Alfredo Da Mota Menezes e Pio Penna Filho - Integração Regional

jfj`rms rfahcraj rfahcraj aecbajfktf ç bfecsåm, bfecsåm, prckecpaojfkt prckecpaojfktff aqufofs jacs ira ems quf tfjcaj a emkemrrìkeca emkemrrìkeca bas femkmjcas femkmjcas jacs avakèabas. avakèabas. Km iukbm, iukbm, as rfscstìkecas fjakavaj prckecpaojfktf bf fjprfsas aemstujabas a su`vfkèöfs fstatacs f quf tfjcaj a emjpftctcvcbabf quf sfrca prmpmrecmkaba pfoa fktraba fj vchmr v chmr ba oc`fraoczaèåm emjfrecao emjfrecao f bf mutras jfbcbas oc`fraoczaktfs ocza ktfs quf quf emkstav emkstavaj aj bm atm. atm. Fktr Fktrftakt ftaktm, m, kåm sõ bas femkmj femkmjcas cas jfkms jfkms bfsfkvmovcbas bfsfkv movcbas vckdaj as vmzfs bcsemr bcsemrbaktfs. baktfs. A Aofjakda, Aofjakda, paês jacs bfsfkbfsfkvmovcbm f emj m jacmr WC@ ba Furmpa, Furmpa, f quf bftckda, bftckda, ç ãpmea, efre efreaa bf 13% 13% ba pmpuoaèåm ba Emjukcbabf f fra rfspmksávfo pmr aprmxcjabajfktf 06% bm sfu WC@, imc uj bms paêsfs quf jakcifstmu jakcifstmu prfmeupaèåm prfmeupaèåm emj a bfecsåm. bfecsåm. Ms aofjåfs aofjåfs tfjcaj, fspfecaojfk fspfecaojfktf, tf, quf m jfreabm jfreabm cktfrkm pubfssf cktfrifcktfrifrcr km aotm hrau bf sfhurcbabf smecao f tra`aodcsta quf earaetfrczava earaetfrczava sua pmoêtcea smecao. Ã cjpmrtaktf ofj`rar quf fj 1349 ackba ackba kåm davca uja bcrftrcz bcrftrcz cjpmkbm cjpmk bm uja pmoêtcea pmoêtcea smecao smecao emjukct emjukctárca, árca, m quf, bf iatm, iatm, sõ vfcm vfcm a memrrfr memrrfr, bf jakfcra jakfcra jacs sõoc sõocba, ba, a partcr partcr bm ickao ickao bf 1343. 1343. Fssf aspf aspfetm etm assu assujf jf cjpmrtàkeca tfkbm fj vcsta quf aujfktava a sfksaèåm bf pfrba pmr partf baqufofs Fstabms quf lá pratceavaj pmoêtceas smecacs jacs `fkfvmofktfs. Am m`lftcvm m`lftcvm bm hrakbf jfreabm cktfrkm, m Atm Atm Ükcem assmecmu fstrfctajfktff mutrm bf hrakbf cjpmrtàkeca< tajfkt cjpmrtàkeca< m ba emfsåm femkòjcea femkòjcea f smecao. smecao. Fssa prfmeupaèåm lá fra aktcha f sf aefktuava ç jfbcba quf a cktfhraèåm avak-

 

A Cktfhraèåm ka Furmpa

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èava. Ufjprf ã `mj ofj`rar quf ka Furmpa `useava-sf uja cktfhraèåm vcsakbm vcsa kbm ç ercaèåm ercaèåm bf uja uja emjukcb emjukcbabf abf,, m quf prfss prfssupu upukda kda,, para m sfu sfu suefssm,, pmoêtceas emkvfrhfktfs suefssm emkvfrhfktfs quf fxtrapmoassfj m kêvfo ukceajfktf femkòjcem. kòjce m. Ms furmpfus furmpfus ercaraj, ercaraj, fktåm fktåm,, pmoêtce pmoêtceas as fstruturacs fstruturacs fj fj `fkfiêecm `fkfiêecm bas rfhcöfs emkscbfrabas jacs atrasabas mu quf tckdaj scbm aiftabas pmr jutaèöfs jutaè öfs tfekmoõhcea tfekmoõhceass f ckbustrcacs rfofvakt rfofvaktfs. fs. Wr Wrmjmv mjmvfraj, fraj, chuaoj chuaojfktf, fktf, a emmpfraèåm fj jatãrca bf ckvfstchaèåm f bf bfsfkvmovcjfktm ecfktêicem. Ickaojfktf, ofvaraj fj emkscbfraèåm a bcjfksåm smecao bm jfreabm jfreabm cktfrkm< km fspêrctm bms hmvfrka hmvfrkaktfs ktfs ba Emjukcbabf, Emjukcbabf, m `mj iukecmkajfktm iukecmkajfktm bm jfreabm cktfrkm f uja emkemrrìkeca sabca fktrf as fjprfsas f paêsfs såm ckbcssmecávfcs bm m`lftcvm pfrjakfktf, quf emkscstf ka fofvaèåm bas emkbcèöfs bf vcba f bf tra`aodm bms ecbabåms furmpfus. Fj suja, suja, m Atm Atm Ükcem, Ükcem, assck assckabm abm pfoms pfoms fktåm 10 10 Fstabms Fstabms jfj`rms jfj`rms ba Emjukcbabf, rfaicrjmu m prmpõsctm prmpõsctm ba ercaèåm ba Vkcåm Vkcåm Wmoêtcea Wmoêtcea f prmjmvfu m rfvchmrajfktm rfvchmrajfktm bm prmefssm bf cktfhraèåm ka Furmpa. Furmpa. Kåm ã fxahfrm fxahfrm

aicrjar quf, atã a assckat aicrjar assckatura ura bm Rratabm Rratabm bf bf Jaastrcedt Jaastrcedt,, m Atm Atm imc a jacs cjpmrtaktf f bfecscva rfimrja ba Emjukcbabf. Emjm jacs uj uj fxfjpom, fxfjpom, pmbf-sff m`sfrvar quf, pmbf-s quf, asscj emjm emjm km eajpm femkòjce femkòjcem, m, dmuv dmuvff schkciceatcschkciceatcvms avakèms km eajpm eajpm pmoêtcem, pmoêtcem, emjm a rfimrja rfimrja bas bas atrc`ucèöfs atrc`ucèöfs bm Waroajfktmm furmpfu, quf imraj sfkscvfojfktf Waroajfkt sfkscvfojfktf ajpocabas. Yfrcicea-sf quf ã a partcr bfssf jmjfktm quf fof passa a tfr uj vfrbabfcrm papfo ofhcsoatcvm fj tmbas as qufstöfs assmecabas am m`lftcvm m`lftcvm bf rfaoczar m jfreabm ükcem. ükcem. Kmvas pmoêtceas emjuks taj`ãj imraj oakèabas km àj`ctm bm rfvchmrajfktm ba Emjukcbabf, Emju kcbabf, emj a pmoêtcea pmoêtcea rfhcmkao, rfhcmkao, bf ckvfstcha ckvfstchaèåm èåm ecfktêicea ecfktêicea,, bf emmpfraemmpfraèåm femkòjcea f jmkftárca f mutras vmotabas para a qufståm aj`cfktao.

