Alternativa y Facultativa Obligaciones

 

CAG[ITAD DK DKZKGBM X GHKFGHA UMIÀTHGA KWG[KIA UZMCKWHMFAI DK DKZKGBM

TK@A? ’MJIHNAGHMFKW AITKZFATHSAW X CAG[ITATHSAW‐

DMGKFTK? DZ. @HZLM O[AF OMWK AISA NAIAZZKTA.

KWT[DHAFTK?  

ANZA@MFTK SAIKZHAFM, GAZIMW A

 

ANZA@MFTK SAIKZHAFM AIK

 

GMZMFKI Z[H_ ^HIWMF

 

N[_@AF ZMOAW MW^AIDM

TZ[OHIIM ‗ UKZ[ :5:1

 

MJIHNAGHMFKW AITKZFATHSAW X CAG[ITATHSAW MJIHNAGHMFKW AITKZFATHSAW Dkchfhgh÷f? Umr mjihnagh÷f aitkrfathva dkjk kftkfdkrsk ai vàfguim ouràdhgm quk mjihna ai dkudmr  ai gu`pih`hkftm dk ufa, dk dms m `ás aitkrfathvas, dmfdk ai gu`pihrsk ufa dk kiias sk kxthfnuk ia mjihnagh÷f. Kftkfdk`ms pmr mjihnaghmfks aitkrfathvas a aqukiias mjihnaghmfks gmf prkstagh÷f `ÿithpik (mjokthva`kftk gm`pikoas) kf ias quk ki dkudmr thkfk ia pmshjhihdad dk gu`pihr ia mjihnagh÷f kokgutafdm pmr gm`piktm, a su ihjrk kikggh÷f, guaiquhkra dk ias prkstaghmfks a su garnm, aufquk ia prkstagh÷f kiknhda tkfna `kfmr vaimr kgmf÷`hgm gmf rkspkgtm a ias mtras. Iuknm dk ia kikggh÷f dk prkstagh÷f ia mjihnagh÷f pasará a gmfvkrthrsk kf ufa gmf mjoktm sh`pik. Wmf aqukiias mjihnaghmfks kf quk sk dkjk dms m `ás mjoktms dk tai `afkra quk ki dkudmr  kxthf kxt hfnu nukk ia mjihn mjihnagh agh÷f ÷f panaf panafdm dm gmf ufm dk kiim kiims. s. Ia kikg kikggh gh÷f ÷f dki dki mjokt mjoktm m dkjh dkjhdm dm ks fmr`ai`kftk dki dkudmr, shf k`jarnm, pukdk ias partks, gmfvkfhr quk kihoa ki agrkkdmr. aquà bay ufa mjihnagh÷f gmf varhms mjoktms, y, pmr im taftm, `hkftras kxhsta ufm dk kiims, aufquk ims dk`ás sk baiiaf bkgbms h`pmshjiks, ia mjihnagh÷f sujshstk. Kf kstas mjihnaghmfks ia kikggh÷f dk kftrknar què gmsa para gu`pihr ia prkstagh÷f ks dki dkudmr. Ki ksgmnk gmf guaiks dk ims trks mjoktms quk dkjk, va a panar. Bay piuraihdad dk prkstaghmfks quk baf shdm pagtadas kf ki gmftratm, y kstm fm gm`prm`ktk ai dkudmr dkud mr a gafgki gafgkiari arias as tmdas, tmdas, smia`k smia`kftk ftk ufa dk ias prksta prkstaghm ghmfks fks.. Ia aitkrf aitkrfajh ajhihd ihdad ad dk ias mjihnaghmfks va kf cufgh÷f dki mjoktm (gmsa, artàguim, prmphkdad) fm dki suoktm u mjihnadm (pkrsmfa). Ki dkudmr thkfk ia kikggh÷f a kiknhr ia prkstagh÷f, aufquk pukdk pagtarsk para quk ki dkrkgbm pask ai agrkkdmr.

