answer the following questions Top 5 job interview tips 1. Jeff and Mike are “The interview guys”. Listen to the first part of their discussion and answer these questions. a. What do they like to do when they are talking about job interviews? b. Why does Mike think that Jeff is speaking so quickly? c. Jeff says that understanding the 5 tips will help you do what?

2. Listen to the second part and write down the 5 tips. a. …………………………………………………………………………………. b. …………………………………………………………………………………. c. …………………………………………………………………………………. d. …………………………………………………………………………………. e. ………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Listen to the second part again and fill in the following sentences. a. It’s important to know exactly what they do ………………………………………………., and any current events related to the company. b. It’s important that you prepare perfect answers to some of the most commonly asked and ………………………………………………………

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c. A success story is a story from your past, work or ...……………………………………… that highlights an achievement and reflects one of your strengths. d. Asking the interviewer questions shows that you are prepared ………………………… about the job. e. You need to find out beforehand exactly what the position calls for in an employee, as well as exactly what makes up the …………………………………………………………

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

7.1.8 Reported Interview Questions (V) Your resume has been successful, they have seen and liked your LinkedIn profile and now they want to interview you. Well done! Interviewing for a job requires a lot of preparation and practice. A large part of your success in an interview will be determined by how well you answer the interviewers’ questions. Some of the most common graduate interview questions are listed below. Imagine that after the interview you tell your friend what the interviewer asked you. Report the interviewers’ questions below to your friend.

Interviewer’s questions

Reported questions

1. Why do you want this job?

He asked me why I wanted the job.

2. What are you studying at university? 3. Why did you choose your degree subject? 4. What is your usual role in a team? 5. Have you got any questions? 6. Have you led a team before? 7. What do you expect to be doing in 5 years time? 8. What are your strengths and weaknesses? 9. What other jobs have you applied for? 10. How would your worst enemy describe you?

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11. Why did you choose your university and what factors influenced your choice? 12. What has been your greatest achievement? 13. Who do you think are, or will be, our main competitors? 14. What will you be doing in 10 years time? 15. How long would you stay with this company?

SPEAKING

7.1.9 Tricky Questions (S) Using the previous list or one of your own ideas, what is the most difficult question you could be asked in an interview? Interviewers sometimes ask unusual questions that test your thinking style and ability. If you were asked the following set of questions in an interview how would you answer them? 1. How do you put a giraffe into a refrigerator? 2. How do you put an elephant into a refrigerator? 3. The Lion King is hosting an animal conference. All the animals attend ... except one. Which animal does not attend? 4. There is a river you must cross but it is used by crocodiles, and you do not have a boat. How do you manage it?

http://jeremy.zawodny.com/blog/archives/009023.html

7.2. IN THE OFFICE SPEAKING

7.2.1 The Perfect Office 1 (S)

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The office layout dilemma: open-plan cubicles or separate offices? Discuss in pairs which environment you would like to work in. Give reasons for your choice. You can find some ideas for your discussion under the pictures.

www.dreamstime.com

isolation from colleagues

non-hierarchical

boosts creativity

easy to communicate

lack of privacy

unpleasant smells of food, body odour

team building

everyone hears others

others might disturb

difficult to concentrate

high noise level (ringing phones, pinging emails)

WRITING

7.2.2 The Perfect Office 2 (W)

Now write down your ideas using the model below.

Working in an open-plan office has both advantages and disadvantages. On the plus side ...................................................................................................................................... . Another positive feature is ...................................................................................................................... ............................................ . We should not forget about …........................................... ........................................................... However, there are a couple of drawbacks of an open plan office, as well. First, .............................................................................................. . Another disadvantage ........................................................................................................... . Finally, ............................................................................... ..................................................... . All in all, I

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would prefer (not) to work in such an environment because in my opinion ................................................................................................................................................................ ........................... .

READING

7.2.3 Making a Good Impression (R)

You are going to read an article about how you can make a good impression from the very first day at work. Choose the best heading from the list for each paragraph. There are two extra headings that you do not need to choose.



Get there early



Don't bolt at the end of the day



Prepare how to introduce yourself



Be a good listener



Plan what you are going to wear



Don’t forget to take a snack with you



Take advantage of your new status to ask good questions



Remember names



Organize your workspace



Be the last to leave



Be positive

(1) _____________________________________________________

Perhaps, in the excitement of getting a job, you haven't thought much about what to wear to the office each day. Make sure you find out the expected attire. While many workplaces are "business casual," if your job is "suit and tie," you don't want to be worrying about going shopping on your way home from your first day because you don't have the right clothing. Plan everything in advance, as you would for an interview, so you will be comfortable and suitably attired from the start.

(2)______________________________________________________

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Make sure that you find out how long it is going to take you to get to work. Do not put yourself in a position of offering excuses for being late on the first day because you didn't understand the traffic patterns. "The early bird gets the worm" isn't just a cliche; it's a reminder that when you appear prepared and ready, you'll put yourself in a position to succeed.

(3) ______________________________________________________

You thought your "elevator pitch" was history now that you have a job? Not so fast. How do you want to introduce yourself to new colleagues? Think beyond, "My name is ... " What do you want them to remember about you? What do you want to be known for? Be sure to work on your eye contact, a pleasant smile and a firm handshake. All of this will contribute to the first impression that your colleagues have of you.

(4)

______________________________________________________

Don't be the one who tells everyone you're "not good with names." People will be impressed with someone who takes the time and effort to learn their names. Make this a priority. A few tips: Use people's names as soon as they are introduced. Say, "Nice to meet you, Sara." If you didn't catch the name, or are unsure of the pronunciation, ask the person to repeat his or her name, and make a real effort to learn it. Take notes so you'll remember people later. For example, jot down something to help you match a new colleague's name and face. Another trick? Make an association with the person's name. If Tom is tall, think, "Tall Tom" and you're more likely to remember it later.

(5)

______________________________________________________

Look around to see how other people organize their areas. If no one else has personal items or photos out, consider keeping your area clear of those types of things. Keep in mind, if you look sloppy at work, people will assume you aren't well organized enough to manage important projects.

(6)

______________________________________________________

There's never a better time to ask questions than when you start a job. Don't miss this opportunity to find out what you'll need to know to do your job well. Be careful, though, not to ask questions that sound like you are challenging the status quo as soon as you start the job. Keep your questions

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to things that you are curious about and try to save the "Why do you do it that way instead of this other way?" types of inquiries for later on.

(7)

______________________________________________________

No one at work wants to try to teach you something and to later find out that you were daydreaming instead of listening. Make sure that you stay focused and listen carefully, especially when you first start a job. If you have a tendency to let your mind wander, be on alert and prevent it from affecting your work.

(8)_______________________________________________________

Everyone expects you to be happy at work when you start a new job. Stay positive and upbeat, and make sure to appear delighted to be there. Even if it isn't your dream job, act as if it is.

(9)

_____________________________________________________

Especially when you start a new job, don't be a clock watcher. It can't hurt to stay a little beyond your designated hours so that everyone sees that you're more interested in getting the job done and less interested in running for the door.

http://jobs.aol.com/articles/2013/06/12/first-day-on-job-make-good-impression/

READING

7.2.4 Benefits at Work 1 (R)

The following text is about fringe benefits (Br) or perks (US) from the point of view of start-ups. Look at the highlighted expressions in the text and choose the correct meaning.

Perks play an important role for any company, whether that company is a small start-up or a major league player1. Aside from enticing potential new hires2, perks vastly improve both the company culture and the mental and physical well-being of the current employees.

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Smaller start-ups sometimes do not have the budgets that giants like Facebook and Google have to offer insanely awesome3 office spaces and perks. Thus, they can become entrenched and fixated on perks that are industry standard4 and within the reach of tight budgets5.

Telecommuting, catered lunches6, paid conference visits, and life coaching7 are worth considering, but startups need to remember that there is a whole world of creative perks they can offer employees. There are some great ideas that can build team chemistry8, attract new hires, and will not break the bank. Always remember that even if your company is small, you can still pack a big punch when it comes to perks.

http://tech.co/20-perks-make-startup-attractive-potential-hires-2013-09

1. a major league player

a) someone playing in the first division b) a big and financially stable company

2. potential new hires

a) candidates with good chances to get the position b) candidates who have good abilities

3. insanely awesome

a) incredibly fabulous b) mad

4. industry standards

a) very typical in the particular industry b) common measures in industry

5. tight budgets

a) strictly monitored income and expenditure b) high deficits

6. catered lunches

a) meals provided by a company free of charge b) meals taken to work

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7. life coaching

a) training to improve one’s quality of life b) a lifesaving vehicle

8. team chemistry

a) a team in the chemical industry b) relationship between members of a team

SPEAKING

7.2.5 Benefits at Work 2 (S) What do you think your boss should do to motivate you? Discuss with a partner which of the following perks you would like to get.



Offer in-house yoga classes



Offer the option for a dog-friendly office space



Host poker nights at the office



Send staff to telecommute in exotic locations



Host a Liquor Friday



Have employees invite their mom or dad to cook lunch with them at the office



Host an employee awards ceremony



Provide onsite massages



Offer free music lessons



Teach employees new languages

Can you add any more?



______________________________



______________________________

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READING AND VOCABULARY WORK

7.2.6 Codes of Practice – What to Wear 1 (R)

Make word partnerships from the words below.

two-word partnerships face-to-face

formal

three-word partnerships casual

environment

clothing

work

accessories

dress

business

environment

company

contact

business

down

day

appropriate

logo

fashion

brand

names

Now insert the word partnerships into the text.

Many workplaces have dress codes, particularly workplaces in industries in which image is highly valued and workplaces in which employees have regular ______________ (1)with customers. In a ________________________ (2) the standard of dressing for men and women is a suit, a jacket and pants or a skirt, or a dress with____________________________ (3). Clothing that reveals too much cleavage, your back, your chest, your feet, your stomach or your underwear is not appropriate for a place of business. In our___________________(4) , clothing should be pressed and never wrinkled. Torn, dirty, or frayed clothing is unacceptable. Any clothing that has words, terms, or pictures that may be offensive to other employees is unacceptable. Certain days can be declared__________________________ (5), generally Fridays. On these days, _____________________________ (6) is allowed. Clothing that has the __________________ (7) is encouraged. Sports team, university, and ___________________ (8) on clothing are generally acceptable. You might want to keep a jacket in your office for the days when a client unexpectedly appears on a dress down day, especially if the client is wearing a suit.

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Adapted from: http://www.onecarebhs.com/uploads/OneCare_Employment_Manual.pdf p.39

WRITING

7.2.7 Codes of Practice - What to Wear 2 (W) Read the memo below quickly, and answer the questions.

 

What is the purpose of the memo? What is the tone of the memo like?

The computer spell-checker has found eight spelling mistakes in the memo. Can you correct them?

Date: March 10, 2013 To: All staf From: Head of HR Subject: Dress Code

Our firm has provided the benefit of most Fridays allowing (1) business casual attire, that is BUSINESS casual, not business CASUAL and certainly not CASUAL. That is FRIDAYS, the rest of the week is BUSINESS (professional) attire.

Unfortunatelly (2), each week there appears to be some confusion as to what is appropriate and what day of the week it is. Please let common sense than fashion sense be your quide (3) when you dress for work each day.

Denim, in particlar (4), has reached new heights of controversy. Therefore, no article of denim fabrik (5) is appropriate at any time.

No messege (6) on any kind of clothing is allowed at any time.

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Ms Brown will exercise the right to send employees home, withot (7) pay, who are inappropriately dressed and will take disciplinairy (8) actions for repeated violations.

READING AND LANGUAGE USE 7.2.8 Codes of Practice – Privacy Issues (R)

You are going to read about company policies concerning emails at work. Some words are missing from the text. Choose the most appropriate answer for each gap in the text.

Many workplaces rely on email to help employees stay connected and (1) ____________ with clients. However, many companies lack a clear policy (2) ______________ how employees can and can't use email in the workplace. If companies don't (3) _____________ these issues, they could find themselves in an ethical and legal quandary. Employees sometimes assume their emails are private, but a growing number of employers (4) ________________ monitor employee emails sent from company accounts or computers. Some companies prohibit personal email (5) ______________ in the workplace, on the basis that it distracts employees or threatens the company's computer systems. (6) _____________ use also increases the risk of computer viruses. Or, employers may not want employees to use company computers to send emails containing objectional (7) _______________, images or material, or messages with religious, political or other (8) _________________ controversial content. Some allow limited personal use, for example only during lunch breaks.

Adapted from: http://work.chron.com/ethical-issues-email-accounts-workplace-16688.html

1. a) communicating

b) to communicate

c) reply

2. a) regarding

b) with regard

c) regarded

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3. a) talk

b) speak

c) address

4. a) routinely

b) routinously

c) as routine

5. a) using

b) usage

c) use

6. a) personal

b) personality

c) personally

7. a) word

b) context

c) language

8. a) possible

b) possibly

c) possibility

LISTENING

7.2.9 Encouraging Younger Staff (L)

In the following recording you will hear about a new initiative. Listen and answer the following questions.

1. Which age group does the Fashion Retail Academy target? ____________________________________________________ 2. Does the founder hold a degree? ____________________________________________________ 3. What does the academic input cover? ____________________________________________________ 4. What percentage of the time do students spend in the work place? ____________________________________________________ 5. What experience do the mentors have? ____________________________________________________ 6. Who developed the curriculum? ____________________________________________________ 7. What is the aim of the curriculum? ____________________________________________________ 8. What is the real advantage of the programme for the employer? ____________________________________________________

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Unit 8 MOBILITY AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY Aims of the Unit

The aims of this unit are to help you become more proficient in English as it is used with regard to mobility, travel and with cultural diversity. After completing this unit you will be familiar with:  

Advantages and challenges of an experience abroad Opportunities for study abroad.

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8.1 Working and Studying Abroad 1 – The Advantages and Disadvantages

READING

8.1.1 Understanding Cultural Differences (R)

http://www.dr-fdtc.com/cultural-differences/frames.html

By: Chris Storey Friday, June 10, 2011

In today’s world of globalization, where advances in transport and communication have created what many refer to as a ‘global village’, understanding and appreciating cultural differences in business has become of vital importance to all organizations. Companies are increasingly operating cross-border teams, and international trade is vital in today's business world. Rapid growth of emerging markets in Asia and South America means an increase for many in contact with business partners in areas that are possibly alien to them. Sensitivity and maintaining a good relationship is vital when managing a business deal – understanding differences between your own culture and an unfamiliar partner’s can make or break a business deal. Insensitivity or misunderstanding can have a huge impact on your reputation. Understanding and appreciating cultural differences is not just ensuring you avoid causing offence however. Attitudes towards business, the way they are run and views on management styles can vary greatly in different cultures. Geert Hofstede, a Dutch anthropologist specializing in assessing cultures, conducted a study of IBM employees in more than 70 countries in which he was able to identify several key sources of cultural difference. One of the most important was "power distance", or “the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally”. Hofstede also identified other factors that help analyze cultural-based behaviour, including whether a society is generally

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more comfortable with uncertainty, ambiguity and nuance; or if a society stresses group harmony and "saving face". Another example provided by Geert Hofstede is in the differing cultures of the United States and the Middle East and the problems that can arise in business without a proper knowledge of a prospective business partner’s culture. When negotiating in Western countries such as the United States, once there is a mutual understanding between the two parties and a satisfactory conclusion has been reached the cultural sign of the end of negotiations would be to ‘shake hands’. In Middle Eastern countries however, a hand shake is a cultural sign that serious negotiations are just beginning. Internally, effective communication is key to any organization’s success, and so an appreciation of different cultures is also of great importance in maintaining a professional and harmonious environment in the workplace. Organizations in the 21st century are a mix of people from different cultural backgrounds who have to understand each other, interact on a daily base and often work in more than one country. Seemingly innocuous things such as eye contact, hand gestures or work attire can cause possible offence or misunderstanding. Above all, it is important to ensure that the increasing diversity of workplaces and the global nature of modern business is not seen as a hindrance, and is turned into the positive that it can and should be. Diversity brings a wider variety of viewpoints and can bring about solutions to problems that may not previously have been seen, as well as bringing individual talents and experiences to provide an increased adaptability. This article was written by Chris Storey of the Association of Executive Search Consultants (AESC).

https://www.bluesteps.com/blog/the-importance-of-cultural-understanding-in-the-global-village.aspx

Complete these sentences with the words below. 1. In order to avoid causing an offense to someone in another business, it is important to be aware of _________________________ between your societies. 2. The extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally is called __________________________. 3. Business markets in Asia __________________________.

and

South

America

are

identified

as

4. Our world today seems smaller and is called a ___________________ because of improved communications and transport. 5. Some examples of non-verbal communications which may be different in other cultures are ______________________________________. 6. A _______________ in the Middle East is a sign that negotiations are just beginning.

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7. Businesses today often operate in many countries by using ___________________. 8. ____________________ can cause serious problems in business because of a violation of cultural norms in that other culture. 9. Other factors can help us analyze cultural-based behavior, including whether a society is generally more comfortable with ___________________________. 10. _________________ can vary in other cultures based on how that culture perceives that businesses should be run. Answers to choose from: 1. global village 2. cross-border teams 3. cultural differences 4. Insensitivity 5. emerging markets 6. management styles 7. power distance 8. uncertainty, ambiguity and nuance 9. hand shake 10. eye contact, hand gestures or work attire

SPEAKING

8.1.2 Cultural Diversity Interview (S) First Student: You are thinking about taking a short term job in another country for a year. You want to find out about the culture of that country so you go to see the Cultural Attaché at that Embassy. Of course you want to be prepared so you list out some questions in advance. You will want to consider things like: 1) work life; 2) social customs 3) social attitudes; 4) dating; 5) food; 6) and things not to do. Questions to ask the Cultural Attaché:

Second Student: Pick a country you are familiar with and jot down some things about the culture of that county like: 1) work life; 2) social customs 3) social attitudes; 4) dating; 5) food; 6) and things not to do. Important aspects of your country’s culture to share with Inquirer:

Exercise: 1. Break up into pairs with each student picking one role above

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2. Each student makes notes about either the questions to ask or the answers they might give. 3. Do a practice role play in pairs 4. Teacher will then call on several pairs to role play for the class

READING

8.1.3 Should I Study Abroad? Advantages and Disadvantages (R)

http://collegeinformations.com/tag/studying-abroad/

Every year thousands and thousands of people leave the comforts of their homes to learn English in countries such as the United States, Canada, England, and Australia. Why do they do it? Many feel that by studying a language in a country where it is spoken, they will be able to learn it more quickly. Others feel that studying abroad gives them a kind of prestige in their home country. It may even lead to a better job. And quite a few people want to study abroad for the pure pleasure and excitement it brings. But living and studying in another country can also have its problems. Almost everyone experiences some level of homesickness. And a few people go home earlier than expected because their ideas about living in another country were different from reality. Is learning English abroad something you are interested in? Whether to learn a language by studying abroad is a big decision. You should be aware of what you are getting into before you start packing your bags. Disadvantages of Studying Abroad Studying abroad does not mean you will learn English magically. Many people think that they just need to live in another country and they will learn the local language. This is not completely true. You still need to pay attention and study. There are people who live in foreign countries for many, many years without knowing the language well. However, it will probably come to you easier and faster than if you just studied the language in your home country. Studying abroad can be hard. You will probably have times when you miss your family, friends, food, and everything familiar. Almost everyone goes through some culture shock. You will have to realize and accept that it will take some time to adjust to a new way of living.

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Studying abroad can be expensive. There is no doubt that it takes money to study abroad. It can vary from kind of expensive to very expensive. Most places don't allow international students to work. You will have to have the money before you arrive in the country or have someone from home support you. Is this something that you and/or your family can afford?

Advantages of Studying Abroad You are surrounded by English. Yes, you need to pay attention and do some studying, but everything comes faster when you do because English is everywhere- on the streets, in the stores, on the TV- you can't get away from it. Your eyes are opened to the world. We often grow up thinking that our way of doing things is the only way, or sometimes the best way. But living in a new culture helps us realize new ways of doing things, and also helps us to see that even though we are different, we are all human. And in many cases, not only will you get to know the natives of the country you are visiting, you may get to know classmates from all over the world. You learn to take care of yourself. Living in another country, even if it is with a host family, means you might be doing things you may not have done in your home country. These include cooking, cleaning, grocery shopping, washing clothes, figuring out transportation, making living arrangements, setting up accounts for cell phones and utilities, etc. You may think of this as a disadvantage, but many international students go home proud that they have become very selfsufficient. Your life will be forever changed. One of the greatest things that happens when you do something as big as live in another country is- you become a changed person- your outlook on life is different. Your new maturity can help lead you to new places in your life. You make memories that will last a lifetime. Your pictures, journals, and souvenirs will help you remember your time abroad, but your memories and emotions of this special time will also be a part of your life until you are very old. So how can you know if studying abroad is right for you? First, start by talking to people who have already done it. Of course everyone will have his or her own experience and point of view, but it can be really helpful to hear what other people have to say. If you don't know anyone who has studied abroad, ask others about their experiences through the internet. Dave's ESL Cafe is a good place to start. If you do decide that you are interested in going abroad, take a look at websites like www.HyperStudy.com to search for schools and get advice on where to go. Studying abroad can really change your life. And hopefully if you decide to do it, it will be a wonderful experience for you. The very best of luck to you. http://www.5minuteenglish.com/study_abroad.htm

Select a phrase to finish the sentence: 1. Studying abroad means you will learn the language ….  very quickly  almost not at all  a little more quickly 2. Studying abroad can be  really easy

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 

hard due to culture shock an experience that requires little adjustment

3. Financing a study abroad experience  will be no problem  is easy because you can find scholarships  needs to be something you can afford 4. Living in a new country  will not be much different  can open your eyes to the world  helps us see that everyone does pretty much the same thing 5. When living in another country  a host family can take care of all your needs  you can pay someone to do your chores  you will have to learn to become self-sufficient 6. An experience of living abroad  will make you a changed person  is not much different than living at home  will make you less mature as you depend on others 7. A study experience abroad will give you   

a lot of headaches and few memories many low moments and depression a lifetime of memories of a special time in your life

8. To know if studying abroad is right for you  watch television for inspiration  go to google  talk to people who have done it before

LISTENING

8.1.4 My Study Abroad Experience (L)

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http://blog.openstudy.com/2010/04/22/5-steps-to-your-best-study-abroad-experience/

Listen to this YouTube audio: Georgia Sanders, University of Exeter

YouTube link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ywaV5NRkFik Listen to the presentation and answer the questions. 1. Where did she study abroad? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. What did she find as her “best” experience in her class? …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Why did she believe that study abroad would better prepare her for her future? ………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. What does she emphasize people should do if they want to get a study abroad? ………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. Who can you talk to if you have any questions or to get great tips? ………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. What is her field of study? ………………………………………………………………………………………… Listen to the text again and circle the correct answer. 7. What is her main reason for studying abroad? a) earning some money b) knowing other cultures c) opening up career possibilities

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8. What other reason does she think is important to study abroad? a) experience of cultural diversity b) making awesome friends c) tasting other food 9. What was her work ethic discovery related to her classes? a) there were too many students in the class b) much of the school work was performed at home c) the school used continual assessment and emphasized class participation

10. What slang or jargon does she use too much of? a) You know b) Uh, um c) Like

SPEAKING

8.1.5 Role-Play Dialogue – to go abroad or not? (S)

Role-play instructions for Student A - Anna Your name is Anna and you’ve just finished high school. You are extremely disappointed about not having been given a place on the university course of your dreams and you are sure that you are not willing to study anything else. You are now thinking about how to spend your coming year. Ask your family’s opinion. Role-play instructions for Student B – Anna’s Older Sister Your younger sister, Anna, has not been given a place on the university course of her dreams and is thinking about how to spend her coming year. You are advising her to take a gap year abroad to enjoy life, gain experience, work, earn money and improve her English. This will be the time of her life. Studying can wait. Anna is hesitating about what to do and asking for your family’s advice. Role-play instructions for Student C - Parent Your younger daughter, Anna, has not been given a place on the university course of her dreams and is thinking about how to spend her coming year. As a responsible parent you would like her to stay at home and study for the next exam, which is due this time next year. You think it is a waste

206

of time and money to spend this precious time otherwise. This is the only way for her to go on with her studies. Anna is hesitating about what to do and asking for your family’s advice.

Speaking Task:   

Form groups of threes (Student A, Student B and Student C) Try to convince Anna according to your role play card at the family table Take turns in expressing your arguments till Anna can make a decision or you can reach a compromise. Try not to hurt each other’s feelings.

Useful expressions for conducting a sophisticated argument: Asserting your view:

I see your point, but....

I don't quite agree here.

I cannot accept your view that ...

I cannot share this view.

I really feel that..........

What I mean is..............

My impression is that……

The point is that…......

