An Improved System of Mnemonics or, Art of Assisting the Memory, Simplified, And Adapted to the General Branches of Literature, With a Dictionary of Words, Used as Signs of the Arithmetical f

!'.

,t....'^

AN IMPROVED

SYSTEM OF MNEMONICS; OR

^ct Of llgststmg fte Jlemorp,

SIMPLIFIED, AND. ADAPTED TO THE GENERAL BRANCHES OF LITERATURE;

WITH

DICTIONARY OF WORDS,

ji

USED AS SIGNS OF THE ARITHMETICAL FIGURES.

'E^Bvpov civroti,

Vfia./J.fji.a'Tiev

re

Mvii/*»iv fl'joTTiivTov ViivfofA,hTOf

a-yvfllJ-tif,

ipykvnv.

^schyl. Prom. Vinct. 468. ^^^.^.••-^.^

" Mother of Wisdom The thronged ideal

'* •'

Who

**

Flame

!

thou, whose

sway

hosts obey,

now vanish, now appear, van, or darken in the rear,"

bid'st their ranks in the

" While every

flower in Fancy's cliine, of old heroic Time, by the hand of the industrious Muse, " Around thy shrine their blended beams diffuse." Mason on Memory.

" Each gem '•

Cull'd

BY THOMAS COGLAN. MNEMONICS, VOL.

I.

CONTAINING THE PRIMARY ARRANGEMENT OF THE SYSTEMi APPLICATION TO FIGURES,

CHRONOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS,

AND THE MULTIPLICATION TABLE ARRANGED

IN A

NEW MANNER

FOR LEARNERS.

PUBLISHED BY

C. CRADOCK AND W. JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW^ AND JOHN HATCHARD, PICCADILLY.

Price

95.

with Plates^

1813.

L

\ Cntereu at %t3tlonttfi' ^aXl.

^"Vrintcd by

W.

Glindon, (lupett-itreet, Haymarkel,

DEDICATION: TO HIS

ROYAL HIGHNESS

THE DUKE OF

SUSSEX.

Sir,

Honoured by your permission to your I

Royal Highness, endeavour,

shall

prove

myself

in

in

this

to dedicate

System of Mnemonics^

this

expressing

my

Gratitude,

to

not unw^orthy of your

instance,

Patronage, by avoiding the fulsome panegyrics that are too frequently used on similar occasions ; satisfied that

if

your

Royal Highness's reputation, required the flimsy aid of flattery, I

should not derive honour from this inscription,

nor your Royal Highness credit from such eulogium. I feel

proud

in

being allov^ed to usher this production

to the public, under the auspices of

whose honourable

your Royal Highness,

exertions, in promoting the diflusion of

useful knowledge,

are

known throughout

well

so

the

Empire.

With

the hope that

its utility

may be

appreciated by

your Royal Highness, I subscribe myself,

with great respect.

Your Royal Highness's Obliged and obedient Servant,

THOMAS COGLAN. London, June 30, 1813«

2000135

rilEFACE.

IN introducing

this

system to the Public, the Author

feels

the

necessity of stating the motives that chiefly influenced him, in pre-

smning

to appear before so

high a tribunal.

Having delivered Lectures upon Mnemonics, principal towns in the principles,

kingdom

in

most of the

wherein he unfolded their general

;

and particular arrangements, with instructions how

adapt them

to

many

had the pleasure

of the leading branches of literature

of observing the gratification, which the

to

he

;

know-

ledge of the art gave to the greater part of those that attended him,

who were

generally anxious in their enquiries, whether he meant to

publish the system, which they conceived would be useful as a book of reference, either to direct their families; not a to

work merely

furnish associations for

studied, and

To

to

it

operations, or instruct their

several subjects,

by many deemed

render

own

explain the theory, bitt in

essential to a

useful, this latter part

able; for although the ingenuity,

it

also

that are fiequently

good education.

was considered indispens-

and utiUty of Mnemonics were

generally admitted, yet objections were often started to them, by stating the difficulty, or apparent difficulty, of suitable combinations,

which the

making proper

or

art required.

These objections were urged, paiticularly by those persons, that were either engaged in business, or other pursuits, desirous of commiting the assimilations to inclined to take the trouble of

who were

memory, but were not

making them.

Although the Author conceives himself

to

be unequal

Attempt of this kind, either to gain reputation for himself, or

a

to

an

to il-

;

11

on one

lustrate the advaiitag'es of the system; ye4, thus solicited

side

—

ami stiong;ly convinced himself on

rangements may be found useful world, with

he ventures to

;

those hojies and

all

writer, that feels

the other,

an honest anxiety

fears,

which

that his ar-

them

ofler

{generally

to the

assail

a

to gain public support.

As the culprit who pleads his own cause, if he knows any thing human nature, is desirous of ingratiating himself with his judges; so, many Authors actuated by similar motives anxious to of

;

mitigate the severity of criticism, endeavour to effect their purpose

by

occupations,— urgent invitations to

told tales of pressing

well

embryo

publish, &c. &c. occasioning the premature birth of their

muse, th'^y

—exposing

had cloalhed the

dering

situated,

The

rude essay of their minds

first

to disciiminate

it ditlirult

so.

by similar declarations, that (generally

meaas of securing himself from the uiual

charge of cautious Jictiun

;

but his friends— his acquaintance,

recognize the veracity of his assertions

feels confident,

when he

—Thus ren-

between those, who are really so

and those who are only poetically

considered) he has no

he

!

blast, ere

writer of these pages knows, that if he attempted to di-

vert the Clitic's censure,

will,

Northern

to the inclemencies of the

it

states, that situated as

he has been

for

some time

ing in a town scarcely more than a fortnight at one period

resid-

;

—a

con-

siderable portion of his time engaged in passing from place to place, often at great distances

&c.

—

that his writing

ally to

— Lecturing — preparing

for Lecturing,

must be so frequently interrupted,

6cc.

as materi-

derange that continuous chain of thought, which

is

neces-

sary to be preserved, in giving effect to the most simple operations

Such has been

of the miud.

which he hopes

may be found

in

his case throughout this little

own

efforts

:

this

System

he has neither the

to lay claim to originality for the outlines of ciples, are the

that

it.

Although a considerable part of the Author's

work,

will plead in his favour for the imperfections

same

that Wire applied

as those practised

by no

less a

folly, it.

is

the result of

nor the vanity,

—The leading

prin-

by the Greeks and Romans

;

personage than the accomplished

;

V 111

Cioei-0,

who

mind,

to call in the

did not consider

it to

be nnwoilhy of the dignity of ^«*

assistance of ait, to aid the eminent powers

he possessed from Nature. Various ingenious treatises the

lished within

last

on Mnemonics have been pub-

hundred years,

three

France,

in

many, Rome, Venice, Franckfort, and England

;

cultivation of the art, appears to have been suspended for

may be

seen in the Philosophical Magazine of December the

It states that

science of

great eclat in Germany, by restorer of

it

that he

:

Clergyman, to teach

him, not to

M.

some

Germany; an account of which

recent revival in

time, until its

Ger-

but the general

180G—

Mnemonics was then taught with Aretin,

who may be accounted the his, M. Kcestner, a

had permitted a pupil of it

at Leipsic; but exacting a

down

suffer his pupils to write

promise from

his Lectures.

In the year 1807, Mr. Feinaigle, a native of Germany, publicly

taught the system at Paris

;

since

which period he visited

England, and has met that encouragement which ingenuity and talent generally receives in this country.

reigner

we

knowledge

;

to

admit

be allowed by useful in

that ingenious fo-

rather a useful system, to enable us

or

knowledge with greater posed

To

are indebted for the revival here, of a useful branch of

all

many

To Mr.

its

facility

;

to

acquire

and although we may not be

importance, to the extent he announces;

who have studied and

applied

it,

to

it

dis-

must

be materially

subjects.

Feinaigle's Basis of the

Mnemonic

the writer of

art,

these pages owes a considerable portion of his.

—The

gratefully acknowledges he derived from him,

by attending a course

of his Lectures

He

;

foundation he

the superstructure has been raised

by himself.

found that Gentleman's plan truly ingenious in many parts

although he cannot avoid observing, that self first

it

had

(not merely to

him-

many others) a most formidable and unwieldy asoect at view. As nothing human is perfect, and as plans and sys-

but to

tems devised by the greatest geniuses, have often received helps

from very moderate talent

;

the writer had the boldness to attempt

improvements; whether he has succeeded or not, the Public, or

that part of

and

wliirh

it

acquainted with Mr.

is

F«>iriai5le's

method*

must decide.

his,

To shew

tliat

and not chang'e, was his ob-

real inipvovpinent,

which he con-

ject; he lias adopted those parts of Mr. F.'s system,

ceiTcd desirable; altliough

whole design, as

to

make

it

it

wouUl be easy, so

have very

little

to

new mould the

appearance of the plan

taught by him.

But as the writer knew, that a portion of the

lectual part of the

community had attended

intel-

xMr. Feinaigle's Lectures,

he soujjht to make such chaug-es as would be efficient, and at the same lime render it tolerably easy for those persons, to adopt the present arrangement

they

(if

felt

its

much

importance) without

dirticulty.

has therefore retained several of the consonants used by

He Mr. F.

to represent figures

;

as he found

that they would answer

the intended purposes, as well as any others he could select; but to give an equality of strength to that part of the system, he was necessitated to niake

equable.

—

some changes, which renders by

Tie found that

his arrangement,

their

some

powers more

figures

were ca-

pable of being expressed by twenty or thirty times the number of

words, that could be found for others

;

great degree by the present alteration.

