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APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide

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Last Updated: Jan 24, 2013

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In-Text & Reference List Examples (1)

Books & eBooks Material Type

In-Text Example

Reference List Example

Book: Single Author

"It is self-identification..." (Fuller, 2011, pp. 34-35). OR Fuller (2011, pp. 34-35) suggests that self identification...

Fuller, C. F. (2011). Sociology, gender and educational aspirations: Girls and their ambitions. Albany, NY: Continuum International.

Add page numbers for direct quotes.

For location use the U.S. state abbreviation. This is also acceptable for Australian states and territories. For all other countries, spell out the name in full.

According to Weinberg and Gould (2011) ... OR ... this is evident (Weinberg & Gould, 2011).

Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2011). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology (6th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Cite both authors each time the reference occurs.

The edition number is included after the title of the work (not necessary for first editions).

... in festival organisation (Allen, O'Toole, & Donnell, 2011). OR Allen, O'Toole, and Donnell (2011) have found ...

Allen, J. E., O'Toole, W., & Donnell, J.-B. (2011). Festival and special event management (5th ed.). Milton, QLD: John Wiley & Sons.

Book: 2 Authors and Edition

Book: 3, 4 or 5 Authors

Cite all of the authors the first time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year, e.g.

Provide the names of all authors in the reference list. If an author's first name is hyphenated, retain the hyphen and include a full stop after each initial as in Jean-Baptiste Donnell above.

... events are a celebration (Allen et al., 2011). OR Allen et al. (2011) have stated ... Book: 6 or more Authors

Mussen et al. (1995) have found ... OR ... for all learning (Mussen et al., 1995). Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year, for the first and subsequent citations.

Book: 8 or more Authors

Leggat et al. (2009) have found ... OR

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Mussen, P., Rozenweig, M. R., Aronson, E., Elkind, D., Feshbach, S. T., & Geiwitz, P. J. (1995). Psychology: An introduction (7th ed.). Albany, NY: Thompson Delmar Learning. Provide the names of all authors in the reference list up to and including seven authors. Leggat, I. K., Hutchings, D., Poliness, S., Nemeth, T., West, A., Ngo, A., . . . Mascilongo, J. (2009). How to

All APA Examples - APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide - LibGuides at Victoria University

... play a crucial role (Leggat et al., 2009).

Book: No Author

Book: Editor(s)

Book: with Author and Editor

maximise the use of libraries in educational institutions. St Albans, VIC: Victoria University Press.

Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year, for the first and subsequent citations.

Include the first six authors' names, followed by three dots, then add the last author's name.

As defined in the Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers (2002) reference lists should be double spaced.

Style manual for authors, editors and printers. (2002). (6th ed.). Canberra, ACT: AGPS.

... should be double spaced (Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers, 2002).

If no author or editor, the title is used as the first element of the reference.

... for future learning (Ashwin, 2006). OR As described in Ashwin (2006) ...

Ashwin, P. (Ed.). (2006). Changing higher education: The development of learning and teaching. London, England: Routledge.

... health care is described (Lemone et al., 2011). OR Lemone et al. (2011) describe health care...

With more than one editor use multiple author format as above and use (Eds.).

"A large income is the best recipe for happiness I ever heard of" (Austen, 1814/2005, p. 195)

Austen, J. (1814/2005). Mansfield Park (J. Wiltshire, Ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Lemone, P., Burke, K. M., Dwyer, T., Levett-Jones, T., Moxham, L., Reid-Searl, K., ... Raymond, D. (Eds.). (2011). Medical-surgical nursing: Critical thinking in client care. (1st Australian ed.). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia.

Include the original publication date in the citation. Chapter or part of a Book to which a number of authors have contributed

"Boud (2006, p. 23) states that self-directed learning... OR "Self-directed learning is..." (Boud, 2006, p. 23). In the in-text reference name the author of the chapter.