I (personally) believe that………..

It strikes me that……………

I think/I don’t think………….

Yes, I agree up to a point, however ..

Yes, perhaps, however …

Well, yes, but ….....

Yes, in a way, however ...

Hmm, possibly, but …

Well, you have a point there, but ...

There's something there, I suppose, however... Yes, I suppose so, however …

I guess you could be right, but ...

That's worth thinking about, but ...

Interrupting:

I'm sorry I didn't catch what you said...

Excuse me, can I just say/ask………….?

Sorry to interrupt but…….

Yes, but………….

Stopping interruptions:

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Er………..

If I could just finish………..

I’ll just finish what I was saying….

http://www.teflsites.com/Expressions%20for%20Discussion%20and%20Debate%20new.pdf

READING

8.1.6 Should You Study Abroad in Australia or New Zealand? (R)

Published 05/03/2013 by Natalie Southwick

Dreaming of study abroad down under? Let's discuss if Australia or New Zealand is a better fit for you! Australia and New Zealand may be on the other side of the world, but they're some of the globe's most popular study abroad destinations. Australia, in fact, is the sixth-most-popular study abroad location for American students. Whether it's the shared language, the stunning scenery or the locals' reputation as some of the world's nicest people, these two countries are both incredibly appealing places to spend a semester or two. But how to decide? Both places have tons of benefits and great study abroad options, so it may seem impossible to choose just one. Still, there are some major factors to consider, including the climate, culture, different types of programs, expenses, your feelings about rugby, and, most importantly, those accents. Read on to determine if you should study abroad in Australia or New Zealand! Population, Climate and Location Nestled next to each other in the Oceania corner of the world, these two island nations are not exactly conveniently located if you're coming from - well, pretty much anywhere else. Still, their isolation from other continents is part of their appeal - both countries boast unique flora and fauna that can't be found in any other part of the world. With so much natural beauty, adventure sports for adrenaline junkies and friendly locals, you won't ever want to leave - which is good, because the nearest countries are still hundreds or even thousands of miles away! Australia, the world's sixth-largest country, is the big brother in terms of both population and land mass. The nation has almost 23 million residents - a big increase from the island's initial Aboriginal population and a few thousand British prisoners - and a whopping 89 percent of them live in the coastal urban areas. In fact, more than half of Australia's population (14 million, to be exact) lives in the country's five largest cities. Adventure in the hot Aussie desert!

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The famous Outback, which takes up most of the center of the island, is still largely wild, unpopulated territory - pretty, for sure, but probably not where you'll be doing most of your studies. Home to the Great Barrier Reef (one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the world), Ayers Rock, pristine beaches and everyone's favorite marsupials, Australia has an abundance of natural riches.

http://emmakellydooz.wordpress.com/tag/ayers-rock/

With this kind of scenery, it's no wonder the locals are so cheerful. Covered by broad swaths of desert and receiving the second-lowest rainfall of all seven continents (after Antarctica), Australia is mostly hot and dry, with a tropical northern coast and a more temperate climate in the southeast near Sydney. If you're heading to Australia, make sure to pack your sunscreen. Comparatively tiny New Zealand - or Aotearoa, as it's known in the Maori language - is divided between two main islands, creatively named the North and South Islands, and a group of much smaller outlying islands. As one of the world's youngest and still-changing land masses, New Zealand's volatile ground has created what might be the globe's most spectacular land of contrasts. From the soaring peaks of the Southern Alps to the black sand beaches of Muriwai, the stunning fjords of Te Anau National Park to the ski slopes of Queenstown, there's no reason to spend any more time inside than absolutely necessary.

http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moeraki-szikl%C3%A1k

Just like the topography, the climate of New Zealand varies wildly from one location to another, from the semi-arid Central Otago vineyard plains to the snowcapped peaks of the South Island's mountains. The islands have mostly cool, temperate weather with plenty of rainfall, but the weather can change unpredictably - the local wisdom is that the only dependable weather prediction is the opposite of whatever the meteorologist on TV says. With just 4.4 million residents in the whole country, New Zealand actually is, as the joke goes, home to far more sheep than people (about a 7:1 sheep: human ratio, to be exact). Almost 75 percent of those people live on the North Island, with about a third concentrated in the Auckland metropolitan area, so there are plenty of places where you can actually see the stars.

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Cost of Living in Australia vs. New Zealand The conventional wisdom about Australia has always been that it's expensive, and unfortunately this is one stereotype that's based in fact. Living on an island is, by definition, rarely cheap, since anything you might want that doesn't grow there has to be imported. Fear not though, study abroad students! There is budget fun to be had down under. Mercer's cost of living rankings from 2012 had Sydney at #11, just barely missing the cut to join the illustrious club of the world's top 10 most expensive cities. Melbourne was close behind at 15, Perth was 19th, and capital Canberra, Brisbane and Adelaide followed right behind at 23, 24 and 27, respectively. A more recent study put both Sydney and Melbourne in the world's top five, with Sydney ranked third.

http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1jl:Brisbane_CBDandSB.jpg

At the current exchange rate, the Australian dollar is about equal to the US dollar, but prices are far from equivalent. Some goods retail for similar prices to those found overseas, but food in particular can be extremely expensive. A six-pack of beer sells for around $15, while a pint out at a bar will run you about $10 - prices that could even give pause to a New Yorker. The University of Technology Sydney recommends that international students prepare for life in the city by arriving with somewhere between A$14,786 and A$25,680 for a full year there. In fact, as of July 2012, international students headed to Australia must demonstrate that they have at least $18,610 if they intend to spend a year studying in the country. If your heart is set on Australia, you should start saving your pennies (and hundred dollar bills) now. In comparison, studying abroad in New Zealand is certainly a affordable option, with the highestranked city, Auckland, clocking in at #56. The only other city to land in the top 200 was the capital of Wellington, at a respectable 74. They're still not cheap cities, compared to other regions of the world, but next to their neighbor, they're positively a bargain.

http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1jl:WellingtonPanorama.jpg

Right now, USD $1 will get you NZD$1.2 - not a huge difference, but that .2 adds up eventually. A pint of beer at a bar should cost about $3.75 and an average movie ticket will be about $8.50. You can get a basic meal at a restaurant for between $6.75- $12.50, while two miles in a taxi will cost about $7.50. These prices still aren't dirt-cheap, but they're probably more equivalent to what you're used to paying in cities at home. "Between Australia and New Zealand, I would say NZ all the way. New Zealand has somewhat of a "frontier" feel to it; people look out for each other and there is a sense that we're all in this together. If you're looking to go to a place where you can have an adventure, meet some great people, and

210

not spend as much as you would in Europe, New Zealand is the place for you." - Sarah Timmings, former NZ student Universities and Programs in Australia versus New Zealand If you choose to study abroad in Australia, you're almost certainly going to be in one of the major cities. Sydney has the widest range of different programs and universities, including Macquarie University and the University of Sydney, generally considered one of the top schools in the country. Programs offer studies in fields from botany to linguistics, and many include cultural activities and excursions to places like the Great Barrier Reef, the Outback, or even other countries like New Zealand or Thailand. Programs in other cities like Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth all have their own benefits like access to world-class arts programs and research, proximity to natural attractions like the Gold Coast and koala sanctuaries, and one-of-a-kind study opportunities like marine biology or conservation work. With only a handful of cities, study abroad programs in New Zealand are concentrated almost entirely in Auckland and Wellington, with a few scattered in smaller cities like Dunedin and Christchurch. Most Auckland programs are affiliated with the highly regarded University of Auckland (the country's top school), and they offer students the chance to study everything from political science to Hebrew. In Dunedin, you can study at the University of Otago, New Zealand's first university, or head to Victoria University in the cultural hub of Wellington. Some programs also provide opportunities for internships with local businesses or organizations- considering the country's relatively small workforce, these are a great way to get more involved with the culture and issues you care about! Culture and Life Down Under As one of the world's most urbanized countries, Australia's cities are the place to be. Cosmopolitan Sydney boasts world-famous architecture, top restaurants, excellent museums and theater and one of the globe's best aquariums. We've heard there's a famous building there, too. Smaller cities like culturally rich Melbourne and the more industrial western coastal city of Perth don't have the same international draw, but still have plenty to keep you busy for a semester (constant beach access, anyone?). Australia is an interesting mix of Western Anglo and Aborigine influences, with the country trying to find a balance between the two very different backgrounds of its population. Known for wine production, tall movie stars and attractive Olympic swimmers, Australia is a relaxed nation of friendly, fun-loving people who are just as happy to toss a Frisbee around with you as to give you directions or share a beer (or three). Like any siblings, New Zealand and Australia have a long-running, mostly-friendly rivalry, based primarily on making jokes about the other nationality's romantic preferences for sheep and peculiar accent patterns. The competition only really heats up around important rugby matches, so just be aware which country you're in before you say anything flattering about the other nation. Even more so than Australia, New Zealand is all about the outdoors and thrill-seaking: every region has its own distinct features, activities and awe-inspiring scenery. It seems like everyone in the country has a part-time job at an outdoor adventure company, at least two pair of hiking boots and a tent ready to go at a moment's notice. With one of the lowest median incomes in the developed world, New Zealand residents (or Kiwis, as they're better known) are used to making the best of what they have - and for most of them, this means spending as much time as possible enjoying the natural beauty of their surroundings. Cities like Auckland, Wellington and stillrecovering Christchurch have plenty to offer in the way of restaurants, art and nightlife, but the main draw of the country will always be its non-manmade features.

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Be sure to catch a New Zealand rugby game! One of the most distinguishing characteristics of New Zealand is its renewed emphasis on recognizing and celebrating the culture of the Maori people - the islands' original residents. Currently, almost 15 percent of the population identifies as Maori, with an even higher percentage among younger groups. Over the last few decades, there has been a large-scale effort to preserve the Maori culture and incorporate it into all aspects of Kiwi life. Many signs across the country are printed in both English and Maori, and people will often refer to locations by their Maori names. The language is taught in schools across the country - if you have time to study it, it's a fascinating and important piece of New Zealand's heritage. The culture is relaxed and casual - it's not uncommon to see people walking around the streets of urban Auckland with no shoes. There are even offices that allow their employees to go shoeless however shirts, as far as we know, are still required. Rugby is king here, so brush up on your knowledge of tries and scrums before you venture out in an All Blacks (the beloved national team) jersey. Kiwis are very conscious about their international image - as a foreigner, everyone in the country will interrogate you about your experience there, and even one tiny criticism is enough to cause concern. Luckily, there's very little to criticize about this gorgeous, friendly nation. The Breakdown Wanna read the fine print? Here are some conclusions: you should choose to study abroad in Australia if you want to live in a vibrant, active city, can "keep up" with the partying locals, and prefer hot, dry weather and beaches. It also helps if you've always wanted to see a kangaroo in person and don't mind breaking the piggy bank to do it! You can see what other students have to say about their time studying abroad in Australia here. On the flip side, you should head to New Zealand if you want to be in the middle of nature, are okay with eating lamb three times a week and don't mind changing weather (and lots of rain!). If you've often wondered if you are a hobbit or not (shoes are overrated) and think jumping off of a bridge sounds GREAT, New Zealand will be the perfect fit! Students in New Zealand often rave about the fantastic time they had studying abroad there. Both New Zealand and Australia have tons to offer study abroad students. There are differences in price, weather, location and free-time activities, but both countries are high-demand destinations for a reason. Most people who study abroad in either of these countries return home already planning their next visit back. By all means, go, but be prepared to fall in love with whichever country you ultimately choose. http://www.gooverseas.com/blog/study-abroad-australia-or-new-zealand

True and False Exercise 1. New Zealand is the 6th most popular country for American students to go to study. T ___ F___ 2.

Both New Zealand and Australia are pretty well located, close to many other nations. T ___ F ___

3. Australia is by far the larger of the two countries, but it has a smaller population. T ___ F ___

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4. Australia is quite unique, it is an island and is host to the Great Barrier Reef. T ___ F ___ 5. The

native

people

of

New

Zealand

speak

the

Maori

language.

T ___ F ___ 6. International Students going to Australia must have at least 20,000 US Dollars first year. T ___ F ___ 7. If you study in New Zealand you may have a chance at internships with local businesses T ___ F ___ 8. Australia

is

one

of

the

world's

most

urbanized

countries.

T ___ F ___ 9. You should head to New Zealand if you want to be in the middle of nature, don’t mind changing

weather

and

want

to

see

kangaroos.

T ___ F ___ 10. You should choose to study abroad in Australia if you want to live in a vibrant, active city, and

can

"keep

up"

with

the

partying

locals

T ___ F ___

8.2 Working and Studying Abroad 2 – How to Get There WRITING

8.2.1 Writing an Enquiry Letter to Study Abroad (W)

Below you can see a sample enquiry letter. Study the format carefully than try to write a letter of enquiry of your own, use the same format and change the content appropriately by mentioning the following points: You are James Brown a student of economics and you enquire about a scholarship programme abroad in a letter of enquiry -

introduce yourself and say where you study; say why you wish to apply for a scholarship abroad; say why you feel yourself an ideal candidate for the scholarship; write about your expectations from the programme; enquire about housing , extra costs and the exact time period of the scholarship

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-

ask if they can provide facilities for disabled students;

David Smith 14 Churchill Road Maidstone Kent, ME16-70X 5th September, 2013

Mr. Bill Daughton Director of Admissions 210 Newton Road Kingston College, Kingston, OK 99861

Dear Mr. Bill Daughton, I am currently a junior at Kingston College. I am enquiring at colleges that may fit my needs and profile, and Kingston College caught my attention. Since Kingston offers an excellent engineering program, it is on the list of my possible target schools. Please send me any relevant information regarding admissions, financial aid, housing and anything else you would like me to know about Kingston College that will help me with my decision making process. Sincerely, David Smith

WRITING

8.2.2 Application Letter - Erasmus Student Network (W)

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http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1jl:Erasmus_at_EUR.JPG

You’ve just seen the following job advertisement on one of your friends’ Facebook Timeline and decided to send an application.

Urgent Call for Hungarian Full-time students Join our team! ESN Debrecen is looking for You! (Erasmus Students Network) We are an enthusiastic team of Hungarian students organizing programs for foreign students studying at the University of Debrecen Applicants must •

Be under 26

•

Have good communications skills

•

Speak English fluently

•

Have good organizing and problem-solving skills

•

Be able to work in a team

•

Be creative and open-minded

•

Be interested in foreign cultures

What we offer: •

Endless fun with international friends from all around Europe

•

Free admission to all of our programs

•

Extra points when applying for your Erasmus scholarship in the future

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Task: Send your application letter to the office of Student Union of your Faculty. Respond to the criteria above. Start like this: Dear ESN Debrecen, ....

LISTENING

8.2.3 Erasmus University in a nutshell (L)

Listen to the presentation via the links below: YouTube link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fy1cef5abCQ

Circle the five points mentioned concerning the Erasmus program in Rotterdam. There are only five correct answers.

A

it has a strong international appeal

B

it works with friendly staff

C

it has produced a lot of big names

D

it teaches theoretical concepts which can be applied in daily life

E

it teaches you think globally

F

it teaches how to find solutions to the problems

G

there are a lot of student associations

H

it has contacts with headhunting companies

Listen to the text again and answer the following questions. 1. What do we know about the size of the university? ................................................................................

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2. On what is there a strong focus? ………………………………………………………………………………. 3. What education in Erasmus is about? ……………………………………………………………………………….. 4. What do they organize for students? ………………………………………………………………………………. 5. What IT facilities are mentioned? ……………………………………………………………………………… 6. What feeling does Erasmus give you? ……………………………………………………………………………..

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Unit 9 Business Travel Aims of the Unit

The aims of this unit are to help you become more proficient in English as it is used with regard to mobility, travel and with cultural diversity. After completing this unit you will be familiar with:  

Issues in cultural diversity Business travelling in which you will rehearse many of the issues and situations which you need to deal with on business travel.

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9.1 Travelling Abroad on Business 1 – Tips for Travellers READING 9.1.1

Executive Planet Website – Etiquette by Country (R)

Guidelines for business etiquette Executive Planet™ provides valuable tips on business etiquette, customs and protocol for doing business worldwide.

Essential business culture guides for the international traveller Argentina

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Brazil

Canada

Chile

China

Colombia

Czech Republic

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hong Kong

India

Indonesia

Iran

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Jamaica

Jordan

Malaysia

Mexico

Netherlands

Norway

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Russia

Saudi Arabia

Singapore

South Africa

South Korea

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Taiwan

Thailand

Turkey

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United States

Yemen

Cultural Quick Tip Ask Open Ended Questions

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When we function in a foreign language, we have a tendency to say yes when we are asked a question, even if we don't understand what was asked. This is even true when we are asked "Do you understand?" The next time you are interacting cross culturally, ask an open-ended question such as "Can you tell me what you need to do next?" instead of "Do you understand?" If the person is unable to answer what they need to do, then you know that you need to explain further.

http://www.executiveplanet.com/index.php?title=Main_Page

READING

9.1.2 A Guide to Business Travel (R)

http://under30ceo.com/12-top-apps-for-business-travel/

Tips that will make your business trip a success By

Aisha

Newton

Monster Contributing Writer

Business travel can be fun! You get the chance to leave your cubicle and step into the real world. Sometimes you get to visit new cities, or different parts of the world. Other times the location may be familiar, but not necessarily a place you visit often. Meeting face to face with clients and colleagues, provides you with the perfect opportunity to broaden your professional network and forge relationships that go deeper than phone calls and email. But let’s be honest, whether travelling for business or pleasure. There are often unavoidable travel hiccups than can make your trip less enjoyable. Long line ups, flight delays, terrible food, obnoxious passengers and underwhelming hotel accommodations just to name a few. Whether travelling solo or as part of team the following tips will help make your business trip a success! First things first, confirm the travel dates and make your reservations as soon as possible. Double check if the company uses a specific website or travel agents. Often times booking earlier can save you money and will get you better flight times, hotel rooms and car rentals. Another useful piece of information to have is in regards to food and drink. Find out if your company provides you with a per diem to avoid nasty surprises when you get back. Also see if your company has any specific rules regarding alcohol consumption. Just because you enjoy a glass of wine with dinner doesn’t mean that your company will pay for it.

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Based on where you have to travel, make sure that your passport and travel insurance is up to date. Whenever possible keep copies of electronic boarding passes and hotel reservations on your smartphone. I would also suggest keeping paper copies of your travel documents in your purse or carry on luggage. You never know when you might find yourself in the nightmare triangle; Low battery, no Wi-Fi and no reception. Now that you’ve taken care of your bookings, what are you going to wear? Deciding what to pack can be tricky, climate, duration of stay and planned activities play a part in your wardrobe selection. How many meeting are you scheduled to attend? Are there client dinners, team building exercises or perhaps a round of golf? Stick to dark coloured clothing that doesn’t wrinkle easily. An added benefit is that it camouflages dirt and stains. Try to avoid wearing loud patterns or busy prints, you want pieces that you can easily mix and match. Same goes to the guys. Ladies, carry a large scarf, shawl or Pashmina, it can complement your outfit and double as a blanket on a flight or a sweater on chilly day. Another thing to consider is what to put on your feet. Choose your footwear wisely. A six inch heel might look fierce with your suit; but do you really want to wear them all day long? Or walking through a large airport or train station? Try to choose stylish but comfortable shoes. Opt for wedges, flats or shoes with a lower heel. If you plan on going to the hotel gym don’t forget your sneakers. Another tip is to keep a shoehorn in your carry-on luggage, that way if your feel swell after a long flight. You won't have to walk off the plane barefoot. What should you put in your carry-on luggage? ● Pack a small cosmetic bag to keep track of your toiletries. If there are specific medications that you need, be sure to keep them in your purse on your person. ● Allergy medication, in case the room is dusty and musty. In my experience hotel carpeting can trigger allergic reactions. ●

Snacks, because who wants to pay $6 for M&M’s?

●

Disinfecting wipes to clean off the common surfaces in the room.

●

Feminine hygiene products, just in case (This also relates to the dark coloured clothing)

● Eye drops to help freshen your eyes. Bloodshot eyes in a meeting aren’t cute; it’s hard to take someone seriously when it looks like you’ve been up partying with Mary Jane. ● Ear plugs and eye masks aren’t always provided on flights so bring your own to catch a few winks on the plane. Electronics, gadgets and personal entertainment: Make sure to pack all of your electronics, chargers and adapters and keep them in your carry-on. Charge your devices before leaving so that you have a full battery. That way you can get some work done even if you don’t have access to a plug. Don’t forget your headphones, the last thing you need is to be stuck sitting next to someone who wants to be your new best friend.

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Ladies this tip is crucial, be sure to remove the batteries from some of the items you pack. Security will open your bag if there are items buzzing and vibrating in there. And careful with your jewelry, try not to wear too many metallic pieces. You'll set off the metal detectors and all that noise can be distracting to your fellow passengers. On a different note, don’t forget your business cards. This simple networking tool helps people remember you. Just make sure they are up to date, there is no sense in handing out old cards with the wrong job title and email address. There are also apps you can download that will allow you to take a picture of someone's business card and download their contact information into your phone. Make sure you bring a purse that can go from daytime to nighttime or at the very least bring a small clutch. Pare down your wallet so that you only carry the cards you need. Leave your George Costanza wallet at home. Remember the Acronym M.I.L.K Money, Id, lipstick and keys. Once you arrive at your hotel there are a few things you can do to keep yourself safe. ● Avoid using your full name when signing in. Use your initials or sign in as if two people are in the room. This deters potentially assailants looking to prey on single women. ● Advise the front desk not to mention your room number out loud, when other guests are nearby. In the event that you think someone may have heard it don’t be afraid to request a new room. ● Always leave the Do Not Disturb sign on the door. This gives the impression that your room is always occupied. ●

Upon arriving at your hotel room, double check the locks on the windows and doors.

● If you are unsure of your room locations, ask security to escort you to your room and avoid wandering the halls aimlessly. My last tip is to take a deep breath and relax. Try and see if you can take a few extra days and explore your location. Oftentimes hotels in business districts have much lower rates heading into the weekend. By following these simple tips your next business trip is sure to go smoothly. So pack your bags and have fun! http://career-advice.monster.ca/in-the-workplace/work-life-balance/business-traveling-tips-ca/article.aspx

Answer the questions with short answers:

1. Should we travel just to meet other business people when phones are so good today? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. What is the first thing to do when planning to travel? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. What documents do I need to travel?

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. What kinds of clothes are best to pack for travel? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. What security measures can I take at a hotel? Can I think of others? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

READING

9.1.3 SEVEN TIPS FOR BUSINESS TRAVEL (R)

http://infographiclist.com/2012/03/25/business-travel-market-trends-2012-infographic/

BY CAROLYN M. BROWN

Maximize your time spent overseas. Proper preparation before your departure will not only make your business trip a safe one but more productive. Preparing for international travel is unlike planning a business trip within one's own country. While you're usually fussing over details such as your flight itinerary, what to pack and scheduling meetings for a typical business trip, international travel may also require research for immersion into a culture with proper etiquette and protocols associated with the host country. With the recent political disorder in countries like Libya and natural disasters in Japan, travel overseas also requires certain safeguards to protect yourself during a time of crisis, says Jason Kaufman, senior manager, service innovation, MacNair Travel Management/American Express, in Alexandria, Virginia. There are some basic guidelines such as preparing proper documents two or three months before your departure, especially if visas and updated passports are needed (for instance an old photo may not cut it). Some countries may not require visas for tourists but may require them for business travelers. Of course, depending on the country you are visiting, you will want to consult a

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physician about necessary vaccinations. For US Travelers, a great resource is the US Department of State, says Kaufman, especially if something goes wrong in a foreign country and you need a quick evacuation. The State Department provides country specific information and issues travel warnings for long-term conditions that make a country dangerous or unstable as well as travel alerts that apply to temporary problems. "In general, you want to make sure that you have the ability to get in touch with someone who can assist you 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year," says Kaufman. This may be your travel management company. "In a crisis situation you want to have as much information as possible to make an informed decision." When the earthquake occurred in Japan, travelers couldn't get back into their rooms to access pertinent documents, says Donna Thomas, owner of New Zealand Travel, in Langhorne, Pennsylvania. "The big lesson learned: When you go to dinner or a meeting, take your passport, don't leave it back in your hotel room. Carry contact information for your embassy with you at all times. Keep a fully charged cell phone on you," she explains. Besides personal safety, you also will want to prepare for your foreign business encounters. After all, you want to get maximum value for the time that is spent abroad. This means you have to be open to different values, behaviors and ways of doing business. Lack of familiarity with the business practices and social customs of another country can weaken your position or prevent you from accomplishing your goals. Without a doubt there is nothing like a face-to-face meeting with a client or customer. But even the most minor mistakes can cost you time, money and opportunity. Here are seven tips to help you make the necessary adjustments for a business trip abroad.