The symbols he has ;

He has

been remedied in a

also given characters

and fractions; not done by Mr. F.

for millions, thousands,

found to be superior

this has

entirely

changed

for others that

he has

the advantages resulting from this change can-

who have become The Mnemonic student will feel

nut be duly appreciated by any, but those

tolerably

familiar with the system.

the force

of his remarks

when he

observes, that symbols are devised to be the

by referring

repositoiies of our thoughts, to aid our recollection,

them

as the

media of reminiscence

;

to

two principal things are there-

fore necessary to be attended to in their choice. 1st.

person

That they should be of that nature, which may enable the

who

also to recal

applies them, to

them

in

commit them quickly

any order that may

to

memory and ;

be required, with as

little

mental exertion as possible. 2dly.

That they should possess the

qualities, of

being readily

subservient to our various purposes, in

made

all

the combinations to

which they may be apphed.

To effect the

the

first

object, Mr. Feinaigle formed his symbols in

same nianner as Joannes Romberch's, published

1562— intending them to lepresent in the order of their notation extent

the

;

eleven,

first

;

in this

at

he has succeeded only to a certain

and a few others, are tolerably well ma-

naged, but in the greater part the student derives but

delineating them,

and

it is

help

little

Indeed, to succeed in a very indiiterent degree in

from that source.

torted,

Venice in

form, the arithmetical figures in

it

evident that they must be very

is

much

dis-

necessary to hava recourse to confused and hetero-

geneous assemblages, to be able to produce any thing like resemblance.

In this point, the symbols used in the following work will be

found (the writer

flaiters himself)

tive perusal of his third chapter

In the second object, which

former, he

thinks himself

still

decidedly superior; as the atten-

he thinks is

will prove.

of greater importance than the

more successful;

for nearly the

whole of his symbols are the portraits of human beings, intended

for

Mnemonic reanimation or Gods and Goddesses, that can readily be made either mortal or immortal, as we may require whereas Mr. F. ;

;

has thirty-one, that are inanimate; such as finger posts, mausole-

ums, or

fire

engines; and eleven, that are quadrupeds, &c.

;

in all,

forty-two out of one hundred.

As

it is

desirable, that these

be found useful, in proportion to their approxi-

possible, they will

mation

to our

own

symbols should be as potent as

characters and feelings, real or assumed.

To be

the depositories of our thoughts, they should be able to think, they

Thus Gods, God-

should have the powers of locomotion and action. desses, and

animals

:

human

those are again superior to inanimate substances.

beings can be

upon

beings, are superior to sensitive or irrational

made

to express every thing that

senseless objects

ian powers, be

;

we wish

to

Human impose

whilst the latter cannot, vrith even Jisop-

made succedaneums

for the former.

require our symbols to reason, to talk, run,

We frequently

sing, dance, leap, &c.

—

Vl

" looking-glass"

kc. which cannot be very conveniently done by a or a

"

pillar."

In this view of them,

tiie

anther disapproves of the few of his

own, that are of a similar description symbol, the Oak, he a

man

in

it

which

;

:

to

make

use of his seventh

very frequently obliged to suppose a boy or

is

may be forgotten Mount Ida answers his purpose, Venus occasionally as the ship Argo is found

Ijeing'

out of the natural order,

;

as not being a permanent object.

by selecting Paris or tolerably cfhrient,

inanimate symbols. are

;

by employing Jason.

He

has also only

upon a par with any of a similar In Geography, Mr.

F.

— Those

are the whole of his

five of inferior

animals, that

Mr. Feinaigle's.

class in

independent of his Mnemonic aids,

wishes to appear as a reformer of the " unscientific method'^ of

having East and West longitudes instead of being

have also a certain general meridian

modern nations

in selecting their

from which they

This

make

;

own

East.

—To

capitals, &c. as the points

their calculations.

only reviving the old method, practised

is

all

disapproving of the practice of

when geography

was imperfectly known, before the discovery of the Western hemisphere,

when

a certain line, supposed to be the extreme of the earth on

that side, was assumed as

of

it,

its

boundary; when

all

to the right or East

was then the most easy way of calculating

But

distances.

the discoveries of Columbus, and the demonstration of the spherical

form of the earth, have rendered the terms East and West purely relative.

of that

But even admitting the neatness, mode,

it is

or partial superiority

objeQtionable in this country, or any other,

where long established custom has stamped the seal of authority upon a different plan. To commit to memory the longitudes of places from Ferro, would subject the student

understood by

subtracting the difference of 18 degrees. says

is

(if

Thus

37 degrees East longitude from Ferro;

English meridian, he

19 degrees

;

position, he

is

as a place is

he wished to be

others) to the unpleasant task of always adding or

forced to

a place, which he

to

reduce

deduct 18 degrees from

45 degrees

cast from

London,

obliged to add 18 degrees to

it,

to

it

it,

to the

leaving

to recognize its

know

that

it

is

1

VI

longitude

is

Tlie adherence to the

Ferro.

63 degrees from

thus described by a person

Mt.

who

scheme of

The mode

more complicated.

still

East

all

of proceeding is

professes to give the substance of

F's. lectui-es,

"

If (by our

common method)

tude 121 degrees west of London, Ferro, 121 degrees

number

be described in longi-

a place

to reduce

it

meridian from

to the

must be subtracted from 180 degrees

of degrees West) the remainder

is

(the

whole

59, which, added to 180

degrees, and the 18 degrees difference between the calculation from

London and Ferro which

is

will give the

product 257 degrees

121 degrees West of London

grees East of Ferro, this process

After tfts quotation,

sentence about

its

it

simplicity

will !

is

may be

—

a place then

said to be

at once simple

257 de-

and correct!"

be unnecessary to advance a single

—A

child practising according to this

plan, would be very expert in describing the distances of places, to

another, not in the secret. In the Geographical part of this work, a different plan will be

pursued; the meridian of London adopted, with East and West longitudes, the exact distances of the principal parts of the world associated;

which were not

in

any one instance done by Mr. F.

;

who

Merely exhibited a few desultory assimilations, by which plan the student could

tell

only the distance of a place, within 10 degrees o f

longitude or latitude, or at best could only guess at

its situation in

a

square of 10 degrees.

Mr. Feinaigle's historical arrangement

is also

objected to; as

being too diffuse, requiring a greater number of apartments than

any individual can command. rooms,

will be

found

sitories of our

Many

(if

His

directions to

imagine other

practicable) very inferior, to having the repe-

thoughts actually before us when

we employ them.

other parts of the system have undergone similar changes,

which the Author hopes

will

be found improvements.

On every subject connected with derable diversity of opinions amongst beral characters

;

Education, there will be a consi-

men

of enlightened mindsandli-

therefore a general approval of this work

pated by the writer.

— Some

will

is

not antici-

always disapprove, that they

may

Till

shew

their superiority, or display their critical

he has known, who portion of

in

powew,

others agaia,

one sweepings attack, would not allow a

Mnemonics

to

be useful

who, when

;

sins;le

interrogated to point

out the defects, shewed that they were completely ignorant of the

Such, or similar characters, are happily described

whole system.

by Dr. Johnson

:

— " There

are

some men

row views and grovelling conceptions tion of personal malice, treat every rical

;

who, without the instiga-

;

new attempt

and look upon every endeavour

track as the rash eifort of a

(says the Doctor) of nar-

warm

as wild

to depart

and chime-

from the beaten

imaginarion, or the glittering

speculation of an exalted mind, that

may

please and dazzle for a

time, but can produce no real or lasting advantages.

These men

value themselves upon a perpetual scepticism, upon Relieving no-

thing but their

own

cannot possibly be against

it,

when

senses,

upon

calling for demonstration

where

it

obtained; and sometimes upon holding out

it it

is laid

before them.

Upon

inventing argu-

ments against the success of any new undertaking, and when argu-

ments cannot be found, treating it with contempt and ridicule. Such have been the most formidable opposers of the diffusion of knowledge, for their notions and discourses are so agreeable to the lazy, the envious, or the timorous, that they seldom

ing popular, and directing the opinions of mankind."

fail

of becom-

THE

bases of the

Association

ment of

Mnemonic

;

science, literature,

meanest capacity

;

—by

Method, Locality, and

art, are

the advantages of the

in every branch or depart-

first,

and mechanism, must be obvious

to the

arrangement, science has

classification or

been enlarged beyond the formerly supposed boundaries of humaa

knowledge

and by

it

literature has derived the greatest assistance

;--

improvements in the mechanic In the acquirement

bly accelerated.

arts

from

it,

have been considera-

of knowledge, no natural

powers of memory, however considerable without system, can at-

much as an The advantages

«hieve so

demonstrated reduced

it

;

indifierent, or tolerable to

be derived from

must be acknowledged by

human being

in

Who

fluence.

who have

effects that places have, in re-

calling ideas,

any rank or walk of

it.

caanot be so well

they can only be appreciated by those

system ; but the casual

to

memory, with

locality,

all

life,

;

for there is scarcely

a

that has not felt their in-

that has past his early years, exposed to a variety

of pleasing and unpleasing sensations, having been separated from the scene of former joys, and after a lapse of time, returns to the

well-known spot, that does not find a thouvSand impressions revive by the most trivial objects in nature? sensation,

climbed

which instantly

it;

The sight of a tree perhaps renews a

recals the

remembrance of having formerly by its branches, from the

or having been sheltered

intenseness of the summer's heat, or the drenching storm

ideas emanate from

dence,

serves

to

it

or similar objects.

;

Every apartment in our

recal former happiness

or sorrow

;

other resir

our friends.