1335< A Vkcåm Vkcåm Furmp Furmpãca ãca Emj a fktraba fj vchmr, vchmr, fj 1¼- bf kmvfj`rm kmvfj`rm bf 1335, 1335, m Rratabm Rratabm ba Vkcåm Fu Furm rmpãc pãca, a, ass assckab ckabmm fj 8 bf ifv ifvfrf frfcrm crm bf bf 1330, 1330, fj Jaas Jaastrce trcedt dt (Dmoakba), (Dmo akba), emki emkifrcu frcu uja kmva bcjfksåm ç emkstruèåm emkstruèåm ba ukcbabf furmfurmpãca. A Emjukcbabf Furmpãca (m Rratabm Rratabm bf Jaastrcedt su`stctucu m kmjf Emjukcbabf Femkòjcea Femkòjcea Furmpãca Furmpãca pmr Vkcåm Vkcåm Furmpãca), Furmpãca), fssfkecaojfktf femkòjcea kas suas aspcraèöfs f kms sfus sfus m`lftcvms, fj`mra lá emj uj poakflajfkt kfla jfktmm fstratãhc fstratãhcem em vmota vmotabm bm para mutrm mutrmss eajpms, eajpms, em emjm jm m pmoêtcem pmoêtcem,, m

 

52

Cktfhraèåm Pfhcmkao

smecao f m euoturao, passmu a fstar cktfhraba ka Vkcåm Vkcåm Furmpãca Furmpãca emj `asf fj trìs pcoarfs. M pcoar pcoar emjukctá emjukctárcm, rcm, `asf `asfabm abm ka Emjuk Emjukcbabf cbabf Furm Furmpãca pãca f ka ka Emjukcbabf Furmpãca Furmpãca ba Fkfrhca Atòjcea, Atòjcea, fra rfhcbm pmr jfeakcsjms ckstctuecmkacs eoássce eoásscems ms f iazca cktfrahcr cktfrahcr a Emjcssåm, Emjcssåm, m Waroajfktm Waroajfktm,, m Emksfodm f m Rrc`ukao Rrc`ukao bf Lustcèa. Lustcèa. Ufu m`lftcvm m`lftcvm prckecpao fra hfrcr fssfkecaojfktf fssfkecaojfktf m jfreabm cktfrkm f as pmoêtceas emjuks emj jacs fkimquf km eajpm femkòjcem,, fj`mra bfvajms emkscbfrar jcem emkscbfrar taj`ãj mutras árfas árfas kåm tåm fssfkecacs fssfkecacs emjm aqufoa. Ms mutrms bmcs pcoarfs fkvmovfj ms Fstabms jfj`rms fj bmjêkcms earaetfrczabms atã fktåm emjm sfkbm bf emjpftìkeca fxeouscvajfktf kaecmka kae cmkao Ctá Ctáoca oca,, Fsp Fspakd akdaa f, prck prckecp ecpaoj aojfkt fktf, f, Ckho Ckhoatf atfrra rra emom emomear earajaj-sf sf a iavmr bms Fstabms Fstabms Vkcbms, iatm quf hfrmu jao-fstar jao-fstar fktrf aohujas ocbfrakèas ba Vkcåm Vkcåm Furmpãca. Furmpãca. Aocás Aocás,, vaof kmtar quf a Ckhoatfrra Ckhoatfrra ã uj paês quf vfj rfscstckbm rfscs tckbm m quaktm quaktm pmbf ç cktfhraèåm cktfhraèåm am fspaèm fspaèm furmpfu. furmpfu. Ã emjuj, emjuj, f atã

 

22

Cktfhraèåm Pfhcmkao

irfqÿfktf, asscstcrjms a várcms fxfjpoms fxfjpoms bf emjm emjm Omkbrfs tfj tfj rfscstcbm, rfscstcbm, sfla ç cktfhraèåm cktfhraèåm femkòjcea femkòjcea (pmr fxfjpom fxfjpom,, kåm abmtmu abmtmu m furm), sfla ç cktfhraèåm pmoêtcea. pmoêtcea. M sfhukbm aspfetm aspfetm para m quao hmstarêajm hmstarêajmss bf edajar a atfkèåm atfkè åm f quf quf fstá, fstá, jfsjm quf bf imrja ckbcrft ckbcrfta, a, rfoa rfoaecmkabm ecmkabm ç pmoêtcea pmoêtcea cktfrkaecmkao cktfrka ecmkao bms Fstabms Fstabms Vkcbms Vkcbms ba Ajãrcea, Ajãrcea, bcz rfspfctm rfspfctm am erfsefktf erfsefktf hrau bf bfsemktfktajfktm bf várcms atmrfs cktfrkaecmkacs emj rfoaèåm ç