1. Prepare a well-planned itinerary. A well thought out itinerary should reflect what your company hopes to accomplish. Think about your goals and relative priorities. For instance, you will want to have two or three appointments confirmed well in advance and spaced comfortably throughout the day. This will be more productive and enjoyable than a crowded agenda that forces you to rush from one meeting to the next. Your schedule should be flexible enough to allow for unexpected problems such as transportation delays and/or opportunities such as an unplanned luncheon invitation. Kaufman suggests leaving a copy of your itinerary with trusted colleagues, family members or close friends so that they know where you are supposed to be at all times. Also provide a family member or spouse with copies of your passport, medical insurance card, and other pertinent information. In addition, leave an emergency contact list with your travel planner. 2. Seek information on the culture.

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Invest some time in learning about the history, culture and customs of the countries to be visited, says Thomas. Attend cross-cultural seminars or training. Read books about that country. Brush up on the differences in negotiating styles, attitudes towards punctuality, gift-giving customs, and the proper use of names and titles (understand the importance of rank and know who the decision makers are when conducting business). Take the Japanese, for instance, who consider it rude to be late for a business meeting but acceptable for a social occasion. In Latin countries, being late for a business meeting is more tolerable. In the Middle East it is commonplace to engage in small talk before conducting business. The French and the British have different views about discussing business during meals, Thomas says. "Do you talk about business during dinner or do you wait until after you have eaten your meal? The slightest things can really offend people," she says. 3. Learn protocol and etiquette practices. Study the general protocol and etiquette of the country or countries you're visiting. Understanding in advance how to greet your counterparts and manage appointments will be most helpful. Check normal work days and business hours. In the Middle East, for example, the workweek is Saturday to Thursday. It is not uncommon in many countries for lunch to last two to four hours. Also take into account foreign holidays. Business manners, religious customs, dietary practices, humor and acceptable dress vary widely from country to country. Misunderstandings over gestures and body language can cause you more than embarrassment but can lead to business complications, says Thomas. For instance, the okay sign (thumb and index fingers forming a circle with the other fingers pointing upward) is commonly used in the US. But it means zero in France and Thomas says it is a vulgar gesture in Brazil and the Philippines (like giving the middle finger is here in the States). She recommends finding a local person from the host country whom you can openly talk to and learn about customs. Or a good travel planner will know the ins and outs of the country. 4. Learn the native tongue. Business associates will appreciate any sincere attempt. Study the language or hire a translator, especially if the persons you are meeting with do not speak English or are uncomfortable speaking it. You can learn a foreign language on the go using Praxis Mobile Language Learning Networks, which provides podcasts for Chinese, Spanish, French and Italian. You can listen to and interact with language lessons with an MP3 player, iPod, mobile phone, computer for internet access, television, and CD. Colleges or universities in your area may offer traditional classroom instruction or immersion programs. Other options are audio language lessons and software programs such as those available from Rosetta Stone. Seek out someone who knows the language that can help you learn it by holding conversations. There may even be subtle differences in the same language, cautions Thomas. "Certain words in English that we use freely could have different meanings outside the US." She cites a situation

225

between American and British businessmen. "During the meeting the Americans said, 'let’s table' this, hoping to end the discussion, but the Brits kept on talking. The Americans took this as utter disregard and stormed out, not knowing that in England the expression 'let's table it' means to put it on the table for discussion." 5. Check travel advisories. Governments issue advisories about safety concerns that may affect travel to a particular country or region. Travel advisories are released for various reasons, including terrorism, natural disasters, political unrest, wars, health emergencies, and outbreaks of violent crimes against tourists. Check to see if the advisory applies to the entire country or certain areas. "Know your geography," says Thomas. An incident in Okinawa may not impact someone traveling to Hiroshima. "Make your decision to travel with informed knowledge," she adds. Have a backup plan in case something does go wrong. Find out whether your home country has an embassy or consulate in the place you are visiting. Make sure it is fully staffed and functioning. If the worst happens, you don't want to be stranded in a foreign country without an embassy to help with emergency evacuation or get in contact with your family and friends back home. Be aware of what the embassy can or cannot do. For example, if you are injured the State Department can help you get back home but the cost of medical care comes out of your pocket. 6. Protect yourself. Kaufman recommends getting travel insurance. "With Road Warrior you can get a yearlong policy as opposed to a trip-by-trip basis. Insurance companies are there to help you out in a crisis such as medical evacuations," he says. Following the earthquake and Tsunami, one-way airfare out of Japan cost $5,000. So, "travel insurance will help mitigate any financial loss you might incur." Keep in mind that different destinations pose different risks; incorporate that into your strategy for choosing business travel insurance. Do your research. Travel insurance may not cover you in all countries and in all circumstances. Most policies do not cover acts of war, riots or civil disorder. Find out what exclusions apply. Check with your health plan carrier to see if you need to get another policy to cover medical costs for an injury or sudden illness abroad, says Thomas. What if you need to be airlifted by helicopter and taken to the hospital, are you still covered? Look into the large travel insurance companies such as Travel Guard.

7. Plan to stay connected. A plug or adapter may be needed to charge notebooks, cell phones, and PDAs while overseas. Also, contact your cell phone provider before you leave to find out about international options for business trips, says Kaufman. You may be able to get a temporary plan while you are visiting another country. To make an international call from your cell phone, your carrier network must be

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compatible with that country. Your phone also must be technically capable of making international calls. Other options are to use Skype on your laptop or a Skype iPhone app to make international calls. You also can rent a cell phone in airport malls around the world from companies such as TripTel or online from sites such as Cellularabroad.com. If you are traveling to a foreign destination for more than a week or two, consider buying a local phone, suggests Kaufman. You can use that phone for making calls within the host country and it may prove to be less expensive. "Some business travelers also use local SIM cards because it makes communications by mobile phones a lot easier." Just make sure that you have texting capability. Kaufman says text communication is a lot more reliable than voice communication because it requires less bandwidth. So, during the earthquake in Japan, phone calls weren't going through but people were able to send text messages to their loved ones. http://www.inc.com/guides/201103/7-tips-for-foreign-business-travel.html

Multiple Choice – Check all that apply: 1. Business travel involves more than just making travel plans. You also should consider a. ___ finding the closest gyms to work out in b. ___ learning about business practices and social customs of destination c. ___ loading up all your favorite video games 2. When planning your travel itinerary, be sure to a. ___ leave a copy with your family and colleagues b. ___ make copies of all your important documents like passport for your family c. ___ leave an emergency contact list with your travel planner 3. Some good preparation practices for a trip abroad might be to a. ___ read books or articles about the country you are visiting b. ___ plan your menu in advance so you can have your favorite foods c. ___ research if it is acceptable to discuss business over meals 4. Examples of body language and gestures to be careful of include a. ___ making the “OK” sign with you thumb and index finger b. ___ pointing with your finger c. ___ speaking slowly 5. Learning another language is not easy when in another country. You could a. ___ make a sincere attempt to learn what you can

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b. ___ hire a translator c. ___ don’t travel until you have mastered a language 6. You should check for any travel advisories in the country you are traveling to. Check for a. ___ government issued travel advisories b. ___ whether the advisory affects your area of travel c. ___ what weapons you can take to defend yourself 7. Check for the kind of insurance you need to protect yourself a. ___ travel Insurance b. ___ life Insurance c. ___ medical Insurance 8. Select the best ways to stay connected while traveling a. ___ using Skype from your computer or cell phone b. ___ plan on borrowing a phone to make calls c. ___ texting is always a good option especially in emergencies

WRITING

9.1.4 Business Travel

Analyze the following charts.

A recent study brings to light the usage of business travel policies by corporations. A total of 2100 travel managers were surveyed in 24 countries including Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, India, Russia, UK and the US. You can see a bar chart of future business travel volumes on the next page. Study the chart carefully and write at least 150 words reporting the main features that you find in these charts and make comparisons where relevant. The following words might help you:

Upward change : to rise; to increase; to grow; to boom; to show / see an upward trend; to surge; to soar; to expand;

Downward change : to fall; to decrease; to decline; to dip; to drop; to slump; to deteriorate; to go down; to show / see a downward trend; to weaken; to hit a low; to plunge; to plummet; to slump;

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Stability: to level out / off (at); do not change; to remain stable (at); to remain steady (at); to stabilize; Business Travel Volumes

SPEAKING

9.1.5 Discussing a Group Booking for a Hotel (S)

Discuss the following with your partner.

http://www.travelzoo.com/hotels/chicago/-99-Detroit-4-Star-Hotel-w-Free-Breakfast-and-Wi-Fi-1521452/

Student A: You work for a company which wants to send 10 of your employees on a business trip to a foreign city. Student B: You run a hotel in a foreign city and you receive a call from a potential customer. You should negotiate a deal which satisfies both of you, if possible – don’t forget to be polite and compromise!

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A. Leader of travel group

B. Manager of hotel

A

10 single

Number of rooms required / available

6 single and 2 double

B

Full board (breakfast, lunch and evening meal)

Meals included

Half board (breakfast evening meal)

C

Internet in every room, safe parking, interpreter services

Facilities

Internet available in hotel lounge, street parking

D

100 Euros ppp (per person per night) with a 15 % discount for a group booking

Price

150 Euros ppp (per person per night) with a 5% discount for a group booking

9.2. Travelling Abroad on Business 2 – Organizing Travel

WRITING

9.2.1 Letter of Complaint (W)

Write a letter of complaint about the services of the hotel your boss stayed at on his business trip last week. He was not satisfied with the facilities of the conference room, the quality of the food and the Wi-Fi connection in the business lounge, so he would like to have a partial refund. For useful expressions, format, and sample letter you can consult the following site: http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0002121.html

How to Write a Complaint Letter

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  

   

Include your name, address, and home and work phone numbers. Type your letter if possible. If it is handwritten, make sure it is neat and easy to read. Make your letter brief and to the point. Include all important facts about your purchase, including the date and place where you made the purchase and any information you can give about the product or service such as serial or model numbers or specific type of service. State exactly what you want done about the problem and how long you are willing to wait to get it resolved. Be reasonable. Include all documents regarding your problem. Be sure to send COPIES, not originals. Avoid writing an angry, sarcastic, or threatening letter. The person reading your letter probably was not responsible for your problem but may be very helpful in resolving it. Keep a copy of the letter for your records.

Sample Complaint Letter  Name of Contact Person, if available Title, if available Company Name Consumer Complaint Division, if you have no contact person Street Address City, State, Zip Code  Dear (Contact Person):  Re: (account number, if applicable)  On (date), I (bought, leased, rented, or had repaired) a (name of the product, with serial or model number or service performed) at (location and other important details of the transaction).  Unfortunately, your product (or service) has not performed well (or the service was inadequate) because (state the problem). I am disappointed because (explain the problem: for example, the product does not work properly, the service was not performed correctly, I was billed the wrong amount, something was not disclosed clearly or was misrepresented, etc.).  To resolve the problem, I would appreciate it if you could (state the specific action you want—money back, charge card credit, repair, exchange, etc.). Enclosed are copies of my records (include copies of receipts, guarantees, warranties, canceled checks, contracts, model and serial numbers, and any other documents).  I look forward to your reply and a resolution to my problem, and will wait until (set a time limit) before seeking help from a consumer protection agency or the Better Business Bureau. Please contact me at the above address or by phone at (home and/or office numbers with area code).  Sincerely,  Your name Enclosure(s) cc: (reference to whom you are sending a copy of this letter, if anyone

LISTENING

9.2.2 Business Travel Etiquette (L)

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Listen to the following presentation and decide if the following statements are TRUE, FALSE or NOT STATED. YouTube link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBGEknzJu_Q (MichaelCzinkota.com)

1. Anyone who travels on business has to be aware of cultural imperatives. TRUE

FALSE

NOT STATED

2. During international meetings everybody is very upset if the meeting starts later than it should. TRUE

FALSE

NOT STATED

3. In some countries people are addressed in a different way depending on their social status. TRUE

FALSE

NOT STATED

4. If you address somebody in a wrong way it may lead to trouble and you might lose a deal. TRUE

FALSE

NOT STATED

5. The American executive’s biggest problem was how to address the presidents of his subsidiaries. TRUE

FALSE

NOT STATED

6. The Americans in the German restaurant were very cold and they put on their jackets. TRUE

FALSE

NOT STATED

7. The German host gave a very polite reception for the Americans. TRUE

FALSE

NOT STATED

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8. National leaders do not like to be touched by anyone. TRUE

FALSE

NOT STATED

9. When President Bush shook hands with the Arab leaders they found it appalling. TRUE

FALSE

NOT STATED

FALSE

NOT STATED

10. Empathy is only about rules. TRUE

11. As for the resources, it is a good idea to read guidebooks and visit the US Department of State websites which tells you what to do and what to avoid. TRUE

FALSE

NOT STATED

12. The Central Intelligence Agency website tells you where not to go or who not to talk to if you travel abroad. TRUE

FALSE

NOT STATED

LISTENING

9.2.3. Corporate Travel Management from FCM (L)

Listen to the text and choose the correct answer. YouTube link: Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqnF-4V4j24

1. Getting better travel ideas is all about….. A

working with helpful people

B

working with people who are experienced

C

working with people you can ask the right questions

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D

working with people you can turn to any time

2. People at FCM think….. A

expensively about the products and services they offer

B

expansively about the products and services they offer

C

intensively about the products and services they offer

D

interestingly about the products and services they offer

3.

FCM is…..

A

a young financial management company

B

a young travel management company

C

a young environmental agency

D

a young investment company

4.

They are represented in ……

A

7 countries

B

17 countries

C

75 countries

D

79 countries

5.

Whether you are a small company or a large multinational, they give you the same…..

A

quotation

B

software

C

attention

D

advice

6.

They are a..... business.

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A

transaction base

B

trust base

C

relationship base

D

performance base

7.

They do not do one size fits all, they do a service you require …..

A

on a local and national level.

B

on a local level.

C

on a multinational level.

D

on a local, multinational or global level.

8.

They believe in …..

A

a face to face to contact with their customers

B

an everyday contact with their customers

C

a regular contact with the customers

D

a mutual contact.

9.

Their consultants are …… in the world.

A

the most famous

B

the most reliable

C

the best paid

D

the best trained

10.

The company is not just a ……. for corporate travel.

A

travel service

B

customer service

C

booking service

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D

career service

11.

They give their customers …….

A

the greatest prices

B

the best discounts

C

the greatest savings

D

the greatest safety

SPEAKING

9.2.4. Missed Flight – Airport Ticket Counter Encounter (S)

This exercise will feature students practicing English in an encounter with an airport ticket agent because of a missed flight and a need to rebook. After some preparation time, two students will conduct the encounter in front of the class. Preparation: Break the class into two groups, one will be the ticket agents and one will be the passenger. The groups will devise questions and strategies for negotiating a new ticket for the missed flight. The airport ticket agents will represent ANYTIME Airways. They will figure out what kind of difficulties or problems there will be with rebooking a flight. The passengers will discuss the questions they need to ask to get a new flight, a new ticket, and how to pay. They are in Paris and need to rebook a flight to Budapest. The Encounters: One agent and one passenger will in turns come to the front of the class and conduct the session. The passenger starts with his/her problem in needing to rebook a flight back home to Budapest.

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Unit 10 DEVELOPING YOUR CAREER Aims of the Unit

The aim of this unit is to introduce you to the kind of English you will need to become familiar with: 

training at work,



improving your managerial skills.

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10.1 TRAINING FOR WORK

SPEAKING

10.1.1 The Labour Market of the Future 1 (S)

What do you know about the international labour market? Discuss these questions with your partner 5. How many people are working now in Hungary? 6. And in Europe? 7. Is Hungary’s population ageing? 8. Will Europe’s population get younger or older in the future? 9. And what about the rest of the world? 10. Why do you think these demographic trends are happening?

LISTENING

10.1.2 The Labour Market of the Future 2 (L)

A British businessman, Sir Martin Sorrell, is talking about what he feels is the biggest challenge for the future in the international labour market. Listen to what he says and choose the best option for each question. 1. What have they done in China? 1

Started a new advertising school in Shanghai

2

Started advertising in schools in Shanghai

3

Found students to work in advertising

4

Found the cleverest young people in Shanghai

2. In order to attract the best young people it is important to offer 

a wide variety of subjects in different schools

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

the chance to work for incentives



both money and training courses



a guaranteed career

3. Martin Sorrell believes 1 we can’t produce everything we need 2 we soon won’t be able to produce everything we need 3 we will have to produce more and more in the future 4 we have no problem making things

4. In the future job market it will be a) more difficult to find young people b) easier to find young people c) more difficult to find clever people d) easier to employ older people

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17477469

READING

10.1.3 “It’s Never Too Late to Learn” (R) What do you think? Do you know any elderly people who still study or are planning to do so? Tell the class about them. Now read the text below and fill it with the missing clauses.

Lifelong learning is the secret to happiness in old age

Not only can learning during the later stages of life bring happiness, wellbeing and a connection to the wider community for those studying, it can also reduce dependency on welfare.

239

John Salinas says weekly ICT classes have given him a new lease of life, allowing him to benefit from community opportunities.

Professor Stephen McNair has spent half a lifetime's research proving it's better to be happy than rich – a state some say is best achieved through lifelong learning. Now, at last, the government has latched on to the idea and David Cameron is planning a happiness index _______ (1). McNair, a semi-retired National Institute of Adult Continuing Education research fellow, says that in all the guidance about wellbeing, education is central. "[It is] particularly important for those in the latter stages of life when one is less mobile and having to cope with the death of partners and friends: getting out of bed__________ (2)." This is clearly not an issue for 84-year-old Jim Kelly, winner of an Adult Learners' Week award in 2010,_________________ (3) – everything from gardening to the 1688 "glorious revolution". After school days blighted by poverty and bullying teachers, the impetus to study came from his granddaughter Becky who, as a two-year-old, grew frustrated with his inability to answer her questions. "Don't you know anything, Grandad?" she would ask. Now, 14 years later, he tells the teenager he's pleased she asked that question. Evidence of the benefits of learning ________________ (4) is overwhelming, from research by the Alzheimer's Society showing delayed onset of the disease, to reduced dependency on welfare support. Melissa March is executive director of Learning for the Fourth Age, a charity dedicated to bringing trained volunteers into care settings where they work with residents. "Our volunteers help people with everything ________________ (5) to wanting to tackle Welsh for the first time," she explains. "There is lots of interest too in IT and the connections______________ (6). Our work helps break down older people's fears about young people and opens our volunteers' eyes to the lives of older people with very different experiences from their own." Such improvements_______________ (7) , as 78-year-old Londoner Maria Tolly found. In 1989, health problems spelled an end to her career as a professional guitarist, until specialist music technology courses at Morley College and the City Lit restored her commitment to making music. "I was concerned that I might be sidelined," she recalls, "but actually studying at both institutions has proved that age is immaterial –___________________ (8) thanks to a combination of forgetting myself and realising how much I still have to learn." Soon she had music commissions ranging from after-school dance groups to composing a song for the 100th anniversary of her local park. "I am now becoming interested in music videos and I am looking for collaborators."

240

The value of learning is no exaggeration, says Fiona Aldridge, Niace programme director and author of a recent report into lifelong learning in care settings. "The benefits of ensuring that ongoing learning is a part of a care package is hard to deny when one learns of some of the best practice in this area. It has significant benefits in terms of improving people's mental health and reducing their reliance on medication." http://www.theguardian.com/adult-learning/lifelong-learning-key-to-happiness

a. and feeling one has a purpose can be particularly challenging b. from recovering piano-playing after strokes c. that email can bring d. I feel so connected to life e. as a measure of success f. bring genuine happiness g. who has in recent years dedicated himself to a wide range of study h. during the latter stages of life After reading the text: has your opinion changed? Why? Why not? Discuss with your partner.

LISTENING 10.1.4. E-Learning (L)

It is becoming more and more important to continue your studies at the workplace. To understand why listen to the presenter of a radio programme talking to Karie Willyerd of Sun Microsystems about why we need to keep up to date with the changing world. Change at Sun Microsystems 1

What kinds of companies adopt internet-based teaching and learning very early?

2

Where are Sun Microsystems and Oracle companies located?

3

What did the University of California's study show?

4

What takes 10 years?

5

What do we have to create?

241

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003sl42

Buildings 21 and 22 at Sun Microsystems' headquarters campus on the former site of the Agnews Developmental Center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_Agnews_Campus_Bldgs_21_22.jpg

READING 10.1.5 Addressing Weaknesses (R)

Read the article below and then, on the basis of what you have read, finish the sentences in the most appropriate way.

Most employees have some weaknesses in their workplace skills. A training program allows you to strengthen those skills that each employee needs to improve. A development program brings all employees to a higher level so they all have similar skills and knowledge. This helps reduce any weak links within the company who rely heavily on others to complete basic work tasks. Providing the necessary training creates an overall knowledgeable staff with employees who can take over for one another as needed, work on teams or work independently without constant help and supervision from others.

Improved Employee Performance An employee who receives the necessary training is better able to perform her job. She becomes more aware of safety practices and proper procedures for basic tasks. The training may also build the employee's confidence because she has a stronger understanding of the industry and the responsibilities of her job. This confidence may push her to perform even better and think of new ideas that help her excel. Continuous training also keeps your employees on the cutting edge of industry developments. Employees who are competent and on top of changing industry standards help your company hold a position as a leader and strong competitor within the industry.

Consistency

242

A structured training and development program ensures that employees have a consistent experience and background knowledge. The consistency is particularly relevant for the company's basic policies and procedures. All employees need to be aware of the expectations and procedures within the company. This includes safety, discrimination and administrative tasks. Putting all employees through regular training in these areas ensures that all staff members at least have exposure to the information.

Employee Satisfaction Employees with access to training and development programs have the advantage over employees in other companies who are left to seek out training opportunities on their own. The investment in training that a company makes shows the employees they are valued. The training creates a supportive workplace. Employees may gain access to training they wouldn't have otherwise known about or sought out themselves. Employees who feel appreciated and challenged through training opportunities may feel more satisfaction toward their jobs. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-training-development-workplace-10321.html

1. Addressing weaknesses… a. is useful for the staff members who are behind the others. b. helps employees working on their own. c. is necessary in businesses where the level of the employees is very different.

2. If you train your employees regularly a. they will probably develop. b. they will change the industry standards. c. their performance at work may drop.

3. Consistent training influences employees in the following way: a. They will know too much about the company. b. They might be confused. c. They will know what is happening at the company.

4. Employees who are trained

243

a. can look for training for themselves elsewhere. b. are content and feel appreciated. c. envy the other colleagues who are not.

LISTENING

10.1.6 What is E-Learning? (L)

As young people become more and more computer literate, people are investigating the idea of learning through computers, as well as – or sometimes instead of – traditional methods of study. Listen to Josh Bersin talking about e-learning and fill in the chart and answer the questions.

E-learning is a word that started around …........... (1), and it was originally the concept of ….................. (2) the internet to physical training, so the ………. (3) concept was “We're gonna do away with the classroom, we're gonna do away with bricks and mortar universities and we're gonna put it all on the web”, and in fact Cisco and other ….................. (4) of the internet really tried to make a lot of …............. (5) about this to try to …................ (6) demand for the internet, and companies tried to do that and they tried to shut down their classroom training … universities tried to put all their professors on line … and what they found was that – it didn't work. The Internet is good for

The Internet is not good for

7. ….................. training

10. soft skills like ….....................

8. …................. on a process

11+12 how to …..........., or how to ….................

9. ….............. training

13. some of the more people-..................... skills

14. What does the average employee do 70 times in a single day? Shift between their …………. and their ……………. 15. How many PC's are there in the world? …………….. 16. Who or what do we learn from? ……………… What have become very important parts of corporate training?

244

17. tools of …....................... 18. the concepts of …......................... http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003sl42

SPEAKING

10.1.7 E-Learning (S)

http://www.palco-me.com/main/E-Learning.jpg

Questions for discussion 1

Do you prefer to study using traditional methods (books and note-taking) or do you enjoy using computers?

2

Do you think your school or university is well-equipped with the latest technology for students?

3

Do you think you will be able to work effectively without being computer literate?

4

What are computers not able to teach you?

5

Are you happy about the thought of having to relearn things later in your working life?

WRITING

10.1.8 What’s Your Opinion about E-Learning? (W) Using the help given in section 3.1.9, write an essay of about 200 words on the pros and cons of Elearning. Include the following points:



Reasons for its development and spread



Types of courses ideal for e-learning

245







Advantages - popularity of high-tech forms of learning - flexibility - your own pace and schedule - objective evaluation - cost-effective Disadvantages - no immediate feedback - lack of oral communication - needs self-discipline Finish with a conclusion

WRITING

10.1.9 How to Write ‘For and Against’ Type Essays (1) (W)

1. State the issue, explaining its relevance / topicality, and if necessary explaining why it causes disagreement/controversy. “One of the most widely-debated issues facing us today is ….” “In recent years the issue of … has been widely discussed …”

2. Present different opinions “Many (people) have argued / argue that … “There is a widespread belief that...” “There is general agreement that ….” “Most people believe that …,” “According to some experts …”

3. Present your own opinion “In my opinion… “I tend to think that …” “From my perspective, the situation is …” “I have always believed that …” “I have come to the conclusion that …. “ “I am sceptical about this. / I doubt that this is true.”