—

our sports, our griefs revive

;

—

;

circumstances that

to our recollection,

dormant, rush

with nearly

all

for years

were

the force of their

Here we see a fond parent; perhaps now no

original impressions.

more, gazing- on us with paternal tenderness, when with light hearts,

bounding with anticipated joys, we imagined

bliss in distant scenes.

lighted to

sit

to which

in

;

we

oft

pur paternal residence, to seek

In this apartment, a sister de-

chid us.

that, a brother smiled, caressed, or

we should

If perchance

left

visit the alternately loved

and hated school,

have crept or ran, could we avoid directing our

eyes towards the form on which

we fonnerly

sat,

we should

plainly

see the elevated seat from whence the appalling mandate Silence, literary apparatus

used to issue, even though every vestige of

had

totally disappeared.

But the power of renewing former impressions,

we have been accustomed

to places that

to

;

is

not confined

wherever our imagi-

nation roved or dwelt with peculiar interest, the recurrence of our

thoughts to the scenes that fancy painted, never

fails

placing in

array the train of reasoning, or events that attracted our attention.

when,

for instance,

we think upon the

plains of Pharsalia, the

Agincourt or of Cressy, we soon embody the armed hosts Here a Cesar, there a Henry or an Edward, fought and conquered we see the field covered \v^th slain ; the warriors animating their

fields of

here we fix our eyes upon a single chieftain, follow him ; various ranks, observe his " hair-breadth 'scapes," as the through the historian, and finally see him triumphant, the by described followers

If we actually visit those places, wc spot where we think the hero some upon look around us, to fix o'er again ; again we crown battle might have stood, we fight the laurel encircling

the conqueror

his brow.

!

Cicero's description of his walk to the

academy

is

beautifully

illustrative of our principles

" walk

We

agreed, (says Cicero) that

in the

where

there

Academy,

was no

appointed wc went

we should take our evening

as at that time of the day,

resort of to Piso's;

company.

we passed

it

Accordingly

was a place at the

hour

the time in conversing on

XI during our short way from the Double-gate,

different ttiatteis,

we came

we found

Academy,

the

to

that celebrated spot, which, as

a perfect solitude.

habit; that

we

know

I

are

more powerfully

not (said Piso) whether the

or an illusion of

a natural feeling,

till

we wished, it

be

imagination founded on

affected

by the sight of those

than places, which have been much frequented by illustrious men of their detail the read or recital when we either listen to the great actions.— At this moment I feel strongly the emotion I speak was wont of: I see before me, the perfect form of Plato, who those gardens not only recal him to dispute in this very place ;

;

to

my

but present his very person to

my memory,

senses

I

;

fancy to myself that here stood Speusippiis, there Xenocrates, and To me our Senate here on this bench sat his disciple Polemo.

house seems peopled with

when

I

enter

in particular of

the

forms,

like visionaiy

for

often

the shades of Scipio, of Cato, and of Lelius, and

it,

my venerable

grandfather, rise to

my

imagination

;

In short, such are the effects of local situations, in recalling associated ideas to the mind, that

have founded

losophers

it

is

not without reason,, some Phi-

on this principle, a species of Artifcial

memory.'^

From

these and a thousand similar instances, that will readily

present themselves to the mind of the reader, to suppose, that a

system true

siderable importance.

Cean

Upon

it

to these principles

this plan

we

appears rational

must be of con-

learn that Simonides, the

poet, the supposed inventor of the art proceeded, the account

of which invited

described by Quinctilian.

is

to

It is

related that he

was

a feast to celebrate the virtues of his host, one Sec-

pas a Thessalian, but his poetic genius, soaring to the regions of the Gods, for matter to adorn his eulogium, where finding a more

ample

field for

his imagination, he dilated too long on the merits

of Castor and Pollux,

to the

mortification of his patron,

pected, that he alone, would have the glory of the day fore refused to

rhyme

pay the stipulated

price,

sum

;

It

ex-,

he theie-

and referred the sob of

to his patrons in the celestial spheres, for a

original

;

who

appears that his piety was rewarded,

moiety of the fftr

a messen-

:

xu ger shortly sent

by

him from the

called

al'ter

and crushed Scopas and

fell,

tilated, that their friends

when the room who were so mu-

his g'uests to death

;

could not recognise them

was thus enabled

to identify their

had occupied

This suggested to him the advan-

out to their friends for burial.

;

and gave him the

he afterwards digested into a system.

hint which

as this account

is

of

(to strip it

not appear improbable that

at

them

persons, and point

tages derivable from locality and association

may be

but Simonides

;

recollecting the precise situation that each person table,

supposed to be

festive board,

these gods, for he was scarcely in safety,

its

— Mythological

supernatural agency)

it

does

an accident of a similar kind, we

to

indebted for the device.

The powers

of imagination and association are also called to

the mnemoniciaus aid

;

the pictures of the former are connected by

the assistance of the latter, and are thus strongly retained by the

memory.

The

association of ideas in the natural order of the mind,

most powerful and

find the

efficacious

we

means of reminiscence

;

wherever one object becomes linked with another, we more easily recollect It

it,

than where

it is

apart or isolated.

appears to be a part of our nature, to have recourse to as-

sociation in the general course of things, and perhaps, if analysed

may be one of the causes of the diversity, we observe in men The uncommon quickness of some, and the slowness of others, may proceed from their superior, or infeiior talent of associating.

it

This principle cious

;

it

is

as extensive, as ample, as our powers are

reaches every where

but

feelings, or our thoughts, 1

not an object

;

is

subservient to

sight, are associated with each other

ing, and smelling.

From

— as are

it

the objects of

;

feeling, h' aring, tast-

the pressure of a hand,

discordance of sounds, what

capa-

of our senses, our

various feehngs arise

the haiTOony or ?

a peculiar pun-

gency or sweetness of taste, an odoriferous or fetid exhalation in like

manner

;

mental researches, metaphysical investigations,

derive assistance from

it,

'tis

man,

as

it is

its

importance

to

the hand-maid of

all

memory, great ia

as active as versatile.

XIU This powerful engine of the mind, the greatest uti.Uty

may be

it

;

used in

this system cannot reach, though

if cultivated,

must be of

a rho'.isand instances

where

the very pivot on which

it is

it

turns.

Some

people apprehend that the

multitude of images and impressions

memory may be burdened by a does not the extensive know-

—

ledge of the Schclav refute the supposition

by the vast

store of learning

he possesses

?

?

does he feel oppressed

does he not rather

powers expand, his capacity increase in proportion

ments

do we not frequently, when we are desirous of remembering

?

a particular place, look around for some object or

marked

feel his

to his acquire-

to assist our

conjure up two or three, and this in the slightest degree oppressed lection materially aided

The

associations

objects, sufficiently

Here instead of one impression, we

memory ?

we do without our memory being ;

but on the contrary, our recol-

by them.

we form with

objects

of sense,

fugitive than those of a merely mental nature

;

we

therefore

find les« it

must

be evident, that where the latter can be interwoven with the former, our chance of retaining them

greater—Dugald Stewart, with

his

The

in-

objects in

perceptible

fluence of

is

of thought and expression, observes that

usual felicity

and associated

feelings,

seem

*'

awakening associated thoughts

to arise in a gveat

measure from their

permanent operation, as exciting or suggesting causes. train of

thought takes

its rise

When

from an idea or conception, the

a

first

idea soon disappears, and a series of others succeed, which are

gradually less and less related to that with which the train com-

menced

;

but in the case of perception, the exciting causes remain,

and

steadily before us,

any relation each others

to

it,

all

the thoughts and feelings which have

crowd into the mind

effects,

and

all

in rapid succession,

through

conspiring in the same general im-

pression."

For this purpose sjrmbols are introduced, as permanent excit* ing causes,

which

a little practice, will render as familiar to us as

any objects in nature calitiesj

to be

;

these must be placed in the established lo-

employed in the various subjects w©

desire.

By

;

xir Hsin» them in the manner detailed in the work, we gain the assistance of one of the essentials to recollection— Attention

our eyes become fixed

Whilst

;

the faculties of the

a particular spot,

to

mind accompanyin'^" them, become concentrated to a focus, which Without attention, we can never materially assists our memory. recollect; the

therefore, that conduce to

means

system,

let

desirable.

derived from this

not the student deceive himself by expectations, which

He must

cannot be realised.

them

must be

it,

may be

Great as the advantages are that

in his

memory

;

frequently repeat his subjects to

fix

but the advantages he derives are, that he

can retain them more permanently, as well as acquire them more quickly, than by the general jects

mode we adopt

and

;

also

have his sub-

more disposaable. Stewart further observes in one of his admirable essays

—

memory are to be susceptible Much as we require from to be ready." tentive produce this happy union, we may derive considerable the qualities of a good

;

;

from system

to effect

it.

:

to

nature

by the

necessary to them.

we have

cannot succeed in being ready, unless

to

assistance

Susceptibility and retention, are aided

frequent exercise of the proper faculties

" that be re-

We

properly arranged

These, the system of mnemonics

the subjects of our study.

is

calculated to produce.

Erroneous opinions are formed of the application of it is

an opposition to Natural memory, but a very

must point out the impropriety of the term by saying Artijicial helps

better exprcssetl, for

this art

generally called the system oi Artificial viemory, which implies

;

little

consideration,

would be perhaps

it

to the

Natural memory,

nothing can be impressed on the mind, without the exercise of

memory, which

this

most active use ciples,

If

;

system so

from dispensing with,

far

calls into

and only requires the assistance of those prin-

that have their foundation in nature.

we wished

to recollect the period

were promulged, and said that

their

ject, as a people could not long endure

Taipp quickly

across the

Red Sea

to

when

Venom

the laws of

defeated

Drac9

their ob-

them. That Moses must have

escape the hosts of Pharaoh.

xr That the followers of Columhus instead of imitating their leader*

Trepan

the unfortunate inhabitants they

that the words

Venom, Tuipt, and Trepan had

seemed only anxious

And

discovered.

to

the letters which were employed to represent the figures 623 B.C.