Book: with volume numbers

... as this complex theory is dealt with in detail by Russell (2003, vol. 2, p. 23; vol. 3, pp. 17-36).

Boud, D. (2006). Aren't we all learner-centred now?: The bittersweet flavour of success. In P. Ashwin (Ed.), Changing higher education: the development of learning and teaching (pp. 19–32). London, England: Routledge.

Russell, B. (2003). The autobiography of Bertrand Russell (Vols. 1-3). London, England: Allen & Unwin.

If more than one volume is given, separate with a semi-colon. Book: Translator & Author

(Marklund, 2011)

Marklund, L. (2011). Exposed (N. Smith, Trans.). Montreal, Canada: Random House.

Book: Organisation as Author

(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011)

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2011). 2011 Census dictionary (No. 2901.0). Canberra, ACT: Author.

(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008) (Department of Health and Family Services [DHFS], 2007) If you want to cite from the report more than once, in the first citation provide the full name of the organisation, as above. In subsequent citations use the abbreviated organisational title. e.g. (DHFS, 2007)

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education and care (No. 4402.0). Canberra, ACT: Author. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au Add the ABS Report's Catalogue Number after the title. 'Author' is used in place of the publisher name if they are the same body. Department of Health and Family Services. (2007). Youth suicide in Australia: The National Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy. Canberra, ACT: AGPS. Provide the full name of the organisation in the reference list.

E-book - No DOI assigned

(Rosen, 2011) OR Rosen (2011) regards...

E-book - with DOI assigned

... in all communities (Hill, 2001).

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Rosen, L . (2011). The culture of Islam: Changing aspects of contemporary Muslim life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com If a DOI is not available, provide the home page URL of the book publisher. No retrieval date is required. Hill, C. E. (Ed.). (2001). The helping skills: The empirical foundation. Washington, DC: American Psychological

All APA Examples - APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide - LibGuides at Victoria University

OR Hill (2001) regards ...

Book: Anonymous author

(Anonymous, 2000) When a work's author is designated as Anonymous inlcude the word 'Anonymous' followed by a comma and year.

Book on a Kindle

... in all outcomes (Gladwell, 2008). OR Gladwell (2008) remarks ... For direct quotations of online material without pagination, name the major sections, chapter, section, and paragraph number e.g. One of the author’s main points is that “people don’t rise from nothing” (Gladwell, 2008, Chapter 1, Section 2, para. 5).

Book: Multiple works same author

Book: Multiple works in the same citation

Book: Classical or Religious text

Association. doi:10.1037/10412-000 If a DOI is available include it at the end of the citation. The database name, URL or date of retrieval are not required. Anonymous. (2000). Maximum Security (3rd ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Prentice Hall. In your reference list, include such titles in your alphabetical listing as if 'Anonymous' were a true name. Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com Include the type of e-book version you read e.g. Kindle DX version. In lieu of publisher information, include the book’s DOI or where you downloaded the e-book from if there is no DOI.

"Marketing requires matching your customers needs" (McDonald & Payne, 1996, p. 13, 2006, pp. 16-17). OR McDonald and Payne (1996, p. 13, 2006, pp. 16-17) state "Marketing requires matching your customers needs".

McDonald, M. D., & Payne, A. (1996). Marketing planning for services. Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.

(Haddon, 1999; Larsen & Harris, 1991) ... OR Haddon (1999) and Larsen and Harris (1991) demonstrated that ...

Haddon, P. F. (1999). Mastering personal and interpersonal skills. London, England: Thorogood.

(Aristotle, trans. 1911, p. 34-35) OR (Aristotle, 1934 version, p. 178)

You do not need to include an entry in the reference list.

McDonald, M. D., & Payne, A. (2006). Marketing plans for service businesses: A complete guide (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.

Larsen, R. W., & Harris, T. (1991). New horizons in personal theory and practice. San Francisco, CA: Josey-Bass.