246

4. Conclude “All things considered, …” “Considering all the arguments, on balance I would say…” “In conclusion, I would argue that…” “All in all I tend to agree with people who …”

WRITING

10.1.10 Writing a Letter Inviting a Tender 1 (W)

Exercise 1 You work at the Conferi Kft. which organises training events in Hungary. You are going to organise a training event for the medical sector and you need to translators and interpreters. Write a letter to a translation agency asking them to bid for the work. Use the prompts given below. Conferi Kft. 56 Rakoczi út. Budapest

Smith Spa. 456 Sony St. Belgium 45

21st February 2005

Dear Ms Smith         

I / Gábor Pécsi, managing director / Conferi Kft., / company specialize / organise / training events / Hungary. I / write / announce / new training course / we organise / March 2015 / Budapest. 2000 trainees / attend / the event / all over / world. The sessions / take place / Hotel Confi / last 3 days. The participants / need translation services / Hungarian / English / vice versa. We invite your company / bid / contract. In your bid you / provide detailed information / services / costs. All tenders must / receive / July 21st 2014 / the result / announce / August 30th. Please / not hesitate / contact me personally if / need / details.

247

 I enclose / brochure / details / conference. Yours / … Gábor Pécsi

WRITING

10.1.11 Writing a Letter Inviting a Tender 2 (W) Exercise 2 You work at the Centre for International Studies employing 20 officials at the University of Budapest which receives more than 1,000 foreign students each year. You are responsible for staff training and improvement and it is your job to organise a training course to help staff at the Centre deal with students from different cultures and countries. Write letters to training organisations asking for offers. In the letter you should describe what kind of training course you need and also what you can pay for the course. Write a letter of 150-180 words, excluding names, addresses, dates. Requirements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

training for 20 persons language of training: English one week, 7 hours per day varied teaching material involving theory and practice (case studies preferred) subjects: procedures concerning studying abroad - higher education systems in the EU - welcoming visitors - contacting people from other cultures (greetings, non-verbal communication) - cultural differences (dress code, gifts, inviting people)

Venue: comfortable, spacious room, located in the centre of Budapest but in a quiet area Budget: 2,000,000 HUF, including 5 lunches

10.2.MANAGEMENT

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

10.2.1 What do Managers Do? (V)

248

http://www.lematin.ma/supplement/emploi/2012/Management_Quel-DRH--pour-demain/Management_Quel-DRH-pour-demain--/174876.html

Match the pairs below: 

set

a. tasks to different employees



communicate

b. new working practices to the organisation



improve

c. the best person for each task



select

d. problems when they occur



train

e. the efficiency of the organisation



introduce

f. with all members of staff



allocate

g. newly recruited employees



deal with

h. goals and targets for the staff

Discuss these questions with a partner: 1. Have you got the right skills to manage people? 2. Could you organise people to work effectively?

READING

10.2.2 Useful People to Have in Teams (S)

Study the table below. Do you agree that people can be divided into different types of workers on the basis of their personality and style of work? Which type would you be?

Type

Typical features

Strengths

Weaknesses

Worker

Reliable

Works hard

Is not very creative

Manager

Confident

Focuses on objectives

Is not very intellectual

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Researcher

Self disciplined

Explores new ideas

Has narrow interests

SPEAKING

10.2.3 Selecting a Team (S) You work for the HR Department. Choose one of the projects below and, using the information on the previous page, decide which three types of worker would make the best team. Remember to choose people with the right skills and working styles and also people who could work with each other easily in a small team of three people. Task

Type of team needed

Setting up an banking service

Important aspects of task People chosen

Internet Financial services - tight deadline, reliable 1. development team system, high financial risk 2.

3. Applying for an EU grant Planning and negotiating - must be well-prepared,1. team presentation important 2. 3. Investigating fraud in a Investigative team - long-term job, attention 1. multinational company to detail 2. 3. Developing a new sales Sales team - lots of travelling, 1. territory for a food product individual initiative2. important, social contacts3. important

WRITING

10.2.4 Writing an E-Mail (W) Now write an e-mail to your manager in which you describe the three people who you think are most suitable for the task. Use some of the expressions below in your email. 

We need a person who is …………………………….



It is important / crucial / vital / necessary to have ………………………..



It would be advisable / preferable to have …………………………



X's ………………………would be helpful / useful / indispensable ……………….



This task requires ……………………………….

250



In order to ……….. we need someone who can …………………………….

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

10.2.5. Motivating Staff Financially (V)

A manager needs to motivate staff. One typical way of motivating staff is to pay them well. See if you can complete these sentences with the words at the bottom of the page: 1

There was very little ……………… to work because the pay was very low and the work was quite boring.

2

Salespeople can increase their earnings significantly because they earn a ……………. every time they make a sale.

3

Most people nowadays are paid a monthly ………………. which is paid into their bank account automatically.

4

A talented young footballer often has a very high ………………….. even though his career may be quite short.

5

Many companies prefer to give their employees ………………….... like a free mobile phone, or meal vouchers, because this is less expensive than paying them more.

6

In London public sector workers get a ………………………., which is usually 8.5% of their regular pay, to compensate them for the high costs of the capital.

7

Everyone has tax, national insurance and pension contribution ………………. from their pay.

8

Women don’t always receive the same …………… of pay as men for the same job.

9

At the end of the year many workers can get a …………….. if their company has been successful

10 When company directors retire they are often given a ……………………… which is usually a lot of money.

deducted

incentive

commission

golden handshake

rate

salary

earning potential

bonus

cost-of-living allowance

fringe benefit

LISTENING

10.2.6 How to Manage Your Staff (L)

251

Many organisations try to make work enjoyable for their staff, but not all succeed. Listen to this extract from a radio programme about how managers treat their staff and answer the questions.

1. How many people work for the Beaverbrooks chain of shops? 2. What percentage of them are satisfied with their manager and his/her approach to management? 3. The women at Beaverbrooks explain why they are happy to work there. Which of these ideas do they mention? 1

You can talk to the managers, unlike at other stores

2

You can choose which department to work in

3

The company pays you very well

4

You don’t need to worry about the future

5

The managers visit the staff frequently

6

The atmosphere makes you want to work there

7

You are free to contact the management

4. What is Karen happy about? (fill in the spaces) a. She has been able to earn _________________ in bonuses b. She has been able to take her family to __________________ c. She works with colleagues who have the utmost ______________________ d. Her _____________________ are recognised

Fill in the spaces Beaverbrooks started to take notice of the opinions of its staff in ______________________ (5). Mark Addlestone found that the staff were not receiving any ______________________________ (6) and they were not __________________ (7), but above all they didn’t feel __________________________________

(8).

So

he

introduced

a

new

package

of

_______________________ (9) benefits, and he visits each store personally at least _______________________________ (10). Mark Addlestone believes that sometimes people say they are fine, even when something _______________ (11), but he believes that people ________________ (12) the company and him personally. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/nicework/nicework_20041130.shtml

252

READING

10.2.7. Motivating Staff (R)

http://activerain.com/image_store/uploads/8/4/0/3/7/ar131162792273048.jpg

“Something that will make me stay, love and enjoy my work.” (Guest cheyser) http://humanresources.about.com/u/ua/motivationrewardretention/work_motivation.htm

This quote comes from an internet chat site. Do you think it describes what motivation at work is?

Work in pairs and answer the following questions: 1 2 3

What motivates a 5-year-old child? What motivates you? What do you think people motivates at work?

Now you are going to read a text about motivation at work. After reading it decide on which points you agree with the writer.

What People Want From Work: Motivation Motivation Is Different For Each of Your Employees By Susan M. Heathfield, About.com Guide

Every person has different motivations for working. The reasons for working are as individual as the person. But, we all work because we obtain something that we need from work. The something we obtain from work impacts our morale and motivation and the quality of our lives. Here is the most recent thinking about motivation, what people want from work.

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Work IS About the Money Some people work for love; others work for personal fulfillment. Others like to accomplish goals and feel as if they are contributing to something larger than themselves, something important. Some people have personal missions they accomplish through meaningful work. Others truly love what they do or the clients they serve. Some like the camaraderie and interaction with customers and coworkers. Other people like to fill their time with activity. Some workers like change, challenge, and diverse problems to solve. Motivation is individual and diverse. Whatever your personal reasons for working, the bottom line, however, is that almost everyone works for money. Whatever you call it: compensation, salary, bonuses, benefits or remuneration, money pays the bills. Money provides housing, gives children clothing and food, sends teens to college, and allows leisure activities, and eventually, retirement. To underplay the importance of money and benefits as motivation for people who work is a mistake. Fair benefits and pay are the cornerstone of a successful company that recruits and retains committed workers. If you provide a living wage for your employees, you can then work on additional motivation issues. Without the fair, living wage, however, you risk losing your best people to a better-paying employer. In fact, recent research from Watson Wyatt Worldwide in The Human Capital Edge: 21 People Management Practices Your Company Must Implement (or Avoid) to Maximize Shareholder Value, (Compare Prices) recommends, that to attract the best employees, you need to pay more than your average-paying counterparts in the marketplace. Money provides basic motivation. Got Money? What's Next for Motivation? I've read the surveys and studies dating back to the early 1980s that demonstrate people want more from work than money. An early study of thousands of workers and managers by the American Psychological Association clearly demonstrated this. While managers predicted the most important motivational aspect of work for people would be money, personal time and attention from the supervisor was cited by workers as most rewarding and motivational for them at work. In a recent Workforce article, "The Ten Ironies of Motivation", reward and recognition guru, Bob Nelson, says, "More than anything else, employees want to be valued for a job well done by those they hold in high esteem." He adds that people want to be treated as if they are adult human beings. While what people want from work is situational, depending on the person, his needs and the rewards that are meaningful to him, giving people what they want from work is really quite straightforward. People want: 

Control of their work inspires motivation: including such components as the ability to impact decisions; setting clear and measurable goals; clear responsibility for a complete, or at least defined, task; job enrichment; tasks performed in the work itself; and recognition for achievement.



To belong to the in-crowd creates motivation: including items such as receiving timely information and communication; understanding management's formulas for decision making; team and meeting participation opportunities; and visual documentation and posting of work progress and accomplishments.

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

The opportunity for growth and development is motivational: and includes education and training; career paths; team participation; succession planning; cross-training; and field trips to successful workplaces.



Leadership is key in motivation. People want clear expectations that provide a picture of the outcomes desired with goal setting and feedback and an appropriate structure or framework.

What You Can Do for Motivation and Positive Morale You have much information about what people want from work. Key to creating a work environment that fosters motivation are the wants and needs of the individual. I recommend that you ask your employees what they want from work and whether they are getting it. With this information in hand, I predict you'll be surprised at how many simple and inexpensive opportunities you have to create a motivational, desirable work environment. Pay attention to what is important to the people you employ for high motivation and positive morale. You'll achieve awesome business success. http://humanresources.about.com/od/rewardrecognition/a/needs_work.htm

Now answer the questions below: 1. What is essential if you want to avoid losing your best people? _____________________________________________ 2. What do workers want from their employees? _____________________________________________ 3. Why is setting clear and measurable goals important? _____________________________________________ 4. What does “belong to the in-crowd” mean? _____________________________________________ 5. List three types of opportunities for development. _____________________________________________ 6. What does the author of this article recommend employers do? _____________________________________________

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KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSCRIPTS

UNIT 1 THE HUMAN BODY 1.1.1 Interesting Facts about the Human Body Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

during the day. water. the small intestine. razorblades. a tennis court. than men’s. make room for your heart. stress. reduced to 206. in the evening.

1.1.2 Pair-Work

Key: 1. The brain is much more active at night than during the day. Logically, you would think that all the moving around, complicated calculations and tasks and general interaction we do on a daily basis during our working hours would take a lot more brain power than, say, lying in bed. Turns out, the opposite is true. When you turn off your brain turns on. Scientists don’t yet know why this is but you can thank the hard work of your brain while you sleep for all those pleasant dreams. 2. 80% of the brain is water. Your brain isn’t the firm, gray mass you’ve seen on TV. Living brain tissue is a squishy, pink and jelly-like organ thanks to the loads of blood and high water content of the tissue. So the next time you’re feeling dehydrated get a drink to keep your brain hydrated. 3. The largest internal organ is the small intestine. Despite being called the smaller of the two intestines, your small intestine is actually four times as long as the average adult is tall. If it weren’t looped back and forth upon itself it wouldn’t fit inside the abdominal cavity. 4. The acid in your stomach is strong enough to dissolve razorblades. While you certainly shouldn’t test the fortitude of your stomach by eating a razorblade or any other metal object for that matter, the acids that digest the food you eat aren’t to be taken lightly. Hydrochloric acid, the type found in your stomach, is not only good at dissolving the pizza you had for dinner but can also eat through many types of metal.

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5. The surface area of a human lung is equal to a tennis court. In order to more efficiently oxygenate the blood, the lungs are filled with thousands of branching bronchi and tiny, grape-like alveoli. These are filled with microscopic capillaries which oxygen and carbon dioxide. The large amount of surface area makes it easier for this exchange to take place, and makes sure you stay properly oxygenated at all times. 6. Women’s hearts beat faster than men’s. The main reason for this is simply that on average women tend to be smaller than men and have less mass to pump blood to. But women’s and men’s hearts can actually act quite differently, especially when experiencing trauma like a heart attack, and many treatments that work for men must be adjusted or changed entirely to work for women. 7. Your left lung is smaller than your right lung to make room for your heart. For most people, if they were asked to draw a picture of what the lungs look like they would draw both looking roughly the same size. While the lungs are fairly similar in size, the human heart, though located fairly centrally, is tilted slightly to the left making it take up more room on that side of the body and crowding out that poor left lung. 8. Over 90% of diseases are caused or complicated by stress. That high stress job you have could be doing more than just wearing you down each day. It could also be increasing your chances of having a variety of serious medical conditions like depression, high blood pressure and heart disease. 9. Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood the number is reduced to 206. The reason for this is that many of the bones of children are composed of smaller component bones that are not yet fused like those in the skull. This makes it easier for the baby to pass through the birth canal. The bones harden and fuse as the children grow. 10. We are about 1 cm taller in the morning than in the evening. The cartilage between our bones gets compressed by standing, sitting and other daily activities as the day goes on, making us just a little shorter at the end of the day than at the beginning. http://icantseeyou.typepad.com/my_weblog/2008/02/100-very-cool-f.html

1.1.3 The Human Body in Numbers Key: 1. 120 2. 400 3. 30 4. 70 5. 100,000 6. 3 7. 1 8. 166

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9. 1.5 10. 20 11. 60,000 12. 600,000

1.1.4 Interesting Activities of the Human Body Key: 1. dream, 2. grows, 3. dissolve, 4. burn, 5. produce, 6. eating, 7. causes, 8. stop, 9. contain, 10. die, 11. see, 12. survive

1.2.1 The Body Key: 4. neck 8. elbow 11. back 13. waist 18. thigh

1.2.2 The Hand Key: 21. wrist 24. thumb 29. palm

1.2.3 The Head Key: 32. forehead 34. ear 36. nose

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40. moustache

1.2.4 The Eye Key: 44. eyebrow 46. eyelashes

1.2.5 The Foot Key: 50. ankle 54. toe

1.2.6 The Internal Organs Key: 57. brain 59. throat 62. muscle 64. heart 66. stomach 68. vein 70. kidney 72. bladder

1.2.7 Body Systems and Organs Key: throat, windpipe, lung: respiratory system esophagus, liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas: digestive system kidney, bladder: urinary system heart, vein, artery: cardiovascular system

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muscle, bone: musculoskeletal system brain, spinal cord: nervous system

1.2.8 Body Systems -Pictures Key: 1. Lymphatic system 2. Respiratory system 3. Digestive system 4. Urinary system 5. Reproductive system 6. Integumentary system 7. Muscular system 8. Skeletal system 9. Nervous system 10. Endocrine system 11. Circulatory system

1.3.1 Medical Specialists and Activities Key: 1. – l, 2. – j, 3. – i, 4. – a, 5. – m, 6. – n, 7. – o, 8. – d, 9. – c, 10. – k, 11. – e, 12. – g, 13. – h, 14. – b, 15. – f

1.3.2 Definition of Specialists Key: a. Gastroenterologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system, such as hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and colon or rectal cancer. b. General practitioners are medical doctors who diagnose and treat most types of health conditions or diseases and do not specialize in any particular area of medicine. They provide basic medical service.

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c. An internist is a medical doctor who specializes in the care of adults. People might choose an internist as their primary doctor for regular checkups and for treating illness. Internists can further specialize in areas such as:   

Endocrinology (diseases of the endocrine glands, which regulate hormones). Gastroenterology (diseases of the digestive system). Nephrology (diseases of the kidney and urinary system).

d. ENT doctors perform surgery for sinus and sleep problems, remove tonsils and tumors, help with hearing and balance problems. e. Pathologists are medical doctors who specialize in the examination of tissue and blood samples to diagnose disease and who perform autopsies. f. Plastic surgeons are medical doctors who specialize in surgery that improves a person's appearance. g. Rheumatologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the joints. h.Sports medicine specialists are medical doctors who specialize in the treatment of people who have injuries to their bones, muscles, joints, tendons, or ligaments that result from physical activity. i. Urologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the urinary system in men and women and disorders of the male reproductive system.

1.4.1 Pair-Work Key: I saw my general practitioner 2 months ago. My nose was running, I had high fever, and I had a sore throat. My GP listened to my heart and lungs, he took my pulse and checked my throat. He told me to take vitamin C, antipyretic and some cough mixture. He advised me to have a rest and drink plenty of hot liquid.

1.4.2 Doctor-Patient Dialogue - Examination Key: 1. come in for, 2. roll up, 3. take, 4. exercise, 5. run up, 6. have, 7. listen, 8. hold, 9. open, 10. order

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1.4.3 Explaining Words Key: physical examination (exam): an examination, usually peformed by a physician, of a person's body in order to determine his or her state of health. ultra-sound: the use of ultrasonic waves for diagnostic purposes, specifically to image an internal body structure or monitor a developing fetus. overweight: weighing more than is normal, necessary, or allowed, especially having more body weight than is considered normal or healthy for one's age or build. balanced diet: a diet that contains adequate amounts of all the necessary nutrients required for healthy growth and activity. stethoscope: a medical instrument for listening to the sounds generated inside the body. to look ship shape: to seem to be in a good condition. slip: a small piece of paper, especially a small form, document, or receipt. to arrange an appointment: to schedule a meeting with someone.

1.5.1 Diseases - Categories Key: Musculoskeletal: osteoporosis, gout, fractures Hormonal: diabetes, menopause, thyroid dysfunction Neurologic: dementia, Parkinson's disease, balance problem Visual: macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataracts Cardiovascular disease: heart attack, irregular heart rhythm, hypertension Lungs: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, asthma Skin and Hair: hair loss, dry skin, itching Gastrointestinal: stomach ulcer, heartburn, constipation

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Urinary: urinary incontinence, polyuria, dsyuria Oral and dental: gum disease, dry mouth, poorly fitting dentures Psychiatric: depression, anxiety, insomnia General problems: fatigue, appetite loss, weight gain

1.5.2 Common Infectious Diseases Worldwide Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A mosquito that transmits malaria. A virus causing influenza. A tsetse fly spreading sleeping sickness. A bacterial or viral infection of the brain leading to meningitis. The yellowing of the white of the eye, typical of hepatitis.

1.5.3 Common Infectious Diseases Key: 1. developing, 2. include, 3. fatal, 4. with, 5. dehydration, 6. infected, 7. mild, 8. severe, 9. develop, 10. of, 11. majority, 12. of, 13. victims, 14. prevalent, 15. lethargy, 16. immunity, 17. watery, 18. procedures, 19. sustained, 20. recover

1.5.4 Health Tips to Tourists Travelling to Hungary Key: Sample answer In case of an emergency, don't worry about insurance issues and head directly to the nearest hospital emergency room. Under Hungarian law, any health organization, public or private, is required to treat patients in an emergency situation regardless of their insurance status. Emergency telephone numbers (toll-free from any phone): Ambulance: dial 104, Police: dial 107, Fire Brigade: dial 105.

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Food and water precautions After washing fruits or vegetables carefully you can eat them at once. When visiting Hungary no precautions concerning food or water have to be taken. You can freely drink tap water. (There are only few places where water is forbidden to drink, for example on the trains, but here you can buy bottled water in the dining car). Vaccinations In Hungary there are no special regulations concerning vaccinations, but Hepatitis A and influenza vaccines are recommended for all travellers over one year of age. http://www.justlanded.com/english/Hungary/Hungary-Guide/Health/Stay-safe-in-Hungary

1.6.1 Medical Abbreviations -Guessing Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

BP: blood pressure COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CNS: central nervous system ER: emergency room ECG: electrocardiogram IM: intramuscular IV: intravenous M.D.: medical doctor OR: operating room OTC: over the counter STD: sexually transmitted disease W: weight

1.6.2 Medical Abbreviations - Completion Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

ABR: absolute bed rest ABT: antibiotic therapy ADH: antidiuretic hormone CBC: complete blood count CSF: cerebrospinal fluid DOA: dead on arrival GI: gastrointestinal ICP: intracranial pressure MI: myocardial infarction

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10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

SOB: shortness of breath S/S: signs and symptoms TPR: temperature, pulse, respiration UTI: urinary tract infection VS: vital signs WBC: white blood count

1.7.1 Names of Instruments Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Stethoscope Reflex hammer Mercury thermometers Weighing scale Kidney dish Nebulizer Defibrillator Hemodialysis machine Syringe and needle Blood infusion set Bandage Endoscope

1.7.2 Usage of Instruments Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Bandage: it is used for to cover and protect certain areas of the body after an injury. Blood infusion set: it is used for routine venipunctures and infusion applications. Defibrillator: it is used to start up a heart that is not beating. Endoscope: it is used to look inside the oesophagus, stomach, intestines mainly in surgery. Hemodialysis machine: it is used to remove toxic materials from the blood that are generally removed by the kidneys; used in case of renal failure. Kidney dish: it is used as a tray for instruments, gauze, tissue, etc. Mercury thermometers: they are used to record body temperature. Nebulizer: it is used to produce aerosols of drugs to be administered by respiratory route. Reflex hammer: it is used to test motor reflexs of the body. Stethoscope: it is used to hear sounds from movements within the body, like heart beats, breath sounds, etc. Syringe and needle: they are used for injections and aspiration of blood or fluid from the body. Weighing scale: it is used to record the patient’s weight.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruments_used_in_general_medicine

1.7.3 Matching Instrument and Definition Key: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

d.

h.

g.

j.

f.

k.

l.

e.

a.

i.

b.

c.

1.8.1 Body Planes in Different Fields of Medicine Key: Anatomy, physiology, pathology.

1.8.2 Definitions Key: Section: b., Plane: a.

1.8.3 Body Planes Listening Key: Task 1 The body is in upright status where your feet are parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body the palms face anteriorly which is toward the front, towards your navel, the head is level and the eyes are facing forward. Task 2 1. sagittal 2. coronal 3. horizontal Task 3 1. midsagittal 2. frontal 3. cross-sectional Task 4 1. right, left 2. anterior, posterior (front, back) 3. superior, inferior (top, bottom)

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Task 5 Oblique plane: it is a plane that passes through the body at a unique angle. That is it is not directly perpendicular or parallel to the body.