1491 B.C. and 1492 A.D. the proper dates when those transactions

Would not memory ? but

occurred. cise of

sociation

—

the remembrance of these be truly an exerreceiving such desirable assistance from as-

and arrangement.

That the

recollection of these

other subjects, that are by

or similar dates, together with

many deemed

the memory, may be disapproved of by deration. is

The author

is free to

to impress

essential

others,

is

admit, that too

on

a different consi-

much importance

attached to the remembrance of several things by some, as they

may

be esteemed too lightly by others.

— Some

people seem to act,

as if the whole principles of knowledge, consisted in being able to

repeat the sentiments laid dovi'n,

or opinions of others

or the specific rules

;

whether in the languages or sciences

;

and therefore

deplore the badness of their memories, in being unable to retain

them; but

if

they took one-tenth of the pains in attending to ge-

neral principles,

which they employ in committing

to

memory, not

only would their knowledge be more extensive, but their minds

more

The

active

and

purposes of our nature.

efficient for all the various

exercise of reason, the various analogies that

little investigation, will be found

more

ledge, than the exercise of the best

With

memory

these this system does not clash,

may be

traced by a

effectual in obtaining

it is

that

man

know-

ever possessed.

only presented as a help

to those subjects where philosophical principles cannot guide

— where

science has not given general laws to determine with facility the subjects of our cogitation or application lection is essential

:

— this

may be

;

and where a ready recol-

observed in one of our earliest

studies, the multiplication table; a child or an adult

taught the principles of in another form

:

it,

that

it is,

in fart,

but for use, this would be of

necessary in applying

it,

that the

may be

easily

nothing but addition little service.

It is

arithmetician should have no

pause, no calculation to effect, but at once give the correct an-

:;

XVI swer

;

or business ttouUI be considerably retarded.

a variety of other

tables.

—The same

in-

No system can be

devised so effec-

memory.

Geography and

tual for Chronology, as the exercise of

Astronomy in detail, in the same manner, require the exercise of

To

the same faculty. actual exercise of

these

or similar studies that require

memory, any plan calculated

to assist,

the

must be

desirable.

But mnemonics are not limited history, poetry, prose,

mere systematic

to

where even design and plan can be admitted, aids from

may

However admirable the

them.

derive occasional

v.ill

arrangements

orator's

be, he requires occasional resting places for the

developement

this

;

tables

grammar, oratory, botany, or similar pursuits

mind

in his

can be done by the mnemonic arrangement,

without interfering with the general harmony of his design.

game

The

in the other branches that have been enumerated.

One system

considerable advantage arising from the application of this the habit of adhering to method,vvhich

is,

practice of

acquire by the

we

This pursued in one branch of study, will indu-.

it.

bitably operate and influence ear conduct in others.

The powers

called into action, will materially

of association

serve us, in accustoming our minds, to combination, and analogy

and although

v/e frequently use

grotesque or ludicrous assimilations

in subjects, where no chastity of style

is

required

;

yet they are

Dot so decidedly essential to the system, but others more congenial to the feelings

We

may be

substituted.

shall conclude this introduction with

great genius,

upon the

of

Egypt was an

the mind, refers to geometry, which in India and

occult science,

now

so well

known.

veries of Newton, learned in two years by a boy.

genius outstrips the present age the next.

to faci-

Condorcet, speaking of the

litate the acquisition of knowledge.

improvement

the remarks of a

means being devised

possibility of

;

Nature has furni^ihed

our intellectual labours

;

and iis

and there

is

simplifications will ever have an end.

is

—

All the disco-

At each epoch

overtaken by mediocrity iu

with the means of abridging

no reason for supposing such

^JDBRESS TO THE STUDENTS OF THIS SYSTEM.

Although Mnemonics has the authority of venerable antiquity, and the sanction of distinguished scholars to re-

commend them, yet the revival of the system is so recent, that it may be truly said to be but in its infancy. This

—

treatise therefore should

be viewed with similar

those that are excited, in witnessing the child, to

walk or

The face

indulgence of the reader

is

requested in the pre-

—the assistance of the students in

to

it.

Their

adaptation of

any branch of education

improvements,&c.

if

more

may

in time,

aid

of

and

those

or

science,

to

it

useful

—their associations; comments;

sent to

him

Notwithstanding his care errors

The

this address.

still

worthy of public support, requests the apply

of a

to speak.

author, anxious to render this system

who

feeling's to

first efforts

will be gratefully received. in

the selection of dates,

have been overlooked, which,

if

known

to

him

can be noticed in the second volume.

The chronological

dates are from Blair, with the ex-

ception of those attached to the Lord Lieutenants of Irelasnd,

tish

which are from Trusler, from

the greater part of

whom

the author has also taken the genealogy of the Scot-

monarchs, but their dates are from Blair.

The second volume

of Mnemonics

andwill be soon published

:

to be comprised in three volumes perceive, that the present elucidate

is in

forwardness,

the whole system ;

is

intended

but the reader will soon

volume requires no future part

any of the subjects

to

which

it is

applied.

t«

—

:

ADDRESS. intends to introduce

In the succeeding volumes, he

the following subjects

General Geography —'The adaptation monical arrangement to given for

all

it

fully explained,

of the

Mne-

and associations

the places of consequence on the Globe,

degrees of Longitude and Latitude

;

down upon the plan of the rooms. Particular Geography with

—

every town in England, arranged in the Longitudes

and Latitudes,

its

in

map

laid

assimilations

for

with a large

respective

in degrees

County

and minutes

of the county towns associated; also the population of each

county, and the distances in miles, from the metropolis, of the principal towns in the kingdom with a map of

—

England, suitably divided. Astronomy' an easy mode presented of remember-

—

ing the precise situation of the various stars, in degrees of diameters and disright ascension and north declination ;

—

tances of Planets, &c.

The Statistics population, revenue,

of the various nations given

products, commerce,

;

their

government,

mihtary and naval power, number of square miles, &c. sociated.

General History and

synchronized

—

its

as-

principal facts

dates assimilated.

Daily Occurrences — Combinations

presented fof

months and days.

Multiplication— the mode ten figures in the

of multiplying eight or

mind, by a similar number, by the aid

of symbols, without paper or

slate.

Poetry, Prose, Sciences, Languages, &c. Sec, And the Mnemonical Dictionary, continued

to

No. 1000. Letters addressed to the Author, at Messrs. Cradock Joy^s, will be

forwarded

to

him.

and

1^

««efOi9**-

CHAPTER AS

I.

the object of the author of this work

is

convey a

to

ample, and complete knowledge of the system of Mne-

clear,

monics; to be understood by the humblest capacity he ;

is

ap-

prehensive that by some people his explanations will be considered, in

many

instances, unnecessarily diffuse; but

although disposed to give general satisfaction, he would rather incur the reproach of being tedious, than be cen-

sured for failing in communicating the system, by rendering

it

too concise: he fully estimates the importance of

brevity, but too

ence

much may

m lecturing has

tends to

it.

whom

that if his readers be like the

he instructed in the

will not be displeased with his resolution.

time, that he

deems

His experi-

taught him to adopt the plan he in-

pursue— convinced

majority of those

be sacrificed to

it

art, that

At

they

the same

necessary to state the manner he

proposes to treat his subject, he must also declare that he will endeavour to avoid all useless repetition

matter.

and irrelevant

18 The

general outline cf th

.

plan havinEj been frlanced at

in the introduction, prepares the

ment of it

for the develope-

the primary part of the system,

to he well understood

apply

mind

by

in their studies.

step, or nothing

will ensue; for although the system it

may

essential

is

but confusion

sufficiently simple

requires an adherence to the

of the minutiae to profit by simplicity

is

Tlu-y are therefore requested to

proceed gradually, step by

and comprehensible,

which

learners, before they attempt to

it

etlectually

be injurious to

it,

— indeed

whole

its

very

by causing the ardent

student to pass on too rapidly, to reap, prematurely, the harvest he

As

it

is

desirous to obtain.

has been observed that places and symbols form

Mnemonic art, the former latter, must be first noticed;

the prominent features of the

being the depositories of the it being desirable that both of these should be either actually or mentally present to the

Mnemonician's view.

A

room

properly arranged, appears the most eligible to effect the

purpose, because students are generally seated in an apartment when they study; if not so situated, a little exercise of a faculty, which the system calls into action, will ideally present the several parts of their chamber before them.

As

the floor, walls, and ceiling are to be regularly di-

vided into a certain

mence with

number of

the floor,

parts, learners

must com-

and proceed in the regular order of

the figures.

This diagram exhibits the imaginary division of the

floor

19 into nine pavts, to

tiie

which they must always number according

following plan: placing their backs against the centre

of any of the walls

they

chuse to

remote part of the floor to their

number one

;

of their division

numbers one, two, and three ;

select,

they will have four,

stripe, seven, eight,

five,

and nine, as I

in

2

the

most

hand, they must call

and proceeding from their

right, in the order

second

left

;

the

and

hand

left

to their

they will then have first

six;

stripe

and

this exhibits

:

;

in the

in the third

20 not by any possibility divide the wall that was behind

him, at

he were

unless

allowed

to

turn

round to

look

it.