 

Wknÿf ki G÷dhnm Ghvhi Art. 1131?  mjihnadm aitkrfathva`kftk a dhvkrsas prkstaghmfks, s÷im dkjk gu`pihr pmr gm`piktm ufa dk kiias. Uukdk dkghrsk quk ki artàguim 1131 pmfk dk `afhchkstm ia garagtkràsthga kspkgàchga dk ias mjihnaghmfks aitkrfathvas, ks dkghr ia ghrgufstafgha dk quk kf ia mjihnagh÷f sk bayaf prkvhstm dhvkrsas prkstaghmfks, pkrm sk sathscana ia mjihnagh÷f gmf ufa smia prkstagh÷f a kiknhr dk kftrk ias dhvkrsas prkstaghmfks prkvhstas m, im quk ks im `hs`m, piurks rks suft hf mjihnaghmfks, ufa autkf hf smiuthmfhs< `áxh`a aguñada pmr ims nimsadmrks para kxpihgar ims kckgtms prágthgms dk ias mjihnaghmfks aitkrfathvas. Kf ias mjihnaghmfks aitkrfathvas sk dktkr`hfaf dhvkrsas prkskftaghmfks, dmfdk ki mjihnadm smim dkjk kokgutar ufa dk ias prkstaghmfks prkvhstas para gu`pihr gmf ia mjihnagh÷f pagtada. p agtada. Umdk`ms kftkfdkr quk ufa garagtkràsthga h`pmrtaftk ks quk kf kstk thpm dk mjihnaghmfks kxhstk ufa piuraihdad dk prkstaghmfks, dmfdk smim jasta gu`pihr ufa dk kiias para quk sk kxtàfnaia mjihnagh÷f? Umr kok`pim, Ouaf sk mjihna a kftrknarik a @aràa ufa nuhtarra, uf vhmiàf m uf phafm< para quk Ouaf Oua f gu`pia gu`pia gmf su mjihna mjihnagh÷ gh÷f f smim smim dkjk dkjk kftrkn kftrknari arikk a @aràa @aràa ufm dk kstms kstms hfstr hfstru`k u`kftm ftmss `ushgaiks. Quhk Qu hkf f dkghd dkghdkk ia kikg kikggh gh÷f ÷f dk ia pr prks ksta tagh gh÷f ÷f?? ki g÷dh g÷dhnm nm ghvh ghvhii sk skña ñaia ia quk ia kikgg kikggh÷ h÷f f dk ia  prkstagh÷f im bará ki dkudmr, kf gasm fm sk pagtará quk ki agrkkdmr m uf tkrgkrm kikvadm. Guafdm prmdugk kckgtm ia kikggh÷f dk ia prkstagh÷f. Urmdugk kckgtms dksdk ia kokgugh÷f dk ia  prkstagh÷f m gmf ia dkgiaragh÷f m gm`ufhgagh÷f a ia mtra partk m a a`jas sh ia pragthga uf tkrgkrm m ki oukz kf ki gasm dk gu`pih`hkftm dk ias prkstaghmfks pmr kikggh÷f dki dkudmr, sh kxhstk h`pmshjhihdad dk ufa m `ás prkstaghmfks, ki artàguim 113; dki g÷dhnm ghvhi skñaia trks gasms?

 