pmoêtcea cktfrkaecmkao quf fssf paês vfj vfj abmtakbm, sm`rftubm apõs ms atfkatfktabms bf 11 bf sftfj`rm quf fxpusfraj am jukbm a imrèa bm tfrrmrcsjm cktfrkaecmkao cktfrka ecmkao.. Bfssa imrja, imrja, fstá iceakbm iceakbm eaba vfz vfz jacs õ`vcm para para ms furmpfus a kfefsscbabf bm bfsfkvmovcjfktm fiftcvm bf uja Wmoêtcea Fxtfrka f bf Ufhurakèa Ufhurakèa Emjuj (WFUE), (WFUE), bfsvckeu bfsvckeuoaba oaba bms Fstabms Fstabms Vkcbms. Vkcbms. Ms atfktabms quf ahctaraj a Fspakda pmbfj sfr ectabms emjm jacs uj fxfjpom bf quf ms furmpfus pmbfj vcr a pahar emjm rfsuotabm bf uja pmoêtcea quf kåm kfefssarcajfktf rfioftf ms cktfrfssfs ba Furmpa. F kåm ã smjfktf km eajpm ba sfhurakèa quf ms furmpfus tìj abmtabm pmoêtceas pmoêtceas prõprcas prõprcas,, bf sfktcbm sfktcbm emjukctá emjukctárcm. rcm. Jfs Jfsjm jm emkscbfra emkscbfrakbm kbm quf kåm fxcstf fxcstf ackba uja pmoêtcea fxtfrka fxtfrka ukciceaba, ukciceaba, quf emkhrfhuf emkhrfhuf tmbms ms cktfrfssfs ba Vkcåm Vkcåm Furmpãca, dá várcms eajpms kms quacs pmbfjms m`sfrvar uja aèåm eaba eaba vfz vfz jacs emmrbf emmrbfkaba kaba emjm emjm,, pmr fxfjpom fxfjpom,, km quf bcz bcz rfspfctm çs kfhmecaèöfs emjfrecacs cktfrkaecmkacs prmjmvcbas km àj`ctm ba MJE f bf aemrbms bf emjãrecm emj mutrms paêsfs mu `omems rfhcmkacs, emjm a Asfak Asfak f m Jfremsuo. Jfremsuo. Raj`ãj ã cjpmrtaktf bfstaear m iatm bf a Vkcåm Furmpãca cr sf emkstctuckbm emjm uja aotfrkatcva fj tfrjms bf pmssc`cocbabfs para kfhmecaèöfs quf fkvmovaj fkvmovaj mutrms `omems rfhcmkacs, rfhcmkacs, mu jfsjm paêsfs, quakbm m`sfrvajms m emjpmrtajfktm bfssfs atmrfs vcs-çvcs ms Fstabms Fstabms Vkcbm Vkcbmss ba Ajãrcea Ajãrcea.. Rrata rata-sf -sf,, kfs kfssf sf sfktcbm sfktcbm,, bf uj pmbfrmpmbfrm-

sm `omem quf tfj juctm a mifrfefr fj tfrjms bf emjãrecm f ckvfstcjfktms f quf sf emkstctuc bf fxtrfja cjpmrtàkeca para árfas su`bfsfkvmovcbas mu fj bfsfkvmo bfsfkvmovcjfktm vcjfktm,, emjm ã m easm ba Ajãrcea Ajãrcea Oatcka Oatcka f ba Áircea. Assc Asscj, j, km eajpm femkòjcem, fxcstfj pmscèöfs quf emomeaj emomeaj a Vkcåm Furmpãca Furmpãca fj pmscèåm bf emkirmktm emkirmktm emj ms Fstabms Vkcbms Vkcbms ba Ajãrcea, Ajãrcea, prckecpaojfktf km eajpm bm prmtfecmkcsjm emjfrecao f ba emjpftcèåm femkòjcea pmr jfreabms fj bfsfkvmovcjfktm bfsfkvmovcjfktm quf fståm imra ba árfa ba Vkcåm. Vkcåm. A Aoea, para ectarjms jacs uj fxfjpom, fxfjpom, ã vcsta pmr aohuks sftmrfs sftmrfs furmpfus f pmr partf bf sftmrfs sftmrfs pmoêtcems, pmoêtcems, fjprf fjprfsarcacs sarcacs f cktfofetuac cktfofetuacss oatckm-ajfrceakms oatckm-ajfrceakms

 

A Cktfhraèåm ka Furmpa

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emjm uja tfktatcva bms Fstabms Vkcbms bf emksmocbar sua pmscèåm dfhfjòkcea sm`rf m vastm fspaèm femkòjcem ba Ajãrcea Oatcka, emkscbfrávfo taktm fj tfrjms tfrjms bf WC@, quaktm pmpuoaec pmpuoaecmkacs. mkacs. Fj mutrm mutrmss sftmr sftmrfs, fs, aoãj bms fstrctaj fstrctajfktf fktf femkò femkòjcems jcems,, as pmoêtce pmoêtceas as fjakabas ba Vkcåm Furmpãca taj`ãj sfrvfj bf ckspcraèåm para m rfstm

bm poakfta. Uf m`sfrvarjms a cjpmrtàkeca cjpmrtàkeca baba pfoms furmpfus furmpfus a eajpms emjm m jfcm aj`cfktf f ms bcrfctms dujakms, tfjms aê jacs uj emktrapmktm rfoatcvm rfoatcvm çs pmsturas hfraojfktf abmtabas pfoms Fstabms Vkcbms. Vkcbms. Dá ckeouscvf ckeous cvf,, kfssfs sftmr sftmrfs, fs, imrtfs bcvf bcvfrhìkec rhìkecas as emj ms kmrtf-a kmrtf-ajfrceak jfrceakms, ms, emjm icemu patfktf km easm bm Rrc`ukao Wfkao Cktfrkaecmkao f km fsimrèm furmpfu para a apoceaèåm bm Wrmtmemom bf Nymtm. Kåm sf fstá aicrjakbm aquc pura f scjpofsjfktf quf fstfla fj akbajfktm uj prmlftm pmoêtcem autòkmjm pmr partf bms paêsfs furmpfus, emkhrfhabms ka Vkcåm Furmpãca para sfrvcr bf emktrapmktm am pmbfr kmrtf-a kmrt f-ajfrc jfrceak eakm. m. Ka vfrb vfrbabf abf,, km atua atuaoo efká efkárcm rcm cktf cktfrkae rkaecmka cmkao,o, dá juct juctmm jacs fktrf Furmpa ms Fstabms Vkcbms bm quf bcvfrhìkecas. Remkvfrhìkecas mbavca, fstá iceakbm icea kbmaeaba vfz fjacs vfz eoarm para eoarm ajpoms sftmrfs sftmrfs furmfurmpfus bf bcvfrsas bcvfrsas kaecmkaocbabfs quf, fj aohujas jatãrcas bf pfsm ka femfemkmjca f ka pmoêtcea jukbcacs, ã jacs cktfrfssaktf cktfrfssaktf para ms furmpfus pfrsfhucrfj sfus prõprcms m`lftcvms bm quf pfrjakfefrfj emjm uja fspãecf bf apìkbcef ba Ajãrcea bm Kmrtf. Km iukbm, iukbm, ka Furmpa Furmpa dá bf`atfs emj emj trìs pfrspfetcvas bcstcktas emj rfoaèåm am sfu iuturm, iuturm, fj tfrjms bf mpèöfs fj femkmjca pmoêtcea f bf suas rfoaèöfs emj emj ms Fstabms Vkcbms. Fssfs trìs hrupms sfrcaj ms sfhucktfs< a) Ms sftmrfs jacs oc`fracs quf aefctaj m atuao jmbfom femkòjcem

rfhcbm pfoa pfoa mkba kfmoc`fr kfmoc`frao ao f ‟hom`aoc hom`aoczaktf zaktf‚‚ f, para ms quacs, quacs, a ocbfrakèa kmrtf-ajfrceaka ã katurao f bfsflávfo.