By

this division there will

the entire

respective

be forty-five places

—but, as

number in a room must be fifty to make the numbers on the floor and walls harmonize, we call ;

of the cieling toefl'ect

in the aid of a portion

are therefore to suppose a in size with

any of those

compartment on tliey

it.

it,

The students corresponding

have already arranged on

the walls, directly conjoined to the second place of their similar

wall;

first

compartments must be imagined

as ap-

j^endages to the second, third, and fourth walls, always in

a line with the area or space of the second part on each wall :—»these compartments are to be the receptacles for

They must then proceed

the decimals or tens.

the whole, following the regular order of the

the last division of which

the floor;

must

call the

compartment of the

number

the

first

wall,

the

first

place on

it,

is

10,

number

20,

the

down

has 30 for

The

11, the second,

number

:

on

9: they

belongs to wall,

number

12,

the place on the

appended to the second wall, is for and the wall numbered in the same manner as

part, that

first,

number

ceiling that

number

figures

and then descending to the

number

and so on to 19, the terminating ceilin

-

Iris

286)

(And afterwards joined T with him Constantius, and Gallerius in 292= to whom ^ the two former resigned J the empire.) j

j

41

Constantius)

& Gallerius

Chloris

Maximianus

^

304

Erato

The former died in 300, when his Son Constantine

1

succeeded him.

42

Constantine proclaimed in 300

Maxentius, sonof Maxi-)

mianus Licinius

-

-

-

-

( ^

"X

_

Amused

_,

}lrama 300 '^ 308 J

-

Goesby

83 Names.

No.

Thus

at

Technical Words'

Symbols.

Date*.

four

one time

Emperors reigned. Gallerius,

who

died

Imitate

311

->

Maxentius,drowned in the )

Tiber-

-

Licinius, died

-

f

$312

-

Urania

(-Manor

324

-

Emotion

<

Constantine survived them,

and became sole Emperor. 43

ConstantineJun.Constans

fMlMlO

337

and Constantius

j

Constantine, jun. died in

340 \Argo

Constans, do.

350

When Constantius

-

Morose *-MULES

reign-

edalone.

361

44

Julian

-

-

,

45

Jovian

-

-

-

353

-

-

-

364^

Zara j

Died in

Ariel

Mediatk JMadam 'Madeira

After the death of Jovian, the empire became divided into Eastern and Western, under Valentinian and Valens,

ASSOCIATIONS, 1 Julius Cesar

...,...

—

Ate There is a Jew going makes her Roar. * For a very short period

to Seize her

six

Robe—Roar. Robe, which

Emperors tdgnei*

84 2 Augustus Ino

A

in

is

Gust of rage, flying

3 Tiberius

Guy

Mate. Mate. away from her Tree.

endeavouring to Tie berries on a Tree.

is

Mice. destroying some

4 Caligula

The Roe

going to Kill a Gull for

is

Mice. Rat.

5 Claudius

Leo Clawed

us like a

Rat.

Lyre.

6 Nero

On mount

Ida Nero

is

playing the

Lyre.

7 Galba In the

Daw.

~

Oak

there

is

a Gabbling

Daw. Defy.

8 Otho

Obi, or rather Three fingered Jack, swore a great

Oath that he would

Defy

any person.

Deep.

9 Vitellius

The Ape yery Deep.

is

eating his Victuals out of a Dish that

Deai.

10 Vespasian

Atys bore with Vast patience both dumb and Deaf.

his misfortune of being

Keep,

11 Titus

Equity has a very Tight house is

eating Tatoes out of a

to

Keep

her

Bite.

Autonoe seeing Acteon pursued, exclaims.

Dogs Nerva 13

or the

Time Fbud.

is

will

— or Cup. — or she

in,

Cup.

12 Domitian

fly,

is

Do my

son

Bite you.

Feud.

straining every Nerve^ to suppress a dangerous

85 14 Trajan

The to

Eqiiery

is

Paw. mounted on a Trojan horse, that begins

Paw.

Stake,— or Steak.

15 Adrian

Atyla a

is

putting an Adder on a Stake,

Steak, and

its

A

— orhe

is

Tomb.

Pius, weeping over a

Tomb.

17 Marcus Aurelius

Sedate.

-i

Foe.

J

Lucius Verus

Teuca will Mark and Lash us, and Veer

Commodus Toby keeps his 18

eating

dry on\

16 Antoninius Pius Tuova's Tone

is

us,

Or

rail us, if

we be

not Sedate,

........

Tubs.

Foe.

us, like a

/

ale in

19 Pertinax

some Conunodious Tubs.

....

,

Tupia has a Pretty axe carried before 20 Didius Julianus

his

...

Equipage. Equipage. Equipage.

Eneas could not be enticed by Dido's Jewels, nor her

Equipage. Equipage.

21 Septimius Severus

He was opposed by

Niger and Albinus.

Natio will Sip tea with sible if

we

us,

but she

touch her Equipage,

ttiat is

is

as Severe as pos-

Nigh ajar

full

of

Old beans.

Antique 22 Caracalla and Geta Notion. The latter was killed the following year. Noah is endeavouring to Get a. Card rack all An'» TiQUE, is his Notion. Notice. ........ him his son Diadumenius. Hygeia will Peel us some Macaronies to induce us, her Diadems to Notice. 23 Opihus Macrinus

He

associated with

86 24

Heliogabalus

Hero gabbles

we

hail us, if

Hautboy,

..--

..--

as loud as a

Hautboy — or Hero

go

Ninny.

Alexander Severus

25

will

Hautboy.

should be in debt for a

Hyales Keg of Ale leaks yondery which makes her as Severe as a

Ninny.

26 Maximin The two Gordians were T h^y

is

writing a

Maxim

Too gaudy a one to have

is

—

.

gned only 36 days.

rr

The Naiad but she

Homely. Named.

-.-.

in a

it

Homely manner,

Named.

Any

27 Pupienus and Balbinus

The Inca

Any mice

there are

quite

Numb.

tying the Gordian knot until her fingers are

is

Numb. Hurry,

29 Philip

Hope

when

near them.

28 Gordian

Hebe

mice.

has some Puppies, that Babble nigh us,

often gives us a Fillip in a

— or Huzza.

Hurry — or

give us a Fillip, if we don't Huzza when she --— .... 30 Decius Egous is throwing D«Ae5 at a Harpy.

she will

inspires us.

Harpy.

31 Hostilianus proclaimed with Gallus; the former died soon after, when the latter took his own son Volusian

Halt.

as a partner

Muta Evolution

on a Horse stealing on

is

we

swore

is

Gall

if in

us,

an

should Halt.

22 Emilianus (murdered

Egeon

nsy to

in 4

Injure.

months)

throwing Mert/o;iw*, to Injure us, Injure him.

— or he

that Millions could not

"T

Valerian,

who

joined

with him

s.

.iiienus alone

.—.

his

son

In ajar, Hideous.

87

GAma

putting some Valerian In a jar, to send on

is

board his Gallies that are very Hideous.

34

FlaviuiS

Claudius

Maria will Flay us or Claw

—or

her

we do

if

not

In

...

Endow

21s,

if

view

— or Endow.

we come In view

Hooks.

33 Aurelian

Milo

him

(the Wrestler)

in his

of

her.

would O'er reel

one, if

he caught

Hooks.

Nicely.

36 Tacitus

Medea

is

very Tacit

to us, as

she thinks she appears

nicely.

Once a day.

37 Florianus (reigned 2 months)

Egica puts Floivers on us

Once a day.

38 Probus

Mab will Probe

us,

because

we Inked

her

Inked. Gown.

New one. ........ 39 Marcus Aurelius Carus him Who joined with Carinus and Numerianus. Mark

Gopiae will

New

ONE,

we

if

mour any of

us.

Or rail

us, or

Avill

not

Hu^

us.

40 Dioclesian

He joined with him Maximianus Iris

Scare us, like a

have not Care in us they

would

in

Die a clashing on the

Unwary. Unawed. Unwary, her ..*

Maxims Unawed. 41 Constantius and Gallerius. Erato

Measure

is

Constantly in

some

them.

42 Constantine ^ and > Maxentius at

Amused.

j

Licinius

Thus

Measure.

Galleries, endeavouring to

one time there were 4 Emperors.

Gots by.

S8 /

who died Maxentiiis, who died Licinius, who died Gallerius,

On

Imitate. FATE.-*

'.....«

Emoti riON.

l

MailNOR. J

the death of the latter, Constantine became sole

Emperor. Urania is Constant mherendeavours to of that which that she

Amused

her, although she

Goes by some

so Licentious

is

Galleries every day,

with peculiar Accents and the Lord of the

Make sense to us,

Emotion,

to

Imitate

the Licentious airs of

Manor.

43 Constantine, jun. Constans &Constantius Mimic. -^

Morose, r Mules. -^

Constantine, jun. died

Constans, ditto

When

Constantius retained the sovereignty.

In the ship Argo (Rome) the Three brothers, Constan-

Mimic the greatness like Morose Mules,

Constans, and Constantius, only

tine,

of their father, the two former died

when

Constantius became the owner.

Mediate.

44. Julian

Zara has a Jewel in her hand, courtiers to

Mediate

presenting to some

with the King to procure her ran-

som.

25 Jovian

Died

Ariel was so Jovial a

ing

Madam.

.......

Madeira.

in

Madeira.

Madam,

that. she

died in drink-

89

FRENCH KINGS. Dates. Symbols. Technical Words.

Names.

y^^ 1

Pepin, sirnamed the Little 751

'i

Charlemagne (and Carlo-

Ate

man, who reigned only {.768 / 4 years

proclaimed

Em

sirn''.

<

-

_

West

Lewis n.

-

in

Abyss

Waiter

r

/

^

He became Emperor of) the

Coy view. Ear

I

Guy

814

AlsoEmperor of the West. Charles, sirn*^. Le Chauve) or Bald

5

I

I

nairre, or Pious

4

»'

800

West Le debon

peror of the

Lewis,

-

Ino

He was 3

Colt

-

01-.