Kf uf prh`kr gasm dmfdk tmdas ias prkstaghmfks smf h`pmshjiks dk gu`pihr pmr guipa dki dkudmr, ia mjihnagh÷f quk rksuita y ki agrkkdmr tkfdrá dkrkgbm a ufa hfdk`fhzagh÷f pmr dañms y pkrouhghms rkckrhda a ia ÿith`a prkstagh÷f quk sk bujhkra rkaihzadm, shf pkrouhghm dk dkvmivkr  ai agrkkdmr ia gmftraprkstagh÷f quk sk baya rkaihzadm Kf uf sknufdm gasm dmfdk ainufas dk ias prkstaghmfks smf h`pmshjiks dk gu`pihr, ki dkudmr  dkjk kiknhr kftrk ias quk sujshstaf y kf uf tkrgkr gasm, dmfdk ias prkstaghmfks smf dhcàghiks k h`pmshjiks dk gu`pihr pmr gausa fm h`putajiks ai dkudmr sk kxthfnuk ia mjihnagh÷f dkjhdm a ia dksaparhgh÷f mjoktm dki gu`pih`hkftm `hkftras quk kf ki gu`pih`hkftm dk ias prkstaghmfks guafdm ia kikggh÷f ik gmrrkspmfdk ai agrkkdmr, uf tkrgkrm m ai oukz, sh kxhstk h`pmshjhihdad dk ufa m `ás prkstaghmfks, ki artàguim 1133 dki g÷dhnmghvhiskñaia4 gasms? Kf uf prh`kr gasm sh tmdas ias prkstaghmfks smf h`pmshjiks dk gu`pihr pmr guipa dki dkudmr ia mjihnagh÷f qukda rksukita y ki agrkkdmr tkfdrá dkrkgbm a ufa hfdk`fhzagh÷f pmr dañms y  pkrouhghms rkckrhda a ia prkstagh÷f h`pmshjik quk ki agrkkdmr skñaik, shf pkrouhghm dk dkvmivkr  ai agrkkdmr ia gmftraprkstagh÷f quk sk bujhksk rkaihzadm. [f sknufdm gasm dmfdk ainufas prkstaghmfks smf h`pmshjiks pmr guipa dki dkudmr ki agrkkdmr   pukdk kiknhr ainufa a inufa dk ias prkstaghmfks quk qukda, asà `hs`m pukdk kiknhr ki tkrgkrm m ki oukz, ainufas dk ias prkstaghmfks sujshstkftks m kf tmdm gasm pukdkf dkgiarar rksukita ia mjihnagh÷f y sh sk rksukivk ia mjihnagh÷f ki dkudmr tkfdrá quk panar ai agrkkdmr ufa hfdk`fhzagh÷f dk dañms y pkrouhghms rkckrhdms a ia prkstagh÷f h`pmshjik quk ki agrkkdmr skñaik shf pkrouhghm dk dkvmivkr  ai agrkkdmr ia gmftraprkstagh÷f quk sk bujhkrk rkaihzadm afaihzafdm kstms dms puftms fms  pmdk`ms dar gukfta quk ki dkudmr thkfk uf dkjkr h`pmrtaftk dk gmfskrvagh÷f smjrk tmdas ias  prkstaghmfks ya quk smim sh ias prkstaghmfks fm sk pukdkf rkaihzar pmr guipa dki dkudmr, kstk tkfdrá quk panar ufa hfdk`fhzagh÷f smjrk ia prkstagh÷f quk skñaia ki agrkkdmr 

 

Kf uf tkrgkr gasm dmfdk ainufas dk ias prkstaghmfks smf h`pmshjiks shf guipa dki dkudmr ia kikggh÷f sk pragthga kftrk ias sujshstkftks y kf guartm gasm dmfdk sh tmdas ias prkstaghmfks smf h`pmshjiks dk gu`pihr shf guipa dki dkudmr sk kxthfnuk ia mjihnagh÷f. X guafdm ufa mjihnagh÷f aitkrfathva sk gmfvhkrtk kf sh`pik Guafdm tmdas ias prkstaghmfks kxgkptm ufa smf fuias m h`pmshjiks dk gu`pihr shf `kdhar guipa dk ias partks, ai mgurrhr kstk kvkftm y gmfshdkrafdm a ia mjihnagh÷f aitkrfathva gm`m sh`pik su trata`hkftm sk rknhrá pmr ufa dk ias rknias dk ias mjihnaghmfks dk mjoktm sh`pik, ks dkghr pmr su faturaikza dk dar, bagkr m fm bagkr 

Garagtkràsthgas? ¾

Fm kxhstk okrarquhzagh÷f dk prkstaghmfks, tmdas kstáf kf ki `hs`m piafm dk hnuaidad.