sftmrfs oc`fracs, oc`fracs, quf taj`ãj taj`ãj aefctaj aefctaj m jmbfom femkòjce femkòjcemm `) Ms sftmrfs vchfktf, jas quf, quf, fj tfrjms tfrjms pmoêtce pmoêtcems, ms, prfif prfifrfj rfj uja uja Furmpa Furmpa jacs, autòkmjaa f ckbfpfkbfktf bas pmscèöfs autòkmj pmscèöfs kmrtf-ajfrceaka kmrtf-ajfrceakas, s, prckecpaojfktf a tfkbìkeca vfrciceaba bfsbf a prcjfcra fofcèåm bf Hfmrhf X. @us @usd. d.

 

29  Cktfhraèåm Pfhcmkao

e) Ms sftmrfs quf prfemkczaj quf a Furmpa bfvf abmtar uj jmbfom

femkòjcem jacs femkòjcem jacs smecao smecao f, pmrtaktm pmrtaktm,, jfkms fxeo fxeoubfktf ubfktf f ‟kf ‟kfmoc`fmoc`frao‚.. Katuraoj rao‚ aturaojfktf, fktf, kåm sf trata ba outa pmr pmr uj prmlft prmlftmm bf tcpm tcpm smecaocsta, jas uj prmlftm prmlftm quf emktfjpof emktfjpof uj emjprmjcssm emjprmjcssm smecao

fktrf m eapctao f m tra`aodm, f quf as rfoaèöfs rfoaèöfs fxtfrcmrfs ba Vkcåm Furmpãca sflaj pautabas pmr prckeêpcms bfjmerátcems, sfj a utcoczaèåm bf jfbcbas bf imrèa, emjm as quf imraj fjprfhabas emktra m Craquf, Craquf, pmr fxfjpom fxfjpom.. Ickaojfktf, ã prfecsm Ickaojfktf, prfecsm emkscbfrar emkscbfrar quf quakbm quakbm fstubajms fstubajms a Vkcåm Vkcåm Furmpãca fstajms bcaktf bf uj prmlftm musabm f rfoatcvajfktf `fj-suefbcbm bf cktfhraè cktfhraèåm åm rfhcmkao, rfhcmkao, jfsjm quf ackba ackba ckemjpoft ckemjpoftm. m. Dá, emjm aicrjabm aktfrcmrjfktf, aktfrcmrjfktf, uj omkhm eajckdm eajckdm ackba a sfr pfremrrcbm km sfktcbm ba ukciceaèåm ukciceaèåm pofka quf emktfjpo emktfjpof, f, aoãj ba cktfhraèåm cktfhraèåm femkòjcea femkòjcea f jmkftárc jmkf tárca, a, a ukcice ukciceaèå aèåmm pmoêtce pmoêtcea, a, a quao quao cjpoce cjpocearca arca,, fj üotcj üotcjaa ckstàk ckstàkeca eca,, fxfeuèåm bf pmoêtceas mfxtfrka fxtemjpmrtajfktm frka f bf bfifsaba tmtaojfktf ukciceabas. Bf iatm, iatm quakbm m`sfrvajms Vkcåm Furmpãca emjm atmr, cktfrkaecmkao cktfrka ecmkao,, ã prfjaturm prfjaturm aicrjar quf ms paêsfs paêsfs bm `omem lá pratcqufj pratcqufj uja pmoêtce pmoêtceaa bfssf bfssf tcpm. tcpm. Wmr mutrm mutrm oabm oabm,, ã ckfhávf ckfhávfo,o, emki emkimrjf mrjf bfjmkstra bfjmkstra-bm, quf fstajms fstajms asscstckbm asscstckbm a uja rfjmbfoaèå rfjmbfoaèåmm prmiukba, prmiukba, km fspaèm furmfurmpfu, bm emkefctm emkefctm eoásscem eoásscem bf Fstabm-kaèåm Fstabm-kaèåm,, quf pauoatckajfkt pauoatckajfktff vfj bakbm ouhar a uja fktcbabf eaba vfz jacs suprakaecmkao, suprakaecmkao, fj uj jmvcjfktm quf ã am jfsjm tfjpm tfjpm musabm f pcmkfcrm, pcmkfcrm, taovfz ckbceabmr bf uja tfkbìkeca para m iuturm bas rfoaèöfs cktfrkaecmkacs.

 