1.8.4 Transcript: Body planes and Sections by Prof Knoppy Welcome to lecture three. In lecture three we are going to look at some basic ideas in A and P that’s considered the language of anatomy and physiology. There is a very precise language, and it needs to be, think of, someone doing surgery in that case any small mistake in terminology can be diastrous in the long run. Secondly, the terms that we use in A and P are often very technical, some of those you hear in everday language but most you do not. Anatomists use a very specific position of the body, as a point of common reference, no matter where you go in the world, though they may have different words is different languages the point of reference is the same, no matter where you are at. In that point of reference is turned the anatomic position or the anatomical position: it is in upright status where your feet are parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body the palms face anteriorly which is toward the front, towards your navel the head is level and the eyes are facing forward. Now we could break the body down into several different parts based on either sections and by plane. Sections is a slice or cut to expose the internal anatomy and we get those sections by looking at planes or imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body. There are three major planes: we have the coronal, the transverse and the sagittal or midsagittal. The coronal plane is a vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts, it is often called the frontal plane, as if someone took a giant knife and cut a person so that the front and back of the body would be in pieces. The second is a transverse plane, it is a horizontal plane dividing the body into top and bottom or superior or inferior pieces, you also see it call a cross-sectional plane. The third is the sagittal or mid-sagittal plane, it is a vertical plane dividing the body into left and right pieces. A sagittal plane gives you left and right pieces a midsagittal plane gives you equal left and right halves. Finally, we have the oblique plane, and it is a plane that passes through the body at a unique angle. That is it is not directly perpendicular or parallel to the body, it will pass at something like a thirty or forty-five or seventy degree angle somewhere in between zero and a hundred and eighty degrees. When you are observing sections learning about the body it is important to understand what plane you are looking at that section from. It will help you to interpret what you are looking at within the section itself. Finally, we have the last slide which will show you in the figure the different sections of the body. The very first one that we are going to look at is the coronal, keep in mind this is the one dividing the body into front and back pieces, we can see that there, that is the blue one, next we have the transverse, which is this one here, this giving you, a section that this gives you top and bottom pieces, and finally, we have the sagittal, which is this plane here, giving you left and right pieces, and more specifically, the mid-sagittal section as giving you equal left and right pieces.

Source: http://youtu.be/oxJ4fARh9gE

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1.9.1 Matching Pain and Description Key: 1.- i, 2.- g, 3.-a, 4.-f, 5.-b, 6.-h, 7-c, 8.-j, 9.-d, 10.-e

1.9.2 Experiencing Pain Last Key: I had a headache two weeks ago. I took some painkillers and relaxed in my bed.

1.9.3 What Is Chronic Pain? Key: 1. True, 2. False, 3. False, 4. True, 5. False, 6. True, 7. False, 8. False

1.9.4 Pain That Comes and Goes Key: to get to the bottom of something: to get an understanding of the causes of something. eating habits: the way a person eats, considered in terms of what types of food are eaten, in what quantities, and when. to come and go: to exist or happen for a short time and then go away. on a scale of one to ten: A progressive classification between 1 and 10. heavy food: food that takes a long time to digest.

1.9.5 Dialogue Completion Key: 1. stomach, 2. earlier, 3. but, 4. strong, 5. say, 6. hardly, 7. cause, 8. travel

1.10.1 Guessing the Word Key: High body temperature: fever.

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Sign, indication; something caused by and indicative of a certain disease or disorder: symptom. Abnormally frequent and loose bowel movements: diarrhoea. Thick, sticky mucus secreted by the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, as during a cold or other respiratory infection: phlegm. Having knowledge of something: be aware of something. Having the respiratory passages blocked: stuffy. An abnormally high sensitivity to certain substances, such as pollens or foods: allergy.

1.10.2 Doctor-Patient Dialogue - Pain Key: 1. cough, 2. feeling, 3. headache, 4. produce, 5. packet, 6. allergies, 7. past, 8. mouth

1.11.1 Matching Pictures and Expressions Key: 1. Don't sweat it/ Don't sweat the small stuff. 2. Hectic life 3. Fight or flight response

1.11.2 Adjective Forms of Verbs Key: a. circulatory b. digestive c. diaphragmatic d. reproductive

1.11.3 Verbs and Nouns Key: Verb

Noun

digest

digestion

breathe

breathing

perspire

perspiration

sweat

sweating

exhaust

exhaustion

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grow

growth

accumulate

accumulation

1.11.4 Stress Key: 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Your heart. Your blood pressure. Your blood. Your digestion. Your immune system. Your breathing. Your perspiration. Your muscles. Your blood sugar. Your anti-aging growth hormones. Your reproductive system and sex hormones. Your stress hormones.

1. Key: 1. When you're stressed your body a. reacts instantly. 2. Your heart beats b. faster and you put excess strain on it. 3. Your blood pressure further rises because your body also narrows and constricts your blood vessels to prevent you from bleeding to c. death from injury. 4. Here's the challenge: your d. blood will clot regardless of whether or not you really are injured. 5. So, even if you're eating healthy foods your body won't be able to e. properly digest that food. 6. Your body will suppress your f. immune system. 7. Anxiety and panic g. attacks can also accompany shallow breathing. 8. Under stress we can h. perspire excessively. 9. Some of our bodies are not equipped to adequately process that lot of blood sugar and that can lead to i. serious health problems.

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10. Your body reduces the flow of anti-aging growth hormones, so as a j. result our bodies age faster. 11. Your reproductive systems are suppressed and you produce k. less sex hormones, so this can result in you feeling a drop in your libido, your sex drive. 12. Your body pumps out adrenaline and noradrenaline which alert our body that it's in l. danger. 13. Your body also pumps out cortisol which is considered the m. primary stress hormone.

1.11 Transcript The Effect of Stress on Your Body

Welcome to your tour of your body on stress. When you're stressed your body reacts instantly. Here are 12 of the most significant changes that happen in your body. Your heart: each time you experience stress, your heart beats faster and you put excess strain on it. Your blood pressure: your blood pressure increases because it's pumping extra blood, oxygen and sugars to your muscles to supply more energy. Remember under stress you trigger your fight or flight response and your body responds as though you're under attack. Whether it's real, just a perceived threat or you're just feeling the pressure and tension from your modern-day, hectic life. Your blood pressure further rises because your body also narrows and constricts your blood vessels to prevent you from bleeding to death from injury. Your blood: your blood starts clotting which creates blockages in your circulatory system preventing the free flow of blood through your body. This is another way your body protects yo, so if you're injured you won’t bleed to death. Here's the challenge: your blood will clot regardless of whether or not you really are injured. Your digestion: stress severely affects your digestion. Under stress your body shuts or slows down any systems that are absolutely necessary to deal with the immediate threat. At those times your body does not care about digesting food, it only cares about staying alive, so the blood supply to your digestive organs has slowed.

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This can lead to weight gain which many of us are trying to prevent through good nutrition and exercise. So, even if you're eating healthy foods your body won't be able to properly digest that food and extract the nourishment it needs because that system has slowed down. This can also lead to increased stomach acidity. It's no wonder that you turn on the television and hear countless ads for medication that help with acid reflux and stomach acidity problems. That's why it is essential to manage your stress, so your digestion can be strong and process your nutrition properly each day. Otherwise, the food will just sit there and slowly make its way out while you continue to add more food overloading your already slow digestive system. Your immune system: like your digestive system, your body will suppress your immune system. Under stress your body is less concerned with fighting disease. Its main focus is fighting off or fleeing from a perceived threat. So, this means you're much more susceptible to getting sick and having less physical resources to fight that sickness. When people are upset and stressed about something, have you ever heard the phrase: that makes me sick. Well, yes, those situations can make you sick, really. Your breathing: when you're stressed your breathing switches from relaxed slow, deeper, diaphragmatic breathing to fast shallow chest breathing. This can put a strain on your lungs and can lead to hyper-ventillation. Anxiety and panic attacks can also accompany shallow breathing. In challenging moments we often tell people to, please, take a deep breath. Now you know that's because under stress we breathe much more shallow preventing our bodies from receiving the much-needed oxygen to operate at its best. Your perspiration: have you heard the phrase: don't sweat it or don't sweat the small stuff - referring to people who are upset about so many things? Under stress we can perspire excessively. People who are nervous and anxious often experience increased sweating. Even general nervousness can make us perspire. Your body sweats more to keep your body cool. Under stress you put increased demands and activity on your body and your body responds by sweating to keep us from overheating which would really cause some serious internal damage. Your muscles: more blood flows to your muscles giving them a burst of temporary strength. When this happens we put pressure and strain on our muscles since they haven't been trained to actually handle the excess workload. This strain can lead to injury and overtime sheer exhaustion. Most of us know that the best way to develop strength is consistent and steady weight training over time not from pumping excess blood to our muscles

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and overuse from stress. Your blood sugar: your blood sugar levels rise to provide more energy to your body. Some of our bodies are not equipped to adequately process that lot of blood sugar and that can lead to serious health problems. Your anti-aging growth hormones: your body reduces the flow anti-aging growth hormones, so as a result our bodies age faster. Your reproductive system and sex hormones: your reproductive systems are suppressed and you produce less sex hormones, so this can result in you feeling a drop in your libido, your sex drive. Stress interferes with the hormones needed to become sexually aroused. Your stress hormones: under stress your body pumps out a lot of stress hormones. Here just a few: your body pumps out adrenaline and noradrenaline which alert our body that it's in danger. It increases our anxiety and fear making our thoughts race. These stress hormones also raise our heart rate, increase our perspiration, slower digestion, and activate various body systems to temporarily boost energy supplies. Your body also pumps out cortisol which is considered the primary stress hormone. Cortisol increases the sugar in your blood stream can cause the accumulation of fat around your belly and is responsible for slowing digestion, immunity reproductive systems and growth and anti-aging processes.

Source: http://youtu.be/Ho_a5FlcsJ4

1.12.1 Medicine and Definition Key: 1.- E., 2.- F., 3.- L., 4.- M., 5.- D. , 6.- J., 7.- H., 8.- I., 9.- O., 10.- B., 11.-N., 12.- C., 13.- K., 14.- G., 15.A.

1.12.2 Medicine –Table Completion Key: Analgesics

pain pills

headaches, muscle aches and pains

Antacids

indigestion pills

heartburn

Antiarthritic

rheumatism pills

rheumatoid arthritis

Antibiotics

bug killers

microbial infections

Anticoagulants

blood thinners

prevent blood clots

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Anticonvulsants

epilepsy drugs

prevent seizures

Antidepressants

uppers

relieve depression

Antihypertensives

blood pressure pills

lower high blood pressure

Cardiac drugs

heart medicine

treat abnornal heart rhythms, heart failure and angina pectoris

Diuretics

water pills

remove excess water from the body

Erectile disfunction

man’s best friend

impotency

Hypnotics

sleeping pills

insomnia

Hypoglycemic agents

diabetic drugs

lower high blood sugar

Osteoporosis medicine

mom’s bone pills

strengthens bones

Tranquillizers

downers

anxiety

1.12.3 A Prescription Key: I took medicine three months ago. I had a sore throat. I got antibiotics and some cough mixture.

1.12.4 Completing Prepositions Key: 1. for, 2. at, 3. to, 4. for, 5. back, 6. at, 7. at, 8. from

1.12.5 Expressions Key: I got a prescription for some anti-inflammatory for my joint pain. I haven’t been able to get a good night’s sleep for weeks. The nearest pharmacy is in the main street opposite the bank.

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I took medicine for my flu all last week. I have just taken my pill. It is essential to stay calm in stressful situations.

1.13.1 Combining Forms Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. I. G. J. A. K. E. N. O. Q. B. P. R. S. C. H. F. L. T. M. D.

UNIT 2 The Skeletal System

2.1.1 Structure and Function of the Skeletal System Key: 1. skeleton, cartilages, ligaments, connective tissue, muscles 2. axial skeleton

-

appendicular skeleton

2.1.2 Five Functions of the Skeletal System Key: 1.-E., 2.-A., 3.-D., 4.-C., 5.-B.

2.1.3 Bone Structure Key: Type of bone

Features of bone

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compact bone

   

 spongy bone

 



solid found on the external suface of the bone thickest where stresses arrive from a limited range of directions heavy

forms an open network of struts and plates located inside the bone located where bones are not heavily stressed or where stresses arrive from many directions much lighter

2.1.4 Bone Development and Growth Key: 1. determines, 2. begin, 3. do not stop, 4. originate, 5. is gradually converted, 6. begins, 7.enlarge, 8. shifts, 9. called, 10. results, 11. is replaced, 12. are

2.1.5 Other Elements of Skeletal System Key: 1. joints, 2. tendons, 3. ligaments, 4. skeletal muscles, 5. nerves, 6. cartilage 7.hyaline cartilage, 8.elastic cartilage, 9.fibrocartilage

2.2.1 What Keeps the Joints Healthy? Key: Watch your weight for healthy joints Exercise for healthy joints Build muscles to support joints Know your limits

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Perfect your posture Protecting your body protects joints Add ice for healthy joints Eating right nourishes joints: For your bones, make sure you get enough calcium every day. You can do this by eating foods such as milk, yogurt, broccoli, kale, figs, and fortified foods like soy or almond milk. You also need vitamin D to keep your bones and joints in good health. Dairy products. many cereals, soy milk, and almond milk are fortified with vitamin D. www.webmd.com

2.2.2 Doctor - Patient Dialogue - Joints Key: 1. today, 2. knees, 3. worse, 4. fatigue, 5. felt, 6. activity, 7. once, 8. point

2.2.3 Summing up a Case Key: Mrs Brown went to see the doctor beacuse she had some pain in her knee joint. The pain started three or four months ago. It got worse recently. She also felt unwell and weak. As for exercise, she playes tennis and takes her dog for a walk.

2.3.1 Parts of the Spinal Column Key: neck, back, lower, bone, tailbone

2.3.2 Noun Forms of Adjectives Key: vertebra

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spine cervix thorax lumbus sacrum coccyx

2.4.1 Definition of Hernia Key: The protrusion of an organ or tissue through an opening in its surrounding walls.

2.4.2 Herniated Disc Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

common caused lower between leaks contribute can already from weakness confirm through

2.5.2 Analyzing Words Key: osteitis: inflammation of the bone osteocyte: bone cell chondroma: tumour of the cartilage

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arthroplasty: surgical repair of the joint myeloma: tumour of the muscle tendonitis: inflammation of the tendon bursitis: inflammation of the bursa myoma: tumour of the muscle osteomalacia: softening of the bone osteoporosis: porous bone

2.6.1 Sports Injuries - Pictures Key: Picture 1: A football player has hurt his ankle badly. He has fallen to the ground, he is suffering from excrutiating pain. Pictue 2: A long distance runner has probably hurt his foot and knee because of overtraining. The feet and the ankle are sore because of running too much without taking a break. Picture 3: An athlete trying to jump the hurdle has stumbled and fallen. He has hit his forehead really badly. Picture 4: A diver trying to jump has miscalculated the size of the board and has hit her forehead and eyes hard. Picture 5: A basketball player has taken a short break, he probably has made a bad move and has hurt his ankle again, already bandaged.

2.6.2 Sports Injuries Key: 1. Sports injuries result from accidents, others are due to poor training practices, improper equipment, lack of conditioning, or insufficient warm-up and stretching. 2. Typical symptoms of a strain include localized pain, stiffness, swelling, inflammation, and bruising around the strained muscle. 3. Although any joint can experience a sprain, some of the more common include the ankle, knee, and fingers. 4. Sprains can be prevented by proper use of safety equipment (wrist, ankle guards), warm-ups and cool-downs (including stretching). 5. Achilles tendon injuries refer to a stretch, tear, or irritation to the tendon connecting the calf muscle to the back of the heel.

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6. Stress fractures occur in the weight-bearing bones, such as the tibia or fibula (bones of the lower leg) and metatarsals (bones of the foot). 7. The joint is held in place through a splint (for straight joints like fingers and toes) or a bandage (for complex joints like shoulders). 8. Either or both may be cracked, or torn, when the knee is forcefully rotated and/or bent. 9. Overtraining can occur when the volume and intensity of an exercise exceeds the organism’s recovery capacity. 10. Overtraining can be accompanied by the following symptoms: persistent muscle soreness, persistent fatigue, elevated resting heart rate, increased susceptibility to infections, increased incidence of injuries, irritability, depression and loss of motivation.

2.6.3 Synonyms Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

pulled muscles: strain third degree sprain: rupture tear of Achilles tendon: tendinitis bones of the foot: metatarsals a displaced joint: dislocation reduce: return to its proper position

2.7.1 Osteoarthritis Key: 1. Hand, hip, knee, neck and lower back. 2. The cartilage covers and cushions the bones allowing the joint to move smoothly and easily. 3. The fluid helps to reduce friction and wear in a joint. 4. The bone ends thicken. The bone at the edge of the joint may grow outward and form bony spurs. 5. Bits of bone or cartilage may float loosely in the joint space.

2.7.1 Osteoarthritis Transcript Osteoarthritis

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Osteoarthritis is a disease that affects the joints in your body. Well, it can affect any joint. Osteoartritis most commonly occurs in the hands, hips, knees, neck and lower back. To understand how osteoartritis develops, you need to know how a normal joint works. Let’s focus on the knee. The place where the ends of two or more bones meet is called the joint. For example, the bone of the lower leg, shin or tibia and the thigh bone, femur meet to form the knee joint. In a healthy joint the ends of the bones are encased smooth cartilage. The cartilage covers and cushions the bones allowing the joint to move smoothly and easily. The joint is surrounded by a fibrous envelope called the joint capsule. The synovium lines the joint capsule and produces a fluid that helps to reduce friction and wear in a joint. Muscles and tendons power the joint making it able to move. Osteoarthritis is caused by a breakdown of cartilage resulting in joint pain. The smooth cartilage surface wears down. When this happens the cartilage loses its elasticity and is more easily damaged by excess use or by injury. With time sections of cartilage may wear away completely. As a result the bones may rub together. As the cartilage wears down the joint may lose its normal shape, the bone ends thicken. The bone at the edge of the joint may grow outward and form bony spurs. Fluid filled cysts may form in the bone near the joint. Bits of bone or cartilage may float loosely in the joint space. When osteoarthritic joints become swollen and damaged they can be painful and difficult to move. this example illustrates how osteoarthritis can affect the knee. The general process of cartilage breakdown is similar in other joints affected by osteoarthritis. For more information visit: www.arthritis.com http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8YLJxiNh9Y

2.8.1 Fractures Key: I broke my leg while I was playing football. I kicked the ball but I made a bad move and fell to the ground. I fractured my ankle. I went to the doctor on duty at the Accident and Emergency Department, he X-rayed my ankle and put it in plaster.

2.8.2 What Are Fractures? Key: a. b. c. d. e. f.

A fracture. A closed fracture. An open fracture. A non-displaced fracture. A comminuted fracture. A displaced fracture.

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2.8.3 Fracture Types Key: A. transverse, B. oblique, C. spiral, D. comminuted, E. greenstick, F. impacted

2.9.2 Matching Words Key: A. – 4. B. – 6. C. – 5. D. - 8. E. – 7. F. – 3. G. – 9. H. – 10. I. – 2. J. – 1.

2.9.3 Flat Feet Key: 1. a. congenital, structural b.functional 2. a. it raises the arch b.it stops the foot flattening 3. careful measurement of the foot and angles during motion 4. a. knee pain b. hip pain c. lower back pain 5. a. it can reduce your efficiency b. it can slow you down

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2.9.3 Flat Feet Transcript How to correct flat feet Hello I'm Charles Goldman a qualified chiropodist podiatrist around The Foot Pad chiropody and physical therapy clinic in Holborn, central London. Today I'm going to talk to you about various foot problems and their treatment. In this video we are going to discuss the treatment of flat feet or pes planus. There are two types of flat feet: one is congenital, structural when you're born with undeveloped arches; two is functional flat feet where you have an arch at rest but where soon as you put the weight-bearing before flattens on the arch collapses. You cannot cure these problems but you can aid them with the use of arch supports. This raises the arch and stops the foot flattening. This treatment is the same for both types a flat feet. This is the initial treatment and involves either chair side orthotics which are heat modable which can be done on the spot or prescription orthotics where a cast is taken of your foot, sent to a lab and made out of particularly hard materials like carbon fibre or plastics. These will stop your foot turning in, prominating and flattening. This treatment involves careful measurement of the foot and angles of the foot or during motion and what we call gait analysis and this cannot be done by yourself or the pharmacist and over-the-counter products are only a temporary measure, you can buy orthotics over-the-counter to try but I generally don't recommend because they won’t be a perfect fit. The fit of the orthotic has to match your foot and this is why you need to seek advice from a podiatrist. Some of the side effects a flat feet are knee pain, hip pain, lower back pain because this causes rotation of the tibia and turning in of the knees and hips. If you don't correct your flat footed the problem it can affect your activity if you're involved in running particulraly sprinting. It can reduce your efficiency and slow you down and this has been proved by testing athletes with and without orthotics and find it can affect them significantly, so it is worth seeking advice and trying to correct the problem. And this is what I recommend for flat feet.

Source: http://youtu.be/G8ZDMyxe0R0

2.10.1 World Spine Day Key: 1.-b. 2.-c. 3.-a. 4.-b.

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5.-d. 6.-a. 7.-c. 8.-d. 9.-c. 10.-a.

Unit 3 The Cardiovascular System 3.1.1 The Heart Key: 1. vital 2. break 3. muscle 4. left 5. fist 6. middle

3.1.2 Chambers and Valves of the Heart Key: 1.

1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle

2. tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, aortic valve

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3.1.3 Heart Cycle Key: 1. beats, 2. atria, 3. blood, 4. heartbeat, 5. fill, 6. separate, 7. lungs, 8. oxygen

3.2.1 Advice to Keep Heart Healthy Key: 1. 2. 3. 4.

– E. – B. – D. – A. 5. – C.

3.2.2 Diet Tips for a Healthy Heart Key: 1. - Eat 2. - Choose 3. - Maintain 4. - Eliminate 5. – Cook; Stay 6. - Replace 7. - Try 8. – Use

3.2.3 Physical Activity and Health Key: I prefer outdoor activities to indoor ones because I spend most of my time indoors sitting and learning. I run and ride the bicycle to keep fit. I summer I like hiking in the mountains. I run twice a week and I ride my bike every day if the weather conditions are fine.

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Well, to my mind gardening and doing the housework can also keep you fit, if you do them regularly.

3.2.4 Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Key: 1. Cardiovascular 2. Lack 3. The 4. Less 5. Participation 6. Surveys 7. People 8. Of 9. Even 10. More

3.2.5 Changing Exercise Habits Key: I would like to do several vigourous activities like roller skating and rope jumping. Also, I would love to do some exercise every day of the week.

3.3.1 Healthy Heart Quiz Key: 1. True. High blood pressure, smoking, and high blood cholesterol are the three most important risk factors for heart disease. On the average, each one doubles your chance of developing heart disease. So, a person who has all three of the risk factors is eight times more likely to develop heart disease than someone who has none. Obesity increases the likelihood of developing high blood cholesterol and high blood pressure, which increase your risk of heart disease. Physical inactivity increases your risk for heart attack. Regular exercise and good nutrition are essential to reducing high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and weight. People who exercise are also more likely to cut down on or stop smoking.

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2. True. A person with high blood pressure or high blood cholesterol may feel fine and look great; there are often no signs that anything is wrong until a stroke or heart attack occurs. To find out if you have high blood pressure or high blood cholesterol, you should be tested by a doctor, nurse, or other health professional. 3. True. A blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or greater is generally classified as high blood pressure. However, blood pressures that fall below 140/90 mm Hg can sometimes be a problem. If the diastolic pressure, the second or lower number, is between 85–89, a person is at an increased risk for heart disease or stroke and should have his/her blood pressure checked at least once a year by a health professional. The higher your blood pressure, the greater your risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Controlling high blood pressure reduces your risk. 4. True. Recent studies show that lifestyle changes can help keep blood pressure levels normal even into advanced age and are important in treating and preventing high blood pressure. Limit high-salt foods, which include many snack foods, such as potato chips, salted pretzels, and salted crackers; processed foods, such as canned soups; and condiments, such as ketchup and soy sauce. Also, it is extremely important to take blood pressure medication, if prescribed by your doctor, to make sure your blood pressure stays under control. 5. False. A total blood cholesterol of under 200 mg/dL is desirable and usually puts you at a lower risk for heart disease. A blood cholesterol level of 240 mg/dL or above is high and increases your risk of heart disease. If your cholesterol level is high, your doctor will want to check your levels of LDL-cholesterol (“bad” cholesterol) and HDL-cholesterol (“good” cholesterol). A HIGH level of LDL-cholesterol increases your risk for heart disease, as does a LOW level of HDL-cholesterol. A cholesterol level of 200–239 mg/dL is considered borderline-high and usually increases your risk for heart disease. If your cholesterol is borderline-high, you should speak to your doctor to see if additional cholesterol tests are needed. All adults 20 years of age or older should have their blood cholesterol level checked at least once every five years. 6. False. Reducing the amount of cholesterol in your diet is important; however, eating foods low in saturated fat is the most effective dietary way to lower blood cholesterol levels, along with eating less total fat and cholesterol. Choose low-saturated fat foods, such as grains, fruits, and vegetables; low-fat or skim milk and milk products; lean cuts of meat, fish, and chicken. Trim fat from meat before cooking; bake or broil meat rather than fry; use less fat and oil; and take the skin off chicken and turkey. Reducing weight will also help lower your level of LDL-cholesterol as well as increase your level of HDL-cholesterol. 7. True. People who have had one heart attack are at much higher risk for a second attack. Reducing blood cholesterol levels can greatly slow down (and, in some people, even reverse) the buildup of cholesterol and fat in the walls of the arteries and significantly reduce the chances of a second heart attack. 8. True. Children from “high risk” families, in which a parent has high blood cholesterol (240 mg/dL or above) or in which a parent or grandparent has had heart disease at an early age (at 55 years of age or younger), should have their cholesterol levels tested. If a child from such a family has a cholesterol level that is high, it should be lowered under medical supervision, primarily with diet, to reduce the risk of developing heart disease as an adult. For most children who are not from high-risk families, the best way to reduce the risk of

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9.