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Uara ia kxthfgh÷f dk ia mjihnagh÷f ks fkgksarhm quk dksaparkzgaf tmdas ias pmshjhihdadks

 pmr im quk ia h`pmshjhihdad fm ks `mthvm dk kxthfgh÷f. ¾

Bay `aymr naraftàa para ki agrkkdmr, pmr im quk ks `ás mfkrmsa para ki dkudmr.

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Uiuraihdad dk prkstaghmfks pagtadas kf ki gmftratm.

Kok`pim? [f Urmphktarhm dk uf imgai gm`krghai kf Ksgazÿ, rkfta su imgai a uf arrkfdatarhm, y kf ki gmftratm kstajikgkf quk pmr ki imgai ki dkudmr dkjkrá panar $ 1555 ai `ks, m gasm gmftrarhm gkdkr ki dkrkgbm dk usm dk uf imgai gm`krghai prmphkdad dki dkudmr ujhgadm kf Gurrhdajat, guaiquhkra dk ias dms prkstaghmfks ska ki dhfkrm m gkdkr ki mtrm imgai gm`krghai kxthfnukf ia mjihnagh÷f.

 

MJIHNAGHMFKW CAG[ITATHSAW Dkchfhgh÷f? Kf kstk thpm dk mjihnagh÷f ki dkudmr smia`kftk dkjk ufa prkstagh÷f, shf k` k`jarnm, jarnm,  pukdk ihjkrarsk dk su gu`pih`hkftm kftrknafdm ufa prkstagh÷f dhsthfta.

Garagtkràsthgas? ¾

Ia h`pmshjhihdad dk ia prkstagh÷f kxthfnuk ia mjihnagh÷f.

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Kxhstk ufa okrarquàa dkftrm dk ias prkstaghmfks, puks sk da ufa prkstagh÷f iia`ada  prhfghpai.

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Ia Naraftàa para ki agrkkdmr ks `ugbm `kfmr quk kf ias aitkrfathvas.

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 Fm kxhstkf kf ki gmftratm ias aitkrfathvas, shfm, sk rkgmfmgk uf d dkrkgbm krkgbm susthtuthvm ai dkudmr jaom ghkrtms supukstms.

Mjihna Mji hnagh÷ gh÷f f Caguit Caguitath athva va ks ufa mjihna mjihnagh÷ gh÷f f ks caguit caguitath athva va guafdm guafdm smim smim gm`prk gm`prkfdk fdk a ufa  prkstagh÷f, pkrm gmf ia caguitad dk quk ki dkudmr sk ihjkrk gu`pihkfdm gmf mtra prkstagh÷f. Kdward sk mjihna a dar uf gajaiim a @atàas, rkskrváfdmsk ia caguitad dk panar gmfstruykfdm ufa gasa. Ia Iass prks prksta tagh ghmf mfks ks quk quk hftk hftknr nraf af ki mj mjok oktm tm mj mjih ihna nagh ghmf mfai ai sk kf kfgu gukf kftr traf af kf rkia rkiagh gh÷f ÷f dk hftkrdkpkfdkfgha. Bay ufhdad dk gausa-cukftk Ki dkudmr thkfk ia mjihnagh÷f dk susthtuhr ia mjihnagh÷f prhfghpai pmr mtra aggksmrha. Ia mjihnagh÷f caguitathva quk kstá rknuiada kf ki artàguim 1132 dki g÷dhnm ghvhi ks aqukiia quk thkfk pmr mjoktm mjoktm ufa prkstagh÷f prkstagh÷f dktkr`hfada dktkr`hfada (ia prkstagh÷f prkstagh÷f prhfghpai) prhfghpai) gmf ia sknurhdad quk ki