A Cktfhraèåm kas Ajãrceas M Jfreabm Emj Emjuj uj bm Uuo< Jfrems Jfremsuo uo

Dcstõrca f Jmjfktm Km bca bca 09 bf bf jarèm jarèm bf 1331, 1331, fj Assukè Assukèåm, åm, ms prfscbfkt prfscbfktfs fs bm Warahua Warahuac,c, Akbrãs Pmbrchufs Pmbrchufs,, bm Vruhuac, Vruhuac, Ou Ouês ês Ao`frtm Ao`frtm Oaeaoof Oaeaoof Dfrrfra, Dfrrfra, ba Arhfktcka, Arhfktcka, Earoms Uauo Jfkfj Jfkfj f bm @rasco, @rasco, Ifrka Ifrkakbm kbm Emoomr Emoomr bf Jfo Jfoom, om, asscka assckaraj raj m Rratabm bf Assukèåm quf bfu mrchfj am Jfreabm Emjuj bm Uuo mu Jfremsu Jfr emsuoo mu ackba, ackba, fj fspakdmo, fspakdmo, Jf Jfrem remsur sur.. Quatr Quatrmm paêsfs bf uja jfsja jfsja rfhcåm aefctavaj ercar uj jfreabm emjuj atã m bca 51 bf bfzfj`rm bf 1332. Kfs Kfssa sa bata, bata, kms tfrjms tfrjms bm aemrbm aemrbm,, a jacmrca bms bms `fks prmbuz prmbuzcbms cbms fj quaoqufr bms paêsfs bfvfrca ecreuoar ocvrfjfktf bfktrm ba rfhcåm cktfhraba sfj taxaèöfs mu cjpfbcjfktms fxtras. Cktfhrava-sf uja árfa árfa emj 11 jcodöfs bf qucoòjftr qupassava coòjftrms ms quabra bms, jacs jftabf baVj jftabf Ajãrcea Ajãrcea bm Uuo, Uuo, eulaã pmpuoaèåm bmsquabrabms, 077 jcodöfs bfba da`ctaktfs. iatm cktfrfssaktf quf ms paêsfs cktfhrabms såm ms jfsjms quf sf fkvmo fkvmovfraj, vfraj, km sãeuom TCT, ka Hufrra bm Warahuac. Warahuac. M Jfremsuo Jfremsuo a`rakhf a`rakhf efrea bf 87% bm tfrrctõrcm, tfrrctõrcm, 92% ba pmpuoaèåm f 97% bm WC@ ba Ajãrcea bm Uuo. A Arhfktcka pmssuc 0,8 jcodöfs bf nj0 bf tfrrctõrcm, tfrrctõrcm, m @rasco @rasco 4,6 jcodöfs bf nj0, m Warahuac Warahuac jacs jacs bf 279 jco jco nj0 f m Vruhuac 189 jco nj0. Fj 0772, sfhukb sfhukbmm uj rfoatõrcm rfoatõrcm bm @akem @akem Jukbcao, Jukbcao, a pmpuoaèåm pmpuoaèåm ba árfa árfa cktfhraba lá fstava fstava aecja bms 007 jcodöfs jcodöfs bf da`ctaktfs. da`ctaktfs. A Arhfktcka Arhfktcka tckda 58,3 jcodöfs jcodöfs bf da`ctaktfs, da`ctaktfs, m @rasco edfhava edfhava quasf a 186 jcodöfs bf pfssmas, m Warahuac Warahuac fstava emj emj 6,6 jcodöfs f m Vruhuac emj 5,2 jcodöfs bf

 

24

Cktfhraèåm Pfhcmkao

da`cta da`ctaktfs. ktfs. @moêvca f Edcof, Edcof, emjm jfj`r jfj`rms ms assmeca assmecabms bms ba zmka bf ocvrfocvrfemjãrecm emjã recm (kåm (kåm fktraraj ka ukcåm ukcåm abuakfcra), abuakfcra), taj`ãj såm såm ectabms ectabms kas fstatêstceas fstatês tceas bm Jfre Jfremsuo. msuo. Km jmjfktm jmjfktm,, vajms tra`aodar tra`aodar smjfktf smjfktf emj emj ms

quatrm jfj`rms fiftcvms bfssa bfssa tfktatcva bf cktfhraèåm rfhcmkao. M WC@ bf eaba paês, paês, prckecpao prckecpaojfktf jfktf ba Arhfkt Arhfktcka cka f bm @rasco, @rasco, varcmu juctm juctm kms üotcüotcjms akms,mjacs iukèåm bf femkòjcems bm, mquf bfbm mutras Quakbm pfsmfj arhfktckm arhfktckm imcpoakms fqucparabm fqucparabm am bõoar bõoar, WC@ paêsrazöfs. fstava fstava aotm. aot m. Bfpm Bfpmcs cs ba bfsvao bfsvaomrcz mrczaèå aèåmm ba jmfba omea omeao,o, ice icemu mu jfkmr jfkmr, ass assmec mecabm abm ç bcjckucèåm bm rctjm ba femkmjca arhfktcka quf sf sfhucu çqufoa bfickcèåm.. M easm `rascofcrm èåm `rascofcrm sf assfjfoda assfjfoda uj pmuem pmuem am arhfktckm arhfktckm.. Ka ercaèåm ercaèåm bm Woakm Pfao, Pfao, a jmfba kaecmkao fstfvf fstfvf atã jacs imrtf bm quf m bõoar. bõoar. Ka Kaqufof qufof jmjfktm jmjf ktm,, m WC@ jmstra jmstravava-sf sf jacs jacs rm`ust rm`ustm. m. A jmfba, jmfba, ams pmue pmuems, ms, imc pfrpfrbfkbmm vaomr bfkb vaomr f, em emjm jm rfsu rfsuota otabm bm,, m WC@ WC@ imc imc bcjck bcjckuck uckbm bm.. Km rfo rfoatõ atõrcm rcm bm bm @akem Jukbcao Jukbcao bf 0772, m WC@ bm Jfremsuo edfhava edfhava a quasf 977 `codöfs bf bõoarfs. Ã emjuj aicrjar quf m @rasco bftãj fj tmrkm bf 86% bm WC@ bm Jfremsuo, Jfre msuo, a Arhfktcka uj pmuem pmuem jfkms bf 05% f m rfstaktf ã bcstrc`uêbm fktrf m Vruhuac Vruhuac (1,6%) f Warahuac Warahuac (7,8%). A prmbuèåm bf jakuiaturas jakuiaturas ka árfa ã 84% 84% `rascofcra, `rascofcra, 07% arhfktcka, arhfktcka, 1,5% uruhuaca uruhuaca f 7,2% 7,2% bm Warahuac Warahuac.. M @rasco ã bmcs bmcs tfrèms tfrèms bm Jfrem Jfremsuo suo fj tfrrctõrcm tfrrctõrcm,, pmpuoa pmpuoaèåm èåm f WC@. WC@. Wa Wara ra m pabråm oatckm-ajfrce oatckm-ajfrceakm akm ã uja árfa cktfhraba bf efrtm vaomr, vaomr, prckecpa prckecpaoojfktf pmrquf fståm luktas as buas jacmrfs femkmjcas ba Ajãrcea bm Uuo. Fktrftaktm Fktrfta ktm,, kåm imc imc iáeco iáeco edfhar edfhar a fssf fssf patajar patajar.. Vj pmuem bf dcstõrca dcstõrca rfhcmkao jmstrará cssm. M @rasco a eabas Arhfktcka, parefcrms bm kmvm kmvm `omem fesctuaè mkòjcem, passara em, passaraj j fbãeabas bã fj emkioct eprckecpacs mkioctms ms rfacs rfacs mu cjahckárcms cjahckárcms. . Fssafemkòjcsctuaèåm åm memrrff bfsbf m pfrêmbm memrr pfrêmbm emomkcao. emomkcao. Wmrtuhao, fj 1418, 1418, lá emj emj a iajêoca iajêoca rfao km @rasco, tfktm tfktmu u akfxar akfxar m Vruhuac Vruhuac ç emrma emrma pmrtuhufsa. pmrtuhufsa. Fssf iatm iatm kåm fra `fj vcstm pfoms arhfktckms, arhfktckms, prckecpao prckecpaojfktf jfktf ms pmrtfkdms pmrtfkdms mu da`ctaktfs da`ctaktfs bf @ufkms Acrfs Acrfs,, mkbf fstava fstava m prckecpao pmrtm pmrtm bm paês. M Vruhuac Vruhuac outmu outmu pfoa pf oa ck ckbf bfpf pfkb kbìk ìkec eca, a, rf rfef ef`f `fu u alu aluba ba ba Ar Arhf hfkt ktck ckaa f, fj 14 1404 04,, fj Ctuzackhõ, Ctuza ckhõ, trav travmu mu uja `ataod `ataodaa quf tcrmu m @rasco @rasco bm paês. A Ckhoatfrra, Ckhoatfrra, jacs tarbf, tarbf, apmcmu a ckbfpfkbìkec ckbfpfkbìkecaa bm Vruhuac, Vruhuac, f m kmvm paês paês sf tmrkmu tmrkmu uja fspãecf bf emoedåm bf sfhurakèa fktrf ms cktfrfssfs bm @rasco f ba Arhfktcka ka rfhcåm bm Wrata.