1 Cor. 13:1 (Revised Standard Version) (Qur'an 5:3-4) Where the parts of classic or religious texts are numbered the same across all editions, use these numbers rather than page numbers. Secondary sources: When you are referring to the ideas or words of an author who has been cited in another author's work.

"...optimistic, independent yet good at collaboration" (Tapscott as cited in El-Shamy, 2004, p. 25). OR Tapscott (as cited in El-Shamy, 2004) argues ...

El-Shamy, S. (2004). How to design and deliver training for the new and emerging generations. San Francisco, CA: Wiley.

Material Type

In-Text Example

Reference List Example

Journal Article: Single Author

"... contributes to overall physical health" (Brill, 2011, pp. 3940). OR Brill (2011, pp. 39-40) suggests "Physical activity ...".

Brill, J. B. (2011). Heal your heart with food: Eight foods that prevent a second heart attack. Better Nutrition,73(2), 38-42

Provide the full reference for the book that you actually read.

Journal Articles

Include page numbers for direct quotes. Journal Article: 2 authors

... many years (Allen & Black, 1995) but others disagree. OR Allen and Black (1995) have found ... Cite both authors each time the reference occurs.

Journal Article: 3, 4, or 5

... decreasing with increasing class size (Allen, Zuboff, &

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.

Allen, M. C., & Black, R. (1995). The future of higher education in Australia. Journal of Higher Education, 15(2), 16-25.

All APA Examples - APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide - LibGuides at Victoria University

authors

Black, 2011). OR Allen, Zuboff, and Black (2011) have found ... Cite all of the authors the first time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year, e.g. ... events are a celebration (Allen et al., 2011). OR Allen et al. (2011) have found...

Journal Article: 6 or more authors

... aided by design (Allen et al., 1993) that has complemented instruction. OR Allen et al. (1993) have found... Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations.

Journal Article: 8 or more authors

Stice et al. (2008) have found ... OR ... in which university libraries play a crucial role (Stice et al., 2008). Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year, for the first and subsequent citations.

Online Journal Article: DOI assigned

... found in the recruitment process for companies (Klimoski & Palmer, 1993). OR Klimoski and Palmer (1993) have found ...

Allen, M. C., Zuboff, T., & Black, R. (2011). Educational praxis in Australia: the state of play. Distance Education, 16(1), 26-34. Provide the names of all authors in the reference list.

Allen, M. C., Grant, B. A., Zuboff, T., Roper, R. W., Ng, V., Leonard, P., & Black, R. (1993). Instructional designers in Australia: A brief history. Online Education, 14(3), 15-17. Provide the names of all authors in the reference list.

Stice, E., Marti, C., Spoor-Thompson, S. R., Presnell, K., Shaw, T. G., Trinh, V. O., . . . Roper, M. A. (2008). The effect on educational achievement of university library design. Journal of Psychology and Education, 25(2), 29-33. Include the first six authors' names, followed by three dots, then add the last author's name.

Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10 If a DOI is available include it at the end of the citation. The database name, URL and date of retrieval are not required.

Online Journal Article: No DOI assigned

... for many (Sillick & Schutte, 2006). OR As Sillick and Schutte (2006) say ...

Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38–48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap If a DOI is not available, provide the home page URL of the journal publisher. The retrieval date is not required.

Journal article: No Author

... as was the case for most students ("The Pain of Being a Caffeine Freak," 2001). OR ... as in the "The Pain of Being a Caffeine Freak" (2001) which reveals ... When a work has no identitfied author, cite intext the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks if you are referring to the title of an article, chapter or web page.

The pain of being a caffeine freak. (2001, October 6). New Scientist, 172(2311), 27. For magazines, newsletters, and newspapers, give the year and the exact date of the publication (month or month and day), separated by a comma.