 

dkudm dku dmrr ba rk rksk skrv rvad adm m ia cagu caguit itad ad dk gu gu`p `pih ihrr ia ÿfhga ÿfhga mjihn mjihnag agh÷ h÷f f gmf gmf mtra mtra prks prksta tagh gh÷f ÷f  prkvha`kftk dktkr`hfada pmr ias partks agrkkdmr y dkudmr y quk thkfk garágtkr dk aggksmrha Umr kok`pim, Ouaf sk mjihna a kftrknar a @aràa gm`m prkstagh÷f prhfghpai uf phafm y gm`m  prkstagh÷f aggksmrha sk mjihna a kftrknarik ufa nuhtarra , para quk Ouaf gu`pia gmf su mjihnagh÷f dkjk kftrknarik a @aràa ki phafm y sh pmr ainÿf `mthvm h`putajik ai dkudmr fm sk pukdk kftmfgks èi kstá kf ia mjihnagh÷f dk kftrknarik ia nuhtarra Quhkf dkghdk ia kikggh÷f A dhckrkfgha dk ias mjihnaghmfks aitkrfathvas dmfdk ki dkudmr, agrkkdmr, tkrgkrm m oukz kihnk ia  prkstagh÷f para quk sk gu`pia gmf ia mjihnagh÷f, kf ias mjihnaghmfks caguitathvas ki dkudmr ks ki ÿfhgm quk pukdk kiknhr y gu`pihr gmf ia mjihnagh÷f. Guafdm sk kxthfnuk ia mjihnagh÷f Ia mjihnagh÷f sk kxthfnuk guafdm ia prkstagh÷f prhfghpai ks fuia m h`pmshjik, aufquk ia  prkstagh÷f aggksmrha ska váihda m pmshjik dk gu`pihr, bay quk tkfkr kf gukfta quk ia h`pmshjhihdad dk rkaihzar ia prkstagh÷f fm ks guipa dki dkudmr ya quk sh ks fuia gmftravhkfk gmf ias fmr`as dki g÷dhnm ghvhi y pmr taftm ia fuihdad dk ia prkstagh÷f prhfghpai arrastra a ia  prkstagh÷f aggksmrha. Kf guaftm a ia h`pmshjhihdad dk ia prkstagh÷f fm h`putajik ai dkudmr, tkfk`ms ki gasm cmrtuhtm y ia cukrza `aymr, dmfdk ias ghrgufstafghas kspkghaiks k h`prkvhshjik k hrrkshsthjik pkr`htk quk ia mjihnagh÷f sk kxthfna.

 

Guafdm ufa mjihnagh÷f caguitathva sk gmfvhkrtk kf sh`pik Guafdm ia prkstagh÷f aggksmrha rksuita fuia m h`pmshjik dk gu`pihr, aquà bay quk kftkfdkr quk ia fuihdad m ia h`pmshjhihdad dk ia prkstagh÷f aggksmrha fm nkfkrk ia fuihdad m h`pmshjhihdad dk ia prkstagh÷f prhfghpai, pmr im quk ia mjihnagh÷f ai kstar suokta a ufa smia, ia prkstagh÷f sujshstk, pkrm gm`m sh`pik. Gm`m sajkr sh ufa mjihnagh÷f ks aitkrfathva m caguitathva Ki g÷dhnm ghvhi skñaia quk kf gasm dk dudas sk ia tkfna pmr caguitathva, ia chfaihdad dk ksta dkshnfagh÷f ks para jkfkchghar ai dkudmr ya quk ks ia `kfms mfkrmsa para èi, dkjhdm a quk kf ia caguitathva sh ia prkstagh÷f prhfghpai sk phkrdk shf su guipa qukda dkihjkradm dk ia mjihnagh÷f, `hkftras quk kf ia aitkrfathva sh ufa dk ias prkstaghmfks rksuita h`pmshjik, thkfk quk kiknhr mtra  prkstagh÷f para quk gu`pia gmf ia mjihnagh÷f.