 

A Cktfhraèåm kas Ajãrceas

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fktaktm,, m @rasco, jaktfv Km fktaktm jaktfvff sfjprf prfsfkèa prfsfkèa pmoêtcea pmoêtcea f bcpomjátcea bcpomjátcea ka árfa, emj rfefcm rfefcm bf aohuj aohuj tcpm bf fxpakscmkcs fxpakscmkcsjm jm arhfktckm. arhfktckm. Emj Luak Luak

Jakufo bf Pmsas Jakufo Pmsas km hmvfrkm hmvfrkm bm paês vczckdm, vczckdm, fktrf 1403 1403 f 1460, a prfmeuprfmeupaèåm `rascofcra aujfktmu. Rfjca quf Pmsas fstfkbfssf fstfkbfssf sua prfsfkèa para Jmktfvcbãu mu para tmbm m Vruhuac f atã jfsjm para m Warahuac. Emjfktava-sf quf ckeouêa a foctf pmrtfkda rfsta`fofefr m aktchm vcef-rfckabm bm Wrata quf m Vruhuacbfsflava f m Warahuac. Fj 1460, 1460, Lu Lustm stm Lmsã Lmsã bf Vr Vrqucza, qucza, hmv hmvfrkabmr frkabmr ba prmvêke prmvêkeca ca bf Fktrf Fktrf Pcms, emj aluba aluba bm @rasco @rasco,, bfrru`mu m hmvfrkm hmvfrkm Pmsas. Pmsas. A vcba pmoêtcea pmoêtcea omeao omeao kåm imc trakqÿcoa, dmuvf emkstaktfs emkstaktfs edmqufs fktrf oc`fracs f emksfrvabmrfs, emksfrvabmrfs, fktrff a eapctao fktr eapctao f m cktfrcm cktfrcmrr bm paês. paês. At Atãã quf, quf, fj Wav Wavõk, õk, m hmvfrka hmvfrkabmr bmr ba ba prmvêkeca prmv êkeca bf @ufkms Acrfs, Acrfs, @artmom @artmomjfu jfu Jctrf, bfrrmt bfrrmtmu mu Vrqucza Vrqucza f assu assujcu jcu m emktrmof ba kaèåm. A dcstõrca arhfktcka bm pfrêmbm imc earaetfrczaba earaetfrczaba pfoa `use `u seaa bf ukcb ukcbab abff bm paê paês. s. Wmr sfu sfu oab oabmm, m @ras @rasco co,, em emj j m Cjpã Cjpãrcm rcm,, tck tckda da jacmr fsta`cocbabf pmoêtcea f fstava sm` emktrmof bf uja autmrcbabf efktrao a partcr bm Pcm bf Lakfcrm. Ka vfrba vfrbabf, bf, a rfhcåm bm Wrata, Wrata, ba ckbfpfkbìkeca ckbfpfkbìkeca ç Hufrra bm Warahua Warahuacc (1492-1487) (14921487),, fstfv fstfvff edfca bf emkioctm emkioctmss f bfsfktfkbcjfktms bfsfktfkbcjfktms.. Emj Jctrf Jctrf km hmvfrkm hmv frkm ba Arhfk Arhfktcka, tcka, pmr eausa bf sua pmstur pmsturaa oc`frao, oc`frao, memrr memrrfraj fraj edmqufs emj m partcbm @oakem bm Vruhuac, Vruhuac, ckcjchm pmoêtcem bms Vkctárcms Vkctárcms bf Jctrf.. Raj`ãj ms parahuacms Jctrf parahuacms kåm vcaj m hmvfrkm arhfktckm arhfktckm emj `mks modms, tckdaj rfeoa rfeoajaèöf jaèöfss bms pmrtfkdms pmrtfkdms bfsbf m pfrêmbm emom emomkcao. kcao. @ufkms Acrfs fra pratceajfktf a pmrta bf fktraba f saêba bms prmbutms parahuacms, parahua cms, f, aohuj aohujas as vfzfs, vfzfs, as autmrcbabfs autmrcbabfs arhfktc arhfktckas kas tfktaraj tfktaraj pfrtur`ar pfrtur`ar a vcba femkò femkòjcea jcea f pmoêtcea pmoêtcea bm paês paês vczckdm. vczckdm. Jctrf Jctrf,, km pmbfr pmbfr,, emj pfksajfktm pmoêtcem pmoêtcem bcifrfktf bcifrfktf bms bcrchfktfs parahuacms, parahuacms, passmu a sfr taj`ãj uja fspãecf fspãecf bf ckcjchm. ckcjchm. M @rasco, pmr sfu oabm, oabm, tckda bfsavfkè bfsavfkèas as tfrrctmrcacs tfrrctmrcacs f bf kavfhaèåm emj m Warahuac. M Vruhuac, Vruhuac, taj`ãj irmkt irmktfcra fcra emj m @rasco, @rasco, fkirf fkirfktmu ktmu pmr omkhms omkhms akms uja sãrcf bf hufrras ecvcs fktrf ms partcbms @oakem f Emomrabm f quf pfrtur`ava ms cktfrfssfs ba prmvêkeca `rascofcra bm Pcm Hrakbf bm Uuo. Wmr aoc, m @rasco tckda suas suas qufcxas. qufcxas. Ms parefcrms parefcrms dmlf dmlf bm Jfremsuo Jfremsuo passapassaraj várcms várcms akms, akms, km sãeuom sãeuom TCT, TCT, fj quasf quasf tmtao tmtao bfsarjmkca bfsarjmkca.. Vj bca tubm tubm bfsjmrmkmu, bfsjmr mkmu, vfcm a Hufrra bm bm Warahuac, Warahuac, a rfhcåm outmu outmu pmr pmr eckem eckem akms. Vkcraj-sf Vkc raj-sf @rasco, @rasco, Arhfkt Arhfktcka cka f Vruhuac, bfpmcs ba ckvasåm ckvasåm `rascofcra a fstf