^

Bears

'

Roe

S

[.Weakly

)

LeBegue, or Stammerer, King of sirn'^.

Back

^^^

877

France only

6

HL

Lewis

and Carloman The former reigned to

882

The

883

latter do.

When

Charles

le

''

879"!

Gros,

v.

Ida

Bake a pie Baboon By a bog

-{

Emp^of the West became possessed of

all

the domi-

nions of Charlemagne in

884

King of France only 888

L

Oak

7

Elides,

8

CharlesHLsir'^. the simple 898

Obi

9 10

Rodolph Lewis IV.

Ape

11

Lothaire

12

Lewis V.

13

Hugh Capet Robert L sir"^.

14

-

sirn*^.

sir*^.

.

923

Outremer 936 9o4

Le Faineant 986 -

the

-

Wise

987

996

Bower Booby BOY Buy A pew

-

Fang-

-

Famed Foolery Autonoe If i wed Ati/s

-

Equitij -

-

Ufa w

Eqncry

Piped

Time

r:

e jk

m Name.

2io. J.-i

*nt'nry

16

Philip

-

I.

Dates.

Symb(»t>.

10,31

Atyla

-

Tuova

-

L'Amorciix 10,00

sii^

I.

-

Son of Henry. 17 Lewis VI, sir''. Lc Gros Son of Philip. IS

19

1,108

Lewis VIL sir''. Lc Jeune 1,137 Son of Lewis VL Philip U. sii-'. Augustus 1,180

21

Son of Lewis VIL Lewis VIIL sir^. Le Lyon 1,223 Lewis IX. siinvbatever the multiplier

remainder will be the unit

tens

from 10; such

which joined

figure,

it

to the figure

in the tens place, gives the product.

Thus from

10,

7

8 times 9

— take

1

and 2 remains, join

times 9

and 3 remains

?

;

— Make

from it

8, leaves

to the 7

7 one less,

joined to the 6

is.

is

then take 8

7,

72.

—take — here 6

is

63

from 10,

7

it is

obvious

that the 9 need not be used in these operations, but merely

understood.

9 times

9?— reduce

8; take 9 from 10 and

This plan applies to

the multiplier 9 one figure, 1

remains; joined to the 8

all figures

under 9

makes is

81.

(9 inclusive).

These rules for the figures 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, may be of some little service for the figures under 5 2, 3, 4, there need no rule, as they can be so easily impressed by the common mode, or the mnemonical one.

—

:

For the other figures

memory

ercise of

in the table

—

6, 7,

will be likewise the best.

and

Or

8,

an ex-

for multi-

plying them; the plan introduced into the Lancasterian schools

may be found

useful

;

by the fingers of each hand

being used to effect that purpose: is

8 times 7

?

—

it is

— thus,

if

asked

how much

resolved (or any sums between 6 and 9)

by always considering the number of

figures both in the

126 multiplier and multiplicand that arc above 5; and tticn

down

pross

tho proper

the hands to represent

the

te>is

number of

thos(^

hand that

sum

which

the above multiplier 8,

belongs is

must be pressed down on cand

2 above 5

7, is

numbers are

in

the other fingers on each

;

not pressed down, are to be multiplied by

are

each other,

which

fij^nres,

sum

belonoinc: to the

to

on the pahiiS of

fingers

;

the

to

3 above

,

thus

3 lingers

— the

multipli-

the right

hand:

down 2

fingers

press

units

5, therefore

on the palm of

hand; these 2 fingers added to the 3 fingers of the right hand make 5, equivalent to 50; then, as there are 2 the

left

fin[;ers

up, on the right-hand, and 3 fingers, up,on the left—

they must be multiplied by each other, 3 times 2 are G,

which added

sum.

to the 50, is 56, the correct

This plan, or something resembhng

it,

lations

may

pretty ge. same calcu-

is

nerally introduced into those seminaries; the

be etfected, thongh perhaps not so quickly

by proceeding

in the following

manner

— subtract the muL

and the multiplicand each from 10 let the remainder of one be multiplied by the other; their product will

tiplier

;

be the figure belonging to the units place, then subtract from the multiplicand, the remainder that was had from the multiplier

;

—

this

second remauider belongs

place, and being joined with the units figure

is

to the tens

the correcf

number must be always

sum.

Observe

made

the multiplicand, if not, thvni

that the greater

its

remainder from 10

must be subtracted from the multiplier. Example.

— 8 multiplied by 7 From 10 From 10

:

subtract 8 subtract 7

= =

2

3

5G

Mutiplying 2 by 3 Subtractings from 8

= 6 the nnits

;

1.32

Example

I.

27 considered 37"!

23

23

_

.

_

.

621

-

-

-

(321

Then say 3 times? are 21, which must yhe put down. Twice 3 are 0, pre-

j

—

I

fixed to 21 isG21.

Example II.— 4() times 44. 4G considered as 56 -* _ . _ 44 [Gx 4 = 24 which put down. 44 \5 A 4=20 prefixed to 24 = 2024. 2024 J 2024 -

When together

and

the figures in the units places^ by being added

make more than

after the units

10, the excess

must be noted

have been multiplied, the figure

in

the

tens place of the multiplier, must be multiplied by the ex-

which sum must be added

cess alluded to,

by the multiplication of the

figure gained

proceed as

in the

Example

I.

to the tens

units, afterwards

former example.

—Thus 27

times 24 must be viewed as 37

times 24.

27 considered 37

24

-

-

4 added to

24

-

^

648

-

-

648

7

makes 1 which is 1 must be used af1 ,

above 10;

this figure

terwards

for the addition of the units

is

;

not necessary to work the sum, be-

ing only requisite to ascertain the excess of 10.

The 28, the 8

7 of 37 is

must be multiplied by the 4 of 24, making

to be put

down

as part of the product;

multiply the 2 of 24 by the excess

be added

to the 2 of 28,

1,

making 4

;

making

2,

next

which

joined to the 8

is

is

to

48

;

then multiply the figures in the tens places, 3 by 2 gives 6, joined to 48

is

648.

;

133 •g7

multiplied as 37

•)

24

I

^4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

= 28 put down 8

®x l + 2rz4 put down

f 2x3 = 6 joined to 648-'

.

^48

7 / 4

4,

and carry 2 4

and 8 = 648.

To work the sum with the letters that represent we shall figures, may make it less liable to mistake h r. and K, 24, M 37, ;

M

call

K-v

H R

I

4 and 7 are 11, being

r call

D

the

such excess

1

above ten, iTH

Q.

Z B

J

R X K = 28, which call n b HX Q + N = 4 call z H X M = 6 call D

r

Join D,

Example

II.

z,

B together,

is

the

"

sum=648.

— 48 multiplied by 45, —view 48

as 58.

As 5and8arel3, theexcessoftenis3. ^^j^y^x^^^Xy 8 by 5 is 40, put down 0, and \

48 viewed

as "]

2160

-

-

^V^carry 4, next multiply the 4 of 45

2l60r^^^^ ^^'^^^^ ^j ^9"^^^

l''^!

\that was carried makes 16, put -^6

before the

by

added to the 4

down

of 40, and carry

1

then multiply the 5 of 58 by the 4 of 45 makes 20, added

was carried makes 21, which prefixed to the 60 already had, is 2160 the correct sum of 48 multiplied by 45. When the figures in the tens places are not alike, and to the 1 that

;

the unit figures by being added together this

example

—58 times 32.

make

10, act as in

— 134 s multiplied by 2 makes 16, put

•^8"!

32

I

ic-p

I

with

2,

this

cry

making 4, that was carried from 16,

figure, multiply

which added

to

the

I,

J

makes

down 6 and

then subtract the 3 of 32 from the 5 of 58, leave*

1,

the 2 of 32,

which must be put down before the

6;

.5

multiply

by the 3 of 32 makes

it

6,

then con-

of 58, as a 6, according to former examples

sidering the

18, put

down

;

before 66,

gives the product 1856.

These examples are purely given, in hopes that the which is thrown upon this mode of multiplying figures, may induce some person that has leisure, to devise a more complete method, by making (if possible) one general rule, for such or similar calculations. The same motive induces the writer to give an example or two, of some cases where three figures may be multiplied in the mind. faint light

Rule.

—When

the figures in the tens and the units

and in the multiplicand, by being added together, make 10

places, are alike in the multiplier

and the unit

figures,

proceed like the

Example

Add

136 "1

first

examples.

— 136 multiplied by 134. 134 to 6 makes 140; reject the

and consider

sum as 14, with which multiply the 13 of 136, f first addinsr 14 to the 3 of 13,> makes 17; Jjoin to 18224 it an equals 170, then the 4 of 14 and the 3 , I of 13, being multiplied by each other, gives 12, added to 170 is 182 then multiply the unit by the unit 4 gives 24 joined to the 182 already had gives the correct sum. 134

the

I

»

!

—

—

Example -j

^^'^1

^268

V,

70216

I

——J

II.

— 262 by 268.

268 + 2=270, reject

0, leaves

27

27+6=33 33/ 2 = 66, join = 660 6x71-660=702

2x8 = 16, joined

to

702 = 70216.

135 Another mode of working similar sums to the

is

conformable-

examples, page 132.

Multiply 147 by 143.

Multiply the 7 of 147 by

147

^^Idown I'*

J

5, (the tens figure of the multiplicand

be increased plier,

l, makes must always

which multiplied by the 4 of the multidown and carry 2, then add it to the

1),

makes

which put

place of the multiplicand a

"^ ^^^^ ^^"^

21021

3, equals 21,

as a part of the product, tlien increasing the

20, put

tens figures of the multiplier and the multiplicand, and then to the figure in the hundreds place of the multiplicand ; in this instance, say 2 and 4 are 6, and 4 are 10, and

down

1 are 11, put

prefix

it

147 143 21021

1,

and carry

1,

to the

1

of 143

makes

2,

to the other figures, gives 21021.