Kckgtms dk ia mjihnagh÷f caguitathva Ia hihghtud dki mjoktm dkjhdm vhgha dk fuihdad ia mjihnagh÷f. Caguitathva. kok`pim? `k panaras `hi smiks, pkrm pmdrás ihjkrartk dáfdmik `ukrtk a cuiafm Ia mjihnagh÷f. Caguitathva sk kxthfnuk guafdm pkrkgk ki mjoktm dkjhdm, ia pèrdhda dki mjoktm dkjhdm kf fada ackgta ia mjihnagh÷f Ukrdhda dk ia prkstagh÷f pmr guipa dki dkudmr guafdm ia guipa dki dkudmr hfghdk kf ia dkstruggh÷f dk ia prkstagh÷f aggksmrha, ki quk sk pkroudhga pmr ksk bkgbm ks ki prmphm guipajik Guafdm ksa guipa hfghdk kf ia pkrdhda dk ia prkstagh÷f prhfghpai, ki dkudmr hfdk`fhzara pmr  dañms y pkrouhghms ai agrkkdmr.

 

Ki Art.1132¿ ’Ia mjihnagh÷f caguitathva sk dktkr`hfa ÿfhga`kftk pmr ia prkstagh÷f prhfghpai quk cmr`a ki mjoktm dk kiia‐ Ks ki dkudmr quhkf nmza dk ia prkrrmnathva dk kiknhr ufa kftrk dms  prkstaghmfks. Art. 1138¿ ’Fuihdad m h`pmshjhihdad dk ia prkstagh÷f prhfghpai‐ Ia prkstagh÷f prhfghpai sk kxthfnuk guafdm cukra fuia m h`pmshjik, auf guafdm ia aggksmrha cukra vaihda m dk pmshjik gu`pih`hkftm. Art. 11>5¿ ’Fuihdad m h`pmshjhihdad dk ia prkstagh÷f prhfghpai‐ Wh ia prkstagh÷f aggksmrha cukra fuia m h`pmshjik dk gu`pihr, ia mjihnagh÷f dk ia prkstagh÷f prhfghpai sujshstk.

Art. 11>1¿ ’supukstm dk duda agkrga dk sh ia mjihnagh÷f. Ks aitkrfathva m caguitathva‐ Kstk arthguim arthguim dhspmfk quk kf gasm dk duda agkrga dk sh ia mjihnagh÷f mjihnagh÷f aitkrfathva aitkrfathva m caguitathva, caguitathva, ksta sk tkfdrá pmr caguitathva. Kok`pim? [f anrhguitmr sk gm`prm`ktk a jrhfdar partk dk su gmskgba dk tm`atks gm`m panm dk uf prèsta`m rkghjhdm dk partk dk uf hfvkrshmfhsta, shf k`jarnm, pmr `mthvms gih`áthgms su gmskgba dk tm`atks cuk hfcrugtumsa, shf k`jarnm, ia dk Xuga cuk `uy jukfa, pmr im quk gafgkia su dkuda pmr ki kquhvaikftk kf yuga gm`m prmdugtm susthtuthvm.

DHCKZKFGHA KFTZK MJIHNAGH×F CAG[ITATHSA X AITKZFATHSA AITKZFATHSAW 

Bay piuraihdad dk prkstaghmfks.

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Bay dkrkgbm dk kikggh÷f.

 

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Wh dksaparkgk ufa dk ias prkstaghmfks sujshstkf ias dk`ás.

CAG[ITATHSAW 

 Fm ia bay kxhstk ufa prkstagh÷f ÿfhga.

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Ki agrkkdmr smim pukdk kxhnhr ia prkstagh÷f prhfghpai.

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Wh dksaparkgk ia mjihnagh÷f prhfghpai sk kxthfnuk ia mjihnagh÷f

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Kf ia aitkrfathva bay dkrkgbm dk kikggh÷f.

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Kf ia aitkrfathva ia kikggh÷f hfgu`jk ai dkudmr, agrkkdmr y basta uf tkrgkrm

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Kf ia caguitathva ki agrkkdmr smim pukdk pkdhr ki gu`pih`hkftm dk ia prhfghpai

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Kf ia caguitathva ia mpgh÷f ik gajk ÿfhga`kftk ai dkudmr