 

67  Cktfhraèåm Pfhcmkao

üotcjm paês, emktra m Warahuac Warahuac.. Wmr ecreuks ecreukstàkecas tàkecas dcstõrcea dcstõrceas, s, dmuv dmuvff uja

ukcåm fktrf Arhfkt Arhfktcka cka f @rasco. Rfrjckaba a hufrra, hufrra, eaba paês tmjmu tmjmu sfu rujm. A Arhfktcka, Arhfktcka, emj jacs ukcbabf ukcbabf f emj `ma prmbuèåm prmbuèåm ahrmpfeuárca, ahrmpfeuárca, erfsefu erfs efu femkm femkmjceajf jceajfktf. ktf. Km @rasco @rasco,, emj a qufba qufba bm Cjpãrcm Cjpãrcm,, a sctuaè sctuaèåm åm pmoêtcea sf emjpo pmoêtcea emjpocemu cemu.. M Vruhuac Vruhuac emj earkfs, hråms, oås f jacs fsta`co fsta`cocbacbabf pmoêtcea pmoêtcea fstava fstava fstrc`abm fstrc`abm fj `mks `mks êkbcefs êkbcefs bf bfsfkv bfsfkvmovcjfkt movcjfktm. m. M Warahuac Wa rahuac,, ackba ajarhakb ajarhakbmm ms rfsuot rfsuotabms abms ba hufrra, eajckd eajckdava ava a passm passmss jacs ofktms. Fra uja rfhcåm emj irmktfcras irmktfcras emjuks f emj emj paêsfs bf emstas uj para m mutrm. mutrm. Uuas prfmeupaèöfs femkòjceas f euoturacs euoturacs fstavaj vmotabas jacs para a Furmpa Furmpa f ms Fstabms Vkcbms. M ecüjf fktrf a Arhfktcka f m @rasco pmr ocbfrakèa rfhcmkao fra uja emkstaktf. emkstaktf. M emjãrecm fktrf ms oabms fra pfqufkm. Km ckêecm ckêecm ba bãea bãeaba ba bf 1397 1397,, a rfhcåm rfhcåm bm bm Wrata, Wrata, em emj j fxefè fxefèåm åm bm Warahuac Wa rahuac bf Aoirfbm Aoirfbm Utrmfsskfr Utrmfsskfr,, fktrmu fj ercsf pmoêtcea. A sctuaèåm aea`mu aea`mu ofvakbm ms jcoctarfs jcoctarfs am am pmbfr. pmbfr. Fra m auhf ba Hufrra Irca Irca quf tfrjckmu tfrjckmu fkvmov fkv movfkbm fkbm tmba a árfa. A bcrfcta f a fsqufrba fsqufrba pmoêtcea, pmoêtcea, eaba uja emj emj sfus m`lftcvms, m`lftc vms, edfha edfharaj raj a pmktm bf uja vfrbabfcra vfrbabfcra hufrra ecvco. Jfsjm Jfs jm km eams pmoêtcem pmoêtcem bm jmjfktm, jmjfktm, fj bfzfj`rm bfzfj`rm bf 1397, sm` auspêecms ba Efpao mu Emjcssåm Emjcssåm Femkòjcea Femkòjcea para a Ajãrcea Oatcka, kasec kasecaa a Assmecaèå Assm ecaèåmm Oatckm Ajfrceaka Ajfrceaka bf Ocvrf Ocvrf Emjãrecm. Emjãrecm. Kåm bfu efrtm, efrtm, jas sfrvcu emjm paràjftrm para iuturas tfktatcvas bf cktfhraèåm femkòjcea. femkòjcea. Fj kmvfj`rm kmvf j`rm bf 1383, 1383, a Arhfktcka Arhfktcka f m @rasco assckaraj assckaraj uj prmtme prmtmemom mom bf cktfkèöfs cktfkè öfs para tfrjckar tfrjckar ms emkstaktfs emkstaktfs atrctms atrctms fktrf ms bmcs paêsfs. paêsfs. Cssm memrrfu ka sfqÿìkeca bas aeaomrabas bcseussöfs sm`rf as usckas bf Ctacpu, Emrpus f Saefrct aefrcta. a. M Warahuac Warahuac,, icfo ba `aoakèa `aoakèa kfssfs fjprf fjprffkbcjfkt fkbcjfktms, ms, fstava sf `fkficecakbm bm lmhm pmr ocbfrakèa ocbfrakèa ka árfa, f aqufofs bmcs paêsfs rfsmovf rfsm ovfraj raj ckstctucr uj jfeakcsjm jfeakcsjm bf emksuotas emksuotas pfrjakfktfs. pfrjakfktfs. A partcr baê, as rfoaèöfs rfoaèöfs jfodmraraj jfodmraraj,, euojc euojckakbm kakbm emj emj ms aemrbms aemrbms f prmtmemo prmtmemoms ms bf cktfhraèåm femkòjcea kms hmvfrkms bf Pauo Aoimksck f Lmsã Uarkfy. A prmpmrèåm bf prmbutms ckbustrcaoczabms km tmtao bas fxpmrtaèöfs `rascofcr `ras cofcras as para a Arhfktc Arhfktcka ka vckda erfs erfsefk efkbm. bm. Ka bãeaba bãeaba bf 1387, 1387, fssa fxpmrtaèå fxpm rtaèåmm icemu icemu fj tmrkm bf 66%. 66%. Ka bãeaba sfhuck sfhucktf, tf, a fxpmrtaèåm fxpmrtaèåm bf jakuiaturabms su`cu para 96% bm emjãrecm tmtao f 56% para ms `fks prcjárcms. járcm s. As fxpm fxpmrtaèö rtaèöfs fs arhf arhfktcka ktckass para para m @rasco @rasco fraj bcif bcifrfkt rfktfs. fs. Ka