Just italicize the title if you are referring to the title of a periodical, book, brochure or a report, see Book: No Author Online Journal article: No page numbers

... in all outcomes (Williams, 2008). OR Williams (2008) remarks ... For direct quotations of online material without pagination, name the sections and paragraph number e.g.

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Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4), Retrieved from http://magazines.philipallan.co.uk/Magazines/SociologyReview.aspx

All APA Examples - APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide - LibGuides at Victoria University

One of the author’s main points is that “people don’t rise from nothing” (Williams, 2008, Section 2, para. 5). When you are referring to the ideas or words of an author who has been cited in another work.

"...optimistic, indepenent yet good at collaboration" (Tapscott as cited in El-Shamy, 2004, p. 45). OR Tapscott's diary (as cited in El-Shamy, 2004) states ...

El-Shamy, S. (2004). How to write a Psychology report. Journal of Research in the Social Sciences, 17(4), 44-52. Provide the full reference for the journal article that you actually read.

Provide names of both authors.

Newspapers Material Type

In-Text Example

Reference List Example

Newspaper: Print

(Gordon, 2011) OR As Gordon (2011) says ...

Gordon, M. (2011, August 20). The boat that changed it all. The Age, pp. 18, 22.

Add page numbers for direct quotes.

If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, and separate the numbers with a comma.

Newspaper: from a Website

(Norton, 2011)

Norton, A. (2011, October 11). Why teaching must be rated. The Age. Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au

Newspaper: from a database

(Smith, 2011)

Smith, B. (2011, June 24). Brain study confirms stress of life in the city. The Age, p.14. Retrieved from Factiva.

Newspaper article: without author

("Child psychologist," 2010) ... OR As discussed in "Child psychologist" (2010) ...

Child psychologist inspired by dreams of Freud. (2010, August 16). The West Australian, p. 2.

Use a shortened title (or full title if it is short) enclosed in double quotation marks. Newspaper article: from a separately paginated section

(Wilson, 2009)

Press or Media Release

(CSIRO, 2007)

Use the first word of the title to place this reference in the alphabetical sequence of your reference list. Wilson, J. (2009, September 26). In defence of the superficial. The Age: A2, p. 23. Note: 'A2' before the page number indicates a separately paginated section of the newspaper.

(Prime Minister of Australia, 2010)

CSIRO. (2007, March 20). Cyclone science shows rainforest impacts and recovery [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.csiro.au/news/ps2wj.html Prime Minister of Australia. (2010, July 7). Gillard Government to boost resources to international border patrols [Press release]. Canberra, Australia: AGPS.

In-Text & Reference List Examples (2)

Internet / Websites Material Type In-Text Example

Reference List Example

Web Document (Allen, 2004)

Allen, D. (2004). Dealing with your meeting notes. Retrieved from http://www.effectivemeetings.com/meetingbasics/

Web Document: No date

(Gold, n.d.)

Gold, M. (n.d.). What is holisitic medicine? Retrieved from http://www.holisticmed.com/whatis.html

Web Document: No Author

("Tips on Taking Multi-Choice Tests," 2011)

Tips on taking multi-choice tests. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.socialpsychology.org/testtips.htm

Web Document: Government Department as

(Department of Health and Family Services [DHFS], 2007) If you want to cite from the report

Department of Health and Family Services. (2007). Youth suicide in Australia: The National Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy. Retrieved from http://www.health.gov.au/internet/mentalhealth/publishing.nsf/Content/national-suicideprevention-strategy-1

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All APA Examples - APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide - LibGuides at Victoria University

Author

more than once; in the first citation provide the full name of the organisation, as above. In subsequent citations use the abbreviated organisational title e.g. (DHFS, 2007)

Web Document: ABS

(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008)

Web Document: Organisation as Author

(The Australian Psychological Society, 2008)

The Australian Psychological Society. (2008). Understanding and managing anxiety. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/tip_sheets/anxiety

Website

(Goldberg, 2000)

Goldberg, I. (2000). Dr. Ivan's depression central. Retrieved from http://www.psycom.net/depression.central.html

Blog Post

(Myers, 2007)

Myers, P. Z. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisities.php

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education and care (No. 4402.0). Canberra, ACT. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au Add the ABS Report's Catalogue Number after the title.