10.

11.

12.

adult heart disease is to follow a low-saturated-fat, low-cholesterol eating pattern. All children over the age of two years and all adults should adopt a heart-healthy eating pattern as a principal way of reducing coronary heart disease. True. Heavy smokers are 2 to 4 times more likely to have a heart attack than nonsmokers, and the heart attack death rate among all smokers is 70% greater than that of nonsmokers. Older male smokers are also nearly twice as likely to die from stroke than older men who do not smoke, and these odds are nearly as high for older female smokers. Further, the risk of dying from lung cancer is 22 times higher for male smokers than male nonsmokers and 12 times higher for female smokers than female nonsmokers. Finally, 80% of all deaths from emphysema and bronchitis are directly due to smoking. True. One year after quitting, ex-smokers cut their extra risk for heart attack by about half or more, and eventually the risk will return to normal in healthy ex-smokers. Even if you have already had a heart attack, you can reduce your chances of a second attack if you quit smoking. Ex-smokers can also reduce their risk of stroke and cancer, improve blood flow and lung function, and help stop diseases like emphysema and bronchitis from getting worse. False. Older smokers are more likely to succeed at quitting smoking than younger smokers. Quitting helps relieve smoking-related symptoms like shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain. Many quit to avoid further health problems and take control of their lives. True. Weight control is a question of balance. You get calories from the foods you eat. You burn off calories by exercising. Cutting down on calories, especially calories from fat, is key to losing weight. Combining this with a regular physical activity, like walking, cycling, jogging, or swimming, not only can help in losing weight but also in maintaining weight loss. A steady weight loss of a half to one pound a week is safe for most adults, and the weight is more likely to stay off over the long run. Losing weight, if you are overweight, may also reduce your blood pressure, lower your LDL-cholesterol, and raise your HDL-cholesterol. Being physically active and eating fewer calories will also help you control your weight if you quit smoking.

3.3.2 Exploding Exercise Myths Key: couch potato: A person who spends much time sitting or lying down, usually watching television. sedentary: Characterized by or requiring much sitting: a sedentary job. bulky: large and massive. subcutaneous: located or placed under the skin. expenditure: the act of spending money for goods or services. briskly: marked by speed and liveliness; energetic.

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flab: unsightly or unwanted fat on the body. all for naught: for nothing. overlook: to fail to notice or take into account. subtle: delicate or faint. vigorous: done with force and energy.

3.3.3 Article on Exploding Exercise Myths Key: 1. Strength-training will make women too muscular 2. Light weights on your arms or legs can boost your exercise benefit 3. With the right exercise, you can get rid of trouble spots 4. Exercise burns lots of calories 5. If you don't lose weight, there's no point in exercising 6. Weight gain is inevitable as you age 7. You can't be fit and fat 8. No pain, no gain 9. If you can't exercise regularly, why bother? 10. If you didn't exercise when you were younger, it could be dangerous to start when you're older

3.4.1 High Blood Pressure Key: 1. 120/80 mmHg 2. 140/90 mmHg or above 3. diet – high levels of salt intake; stress; smoking; obesity; drinking alcohol

3.4.2 High Blood Pressure - Listening Key: 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

high blood pressure: hypertension blood volume: the total amount of blood in your body viscosity: thickness sphygmomanometer: blood pressure cuff pressure when heart beats: systolic pressure pressure between beats: diastolic pressure enlarged arterial wall: aneurysm

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8. build up: plaque 9. high blood pressure with an unknown cause: primary/essential hypertension 10. diuretic: water pill 2. 1. What do arteries supply the tissues with? oxygen and nutrients 2. What do we understand by cardiac output? the amount of blood your ventricles push out of your heart each minute 3. Name two factors that can contribute to resistance besides viscosity. the flexibility of your artery wall the diameter of your arteries 4. What substances can form build ups? cholesterol, fat, and calcium 5. Name three conditions artery damage and reduced blood flow can lead to. stroke heart attack kidney disease 6. List five lifestyle changes you have to make if you want to have normal blood pressure. limiting your intake of salt and highly processed foods avoiding excessive alcohol intake getting regular exercise losing weight, if you are overweight quitting smoking

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7. How do ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and direct-acting vasodilators take effect? by relaxing your blood vessels, which increases their diameter

3.4.2 High Blood Pressure - Listening Transcript High BP High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a common condition in which the force of blood on the walls of your arteries is often too high. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood away from your heart to supply your tissues with oxygen and nutrients. In your heart, two chambers, called ventricles, contract with each heartbeat to push blood to your lungs and through your arteries to your body. As blood flows through them, three main factors affect the pressure on your artery walls. The first is cardiac output, or the amount of blood your ventricles push out of your heart each minute. Your blood pressure goes up as cardiac output increases. The second factor affecting your blood pressure is blood volume, or the total amount of blood in your body. Blood pressure also goes up as blood volume increases.

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The third factor that affects your blood pressure is resistance, which is anything working against the blood flow through your arteries. Several factors contribute to resistance. One resistance factor is the flexibility of your artery wall. Healthy arteries expand with each heartbeat to help reduce blood pressure on the wall. Another resistance factor is the diameter of your arteries. Your body is able to increase the diameter of your arteries to lower your blood pressure, or reduce the diameter to raise your blood pressure. A third resistance factor is blood viscosity, or thickness. In your blood, more particles, such as proteins and fat, increase viscosity. If your blood is thicker, your blood pressure goes up as your heart works harder to push it through your arteries. Your blood pressure can be measured with a device called a sphygmomanometer, or blood pressure cuff. When your heart beats, the pressure of blood on the walls of your arteries is called systolic pressure. When your heart relaxes between beats, pressure on the artery wall is called diastolic pressure. While your blood pressure may change throughout the day, it should normally be less than 120 millimeters of mercury for systolic pressure,

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and less than 80 millimeters of mercury for diastolic pressure. If your systolic pressure frequently stays above 140, or your diastolic pressure frequently stays above 90, you have high blood pressure. Over time, high blood pressure will damage the walls of your arteries. Your artery wall may become weak and form an enlargement called an aneurysm. Or the wall may burst and bleed into the surrounding tissue. Small tears in your artery wall may attract certain substances in your blood, such as cholesterol, fat, and calcium, to form a build-up called a plaque. Blood flow through your artery decreases as the plaque enlarges. Blood cells can stick to the plaque and form solid clumps, called clots, further reducing, or completely blocking, your blood flow. Damage to your arteries raises your blood pressure even more by making your heart beat more forcefully. Artery damage and reduced blood flow lead to conditions such as: a stroke, heart attack, or kidney disease. In most cases, the cause of high blood pressure, or hypertension, is unknown. This type of high blood pressure is called primary, or essential, hypertension. Treatment for essential hypertension includes lifestyle changes,

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such as eating a healthy diet. If you are sensitive to the sodium in salt, your doctor may recommend limiting your intake of salt and highly processed foods. Sodium may cause your body to retain water, which increases both your blood volume and your blood pressure. Other lifestyle changes that can reduce blood pressure include avoiding excessive alcohol intake; getting regular exercise; losing weight, if you are overweight; and quitting smoking. Your doctor may also recommend medications that act on your kidneys, blood vessels, or heart to help reduce your blood pressure. Diuretics, commonly called water pills, cause your kidneys to move more salt and water from your blood into your urine, which reduces your blood volume and pressure. Beta-blockers reduce the workload on your heart by decreasing both the rate of your heartbeat and the strength of your heart's contractions. Several types of drugs act directly or indirectly to reduce your blood pressure by relaxing your blood vessels, which increases their diameter. These drugs include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers,

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calcium channel blockers, and direct-acting vasodilators. Source: http://youtu.be/diG519dFVNs

3.5.1 Cardiovascular Problems Key: stroke heart attack (myocardial infarction) heart failure coronary artery diesease DVT (deep vein thrombosis) varicose veins angina hypertension palpitations

3.5.2 Common Heart Ailments Key: 1. primary 2. stopped 3. except 4. cells 5. physical inactivity 6. higher 7. controlled 8. effects

3.5.2 Common Heart Ailments Transcript Circulatory system problems Your vascular disease is not just one disease it’s any disease that affects the heart. The two primary cardiovascular diseases are heart disease and stroke. Coronary artery disease is typically characterized by a narrowing of the arteries that feed the heart.

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The most serious symptom of heart disease is a heart attack. A heart attack occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart is severely reduced or stopped. The medical term for heart attack is myocardial infarction. The reduction or stoppage of blood happens when one or more of the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle are blocked. A stroke is similar to a heart attack except that it impacts the brain instead of your heart Often called a brain attack. It occurs when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel or artery or when a blood vessel breaks interrupting blood flow to an area of the brain. This kills brain cells in the immediate area. Risk factors for heart disease and stroke are similar. They include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, drinking, drug use, obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes and stress. In addition, age, gender, race and heredity can play a part in your risk. The older you get, the higher your risk. Your chances of heart disease also increase if you are a male, African-American or if your parents are other close blood relatives suffer from this disease. Many of these risk factors can be controlled or even preventable altogether. For example, eating right and exercising regularly are great ways to control many of these risk factors that can lead to common cardiovascular diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control or CDC about 61 million Americans, almost one-fourth of the population live with the effects of stroke or heart disease. Source: http://youtu.be/KPwZAvKRiWU

3.6.1 Body Language Key: The gestures, movements, and mannerisms by which a person or animal communicates with others.

3.6.2 Stroke - Video Key: F: Face drooping. A: Arm weakness. S: Speech difficulty. T: Time to call 911 immediately.

3.6.2 Stroke - Video Transcript Stroke warning sign and symptoms

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Quiet please. Wait a sec. I'll take one. Oh, yeah. Alright. All good. Take care. Way to go. Nice. Bring it on. Gothca. I'm here for you. Oh, no. Please, please. Please. I'm waiting. Interesting. Not buying it. Not fair. That's it. This conversation is over. Oh, brother. Body language tells you all sorts of things. I'm having a stroke. I'm having a stroke. Know the sudden signs, learn FAST. F for Face Drooping. A for Arm Weakness. S for Speech Difficulty. T for Time. Time to call 911 immediately. The sooner they get to the hospital, the sooner they'll get treatment and that could make a remarkable difference in their recovery. Learn the body language, sudden signs, and spot a stroke FAST. Source: http://youtu.be/wH7k5CFp4hI

3.6.3 Article on Stroke Key: 1. immediate 2. symptom 3. respond 4. vision

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5. warning 6. breath 7. factors 8. change 9. words 10. flow 11. involved 12. disability

3.6.4 Stroke Survivors Key: 

Time of accident: 8:05 a.m. 6 February



Morning routine activities:



making coffee for his wife



taking a shower



shaving



getting ready to work



Pierre’s speech: none



Pierre’s condition before stroke:

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a weekend warrior

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not overweight

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not drinking



not smoking

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had no diabetes



in good shape

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

Stroke affects:



anybody



the young



the old



celebrities



’little’ people

3.6.4 Stroke Survivors Transcript Stroke survivors It was february 6th it was at 8:05 in the morning just the typical routine waking up in the morning, making coffee for my wife, something I've been doing for thirteen years, taking a shower, shaving, getting ready to go to work, sitting down watching the the morning news. And my wife asked me a couple things she asked me three three times the same thing I just thought I said I just couldn't really say much she looked at me she said: ’ oh my god, I think you have a stroke:’ I just kind of looked at her thinking, trying to say something I really couldn't and she called 911 right away. Pierre’s case perfectly exemplifies what can happen if the symptoms of stroke are immediately recognized and the right thing is done which is calling 911 for an ambulance to come and take the patient to the local Stroke Center. And what happens when someone with stroke is treated early. So, when Pierre first arrived at the emergency room he was very very debilitated and now has essentially no disability. I consider myself to be one of the lucky ones and I think if it hadn't been for the staff here at New York Presbyterian, the quick-thinking which is the ability to really look at what what was coming through the door and take care of it. His wife should get all the credit because she's the one that recognized his symptoms, she knew what to do I and she basically saved his life. The idea here is is really if it does happen to you then to be as thoughtful as possible, to try to be as proactive to try to get yourself help as quickly as possible. Speed is absolutely of the essence, time is brain, every minute that goes on when someone's having a stroke they are losing millions a brain cells, so it's incredibly important that people recognize stroke symptoms and then call 911. And and to this point there's a mnemonic called F.A.S.T. F. being face droopiness as a symptom of stroke, A. being arm weakness as a symptom a stroke, S. being speech difficulties like slurring of speech, and then T. for time

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time to call 911. If we can recognize a stroke symptom and then call 911 our patients are more likely to do better, to receive acute treatment and to have less disability in the future. I wasn't in the worst shape in the world, I was a weekend warrior but I was not overweight I'm not a drinker I'm not a smoker you know I don't have diabetes and have a lot of things I was in pretty good shape and it happened to me if it could happen to me, it could happen to anyone: it affects anybody the young young, old, you know, celebrities, little people like me. If everyone is able to learn what the common symptoms of stroke are and what the proper action is to do when such symptoms are observed, we can make a huge difference in our community and we can potentially reduce considerable disability and even save lives. I was one of the lucky guys who was able to come out of it, the way I did. But I think that if your body tells you something listen to it and take care of it even if it means going to the doctor, even if it means an inconvenience in the sense that you need to make phone a call and go and take some time off from work, listen to it. My wife really saved my life by calling 911. If she hadn't done that, god only knows what would have happened. Source: http://youtu.be/stnGfZGBDXI

3.7.1 World Heart Day Key: 1.-c., 2.-d., 3.-a., 4.-c., 5.-b., 6.-a., 7.-d., 8.-b., 9.-c.,10.-b.

3.8.2 Specialist Words for Definitions Key: pericarditis thrombocyte bradycardia tachycardia venogram phlebitis angiogram hypox(a)emia vasodilator arrhythmia cardiomegaly electrocardiogram sphygmomanometer stethoscope

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Unit 4 The Urinary System 4.1.1 The Kidney Key: A. B. C. D.

What do my kidneys do? The kidneys remove wastes and extra water from the blood to form urine. In addition to removing wastes, your kidneys release three important hormones: What is renal function?

4.1.2 Parts of the Urinary Bladder Key: 1. ureter, 2. peritoneum, 3. urethra

4.1.3 The Kidney – Sentence Completion Key: 1. empty, 2. travels, 3. allowing, 4. contract, 5. through, 6. causing, 7. down, 8. noticed, 9. chronic, 10. involuntarily, 11. by, 12. hold, 13. with, 14. least, 15. external

4.1.4 Matching Tests and Definitions Key: 1. Urinalysis 2. Cystoscopy 3. Urodynamic testing

4.1.5 Matching – Bladder Treatments Key: 1. Suregry

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2. Bladder catheterization 3. Anti-spasm medications 4. Kegel exercises

4.2.2 Bladder Inflammation Key: 1. Yes, I have. I had it two years ago. 2. Pain, burning or stinging when I urinated. I needed to urinate often and urgently but only passed small amounts of urine. Urine was dark, cloudy or strong smelling. There was blood in the urine. I felt pain low in my belly (directly above the pubic bone), or in the lower back or abdomen. I felt unwell, weak and feverish. 3. I bought over-the-counter (OTC) painkillers, such as paracetamol. I drank plenty of water. My GP prescribed antibiotics for me. 4. Don't use perfumed bubble bath, soap, or talcum powder around your genitals – use plain, unperfumed varieties. Have a shower, rather than a bath – this avoids exposing your genitals to the chemicals in your cleaning products for too long. Always empty your bladder fully when you go to the toilet. Don't wait to go if you need to urinate – delaying it can place extra stress on your bladder and could make it more vulnerable to infection. Wear underwear made from cotton rather than synthetic material such as nylon. Avoid wearing tight jeans and trousers.

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Always wipe from the front of your genital area to the back, not back to front, when you go to the toilet.

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cystitis/Pages/Prevention.aspx

4.2.3 Interstitial Cystitis Key: 1.

Painful bladder syndrome.

2. Pain with urination, severe frequency, urgency, pain with intercourse. 3. Bladder tumors, bladder stones. 4. Cystitis tends to occur from age thirty to forty. 5. Caffeine, artificial sweeteners, acid foods like citrus and tomato and spicy foods. 6. Doing exercise and meditation.

4.2.3 Interstitial Cystitis Transcript Interstitial cystitis

Interstitial cystitis is a chronic condition. It can also be called painful bladder syndrome. It's due to inflammation of the bladder wall. We're not really sure why it happens but symptoms of IC or interstitial cystitis include pain with urination, severe frequency, urgency, pain with intercourse. It can be a pretty crippling condition and it’s often misdiagnosed as a urinary tract infection. Interstitial cystitis is a diagnosis of exclusion which means that we have to exclude other causes of your pain.And there's no test that we can do to tell you whether or not you have IC er but we rule out things like bladder tumours, bladder stones are other bladder conditions, urinary tract infections if those things don't exist and we've excluded all other reasons for you to be having these symptoms then it's typically IC or interstitial cystitis. Interstitial cystitis tends to occur from age thirty to forty though I have diagnosed it in younger and older patients, women are 10 times more likely to get it than men. IC is a really frustrating disease to treat because it can cause a lot of it can impact your quality of life pretty significantly. Treatment is multimodal er but often requires a medication regimen

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to kind of get things under control. IC and of itself is tends to wax and wane meaning that you'll have episodes of severe symptoms followed by periods of time when things like be quieter or quiescent. And there are a number of dietary irritants of the bladder, most commonly those are caffeine, artificial sweeteners, acid foods like citrus and tomato and spicy foods. It's really important if you have a diagnosis of IC or if you think that you have IC that you establish a good relationship with the urologist who is aggressive about getting your symptoms under control IC, interstitial cystitis and patients who tend to carry around a lot of stress or who might be more typical type A personalities, so stress reduction whether it be by things like exercise and meditation is a really important way to kind of keep interstitial cystitis symptoms under control.

Source: http://youtu.be/7ub5X1hXW4M

4.2.4 Myths and Facts about the Bladder Key: 1. for, 2. side, 3. on, 4. risk, 5. amount, 6. caffeine, 7. part, 8. life, 9. caused, 10. prostate, 11. stages, 12. cord, 13. treatments, 14. what, 15. stopping, 16. empty, 17. with, 18. longer, 19. role, 20. down

4.3.2 Specialist Words Key: inflammation of the kidney: nephritis artery related to kidney: renal artery abnormal condition involving back up of urine into the kidney: hydronephrosis inflammation of the bladder: cysitis removal of bladder: cystectomy X-ray of the collecting ducts: pyelogram frequent urination: polyuria no urine formation: anuria reduced urine formation: oliguria surgically attach kidney in normal anatomical position: nephropexy

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4.3.3 Urinary System Specialists and Procedures Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

kidney prostate bladder taken procedure dye removes surgery

4.4.1 Kidney Conditions and Definitions Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Pyelonephritis Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) Nephrotic syndrome Polycystic kidney disease Acute renal failure (kidney failure) Chronic renal failure End stage renal disease (ESRD) Diabetic nephropathy Hypertensive nephropathy Kidney cancer Interstitial nephritis Renal cyst

4.4.2 Kidney Diseases - Pictures Key: 1. kidney stone 2. polycystic kidney disease 3. pyelonephritis 4. kidney cancer 5. kidney failure

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4.4.3 10 Tips to Prevent Kidney Diseases Key: 1. Manage, 2. Reduce, 3. Drink, 4. Resist, 5. Eat, 6. Drink, 7. Avoid, 8. Exercise, 9. Avoid, 10. Think, take

4.4.4 Advice to Patient Based on Pictures Key: 1. Manage diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease. Controlling sugar levels, cholesterol and blood pressure is essential to keep kidney disease at bay. 2. Reduce the intake of salt. Salt increases the amount of sodium in diet. It not only increases blood pressure but also triggers the formation of kidney stones. 3. Drink lots of water every day. Water keeps you hydrated and helps the kidneys to remove all the toxins from your body. 4. Don’t resist the urge to urinate. If you start ignoring the urge to go to the restroom, the urinary bladder stretches more than its capacity. This affects the filtration process of the kidney. 5. Eat right. You should include right foods in your diet. Especially foods that can strengthen your kidneys like fish, asparagus, cereals, garlic and parsley. Fruits like watermelon, oranges and lemons are also good for kidney health. 6. Drink healthy beverages. Including fresh juices is another way of drinking more fluids and keeping your kidneys healthy. Avoid drinking coffee and tea. They contain caffeine which reduces the amount of fluids in the body. 7. Avoid alcohol and smoking. Excess intake of alcohol can disturb the electrolyte balance of the body and hormonal control that influences the kidney function. Smoking is not directly related to kidney problems but it reduces kidney function significantly. 8. Exercise daily. Being overweight doubles the chances of developing kidney problems. Exercising, eating healthy and controlling portion size can surely help you to lose extra weight and enhance kidney health. 9. Avoid self medication. All the medicines you take have to pass through the kidney for filtration. Increased dosage or taking medicines that you are not aware of can increase the toxin load on your kidneys.

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10. Think before you take supplements and herbal medicine. Excessive amount of vitamins and certain plant extracts are linked to kidney damage.

4.5.1 World Kidney Day – Sentence Completion Key: 1. a. 2. d. 3. c. 4. a. 5. b. 6. b. 7. c. 8. d. 9. b. 10. a. 11. c. 12. d.

Unit 5 The Reproductive System 5.1.1 Parts of the Female and Male Bodies Key:

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5.2.2 Analyzing Medical Words Key:

1. hysterectomy: surgical removal of the uterus 2. salpingitis: inflammation of the fallopian tube 3. hematosalpinx: blood in the uterine tube 4. colpoplasty: surgical reconstruction of the vagina 5. colposcopy: viewing the interior of the vagina 6. oophorectomy: surgical removal of the ovary 7. mammogram: device to record the state of the breasts 8. mastectomy: surgical removal of the breast 9. orchiditis: inflammation of the testis 10. orchidectomy: surgical removal of the testis 11. balanitis: inflammation of the penis 12. hysteroscopy: visual examination of the womb 13. androgynous: showing characteristics of male and female appearance

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14. prostatitis: inflammation of the prostate 15. prostatectomy: surgical removal of the prostate 16. vasectomy: cutting the duct carrying semen from testes 17. menopause: when a woman’s menstrual period stops permanently 18. gynecology: medical speciality dealing with the health of the female reproductive system 19. cervical cancer: malignant tumour of the neck of the womb 20. gravid uterus: the womb in pregnancy

5.3.1 Parts of the System Key: 1. uterus, 2. urinary bladder, 3. rectum, 4. vagina

5.3.2 Female Reproductive Organs - Article Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

superior maturity extend carry womb push exterior delivery tissue skin milk breastfeeding

5.3.3 Opposite Words Key: superior ↔ inferior exterior ↔ interior

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anterior ↔ posterior inner ↔ outer external ↔ internal medial ↔ lateral

5.3.4 Female Reproductive System Physiology - Processes Key: 1. 2. 3. 4.

menstruation fertilization pregnancy breastfeeding/lactation

5.3.5 Physiology of Female Reproductive System Key: A. B. C. D. E. F.

The Reproductive Cycle Oogenesis and Ovulation Fertilization Menstruation Pregnancy Lactation

5.4.2 Parts of the Male Reproductive System Key: 1. produce, 2. pubic, 3. heat, 4. glandular, 5. cord, 6. tubule, 7. storage, 8. allows, 9. contain, 10. space, 11. survive, 12. During, 13. passes, 14. surrounds, 15. prior, 16. roughly, 17. with, 18. function, 19. composition, 20. remain

5.4.3. Physiology of the Male Reproductive System

Key: 1. c .producing, 2. d. begins, 3. b. maturation, 4. a. splits, 5. b. head, 6. d. into, 7. c. fertilized.

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8. a. through, 9. b. interior, 10. d. division

5.5.1 Pregnancy and Childbirth Key: labour: the process or effort of childbirth or the time during which this takes place. delivery: the act of giving birth to a child. naval: belly button. amniotic sac: the thin innermost membranous sac enclosing the developing embryo. dilate: to become wider or larger; expand. due date: the expected date of delivery.