Qr

K

KX M = 21

1

Tz M R made 5 x I

HTSNT

I

=20

calls

n

s

T

T+Q'rrS call h Join HTS to21z=2102l

'J

Many

z

N+K+R + Q=llCallQ'

other examples of a similar nature might be

given, these

minent ones

sufBce to

vrill ;

but

we

shall

shew the

conclude

outlines of the pro-

this

method which although not new, yet

as

chapter by another it is

not generally

known may be of service. This mode may appear complicated but a little practice will make it easy. The letters that represent the figures mnemonically, will be put under the figures of the multiplier and the multiplicand, ration.

and

will

be so continued throughout the ope-

:

136 Example

—Multiply 234 by 51* 2

3

in

one

line.

4 multij)licand

H M R 5 L

12 multiplier. N

T

•119808

f X 4=8 V R Sx3 = 6

put down 8 as part of the product. ..]

D

call

N M 1 X 4+ D = 10

put down

and carry

1, call

q

R

T

ja

9x2+Q=5

call

jr

5x4 + J = 25 X R 1 X 3 f 25 =28, put

T 1

M x2+H* = 4

down

8 and carry 2,

call h*

call z

T H

5x3+z = 19

put

down 9 and

carry 1, call q'

X M

5x2fQ' = ll

put down.

,

X N

Which

in

Twice 4 Twice 3

words would be

are 8, put

down

as follows

8.

are 6 aijd (once 4) 4 are 10, put

down

and

carry 1.

Twice 2 and (3 times

Once 2

are 4 I)

and

1

are 5,

3 are 28, put

and

(5

times 4) 20 are 25,

down Sand

are 2, and 2 are 4, and

(5

.h 'j

2.

times 3) 15, are 19,

put flown 9 and cany 1; 5 times 2 are

whi

carry

10,

and

1

are 11,

put down. his

method may be extended

to

any number of

137 iigures;

plan consists in

the

multiplying the two

first

figures that are in a straight line, or opposite

then

in a diagonal line

from the

first

each other;

figure of the multiplier

to the second figure of the multiplicand, next diagonally

from the second

figure of the multiplier to the first figure

of the multiplicand, and in the same manner through the

whole sum. Another example is given of multiplying four figures by four figures, which need not be put down algebraically, for the knowledge of the method, by which the former

sum was

effected, will direct in this.

4653 7428

34562484 8 times 3 are 24, put

down

4 and carry 2.

8 times 5 are 40 and (2 carried)

48

;

put

down

and (2 x 3)

2, are 42,

8 and carry

6, are

4.

S times 6 are 48 and (4 carried) 4 are 52, and (4 x 3) 12, are 64 and (2x5) lO are 74, put down 4 and carry 7.

3 times 4 are 32 and (7 carried) 7 are 39, and (7 + 3) 21, are 60, and (2x6) 12 are 72 and (4x5) 20 are 92 put ;

down 2 and Twice 4

carry 9.

are 8, and (9 carried) 9 are 17,

and

(7

x

5)

35 are

52, and (4 X 6) 24 are 76, put down 6 and carry 7. 4 times 4 are 16 and (7 carried) 7 are 23, and (7x6) 42, are 65, put down 5 and carry 6.

7 times 4 are 28, and (6 carried) 6 are 34.

When

there are fewer figures in the multiplier than

in the multiplicand,

than

when

shew.

it

will be

much

easier to

work the sum,

they are equal in numbers, as this example will

138

329902

Twice 1 are 2, which put down. Twice 2 are 4 and (6/1)6 are 10, put down and carry 1: Twice 3 areCand (1 carried) 1 are 7, and (6x2) 12 are 19i put down 9 and carry 1. Twice 5 are 10, and (1 carried)

1

are

1

1,

29, put down 9 and carry 2. 6 times 5 are 30 and (2 carried) 2 are 32.

and (6x3) 18 are

139

MNEMONICAL DICTIONARY.

This Dictionary

composed of words, the conso-

is

nants of which, represent the respective figures that they are attached

words

require

It will

to.

Mnemonicians

for

;

for,

be of considerable service to

any combination of figures that they by referring to the proper figure or

figures, they will see a variety of

words, some of which

be more suitable for their subjects than others.

words cannot be found

for

some

figures, they

may

If single

can be easily

compounded of two,

or three, or four, &c. but they ought

to be so chosen as to

form a correct sentence or sentences.

As

there

may be many words

in the language that are not

in this compilation, blank spaces are left to each series, to

be

filled

who

up

occasionally, as they occur to the

minds of those

practise the system.

No. 1—3. 1

Ate.

eat. oat. out. tie. tea.

et. at. etia.

toy. toe. to. too.

queue, quay. equi. aqua. etui.

it.

ait.

yet.

ta. te. toi.

etau. ote,

2 Nay. no. noy. nyq. aon. anio. ione.

in.

on. one. any. an. enyo. anea. yean.

ionia.

yon. hay.

he.

hie. hoe. aha.

hoy. hey. ah. ho. noue. ino.

3

My. me. may. maia. aim. am. aime. yam.

onie. guy.

go. agio. gay. age. ago. aga. ague. ogee. auga. goa.

augea.emoi. emu. mu, mue.

140

4— 13.

A^o.

4 Roe. rue.

rye. ray. roy. air. aroo. airy, airie. area. ear.

ora. era. oar. ore. year. your. ire. eyre, aurea. o'er.

eyry. yore.

aria.

ere. ooze. oozy.

5 Leo. lay.

lie.

loo. lea. ail. eel.

ely. yale. aleo. elea. la.

oyer. yare. ouora. ara.

oary.

uria,

zoe. our.

ilia.

ale. oil. oily. olio. aloa.

iole.

ali.

joy. jay. joe. elu.

le.

6 Doe. day. ode

die.

due. do.

idea, idyia.

veii. via.

dye.

dai. dec. ida. ado. aid.

odo. eudo. ada. vie. eve. ivy. veia.

uvee. vue.

7 Key. oak. yoke. ake. eke.

coy. cue. coo. icy.

ice. ace.

coa. cea. cei. oacea. ecu. coe.

ici.

S Bee. beau. buy. bay. boy. buy. bo. by. baia. be. bea. boi. obey. aba. abia. euboa. obi.

awe. owe.

ibi. awaj-.

way. we. wee. woo. woe. wye. yew. ewe. 9.

Pic. pea. po. pay. ope. ape. up. opea. opy. apia. epei. auf. fee. foe.

fie.

oaf. fa.

of.

if.

foy. fy.

feu.

epee.

epi. peau. fay.

10 Teas,

tease, ties.

toes.

tose. tax. teos. tiasa.

atys. oats. itys.

eats.

oats,

atias.

tis.

it is.

etesia. otus.

atas.

aqueous, quis. queasy, toise.

oetius.

11 Tate. tut.

tot.

teat.

tit.

tete.

tutea. otto, quiet, quote,

equity,

etite.

eatit.

toot, teuta. titia. titii.

quoit,

ateit.

quota, quite,

quit,

teaout.

tieatoy.

toit.

to tie. to toy. tata. tet. tetu. tique. tota.

12 Tin. ton. tune. tone.

tan. tiny. ten. tun.

tyne. etna, itonia. tyana. oaten,

autonoe. atina.

qum. 13

oetion.

tion.

tony. tine.

eaten, atone, aetion.

queen,

quean, quoin,

taon. tenu.

Time. tome. tame.

torn.

team. teem. tag. tug.

tig.

league, tige. tegea. timea. atom. item, atomy, outgo,

queme, tim.

eatme.

tic

me, tome,

to go.

toaim,

toga,

141 14—21.

JVo.

14 Tare.

tear, tiara, tier, tauri. tire. tyro. tory. true.-

tar.

tree.

try.

tray.

tiro.

tozy.

tour.

tore.

tor.

troy,

eater, iturea. outer, quire, quiz, queer, query, equery.

equiria. etre. taureau.

15 Tail.

tale,

tool.

tile.

teal,

toil.

tuel. tola, telea.

teil.

otley. otolia. atyla. quail, quoil. equal, aquila. aquilo.

ate

etoile.

oil.

tolie.

toail.

aquiliea.

outlie.

to oil. eatoil.

toloo.

tael. utile.

16 Toad. tide. ted. tid. tidy. tod. tivy. tied. tead. tidea. tyde.

tuova.

outdo,

outvie,

atyadae.

quod, quadi. to day. todo. to

die.

quaid,

quid,

to vie.

to a day.

eatadoe. 17 Take. tyke. tice. took. tike. tace. teuca. toka. tokay.

tooke.

tucia.

too coy.

uteca.

ateca.

etc.

toake.

tie

oak.

tie

a key.

quake,

toyokfe.

to coo.

eat ice.

to a key. tieayoke. tac.

IS

Taw. tow.

tub.

tube.

tib.

toby.

tew. two. ateowa.

otway. qual^. tobe.toawe. to obey,

tie a boy.

tea boy.

eataway. ate away, toowe. to buy. to woo. 19 Tape. tap. tope. tupia.

to pay.

ate up.

tip. top.

quip,

tie

up.

tipe. type, toupee, tup.

equip, to fee.

eat up.

eat a pie. to a foe.

ate a pie.

tieafoe. eatapea. equipee. etoupe. taupe, tuf.