(MiddleKid, 2007)

A blog comment where the author uses an alias would be referenced as follows: MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisities.php

Video Blog Post (YouTube)

Podcast: Web

(Hall, 2007)

(Moss & Selig, 2010)

Podcast: Radio (Rheinberger & Hogan, 2011) show

Hall, A. (2007, December 20). How to study at Oxford University [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxAU88LxLis

Moss, S. (Presenter), & Selig, S. (Presenter). (2010). Conversations with ALMA: Healthy eating and maintaining motivation [Audio podcast]. Fairlight, NSW: Australian Lifestyle Medicine Association. Retrieved from http://www.lifestylemedicine.com.au/healthprofessionals/podcast.htm Rheinberger, J. (Script Writer), & Hogan, A. (Director). (2011, October 25). Episode 26 [Podcast radio programme]. In C. Thompson (Producer), Nerdzilla. Hobart, TAS: ABC Local Radio. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2011/10/24/3346730.htm For an episode from a radio series, use the same format as for a chapter in a book, but list the script writer and director in the author position and the producer in the editor position.

Podcast: TV show

(Brown & Brodie, 2007)

Brown, W. (Script Writer), & Brodie, K. (Director). (2007, June 4). From Lake Baikal to the halfway mark, Yekaterinburg [Podcast television programme]. In P. George (Producer), Peking to Paris. Sydney, NSW: ABC Television. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/tv/pekingtoparis/podcast For an episode from a television series, use the same format as for a chapter in a book, but list the script writer and director in the author position and the producer in the editor position.

Computer Software

(Schoonjans, 2008)

Schoonjans, F. (2008). MedCalc Statistical Software (Version 9.5.2.0) [Computer software]. Palo Alto, CA: 3d2f.Com. Retrieved from http://3d2f.com/programs/13-638medcalc-statistical-software-download.shtml Reference list entries are not necessary for standard off-the-shelf software. Provide entries for specialised software. Add the version number after the name of the software.

Lecture Notes Material Type In-Text Example

Reference List Example

Lecture Notes: Online (WebCT)

Bruck, D. (2009). APP1016: Foundations of Psychological Research, week 6 notes [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://library.vu.edu.au/search/r?

(Bruck, 2009)

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All APA Examples - APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide - LibGuides at Victoria University

SEARCH=app1016 Lecture notes obtained from any Learning Management System such as WebCT or Pebblepad are referenced as above adding the URL of the website. Lecture Notes: Print

(Sonn, 2011)

Sonn, C. (2011). APM5003: Exploring methodology for psychological research [Class handout]. School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.

Theses Material Type In-Text Example

Reference List Example

Thesis: Unpublished

Suwetwattanakul, C. (2010). Developing a knowledge sharing model for the implementation of the learning organization in Thailand (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.

(Suwetwattanakul, 2005)

(Maddigan, 2010)

Maddigan, P. (2010). Women and career advancement: a case study in the Australian Federal Police (Unpublished master's thesis). Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. Don't repeat the city of location if it is part of the University's name.

Thesis: Published

(Binder, 2009)

Binder, G. (2009). Corporate governance in Arab countries: Development of corporate governance in Arab and MENA countries. Vienna, Austria: University of Vienna.

Thesis: Institutional Repository

(Barua, 2010)

Barua, S. (2010). Drought assessment and forecasting using a nonlinear aggregated drought index (Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia). Retrieved from http://vuir.vu.edu.au/1598 Include the university and location for a non-U.S. online thesis.