5.5.2 Labelling a Picture Key:

5.5.3 Pregnancy -Listening Key:

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1.uterus: womb, vagina: birth canal, amniotic sac: balloon like sac, placenta: afterbirth, cervix: the lower part of the utreus 2. stretch: During your pregnancy your uterus stretches and expands along with the growing baby. amniotic fluid: The sac is filled with amniotic fluid which is mostly water. umbilical cord: The nutrients travel from the placenta to the baby through a blood vessel in the umbilical cord which enters the baby’s naval. eliminate: The waste products are then eliminated from the mother's body. mucous plug: During pregnancy a protective mucous plug forms inside this hole.

5.5.4 Pregnant Body Transcript Pregnant Body First, let's review the parts of your body that are involved with pregnancy and labour. Your uterus also called your womb is a pear-shaped organ that rests above the vagina or birth canal. During your pregnancy your uterus stretches and expands along with the growing baby. Although your baby's position will vary throughout your pregnancy almost all babies are in a head-down position as your due date gets closer. Your baby grows inside your uterus in a balloon like sac called the amniotic sac. This sac is filled with amniotic fluid which is mostly water. The placenta which is also known as the afterbirth is a sponge-like layer between the amniotic sac and the inside of the uterus. It contains two sets a blood vessels one set from the mother and one from the growing baby. These vessels are close enough that food and oxygen from the mother's blood can easily move to the baby's blood and provide essential nutrients for the baby to grow. The nutrients travel from the placenta to the baby through a blood vessel in the umbilical cord which enters the baby’s naval. As the baby grows waste products that are naturally made need to be cleared from the baby's blood. These waste products

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travel through the baby's blood vessels to the placenta and are transferred to the mother's blood. The waste products are then eliminated from the mother's body. The cervix is the lower part of your uterus, it is round and shaped like a tube. It has a small hole in the middle of it. During pregnancy a protective mucous plug forms inside this hole. Usually the cervix is almost completely closed until labour when it dilates. This provides room for your baby to move from the uterus into the birth canal and then out into the world. Source: http://youtu.be/jk0F-TnKFwU

5.5.5 Pregnancy Myths and Facts Key: 1. False. Nausea and vomiting are normal characteristics of early pregnancy. In some cases, nausea and vomiting can be controlled. Avoiding greasy, fried, or spicy food might help pregnant women manage their nausea. Pregnant women may also try to eat smaller meals, frequent meals, and foods like toast and crackers. 2. False. There is no safe amount of alcohol a woman can drink during her pregnancy. Drinking anything that contains any amount of alcohol can cause problems for babies. When a fetus is exposed to alcohol, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) can result, potentially causing problems in later life. Pregnant women are advised to abstain from alcohol completely. 3. True. The term fetal alcohol syndrome describes the sum total of the damage done to the child before birth as a result of the mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) always involves brain damage, impaired growth, and head and face abnormalities. The brain damage can lead to problems with mental capacity, learning, and other functions 4. False. Talking to a doctor at least three months before pregnancy can improve the chances or getting pregnant, having a healthy pregnancy, and having a healthy baby. Women who are trying to get pregnant may benefit from talking to a doctor about how her health conditions and risk factors could affect a baby's health. 5. False. It is not dangerous to exercise or to be physically active during pregnancy. In fact, doctors recommend it for most pregnant women. Women who exercised before pregnancy should continue to do so. 6. True. Physical activity and regular exercise during pregnancy can improve common discomforts such as backache and fatigue, and can increase the likelihood of early recovery

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after delivery. In general, most kinds of aerobic, resistance, and flexibility exercises like yoga are safe during pregnancy. 7. True. Pregnant women need 400 to 800 micrograms of folic acid every day. All women who are sexually active and able to become pregnant need this amount of folic acid every day. The best way to ensure that you are getting the necessary amount of folic acid is by taking prenatal vitamins.

8. False. During pregnancy, the body needs more nutrients to provide for the baby to grow properly and be healthy. A pregnant woman is eating for two, but this does not mean that she must ingest excessive calories, or double her caloric intake. Most pregnant women only need to consume 300 extra calories per day.

9. False. Pregnancy weight is added because of the baby, the placenta, amniotic fluid, uterus growth, breast growth, blood and body fluids and, protein and fat. The typical gain in weight can be broken down as follows: baby: 3 to 4 kg; placenta: 750 g; amniotic fluid: 1 kg; uterus growth: 1 kg; breast growth: 1 kg; mom's blood and body fluids: 4 kg; mom's protein and fat: 3.5 kg. 10. False. More than 90% of pregnant women will develop stretch marks in response to the pulling and stretching of underlying skin during pregnancy. Exercise and use of lotions or creams with alpha-hydroxy acids can be used to prevent stretch marks from occurring.

http://www.medicinenet.com/pregnancy_myths_and_facts_quiz/faq.htm

5.6.1 Uterine Fibroids Key: It is a firm, compact tumour that is made of smooth muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue

that develop in the uterus. Location: within the muscular uterine wall, in the uterine cavity, on the outside of the uterus.

5.6.2 Uterine Fibroid Facts Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Uterine exactly depending pelvic bleeding diagnosed treatment

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8. surgical

5.6.3 The Nature of Uterine Fibroids Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

in of (up)on within beneath on on to inside within

5.6.4 Background, Prevalence and Symptoms of Fibroids Key: 1. Geneteic 2. response 3. likely 4. contrast 5. pregnancy 6. rarely 7. period 8. tends 9. fairly 10. presence 11. blood 12. develop 13. severe 14. urination 15. fertility 16. recurrent

5.6.5 Diagnosis and Treatment of Fibroids Key:

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1. observation 2. ultrasound 3. ovarian tumour 4. cervix 5. incision 6. catheter 7. (o)estrogen 8. osteoporosis

5.7.1 Opposite Words Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

rare ↔ common genaral ↔ specific diarrhoea ↔ constipation weight loss ↔ weight gain mild ↔ severe earlier ↔ recent intermittent ↔ persistent sinister ↔ unalarming

5.7.2 Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer

Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Age of women: over the age of 50. Younger women: have a family history breast or ovarian cancer. Symptoms related to eating: feeling bloated or feeling full quite quickly. Location of pain: in the tummy, in the lower back. Symptoms related to urination: you are passing urine more frequently or having to go to the toilet more urgently. 6. You should see your GP if: if the symptoms are severe, recent onset or if they are persistent. 7. Diary should contain: what symptom you have had and how severe it was.

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5.7.3 Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer

Transcript Ovarian cancer symptoms for Macmillan Cancer Support

I'm Sadaf Ghaem-Maghami. I'm a consultant gynaecological oncologist at Imperial College NHS Trust in London. Ovarian cancer is more common in women over the age of 50 so about 80% of ovarian cancers occur in women over the age of 50, usually after the menopause. However, it can occur in younger women particularly if they have a family history, of say, two or more close relatives who have had breast or ovarian cancer. There are a range of symptoms that women present with when they are diagnosed with ovarian cancer. They are not usually very specific. You may feel bloated or feel full quite quickly when you eat. There may also be pain in the tummy, lower back or during sex. You may get symptoms of bladder or bowel habit change. For example, you might find that you are passing urine more frequently or having to go to the toilet more urgently. You might feel that you have constipation or diarrhoea. There may be a change in weight, either weight gain or weight loss which is unexplained and there may be unexplained tiredness. Some women may get only one or two of these symptoms and some might find they get a combination of them. Women usually know their own bodies very well so if there is anything that is worrying you, for example if the symptoms are severe, recent onset or particularly if they are persistent then you should go and see your GP to check this out. When you go to see your GP, he or she is likely to ask you more questions and examine you. You might like to keep a diary either in your diary or on a sheet of paper with the date and what symptom you have had and possibly even how severe it was. There may be a collection of symptoms you are getting so it would be quite useful to log them all down. Then you may need to have tests. They may decide to refer you to a specialist, say, somebody like me, to do tests and make a diagnosis. It may be nothing sinister, but it is important you get them checked out.

Source: http://youtu.be/NLKg-FDFGV0

5.7.3 World Ovarian Cancer Day – Sentence Completion Key: 1.-b. 2.-a.

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3.-d. 4.-c. 5.-d. 6.-b. 7.-a. 8.-c. 9.-b. 10. –a.

5.8.1 Prostate Facts Key: Walnut. A group of cells that secrete a substance for use in the body and A group of cells that removes materials from the circulation. It makes fluid that nourishes sperm. False. Prostate problems are common in men age 50 years and older. Urinary tract infections, Obstruction of urine flow and Urinary retention. False. An enlarged prostate is completely benign. Rectal exam.

http://www.medicinenet.com/enlarged_prostate_bph_quiz/faq.htm

5.8.2 Prostatitis Key: 1. Prostatitis facts 2. Prostatitis definition

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3. 4. 5. 6.

Classification of prostatitis What causes prostatitis? What are the risk factors for prostatitis? What are the signs and symptoms of prostatitis?

7. When should I see my doctor for prostatitis? 8. How is the diagnosis of prostatitis made? 9. 10. 11. 12.

What is the treatment for prostatitis? What are the complications of prostatitis? What is the prognosis for prostatitis? Prostatitis conclusion

5.8.3 Testicular Cancer 1) Who treats testicular cancer? 2) Is testicular cancer very common? 3) Does testicular cancer follow a hereditary pattern? 4) Does diet play a role in developing the cancer? 5) How does a person self examine for testicular cancer?

5.8.4 Testicular Cancer - Listening Key: 1. There may be things that draw the patient's attention to the a. mass, for example, pain or b. discomfort in the groin area or trauma. 2. Sometimes people have trauma to the c. area and they examine themselves or someone examines that area, and they feel a firm, d. solid mass within the testicle. 3. Until proven otherwise, any solid, firm mass within the testicle should be considered as a e. potential cancer. 4. Testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body including the f. abdominal area, the g. chest, and various other areas. 5. When cancer spreads to the h. lungs, patients may have shortness of breath or difficulty i. breathing. 6. Cancer can spread through the lymphatic channels to lymph j. nodes in the body, so patients may feel lumps in the k. neck area or the groin area.

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7. In general, most cases of testicular cancer will also have some l. form of a mass within the testicle itself.

5.8.4 Testicular Cancer Transcript Testicular cancer

Most commonly testicular cancer usually presents with a mass that appears within the testicle. There may be things that occur that draw the patient's attention to that mass, for example, pain or discomfort in the groin area or trauma. Sometimes people have trauma to the area and all of a sudden it draws attention to the area, and they examine themselves or someone examines that area, and they feel a firm, solid mass within the testicle. That is the classic appearance of testicular cancer. Until proven otherwise, any solid, firm mass within the testicle should be considered as a potential cancer although there are other things that can cause similar findings. That's one of the more common presentations. Testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body including the abdominal area, the chest, and various other areas. When it does do that, then patients may notice symptoms due to the spread of cancer to those sites. For example, when cancer spreads to the lungs, patients may have shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. Cancer can spread through the lymphatic channels to lymph nodes in the body and so, sometimes if there's extensive spread, patients may feel lumps in the neck area or the groin area, various other parts of the body, that may signify the presence of cancer. But, in general, most of those cases, most cases of testicular cancer will also have some form of a mass within the testicle itself. It's not always a 100% guarantee but most commonly that's the way it presents.

Source: http://youtu.be/_mZRsud4h2Q

Unit 6 Finding a Job and Creating your Profile 6.1.3. What Employees Are Looking for Key: 2) a degree with a good result 4) motivation 6) knowledge about the firm

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7) work experience Transcript I’m Elise Hunt. I work for ICI as part of the graduate recruitment team. We’re here at Imperial today looking for all sorts of graduates, specifically chemistry and chemical engineering and mechanical engineering. We look for a 2:1 degree and that’s the sort of basics in terms of degree side of it. In terms of the individuals we’re looking for, highly motivated people, people that actually show some interest in our organisation, they’ve looked on the website, or they’ve read about us and they actually want to know what it’s like working for us. We look for work experience. If it’s relevant work experience, all the better. We offer summer internships ourselves as well and that’s definitely a benefit to anyone employing.

6.1.4. Starting Your Career Key: 1. d

2. a

3. b

4. e

5. f

6. c

7. h

8. g

6.1.5. Steve Jobs Key: 1-b; opinions or interests are different from each other

- visions began to diverge

2-e; have a quarrel with someone

- have a falling out

3-d; support a person or a group

- side with somebody

4-f; not do something that someone expects you to do

- let somebody down

5-g; fail to do something

- drop the baton

6-c; make a bad mistake or do something stupid

- screw up

7-a; you realise it for the first time

- dawn on somebody

6.2.1. How to Find a Graduate Job Using Social Media

Key: a-T

b-T

c-F

d-T

e-F

2. Answer these questions! Key:

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1. Keywords 2. Use the company pages to research, be the first to share breaking news of new products and services and let your network know about your passion and interest for a particular industry. You can also see new jobs and which companies people have joined. As a student you can use LinkedIn to research companies before an interview, analyse patterns of people who have joined and move on and begin to generate your own career ideas. 3. Your image or how you appear on social media. How you market yourself using various social media sites. 4. Universities 5. Enable you to advance your career

3. Put the words below in the proper place in the text: Key: 1- aware

2- posts

3- chances

4- employees

5- suitability

6- with

7- current

8- up

9- embarrassing

10- policy

Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

to wise up to scour a backlash a snippet slack a silver lining spin to get shot down assymetry staff morale to go live a puff piece a rant piece warts-and-all

e. to become aware of something you didn’t know i. to search very carefully for something l. a sharp, usually delayed, negative reaction to something h. a small piece of something b. loose, not very strict c. a positive aspect of something that is generally negative m. very positive, often dishonest, publicity j. to be heavily criticised n. inequality d. the (positive or negative) feeling among the workforce k. to make information public a. a text or report designed to promote something g. a text or report expressing anger or complaint f. totally honest

6.2.2 Should You Pay Someone to Write Your CV?

Key: 1. Why did one of the panellists believe that you should always write your own CV? a. so that the reader can see how you describe yourself

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b. professionally-written CVs look generic and sterile and do not create a good impression with the reader 2. According to the author, what three main difficulties do people often encounter when they try to write a CV? a. incorrect English, b. not knowing how to structure a CV c. not knowing how to best highlight their most relevant strengths. 3. What benefits can a professional CV writer bring? a. identify the key achievements and skills necessary for a particular role or sector, b. cut out unnecessary or irrelevant details, c. pinpoint what makes the individual stand out. d. provide objectivity 4. Why is preparation of the CV important? Spending time on preparation produces a better result; the CV will be used to create questions at your interview 5. Why is it more difficult to find a professional CV writer in the UK than in the USA? Because in the UK CV writers are not regulated 6. What should you check before you employ a CV writer? Sample of the CV’s writer’s work

Unit 7 Interviews and Starting Work 7.1.3 Creating Your LinkedIn Profile (1) Key: 1. memorable 2. shy

3. to be on the radar

4. connectedness

5. engage in

7. diverse

8. unique

6. lingo

7.1.3 Key: 1. a

2. c

3. c

4. a

9. rich

5. b

7.1.5 Creating Your LinkedIn Profile (3) Key: Conferences / Trade Shows / Educational Institutes / Alumni Associations / Social Events / Sports Events / Clubs / Professional Organizations / Shared Interests

7.1.7 Interviews Key: 1a. drink coffee 1b. he drank too much coffee

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1c. get a job offer 2 a. research the company and the position carefully b. you need to practice c. prepare success stories that you can reference during the interview d. prepare questions to ask the interviewer e. tailor your entire interview to the company you are interviewing with 3 a. who their competitors are b. toughest interview questions c. personal life d. knowledgeable and enthusiastic e. company’s perfect candidate

7.1.7. Transcript - Jeff and Mike - “The Interview Guys”. JEFF Hi everyone, I'm Jeff and this is my friend Mike, and together we're known as the Interview Guys. Today we're enjoying one of our favorite pastimes...enjoying a cup of coffee and talking about Job Interviews! MIKE Jeff, are you sure you didn't have one cup of coffee too many? You seem a little...excited. JEFF I am excited Mike. But not because of the coffee! Because A lot of people have been asking us to share our best interview tips, so today we've put together a list of our Top 5 favorites! If you can master these 5 tips, you'll be well on your way to getting a job offer from your next interview. MIKE And pay special attention to tip #5, because it's the one tip that's really going to set you apart from you competition and get you on offer from your next interview. So what's the first tip on the list Jeff? JEFF Tip #1 is that you really need to research the company and the position carefully. It's important to know exactly what they do, who their competitors are, and any current events related to the company. Take some time to study their website, but make sure you also know the job description inside out. MIKE Our second tip is that you need to practice! In other words, it's important that you prepare perfect answers to some

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of the most commonly asked and toughest interview questions. How do you do that? Well hang on to the end of this video and we'll show you exactly how. JEFF Tip #3 is that you need to prepare a few success stories that you can reference during the interview. What is a success story? A success story is a story from your past, work or personal life, that highlights an achievement and reflects one of your strengths. MIKE Tip #4 is a very important one. You always need to prepare some questions to ask the interviewer. Why? Because it shows that you are prepared, knowledgeable and enthusiastic about the job. Not to mention the fact that it will allow you to learn as much as possible about the company and the position you are interviewing for. JEFF As we said earlier, our final tip is the most important tip on the list. Tip #5 says that you need to tailor your entire interview to the company you are interviewing with. Most people walk into the interview room with nowhere near enough knowledge of exactly what the company or organization is looking for. You need to find out before hand exactly what the position calls for in an employee as well as exactly what makes up the company's 'perfect candidate". Once you have this information you can position yourself as that "perfect candidate" by giving "tailored" interview answers. As we always say: "it's not about you, it's about them" MIKE If that sounds like a lot to take in, don't worry! Because we've prepared a special report that explains Tip #5 completely and outlines exactly how to prepare perfect answers to every interview question. JEFF That's right. We walk you through our proven step-by-step process for giving perfect interview answers in our hugely popular free special report.

7.1.8 Reported Interview Questions Key: He asked me … He wanted to know … 1. why I wanted the job. 2. what I was studying at university. 3. why I had chosen my degree subject / why I chose my degree subject. 4. what my usual role in a team was. 5. if/whether I had any questions. 6. if/whether I had led a team before. 7. what I expected to be doing in 5 years time.

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8. what my strengths and weaknesses were. 9. what other jobs I had applied for. 10. how my worst enemy would describe me. 11 why I had chosen my university and what factors had influenced my choice / why I chose my university and what factors influenced my choice. 12. what my greatest achievement had been/was. 13. who I thought were, or would be, their main competitors. 14. what I would be doing in 10 years time. 15. how long I would stay with the company.

7.1.9 Tricky Questions Key: 1. Correct Answer: Open the refrigerator, put in the giraffe, and close the door. This question tests whether you tend to do simple things in an overly complicated way. 2. Did you say, “Open the refrigerator, put in the elephant, and close the refrigerator”? Wrong Answer. Correct Answer: Open the refrigerator, take out the giraffe, put in the elephant and close the door. This tests your ability to think through the repercussions of your previous actions. 3. Correct Answer: The Elephant. The elephant is in the refrigerator. You just put him in there. This tests your memory. 4. Correct Answer: You jump into the river and swim across. Have you not been listening? All the crocodiles are attending the Animal Meeting. This tests whether you learn quickly from your mistakes.

7.2.3 Making a Good Impression Key: Plan what you are going to wear (1) Get there early (2) Prepare how to introduce yourself (3) Remember names (4) Organize your workspace (5) Take advantage of your new status to ask good questions (6) Be a good listener (7)

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Be positive (8) Don't bolt at the end of the day (9) Don’t forget to take a snack with you (not needed) Be the last to leave (not needed)

7.2.4 Benefits at Work 1 Key: 1-b)

2-a)

3-a)

4-b)

5-a)

6-a)

7-a)

8-b)

7.2.6 Codes of Practice – What to Wear 1 Key: Many workplaces have dress codes, particularly workplaces in industries in which image is highly valued and workplaces in which employees have regular face-to-face contact (1) with customers. In a formal business environment (2) the standard of dressing for men and women is a suit, a jacket and pants or a skirt, or a dress with appropriate accessories (3). Clothing that reveals too much cleavage, your back, your chest, your feet, your stomach or your underwear is not appropriate for a place of business. In our work environment (4), clothing should be pressed and never wrinkled. Torn, dirty, or frayed clothing is unacceptable. Any clothing that has words, terms, or pictures that may be offensive to other employees is unacceptable. Certain days can be declared dress down days (5), generally Fridays. On these days, business casual clothing (6) is allowed. Clothing that has the company logo (7) is encouraged. Sports team, university, and fashion brand names (8) on clothing are generally acceptable. You might want to keep a jacket in your office for the days when a client unexpectedly appears on a dress down day, especially if the client is wearing a suit.

7.2.7 Codes of Practice - What to Wear 2 Key: 1. allowing

2. unfortunately

3. guide

4. particular

5. fabric

6. message

7. without

8. disciplinary

7.2.8 Codes of Practice – Privacy Issues Key: 1-b)

2-a)

3-c)

4-a)

5-c)

6-a)

7-c)

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8-b)

7.2.9 Encouraging Younger Staff Key: 1.

16 to 18 year-olds

2.

no

3.

theory and a lot of case studies

4.

40%

5.

industrial experience, some also have teaching experience

6.

academic staff at the London College of Fashion and managers from Arcadia

7.

to ensure that it is both academically sound and also meeting the needs of the industry

8.

students will be able to fit in seamlessly at whichever level they go into the industry

7.2.9 Transcript - Encouraging Younger Staff LAMB: Well one big employment sector which is determinedly focusing on business potential, rather than purely academic qualifications, is the fashion industry. It’s just founded the Fashion Retail Academy in London to teach 16 to 18 year-olds the skills they’ll need to be effective at work. The brain child of Retail Phillip Green, a man incidentally who’s made billions without going to university, it opened in the autumn and Julia Gaimster is the woman in charge. I asked her how the students are taught. GAIMSTER : They spend about 60% of their time in the academy learning the theory and a lot of case studies, a lot of role plays. It’s very hands on, very focused on the students actively getting involved and then 40% of the time out in the work place putting into practice what they’ve learnt, working with a mentor. LAMB: Who’s teaching them? Do you have a permanent staff or are you drawing on people from the industry? GAIMSTER : We’re drawing on people who have industrial experience and some of them have previous teaching experience as well and we’re also running master classes. We have people like creative directors and human resource managers from Arcadia, Burton Group, Top Shop, Wallace, coming in and working with the students on master classes and that’s what has attracted the majority of them. They would have that opportunity to go into the work place to engage with senior managers in retail and to really put what they’re learning into practice. It’s the practical. LAMB: Ah, that’s interesting. So it’s the real experience of seeing what the business is like, rather than the academic end. GAIMSTER : Yes, absolutely. This is a blue print for the future of vocational education where industry and education are working really closely together, and the key thing about the curriculum

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is that it was developed by academic staff at the London College of Fashion, who are experts in the area, and managers from Arcadia. So they work very very closely on developing the curriculum to ensure that it’s both academically sound and also meeting the needs of the industry.

Unit 8 Mobility and Cultural Diversity 8.1.1 Understanding Cultural Differences (R) 1 In order to avoid causing an offense to someone in another business, it is important to be aware of cultural differences between your societies. 2 The extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally is called power distance. 3 Business markets in Asia and South America are identified as emerging markets. 4 Our world today seems smaller and is called a global village because of improved communications and transport. 5 Some examples of non-verbal communications which may be different in other cultures are eye contact, hand gestures, or work attire. 6 A hand shake in the Middle East is a sign that negotiations are just beginning. 7 Businesses today often operate in many countries by using cross-border teams. 8 Insensitivity can cause serious problems in business because of a violation of cultural norms in that other culture. 9 Other factors can help us analyze cultural-based behavior, including whether a society is generally more comfortable with uncertainty, ambiguity, and nuance. 10 Management styles can vary in other cultures based on how that culture perceives that businesses should be run. Answers to choose from:          

global village cross-border teams cultural differences Insensitivity emerging markets management styles power distance uncertainty, ambiguity and nuance hand shake eye contact, hand gestures or work attire

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8.1.3 Should I Study Abroad? Advantages and Disadvantages Key: Select a phrase to finish the sentence: 9.   

Studying abroad means you will learn the language …. very quickly almost not at all a little more

10.   

Studying abroad can be really easy hard due to culture shock an experience

11.   

Financing a study abroad experience will be no problem is easy because you can find scholarships needs to be something

12.   

Living in a new country will not be much different can open your eyes to the world helps us see that everyone

13.   

When living in another country a host family can take care of all your needs you can pay someone to do your chores you will have to learn

14.   

An experience of living abroad will make you a changed person is not much different than living at home will make you less mature

15.   

A study experience abroad will give you a lot of headaches and few memories many low moments and depression a lifetime of memories of

16.   