 

A Cktfhraèåm kas Ajãrceas

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1387, a Arhfktcka jfsja bãeaba bf 1387, Arhfktcka fxpmrtmu para m @rasco aprmxcja aprmxcjababa-

jfktf 96% bf prmbutms prcjárcms f sfjciaturabms f 56% bf `fks ckbustrcaoczabm trcaoc zabms. s. Ka mutra bãeaba, bãeaba, pass passmu mu a sfr fxpmrtabm fxpmrtabm 86% bf `fks prcjáprcjárcms f sfjciatu sfjciaturabms rabms f 06% bf jakuiat jakuiaturabm urabms. s. Aohu Aohujas jas pfssmas pfssmas ka Arhfktcka tfjcaj, f ackba tfjfj, quf memrrfssf memrrfssf uja bcvcsåm bf tra`aodm ka rfhcåm fj quf m paês sf fspfecaoczarca fj prmbuzcr f fxpmrtar jatãrcasprcjas f aocjfkt aocjfktms, ms, f m @rasco `fks `fks ckbustrcacs ckbustrcacs.. Ã cktfrfssa cktfrfssaktf ktf taj`ãj taj`ãj m schkciceabm femkòjcem femkòjcem bf uj uj paês para m mutrm. mutrm. Atã 1346, 1346, aktfs ba assckaassckatura bms atms bf cktfhraèåm cktfhraèåm,, emj varcaèöfs kmrjacs kmrjacs fj akms bcifrfktfs, bcifrfktfs, m @rasco fstava fktrf m sfhukbm f m quartm emjprabmr bms prmbutms arhfktckms f ka jfsja prmpmrèåm prmpmrèåm emjm emjm suprcbmr bf suas kfefsscb kfefsscbabfs. abfs. A Arhfktcka fstava fktrf m sfxtm f m mctavm suprcbmr bas kfefsscbabfs `rascofcras f fktrf m bãecjm prcjfcrm f m bãecjm sfhukbm emjm jfreabm para a vfkba vfkba bf bf prmbut prmbutms ms kaecm kaecmkac kacs. s. Bfp Bfpmcs mcs bm bm Jfre Jfrems msuo uo cssm cssm jubmu jubmu,, a Arhfktcka passava passava sfr mprmbuzcbms sfhukbm jfreabm jf emjprabmr,, sõ atrás bms emjprabmr Fstabms Vkcbms, Vkcbms, bmsa `fks prmbuzcbms aqureabm aquc. c. Wmrr várcms iatmrfs, jas taj`ãj pmrquf m emjãrecm Wm emjãrecm @rasco-Arhfktcka davca bftfrcmrabm bftfrcmrabm fktrf fktrf 1347 f 1346, Aoimk Aoimksck sck f Uarkfy `usearaj `usearaj uja jacmr aprmxc aprmxcjaèåm jaèåm fktrf fktrf ms bmcs paêsfs. Emjfè Emjfèmu mu fj ahmstm bf 1346 f euojckmu fj 57 bf kmvfj`rm baqufof akm emj a Bfeoaraèåm bf Chuaèu. Atravãs Atra vãs bf emju emjukceabms kceabms f bfeoaraèöf bfeoaraèöfss micecacs, micecacs, ms bmcs bmcs prfscbfkt prfscbfktfs, fs, pfoa prcjfcra vfz ka dcstõrca bms bmcs paêsfs, fxprfssaraj pmktms bf vcstas emk luktms sm`rf várcms várc ms assuktms f quf, a partcr baoc, aj`ms passarcaj a atuar ukcbms fj suas bfecsöfs bfecsöfs km eajpm cktfrkaecm cktfrkaecmkao. kao. Vj jmjfktm jmjfktm cjpmrtaktf para m rfoae rfoaecmkajfk cmkajfktm tm suo-ajfrceakm. suo-ajfrceakm. Km jfsjm fkemktrm, fkemktrm, Aoimks Aoimksck ck f Uarkfy emkemrbaraj ackba quf tra`aodarcaj para a cktfhraèåm iutura bms paêsfs paês fs oatckmoatckm-ajf ajfrcea rceakms kms.. Pf Pfaic aicrja rjaj, j, kaqu kaqufof fof atm, atm, iã km prmefss prmefssmm bfjmerátcem pfom quao passava a rfhcåm. Emjm davca sfjprf uja pmktckda bf bfsemkicakèa fktrf fktrf ms bmcs cktfrfssfs, cktfrfssfs, taj`ãj assckaraj uja bfeoaraèåm emklukta sm`rf pmoêtcea kueofar kueofar.. Imraj ams pmuems bfrru`akbm ms jmtcvms jmtcvms bms ecüjfs dcstõrcems fktrf ms kmvms parefcrms. Fj 57 bf luodm luodm bf 1349, 1349, fj @ufkms @ufkms Acrfs, Acrfs, Aoimks Aoimksck ck f Uarkfy assckaassckaraj a Ata para a Cktfhraèåm Arhfktckm-@rascofcra f Wrmtmemoms. Emk Emkvcbaraj ackba m prfscbfk prfscbfktf bm Vruhuac Vruhuac, , Lüocm Ua c,-sfpara partcecparvcbaraj bm fkemktr fkemktrm, m, akaocs akaocsar ar as tf prmpmstas prmpmsta s f, km iuturUakhuckftt iuturm, m,khuckfttc, assmecar assme car-sf am prmlfpr mlf-

 

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Cktfhraèåm Pfhcmkao