Thesis: Commercial database

(McGahuey, 2009)

Thesis: from the web

(Bruckman, 1997)

McGahuey, C. A. (2009). Psychology as a valid science: An attitudinal survey (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses databases. (UMI No. 305152264 ) Bruckman, A. (1997). MOOSE Crossing: Construction, community, and learning in a networked virtual world for kids (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Retrieved from http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/thesis Location of the university is not included for a U.S. thesis.

Legislation Material Type In-Text Example

Reference List Example

Acts & Bills

Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15.4 (Austl.).

... according to s. 15.4 of the AntiDiscrimination Act 1991 (Qld) ... The Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) prohibits ...

Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) (Austl.). Reference should cite the print source unless an electronic source is designated as the official version.

Acts & Bills: Online

Cases

... according to s. 15.4 of the AntiDiscrimination Act 1991 (Qld)

Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15.4 (Austl.). Retrieved from http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/Acts_SLs/Acts_SL_A.htm

...The Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) prohibits ...

Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) (Austl.). Retrieved from Lexis Nexis.

According to Carey v. Price (2005) ...

Carey v. Price 2005 132 ALR 255 (Austl.).

... in a land rights case (Mabo v. Queensland, 1988).

Mabo v. Queensland 1988 166 CLR 186 (Austl.).

Conference Proceedings Material Type In-Text Example

Reference List Example

Conference Proceeding

Kift, S., & Nelson, K. (2005). Beyond curriculum reform: Embedding the transition experience. In A. Brew & C. Asmar (Eds.), HERDSA 2005 Conference: Higher Education in a Changing World: Research and Development in Higher Education (pp. 225-235). Sydney, NSW: Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia. Retrieved from

(Kift & Nelson, 2005) OR

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All APA Examples - APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide - LibGuides at Victoria University

Paper: Online

As Kift and Nelson (2005) claim ...

http://conference.herdsa.org.au/2005/pdf/refereed/paper_294.pdf Capitalise the names of conferences, symposia and meetings.

Conference Proceeding Paper: Print

Prayag, I. L., & Ramjee, R. (2009). The impact of Newcastle disease control on smallholder poultry production in Mauritius. In R. G. Alsers, P. B. Spadbrow, & M. P. Young (Eds.), Village chickens, poverty alleviation and the sustainable control of Newcastle disease: Proceedings of an international conference held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 5-7 October 2005 (pp. 132-134). Canberra, ACT: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.

(Prayag & Ramjee, 2009)

If there are more than two editors a comma is placed before the ampersand.

In-Text & Reference List Examples (3)

Personal Communications and Archival Materials Material Type Email

Interview

In-Text Example

Reference List Example

An email (J. W. Ayers, personal communication, September 2, 2011) confirming that results are accurate ...

You do not need to include an entry in the reference list.

During an interview conducted on October 11, 2011, Professor Peter Dawkins stated that … OR The Vice Chancellor's statement was confirmed during an interview (P. Dawkins, personal communication, October 11, 2011).

You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. This example is about referencing information from an interview that you have conducted. If you use published interviews conducted by other people cite them as a 'Sound Recording' or a 'Video Recording'. See the 'Multi-Media Materials' page in this guide for examples. See the 'Archival Materials' section below for examples of citing interviews held in an Archive or Respository.

Letter

In a letter dated October You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. 17, 2011, Ben Cork stated that ... OR Ben Cork expressed sincere regret in his letter (personal communication, October 17, 2011) ...

Telephone call

You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. During a phone interview conducted on October 11, 2011, Professor Sally Richards stated that ... OR The Vice Chancellor's statement was confirmed during a phone interview (S. Richards, personal communication, October 11, 2011).

Letter from a government or institutional Archive or Repostitory

(Frank, 1935) OR As Frank (1935) says ...

Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4). [Letter to Robert M. Ogden]. Rockefeller Archive Centre (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877), Tarrytown, NY.