To know if studying abroad is right for you watch television for inspiration go to google talk to people who have done it before

that

quickly

requires

does

330

adjustment

you

pretty

to

as

a

little

you

special

can

much

the

become

same

thing

self-sufficient

depend

time

afford

on

in

your

others

life

8.1.4 My Study Abroad Experience (L)

Key: Grenoble, France That out of 30 students, there were 19 different nationalities Open doors, employers impressed, shows maturity and responsibility Research available universities other students who have studied abroad Doing a BA in Business Management C A C B

8.1.5 My Study Abroad Experience (L)- Transcript

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ywaV5NRkFik

Hi my name is Georgia Sanders. I’m doing a BA in Business Management with European Study and I studied in Grenoble, France. My best experience has to be that in a class of 30 there was actually 19 different nationalities which brought so many different cultures, different perspectives. It was really interesting and I’ve never had that before. So that was definitely a highlight. I think how my year abroad has prepared me for my future career because I’ve become more of an employable person in general. I think not every student can say that they’ve been abroad and I think that really opens doors. And when I’ve been on interviews and I said that I’ve been on a year abroad generally the employers has been very impressed and intrigued to know how it went. Uh, I think when [a] young person can actually live abroad it does show something about how mature they are and responsible. So I think, yeah, it’s very beneficial for employability, definitely. One of my main challenges has to be the difference in work ethic out there and the system of education which is very different. Uh it worked on the basis of continuous assessment um which meant a lot of commitment throughout the year. Um and not a lot of outside classroom work so you have to be very attentive and fully participate during class which actually I found really benefitted me and I actually worked better with it so it actually worked out to be positive. The advice I’d give people um going on a study abroad year would be um be aware to actually research the different universities available to you. I did that before and found that hugely beneficial. Ah also do use the students who have been on a year abroad as a resource because we’ve got loads of kind of tricks of the trade and advice that we can give people. Um you know how to get cheap travel and stuff so I think that’s yeah definitely some advice.

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8.1.6 How to Study Aboard

Key: B, C, E, F, J Step 1. Conquer your fears and ………….. (1). Plenty of programs do not require a foreign language. Worried about ……………… (2)? Some overseas courses cost less than your home ……………. (3) Many schools employ full-time study abroad ………….. (4) who will help you arrange your trip. Step 2. Consider your reasons for studying abroad and be honest .Your reason should ………….. (5) where you go and what you study. Step 3. Examine your ………….. (6) plan. Take your …………. (7) goals, total ……….. (8) units into account. Step 4. The …….. (9) Study Abroad Office or International Program Office can provide information about what is ………… (10). Step 5. Sort out financial ……….. (11). Step 6. Get your ………. (12) and passports. Step 7. Many programs have ……..... (13) with nonprofit companies and local organisations that will help you arrange the details. Step 8. Do further research on your …………( 14 ) Step 9. Pack your bags, get your shots and do not try to ……… (15) fruits across the borders.

Key: 1. doubts, 2. costs, 3. tuition, 4. counselors, 5. determine , 6. academic, 7. career, 8. course, 9. Campus, 10.available, 11. concerns, 12. visas, 13. partnerships, 14. destination, 15. Smuggle

8.1.7 Should You Study Abroad in Australia or New Zealand?

Key: 1. F

2. F

3. F

4. T

5. T

6. F

7. T

8.1.8 How to Study Aboard

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8. T

9. F

10. T

Key: B, C, E, F, J Step 1. Conquer your fears and ………….. (1). Plenty of programs do not require a foreign language. Worried about ……………… (2)? Some overseas courses cost less than your home ……………. (3) Many schools employ full-time study abroad ………….. (4) who will help you arrange your trip. Step 2. Consider your reasons for studying abroad and be honest .Your reason should ………….. (5) where you go and what you study. Step 3. Examine your ………….. (6) plan. Take your …………. (7) goals, total ……….. (8) units into account. Step 4. The …….. (9) Study Abroad Office or International Program Office can provide information about what is ………… (10). Step 5. Sort out financial ……….. (11). Step 6. Get your ………. (12) and passports. Step 7. Many programs have ……..... (13) with nonprofit companies and local organisations that will help you arrange the details. Step 8. Do further research on your …………( 14 ) Step 9. Pack your bags, get your shots and do not try to ……… (15) fruits across the borders.

Key: 1. doubts, 2. costs, 3. tuition, 4. counselors, 5. determine , 6. academic, 7. career, 8. course, 9. Campus, 10.available, 11. concerns, 12. visas, 13. partnerships, 14. destination, 15. Smuggle

8.2.3 Erasmus University in a Nutshell

Key: A

C

D

F

G

Listen to the text again and answer the following questions. 11.

What do we know about the size of the university?

..........one of the biggest universities in the Netherlands 12.

On what is there a strong focus?

…….strong focus on the city and international context 13.

What education is Erasmus is about?

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……analysing problems and finding solutions 14.

What do they organize for students?

……recruitment days, presentations, workshops, dinners and interviews 15.

What IT facilities are mentioned?

….computers and printing facilities 16.

What feeling does Erasmus give you?

…gives the feeling that you are prepared for a great career

8.2.3 Erasmus University in a Nutshell - Transcript YouTube link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fy1cef5abCQ

The first thing that comes to my mind when I think of Erasmus University: rising to higher standards and achieving new goals. I think it’s one of the biggest universities in the Netherlands. It has strong international fields. I’ve been abroad several times and I can honestly say that Erasmus is one of the best in the world. We have produced a lot of big names, a strong focus on the city and the international context. Erasmus has this policy which combines the more theoretical aspects and offers opportunity to apply them on things in daily life. Memorizing books is not learning. Education at Erasmus is all about analyzing problems and finding solutions. The ranking of the university is kind of important. And before I chose this university I looked up the world rank and said well it’s quite high. When I first came here I noticed straight away that everything is so well organized. We organized the Erasmus recruitment days so that orientations, workshops, and interviews will get students into international companies. We are the biggest in the Benelux countries and companies enjoy coming here. This is really important for Shell. It’s a great opportunity to get into contact with really talented students; and we wouldn’t want to miss that. There is a lot to do for students which means that there are student associations; there are a lot of social things. This is my study, of course but you can also do sports, make friends, drink coffee and have lunch. There’s a bar too so you can even have a beer. When the weather’s nice you see people sitting outside enjoying the sun; chatting, studying. There are computers and printing facilities everywhere. There’s loads to do here. I feel right at home at Erasmus. This is my university. Erasmus gives you the feeling that you’re being prepared for a great career. So, you’re not just having education but you’re working on your future.

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Unit 9 Business Travel 9.1.2 Key - A Guide to Business Travel 1. Should we travel just to meet other business people when phones are so good YES. Meeting face to face with clients and colleagues, provides you with the opportunity to broaden your professional network and forge relationships that go than phone calls and

today? perfect deeper email

2. What is the first thing to do when planning to travel? First, confirm the travel dates and make your reservations as soon as possible 3. What documents do I need to travel? Passport and travel insurance, copies of electronic boarding passes and hotel reservations 4. What kind of clothes are best to pack for travel? Dark coloured clothing that doesn’t wrinkle easily, Ladies, carry a large scarf, shawl or Pashmina, choose stylish but comfortable shoes. Opt for wedges, flats or shoes with a lower heel. 5. What security measures can I take at a hotel? Can I think of others? Avoid using your full name when signing in. Use your initials or sign in as if two people are in the room. This deters potentially assailants looking to prey on single women. Advise the front desk not to mention your room number out loud, when other guests are nearby. In the event that you think someone may have heard it don’t be afraid to request a new room. Always leave the Do Not Disturb sign on the door. This gives the impression that your room is always occupied. Upon arriving at your hotel room, double check the locks on the windows and doors. If you are unsure of your room locations, ask security to escort you to your room and avoid wandering the halls aimlessly.

9.1.3 Seven Tips for Foreign Business Travel Key: Multiple Choice – Check all that apply: 1

Business travel involves more than just making travel plans. You also should consider

1.4

___ Finding the closest gyms to work out in

1.5

X

1.6

___ Loading up all your favorite video games

2

When planning your travel itinerary, be sure to

2.4

X

Leave a copy with your family and colleagues

2.5

X

Make copies of all your important documents like passport for your family

2.6

X Leave an emergency contact list with your travel planner

3

Some good preparation practices for a trip abroad might be to

Learning about business practices and social customs of destination

335

3.4

X

Read books or articles about the country you are visiting

3.5

___ Plan your menu in advance so you can have your favorite foods

3.6

X

4

Examples of body language and gestures to be careful of include

4.4

X

Making the “OK” sign with you thumb and index finger

4.5

X

Pointing with your finger

4.6

___ Speaking slowly

5

Learning another language is not easy when in another country. You could

5.4

X

Make a sincere attempt to learn what you can

5.5

X

Hire a translator

5.6

___ Don’t travel until you have mastered a language

6

You should check for any travel advisories in the country you are traveling to. Check for

6.4

X

Government issued travel advisories

6.5

X

Whether the advisory affects your area of travel

6.6

___ What weapons you can take to defend yourself

7

Check for the kind of insurance you need to protect yourself

7.4

X Travel Insurance

7.5

X Life Insurance

7.6

X

8

Select the best ways to stay connected while traveling

8.4

X Using Skype from your computer or cell phone

8.5

___ Plan on borrowing a phone to make calls

8.6

X Texting is always a good option especially in emergencies

Research if it is acceptable to discuss business over meals

Medical Insurance

9.2.2 Business Travel Etiquette Key: 1. True; 2. False; 3. True; 4. Not Stated; 5. True; 6. False; 7. Not Stated; 8. True; 9. False; 10. False; 11. True; 12. Not Stated

9.1.2 Business Travel Etiquette- Transcript

YouTube link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBGEknzJu_Q (MichaelCzinkota.com)

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Etiquette overseas is dramatically important because it really plays to the issue of culture. And culture is a very determining factor in any negotiations, in any planning, in any execution of business activities. And therefore, anyone who travels internationally for business and even for pleasure needs to be aware of cultural imperatives. In the United States, time for us is terribly important. We preserve it, we save it, we are on time. Those are very important concepts. But you look at the same thing internationally and people see time more as an incidental. That if you say you’ll meet in the afternoon you may say you’ll meet around four but that becomes four-ish and may become six-ish quite quickly and nobody is upset at all because that’s just how it is. But getting ready for that and living with that expectation that not everything will flow as smoothly and as precisely as one may be used to, that’s something difficult. Normality often matters. In some countries people are addressed in different ways depending on their social status. And there can be let’s say in Spanish speaking areas there can be the “tu” verses “usted.” In French speaking areas the “tu” verses the “vous.” In German areas the “du” versus the “ze.” And it’s very sensitive to decide what form of address to use because if you use the wrong one you may generate ill-will. And I remember talking to an executive in Europe who told me that for him the biggest problem was and he was an American executive, when he came to Europe he had to remember how he was going to address the presidents of his subsidiaries. One was call Wang the other one was called Doctor Meyer and the next one was called John Miller and he really had to stick with that. It couldn’t be all first name only because it just didn’t work that way. But you also have other formality issues. For example, I remember going with a group of Americans into a German restaurant and they didn’t have any air conditioning so we all took off our jackets. And our German hosts were obviously appalled at that. And I tried to make for some easier feelings and I said to the German cohosts, “Look at the gentlemen over there in the corner they’ve all taken off their jackets.” Whereupon he turned to me and asked, “What makes you think these are gentlemen?” And that sort of clarity adherence is not necessarily a question of sensitivity it’s a question of outcome, even with good sensitivity. Two examples come to mind. One was when president Bush was in Germany at a leader meeting and chancellor Merkel of Germany obviously looked a little bit exhausted and he stepped up behind and started giving her a back rub. And that somehow didn’t go so well because German chancellors don’t often get back rubs in public. Or other situations where national leaders for example don’t like to be touched by anyone. And even if that touch is to convey empathy and closeness and friendship they’re still not used to being touched and it shows in their faces. But we’ve also had on the positive side again President Bush who in the White House Rose Garden welcomed some Arab leaders and while they were walking in the Rose Garden they shook hands and then they held hands for the next ten minutes of walking. Which is not necessarily is not the most American of behaviors but it clearly demonstrated to the visitors that he had sort of read up on the culture and tried to do things their way and that was very welcome and was appreciated internationally.

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No really it’s not just the rules because they can be learned but it’s really the empathy, the conveying that I come in friendship that I am here to know you as a person and work with you. I’m not just here to do the transaction and be out of here again. It does make sense to look at some of these guidebooks. It makes sense to go for example to go to the US Department of State website which tells you roughly what to do or at least what to avoid. There’s also, lo and behold, by the Central Intelligence Agency there’s a World Fact Book which summarizes each country economically, politically. And it’s available to the public, it can even also be seen on the internet. And it teaches you, sort of, the most important things not to do and the most important things to keep in mind so that you don’t go and provide a gift that you think is very wonderful and your guest may think is a terrible thing to do because knives or clocks or certain colors are just not welcome in that society. And so you can avoid some of those mistakes. But of course, there’s also a lot of slack being given to Americans, sort of, ”Yeah they probably don’t know” so we still get the benefit of the doubt.

9.2.3 Corporate Travel Management from FCM

Key: 1.C;

2.B;

3.B;

4.C;

5.C;

6.C;

7.D;

8.A;

9.D;

10.C;

11.C;

9.2.3 Corporate Travel Management from FCM - Transcript

YouTube link: Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqnF-4V4j24 Ultimately, getting better corporate travel ideas is all about working with people who can ask the right questions. At FCM our people are empowered to think expansively about the products and services we offer our clients. These are experienced travel professionals who are encouraged to challenge the status quo to help your business achieve outstanding results. People who are never afraid to ask one simple question; FCM Travel Solutions. FCM is a young and vibrant travel management company. We’re represented in 75 countries around the world. Being part of FCM means you to have [a] world of opportunities. Whether you are a small company or a large multi-national we give you the same amount of attention and work very, very hard to deliver the savings that are so important to you. We’re not a transactional based business; we’re very relationship based business and so that’s the key to our business model. We do not do one-size-fits-all. We do the service that you require on a local, multinational, or even global level. We believe in face-to-face contact with our customers and we don’t hide behind emails, we do pick up the phone. You’re never ever in a call center environment. You’re always talking to somebody who knows and understands your business and understands your needs from a corporate travel point of view.

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Our consultants are the best trained in the world. We are focused, we deliver outstanding services and that’s proven by our level of retention of our existing customers. We’re not just a booking service for corporate travel; actually people sitting side-by-side helping companies manage their travel to get the outcomes they want. We offer more personable more flexible solutions that give our customers the greatest savings. Why wouldn’t they want to do business with FCM? See what’s possible when you blend fresh thinking with global negotiating strength and cutting edge travel management. FCM Travel Solutions.

Unit 10 DEVELOPING YOUR CAREER 10.1.2 The Labour Market of the Future 2 (L) Key: 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. a

10.1.2 The Labour Market of the Future 2 (L) Transcript

The answer to finding the best talent is really… it’s like in China, we’ve set up an advertising school in Shanghai in order to find the best young talent in the country to come into our industry… but it’s about trawling the good schools…design schools as well as business schools, film schools, entertainment schools, schools of all types, finding the best people. Incentivising them means, not just financially incentivising them, but qualitatively, with training programmes, that sort of thing. What most people prize most highly is the ability to develop their careers in the context of the jobs they have, and providing an environment which challenges them geographically, or functionally, and gives them an opportunity to develop their careers; so this is the biggest issue, because you actually look at the supply of talent – you know we can produce all the things in the world that we need to produce – in terms of manufacturing and distribution. What we can’t do is produce more people, because if you look at the demographics it’s against us. There’s a war for talent now – in five, ten or fifteen years time it’s gonna be even more significant because the supply of people, birthrates, are basically declining in all countries of the world, so age… there will be an ageing of the population in even the most youthful countries that at the moment we think have the best demographics.

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10.1.3 “It’s Never Too Late to Learn” Key: 1. e

2. a

3. g

4. h

5. b

6. c

7. f

8. d

10.1.4 E-Learning (L) Key: 1. telecommunications companies 2. Silicon Valley California 3. knowledge is doubling every two years 4. to become an expert 5. a way to learn from one another

10.1.4 E-Learning (L) Transcript I. It's no coincidence that some of the early adopters of internet-based teaching and learning are telecommunications companies such as British Telecomm. Another example comes from the American computer giant Sun Microsystems, now undergoing big change at the same time as it's merging with the database giant Oracle, a near neighbour in Silicon Valley, California. Sun is taking this new system of learning very seriously, says Cary Williard, the company's chief learning office. CW. There are some special challenges that are present now that haven't been present before. The University of California, Berkley did a study and found that knowledge is doubling every two years. There are numerous studies that have shown that it takes ten years to become an expert, but you can't possibly keep on top of everything. So somehow we have to create a way to learn from one another what's the most important. I can hardly make my way to my bed because of all of these stacks of books I really do need to read … and I('m) just fall further and further behind. I think we all have that experience, so the need to be able to learn from one another is so much more intense now because of how much knowledge there is out there to sort through.” I.We have to create a way to learn from one another, says Cary Williard at Sun Microsystems.

10.1.5 Addressing Weaknesses (R) Key: 1. b

2. a

3. c

4. b

10.1.6 What is E-Learning? (L) 1. 2.

1998 applying

340

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

original promoters noise drive compliance certification technology leadership development sell communicate oriented email and their regular work 2 billion from other people social networking online communities

10.1.6 What is E-Learning? (L) Transcript I. And that's the disruptive part of this new electronic learning process of teaching and training. Listen to the training and talent management consultant, Josh Bercin. JB. E-learning is a word that started around 1998, and it was originally the concept of applying the internet to physical training, so the original concept was “We're gonna do away with the classroom, we're gonna do away with bricks and mortar universities and we're gonna put it all on the web”, and in fact Cisco and other promoters of the internet really tried to make a lot of noise about this to try to drive demand for the internet, and companies tried to do that and they tried to shut down their classroom training … universities tried to put all their professors on line … and what they found was that – it didn't work. Some content worked really well on the internet and some didn't. The internet turned out to be very good for compliance training, certification on a process, or perhaps a technology training; it didn't turn out to be very good for soft skills like leadership development, how to sell, how to communicate, some of the more people-oriented skills in companies. I. Of course one of the main advantages of transferring training to the employee's computer, to be used as and when he or she has the time and inclination to learn something, is that this reflects the new attention span of the internet generation. Josh Bercin again. JB: The average employee shifts back and forth between their email and their regular work 70 times in a single day, so we're already committed to the computer! There's 2 billion cell phones in the world, something like that, probably the equivalent number of PCs. Everybody has access to information everywhere all the time, and we're trying to make sense of it all. And so in a corporate setting what's really the next set of challenges is not putting more information online, but trying to find some context for it all, and also recognising the fact that people don't learn from content, they learn from other people, so when you have a training problem or a transformation problem inside of a business and you're trying to get people to move in a new direction, or take on a new role, you can't always teach them how to do that, they have to learn it from the other people in that organisation. And so the tools like social networking and the concepts of online communities have become very, very important parts of corporate training now, and that's really what's new.

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I. Josh Bercin of Bercin Associates, based in Oakland, the other side of San Francisco Bay from San Francisco.

10.1.10 Writing a Letter Inviting a Tender 1 (W) Dear Ms Smith 1. I am Gábor Pécsi, managing director of Conferi Kft., a company specializing in organising training events in Hungary. 2. I am writing to announce a new training course which we will organise in March 2015 in Budapest. 3.

2000 delegates will attend the event from all over the world.

4.

The sessions will take place at the Hotel Confi and will last 3 days.

5.

The participants will need translation services from Hungarian to English and vice versa.

6.

We invite your company to bid for the contract.

7.

In your bid you should provide detailed information about services and costs.

8. All tenders must be received by July 21st 2014 and the result will be announced on August 30th. 9.

Please do not hesitate to contact me personally if you need more details.

10. I enclose a brochure with details of the conference.

10.2.1 What do Managers Do? Key: 1. h,

2. f,

3. e,

4. c,

5. g,

6. b,

10.2.5 Motivating Staff Financially (V) Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

incentive commission salary earning potential fringe benefits cost-of-living allowance deducted rate bonus golden handshake

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7. a,

8. d

10.2.6 How to Manage Your Staff (L) Key: 1.

700

2.

85%

3.

a. yes, b. no, c. no,

4.

a. £ 900,

5.

the mid 1990s

6.

development

7.

valued (properly)

8.

involved (in the business)

9.

maternity

10.

twice a year

11.

not right / wrong / missing

12.

trust

d. no, e. yes, f. yes, g. yes

b. Florida,

c. respect,

10.2.6 How to Manage Your Staff (L)

d. abilities

Transcript

LAMB: Many staff satisfaction surveys may make dismal reading for bosses but there are exceptions. Workers at a jewelry store chain called Beaverbrooks have helped vote the company the best retailer to work for in Britain in the annual Sunday Times Best Companies List. Beaverbrooks employs around 700 people in 55 shops and an impressive 85% of the staff said they believe their manager not only cares how satisfied they are in the job, but also regularly expresses appreciation for the good work they do. So what is Beaverbrooks doing right? Mike Johnson has been investigating and his report starts with answers to that question from staff behind the counter at the company’s Blackpool store. LADY: There’s no hierarchy here at all. You can go to anybody and still feel valued and have your point listened to. LADY: I used to work for a supermarket and there’s no way that I could have gone up to the store manager of that place and given him like an idea about something or felt like I could have a conversation with him or anything. JOHNSON: Why was that, were they too intimidating? LADY: Yea, they used to put the fear of God into you for some reason. They’d walk past and you’d feel like you were being watched by some evil … evil bloke. But Mark has been here a few times. JOHNSON: That’s the managing director? LADY: Yea. He puts you at ease. JOHNSON: Do they pay shed-loads of money?

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LADY: No not at all. It’s the atmosphere that’s definitely kept me here anyway. LADY: I wouldn’t have any problems with phoning up anybody that I needed to speak to regarding any issues that I had or any suggestions that I had. I would feel happy that it wouldn’t be just something that was pushed aside. JOHNSON: Would you really feel okay about sending an email say, or a letter to the managing director of the company? LADY: I wouldn’t think twice about it. JOHNSON: You wouldn’t think twice about it? LADY: No. No not at all, I’d feel very comfortable. ADDLESTONE: This letter just came to me today, funnily enough. This is from Karen and she’s a sales assistant in our store in Bluewater. JOHNSON: Rare indeed is the company where the managing director starts his day by opening fan mail from the staff. Welcome to the weird and wonderful world of Beaverbrooks boss, Mark Addleston. ADDLESTONE: “Dear Mark. Just wanted to say a huge, huge thank you to you and the company for giving me the most amazing feeling this morning. I shall explain”, and she goes on to talk about how over the year she’s actually accumulated £900 in bonuses and she’s going to take her children and her husband to Florida for a holiday. But then she just finishes off by saying, “how lucky am I? A job I enjoy, colleagues throughout the company who have the utmost respect for each other and a recognition of my abilities which gives me the chance to feel this good. Thank you.” I mean, It’s just lovely. JOHNSON: In many an organisation Karen from Bluewater might also be seen as lobbying for an award of her own. Company Creep of the Year. Here though her letter does seem to be a genuine expression of gratitude, not just for the bonuses she’s earned, also for the spirit in which her company is run. But it wasn’t always like this. Though Beaverbrooks was established back in 1920 it wasn’t until the mid-1990s that it seriously began to seek the opinion of its staff. ADDLESTONE: I started a series of focus groups when I went round the branches round the country asking the question, what’s good, what’s not good? And some of the staff, I have to say when I got back, made me very, very uncomfortable. JOHNSON: Like what? ADDLESTONE: Well like the lack of development that they were receiving, like the fact that they felt not valued properly, all sorts of stuff. But all came back down to one thing, it came back down to the fact that they didn’t feel involved in the business and that was a real wake-up call and it did hurt at the time. JOHNSON: Stung into action, he launched a flurry of new initiatives. Everyone was encouraged to contact him direct with views and ideas. One recent example from the shop floor was an improved package of maternity benefits, important for a company where almost 85% of staff are women.

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These days Mark Addleston visits every store personally at least twice a year, trying to foster an atmosphere where people feel comfortable talking to him. One visit revealed a serious case of bullying by the shop manager. ADDLESTONE: Fortunately, I had a sufficiently good relationship with the team where one or two of them felt comfortable enough with me to be able to tell me what was actually happening. You know when you ask somebody a question and you say, “how are things” and they say, “fine” and you look into their face and you know that there’s something not right, there’s something missing. It’s at that point that you have to delve more deeply. I believe our people trust us, I believe our people trust me.

10.2.7 Motivating Staff (R) Key: 1.

a fair, living wage

2.

more than money (money, personal time and attention)

3.

it inspires motivation

4.

you feel you are part of a chosen/popular group of people

5. education and training; career paths; team participation; succession planning; crosstraining; field trips to successful workplaces 6.

ask your employees what they want from work

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