30 Nose,

21

atop,

tif.

quoif.

noose,

nox. nas.

noise, neis. neese. nias. noious.

ceneus.

eanes.

ensue,

onyx, anise,

noisy. ens.

uneasy, eunus. unsay, hose, house, hysia. box. hoax. has. his. hyas. he is. nous. nos. noix. ones.

Neat. not.

note,

net,

nut.

natio. unite, unit,

unity.

untie, ante. aunt. ant. into. unto, antaea. anyta. eneti.

hate.

huet.

hot.

hat.

heat.

hit.

hoot

no tea. no toy. onaquay. nota. unique.

hut,

no tie.

142 No. 22—28. 22 Nine. noun. nun. none. noon. noah. non. noenia. nan* neon.

nani.

anne.

enna.

inn.

annoy,

onion, union,

oenona,

oenon.

ennia.

anno.

anon,

oenone. anania.

aneion. hone, honey, hen. hyena, ennui.

23 Name. nim. nag. numa. nemoea. nomcE. nomii. onceum. onium. enemy, young, anomy. inge. aenum. eunomia.

ham. hem. home. him. hag. hog. huge. haum. hym. hug. hum. hugy. hygeia. hama;. 24. Nero. nare. neuri.

near. nor. nora. nizy. nerio. nar.

inure. CEnyra. hare. here. hire. hair, hiero. her. hero,

hoary,

hazy.

hoar.

heir.

hear.

hour,

hyria.

horae.

haze, hairy, heiy. huer. hera. hora.

25 Nail.

neal. nonl.

nile.

nuel.

nelo. nola.

heal. holy,

hoyle.

heel.

halo,

noel.

only.

hail. hole. haul,

inly, inlay, enjoy, anil, unoil. hale.

hyalc.

halia.

hyela.

hyloe. ahala.

26 Need. naud. nod. nude. nave. navy. ned. needy, nava. nide.

node,

envy,

envoy,

india.

novae,

endue,

eneid. hyde,

head.

heave, hive. hove,

unde. end; and.

indue,

huda.

undue.

hide. hod.

heavy,

heed.

yond»

anode, anda.

hood, heady,

hid.

had.

hyda.

hedui. heyday, ahead, have.

27 Nook. nice, neice. nicia. niccea. ink. ounce, once. inky. inca. unyoke, ancia. hook. haak. huke. in a key.

in a

yoke, an oak. yon oak.

on ice. yon ice.

yon key. one key. one yoke, no key. no ice. any ice, an ace.

in oak.

98 New. nab. nib. now. nob. neb. niobe. nebo. anew, unawe. onoba. enow, unbay. hob. haw. hew. how. howe. hebe. ahab. oneboy. no boy. yonboy. oneway,

noway, anyway, any boy.

143 No. 29—35.

29 Nap. nip.

nope,

nepe.

aenopia.

hap.

nape. nef. neif. nepia. napjea. neap, nopia.

hoof.

houp.

nnpay.

neaf.

hope.

heap.

hip.

anyfoe.

nofoe.

enope. hop.

nep.'

anopea,

hoop, hyp,

no fee,

inapie. in pay.

no pay. 30 Mouse, niuse. mix. mease, mans. moxa. mysia. mus, mise. moose, musas. mosa. amuse, ames, amas, goose, guise, gas.

amasia. geese,

gegus. augeas. asgas. agis.

31.

gaus.

Meat. muta. mite. mote. moat. meet, amity,

moot,

moiety,

mutia.

amata.

omit;

emit,

egeus. aegis,

museau. mute.

mate.

get. got.

mat.

met.

mete.

amit.

goat,

gout,

gouty, gait. gut. gate, gaiety, gat. geat. geta. agait. * agate.

32

Man. main. mean. mien. moon. moan. mine. mane, mania, men. mona. mien, money, mooney. moine. amain, omen, yeoman, amen, yeomen, gun. gain, gone. gin. genio. guinea, genii, genoa. agony, agon ia. again, igeni. eugene. aegina, egeon.

33 Maim.

mam. mum. mama. mag. mug. magi. mage.

mome. mime,

image, omega,

emma. game, gum,

gyge. gem. gama. gam. gig. guage. gag. gog. gouge, gage. gim. gome. egg.

ogygia. agog,

34 Mayor, mar. moor, mare, more.

segium. agag.

mire. miiy. mary,

maria. meer. maze, maize, maro. mere, mazy, moory.

amor, amaze, gear.^ gore.

agree,

amour,

grey.

augur,

gory,

agra.

emery, gauze,

eager,

omar,

gaze.

gaza.

gare.

gray.

goer,

auger,

agaze,

augury,

egeria. agir.

35

Maul,

moleia, male.

mile, mela, moil. mule. mail,

mole, mealy, mayle. moly. mile, melo. molo. meli«.

144 No.

3G— 41.

emily. aemilia. aumail. gaul. gela. guile. gelo« goal/ glue.

gaol.

gale,

gluey,

glee,

gaily,

gala,

aglaia.

oglio. ugly. OEgila.

agile, eagle,

36 Maid. mad. made. mode. mode. mud. moad. meed. mead. mid. may day. medea. modia. move, moody, macvia. amid, aimed, amove, good. gad. goad, guide,

god. goody,

give.

gave, gaudy, govea. goud. gove.

agued. agave.

37 Mice. mace. make. meek. meak. moky. mucia. macae. micea. moecia. amice, geek, gauky. egica. my key.

my oak. my ace. my ice. i'mcoy. my yoke, mayake. may yoke, my c»e. Igocoy. may I yoke, ake.

my

may yoke, agace. maco. 38 Maw. mew. mow. mob. mab. imbue, embay, umbo. I

ombi.

gob.

gibe.

gab.

gib.

gybe.

gobo.

gabii.

my beau, may bee. my boy. my ewe. my bee. may we. my way. my woe. may woo. maybe, goby, gobuy, go away. 39 Map. mope. mop. imp. gape. gap. gopiae.

my

my pay. my foe. my

ape.

am up. go pay. go fee. 40 Rose.

erus. aries.

iris,

gif.

agape.

may fee. aim up.

guep.

of.

rouse, rase, arose, arise.

erase, oreas.

yours, years,

ours,

age

rosa. raise,

rosy. rise.

fee.

airs,

ruse, erixa.

arius.

eros.

oars. ears,

areas,

aoris.

zeos. aris. arouse.

41 Rate.

rat.

reate.

riot.

reit.

rote. root. rot. rite. roul. route, ratio.

rooty,

art.

aorta,

erato.

areta.

erotia.

euiyte. euryteoe. oretoc. uzita. urota.

42

Rain. reyn. ruin,

rouen. run. ran. rainy, rein. roan,

royne.

rhea.

rhoeo.

orion.

arioa.

earn,

arena, iron. urania.

eurione.

yern, arne. aurinia. ireue. ornea.

zone. zona, ozania. orin.

urn.

arian.

irony,

yarn,

j^earn.

aaron. zany. zeno.

145

43

No. 43—50. Rome. room. roam. ram. rnivurean).

rim. rac^e. rug. rag.

rouge, rogue, roomy, remi. rugii. rimy. arm. army,

rig.

aurum. yarum.

argo. urge,

argea. argi. argia.

arge.

arima. armi* aroma, ergo, argue, zygia. orge. orme. orage. orgue. oruioie.

44

Roar.

roary.

rare,

rear.

aurora, airer.

raze.

azure,

err.

urry. yarr. arar. arria.

arraj'.

your ear.

zara.

our oar. our roe. our year, aerer. zero.

45

Real, relay, royal, early,

oral,

46

Red. rod. rede.

ord 4.7

ride.

Rake.

earl.

rial.

aurelia.

rood.

rovy. redi. rive,

yarely.

reed,

reedy,

erode, eared,

arid,

zaida.

race.

rice.

road.

rave, reave,

rudiae.

ardea. aired,

rooK.

ark.

rail.

ariel.

rude.

rode. rid.

rove. reeve,

reve. 3'ard.

reel.

zela. ozoloe.

ready,

read,

euryale.

eerial.

yearly, zeal.

rule.

rely.

reek, reeky, rooky,

racy.

erke.

oik.

yerk.

aricia.

yourkej^ our key. earake. our oak. your oak.

o'er ice.

arc.

j-ork.

irk.

you're coy.

48

Rowe. row. raw. roby. arab.

rabi.

rib.

robe.

rob.

orb, arabia.

eurybia. orobia. orbio. our boy.

49

rub.

oreb.

ruby. rubi. ereboea.

ireby.

your boy. airy bay.

our way. you're away, ourewp. your way. our buoy. Rope. rape, rupee, ripe. reap. rip. reef. rife. ropy, roof. lap. repay,

erope.

our

50 Lies.

your

arpi.

foe.

our

Fee.

foe.

our

lease,

loose,

leos. aloes,

alias,

alos.

ajax.

ilius.

aleus. aeolus. jead 71— Tenth lir.p, for '/!=.. k 'tad .Mit.-^.. 108— In the note at the bottom, for number, read numbers. (Ui a table Sfco.-ii line, le.id J13

—

r

—

—

129— First

—

—

—

—

Vine last fisures. for 22,

which surrrmnd floor, .walls and

ih.

m

read— 28.

—

that if the while paper treating on the yml>ols, be cut ont, tach sheet will then represent a room;

OmUted mentioning when ceiling.

—

i'!ige 1 19— th;it in learning the Multiplication Table Omitted men'ioning by that method, (hildren should be taught to ?ay, wlien gazing on the twice 2 is Roe, twiceSisEvE, three times 2 is Ivy, &c. &c; walls,

—

Fiinted by

W.

Glindon, Rupert-Street, Haymarkcf, London.

°00 020 960

University of California

SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY

FACILITY Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed.

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