Letter from an accessible private collection

(Zacharius, 1953)

Zacharius, G. P. (1953, August 15). [Letter to William Rickel (W. Rickel, Trans.)]. Copy in possession of Hendrika Vande Kemp.

Collection of letters from an

(Allport, G. W., 1930-1967, Allport to E. G. Wilstein,

Allport, G. W. (1930-1967). Correspondence. Gordon W. Allport Papers (HUG 4118.10). Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.

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All APA Examples - APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide - LibGuides at Victoria University

Archive or Repository

March 20, 1939)

Unpublished papers, notes or lectures from an Archive, Repository or personal collection

(Berliner, 1959) ... OR As discussed in Berliner (1959) ...

Berliner, A. (1959). Notes for a lecture on reminiscences of Wundt and Leipzig. Anna Berliner Memoirs (Box M50). Archives of the History of American Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, OH.

Archival source for which the auhor or date is known but not stated on the document

(Allport, 1937)

[Allport, A.?]. [ca. 1937]. Marion Taylor today - by the biographer. Unpublished manuscript, Marion Taylor Papers. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, MA.

Archival Materials with a corporate author

(Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs, 1949)

Interview recorded and available in an Archive or Repository

(Smith, 1989)

Transcription of a recorded interview, where the recording is not accessible

(Sparkman, 1973)

Newspaper article in an Archive, Repository or personal collection

("Psychoanalysis institute," 1948)

Historical publication such as a brochure or pamphlet Photographs held in an Archive, Repository or personal collection

(Allport, G. W., 1930-1967, E. G. Wilstein to Allport, December 26, 1937)

Use square brackets [ ] to indicate information that does not appear on the document. Use a question mark if there is uncertainty regarding names or dates, and use circa abbreviated to ca. to indicate estimated dates. Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs. (1949, November 5-6).Meeting of Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs. David Shakow Papers (M1360). Archives of the History of American Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, OH.

Smith, M. B. (1989, August 12). Interview by C. A. Kiesler [Tape recording]. President's Oral History Project, American Psychological Association. APA Archives, Washington, DC.

Sparkman, C. F. (1973). An oral history with Dr. Colley F. Sparkman/Interviewer: Orley B. Caudill. Mississippi Oral History Program (Vol. 289), University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg. Do not include the U.S. state name in the location if it is part of the university name.

Use a shortened title (or full title if it is short) enclosed in double quotation marks.

(Sci-Art Publishers, 1935)

(Kroeber, 1911)

Psychoanalysis institute to open in the new year. (1948, September 18). [Clipping from an unidentified Dayton, OH newspaper]. Copy in possession of the author. Use the first word of the title to place this reference in the alphabetical sequence of your reference list.

Sci-Art Publishers. (1935). Sci-Art Publications [Brochure]. Cambridge, MA: Author. C. J. Roback Papers (HUGFP 104.50, Box 2, Folder "Miscellaneous Psychology Materials"). Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.

Kroeber, A. L. (1911, September). Ishi, full face [Photograph]. Ethnographic Photographs of California Indian and Sonora Indian Subjects by Alfred L. Kroeber, 1901-1930 (4690, Container "Yahi," Catalogue 15-5402). Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology, Berkeley, CA.

Multi-Media Materials Material Type

In-Text Example

Video Recording

(Russell, 1995)

Online or Streaming Video

(Zubrycki, 1991)

DVD

(Moore, 2003)

Reference List Example Russell, G. (Writer, Co-Producer & Narrator), & Wiseman, P. (Co-Producer). (1995).Tackling bullies: An Australian perspective [Video recording]. Melbourne, VIC: Video Classroom.

Zubrycki, T. (Producer & Director), & Chi, J. (Writer). (1991). Bran nue dae: A musical journey [Video]. Retrieved from http://www.kanopystreaming.com Moore, M. (Writer & Director). (2003). Bowling for Columbine. [DVD]. Melbourne, VIC: Umbrella Entertaiment.

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All APA Examples - APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide - LibGuides at Victoria University

Radio Show

(Browning, 2006)

Browning, D. (Presenter). (2006, June 9). Black soccer heroes. In J.-P. Ortolan (Producer), Message Stick [Radio programme]. Guest speaker Dr. John Maynard. Sydney, NSW: ABC Radio.

TV Show from a series

(Masters, 2006)

Masters, C. (Presenter & Writer), & Johnson, P. (Director). (2006, March 27). Big fish, little fish [Television series episode]. In T. G. Alford (Executive Producer), Four Corners. Sydney, NSW: ABC Television.

Sound Recording

Bolton, G. C. (Speaker). (1975). Towards an Australian environmental history [Cassette recording]. Perth, WA: Media Services, Murdoch University.

(Bolton, 1975) (St. Laurance Chamber Choir, 2005)

St. Laurance Chamber Choir (Performers), & McEwan, N. (Director). (2005).Commemoration, ritual and performance: the Iberian connection: medieval and renaissance music from the St Laurence Chamber Choir [CD]. Sydney, NSW: Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Sydney.

Music Track from an Album

(Yunupingu, 2011)

Yunupingu, G. G. (Performer). (2011). Gopuru. On Rrakala [CD]. Winnellie, NT: Skinnyfish.

Microform

(French, 1986)

French, L. A. (1986). Cognitive consequences of education: transfer of training in the elderly (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois) [Microform]. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.

(Duveneck, 1872)

Duveneck, F. (Artist). (1872). Whistling boy [Painting]. Cincinnati, OH: Cincinnati Art Museum.

(Duveneck, 1872)

Duveneck, F. (Artist). (1872). Whistling boy [Image of painting]. Cincinnati, OH: Cincinnati Art Museum. Retrieved from http://www.artstor.org

Image: for example a painting or photograph

(Caire, 1880) Caire, N. J. (Photographer). (1880). Western entrance to Melbourne International Exhibition [Glass slide]. (Accession no. H3860). Melbourne, VIC: State Library of Victoria.

Map

(Lewis County Geographic Inormation Services, 2002)

Lewis County Geographic Information Services (Cartogrpaher). (2002). Population density, 2000 U.S. Census [Demographic map]. Retrieved from http://www.co.lewis.wa.us/publicworks/maps/Demographics/census-pop-dens_2000.pdf

Company Information Material Type

In-Text Example

Reference List Example

Company Annual Report: Print

(Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, 2001)

Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation. (2001). Annual report 2001. Tokyo, Japan: Author. If a report has an identifying number, include it in brackets, as follows: Productivity Commission. (2002). Review of automotive assistance (Inquiry Report No. 25). Canberra, ACT: Author.

Company Annual Report: Online

(BHP Billiton, 2011)

BHP Billiton. (2011). BHP Billiton Exploration and Development Report for the year ended 30 June 2011. Retrieved from http://www.bhpbilliton.com/home/investors/reports/Pages/default.aspx

Financial Data

(Datastream, 2011)

Datastream. (2011). S&PASX200 daily index data 2009-2010. Retrieved from Datastream.

Patents and Standards Material Type

In-Text Example

Reference List Example

Patent

(U.S. Patent No. 6,606,963, 2003)

Patent: Retrieved from a Database

(Prayag & Ramjee, 2009)

(European Patent No. EP 2178546 (A1), 2010)

Standard: Retrieved from a Database

(Standards Australia, 2008)

Standards Australia. (2008). Personal flotation devices - General requirements (AS 4758.1-2008). Retrieved from Australian Standards Online.

Standard: Print

(Standards Australia, 1994)

Standards Australia. (1994). Information processing - text and office systems - office document architecture (ODA) and interchange format: part 10: formal specifications (AS 3951.10:1994). Homebush, NSW: Author.

Wynne, B. M. (2003). U.S. Patent No. 6,606,963. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The title of the patent is not included.

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