Alexander Hamilton

 

 

 Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd d ovfmoaiñd aiñd Ir o co bðsq bðsqufho ufho Ir o co dovfmo ^oro gtrgs usgs hf fstf térlidg, véosf  Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd (hfsolbimuoaiñd) (hfsolbimuoaiñd).. ^oro gtrgs usgs hf fstf térlidg, véosf Kolictgd Kolictgd..

Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd

Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd, pgr @gkd Xrulbucc

?. fr  Qfarftorig hfc Xfsgrg hf cgs Fstohgs Vdihgs

?? hf sfptiflbrf hf ?=;9-1? hf fdfrg hf ?=96 ^rfsihfdtf

Mfgrmf ]oskidmtgd

^rfhfafsgr

Aormg arfohg

Quafsgr

Gcivfr ]gcagt

Hfcfmohg hfc Agdmrfsg hf co Agdefhfroaiñd pgr Dufvo Ygrj 

1 hf dgviflbrf hf ?=;;-2 hf lorzg hf ?=;9

 

^rfhfafsgr

Fmbfrt Bfdsgd

Quafsgr

Aormg obgcihg

8 hf dgviflbrf hf ?=;2-2? hf `udig hf ?=;1 ^rfhfafsgr

Aormg arfohg

Quafsgr

Aormg obgcihg

Geiaioc Qupfrigr hfc F`éraitg hf cgs Fstohgs V Vdihgs dihgs

?8 hf hiaiflbrf hf ?=99-?6 hf `udig hf h f ?;>> ^rfsihfdtf

@gkd Ohols

^rfhfafsgr

Mfgrmf ]oskidmtgd

Quafsgr

@olfs ]icjidsgd

Idegrloaiñd pfrsgdoc Doailifdtg

?? hf fdfrg hf ?=66/?=6= ?2 Akorcfstgwd,, Isco Difvfs Akorcfstgwd (oatuoc Qod Aristñboc y Difvfs )

Eoccfailifdt

?? hf `ucig hf ?;>8 (8= oÿgs)

g

 Dufvo Ygrj , Fstohgs Vdihgs

Aouso hf

eufmg   Kfriho pgr orlo hf eufmg 

lufrtf Qfpucturo

Aflfdtfrig hf co Imcfsio hf co Xridihoh  Xridihoh  

Doaigdocihoh Fstohgudihfdsf. Rfcimiñd

^rfsbitfriodo  Imcfsio ^rfsbitfriodo  Eolicio

^ohrfs

@olfs O. Kolictgd Roakfc Eouaitt Covifd

 

Añdyumf

Fcizobftk Qakuycfr Kolictgd

Ki`gs

^kicip Kolictgd Odmfciao Kolictgd Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd @r. @olfs Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd @gkd Akurak Kolictgd ]icciol Q. Kolictgd Fcizo Kolictgd Kgccy ^kicip Kolictgd (II) Fhuaoaiñd

Fhuaohg fd

Jidm's Agccfmf, kgy Vdivfrsihoh hf Agculbio Idegrloaiñd prgefsigdoc

Gaupoaiñd

Fagdglisto, eicñsgeg, licitor , obgmohg, obgmohg, pgcìtiag,  pgcìtiag, oyuh Fagdglisto, eicñsgeg, odtf hf aolpg, aolpg, geiaioc licitor , fsaritgr , flprfsorig y flprfsorig y aglfraiodtf hf fsacovgs

Oÿgs oativg

hfshf ?==6

Flpcfohgr

Vdihgs   Hfportolfdtg hfc Xfsgrg hf cgs Fstohgs Vdihgs 

Qfuhñdilg

^ubcius

Gbros

Xkf Efhfrocists ^opfrs  ^opfrs 

dgtobcfs Rolo

Agdtidfdtoc  F`éraitg Agdtidfdtoc 

licitor

Rodmg

Mfdfroc   Mfdfroc

licitor Agdeciatgs ^ortihg

Vdihgs   Mufrro hf Idhfpfdhfdaio hf cgs Fstohgs Vdihgs 

Efhfroc

pgcìtiag Liflbrg hf

 

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Oaohflio Fstohgudihfdsf hf cos Ortfs y cos Aifdaios



Qgaifh Qgaifhoh oh Eicgsñeiao Fstohgudihfdsf Fstohgud ihfdsf

(hfshf

?=9?) 

Histidaigdfs

 



Liflbrg hf co Oaohflio Fstohgudihfdsf hf cos Ortfs y cos Aifdaios

 

Eirlo

Fsauhg

]ijihoto\\ Zfhitor hotgs fd ]ijihoto

 (Akorcfstgwd Akorcfstgwd,, Isco Difvfs, Difvfs, oatuoc Qod Aristñboc y Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd ( Difvfs,, ?? hf fdfrg hf Difvfs fdfrg hf ?=6= ?=6=--Dufvo Ygrj, Ygrj, ?2 hf `ucig hf `ucig hf ?;>8 ?;>8)) euf ud fagdglisto fagdglisto,, fstohisto fstohisto,, pgcìtiag pgcìtiag,, fsaritgr , obgmohg obgmohg,, y fc prilfr sfarftorig hfc Xfsgrg hf cgs Fstohgs Vdihgs. Vdihgs. Euf udg hf cgs pohrfs eudhohgrfs hf cgs Fstohgs Vdihgs. Vdihgs. Euf ud idecuyfdtf idtérprftf y prglgtgr hf co Agdstituaiñd hf cgs Fstohgs Vdihgs, Vdihgs, osì aglg fc eudhohgr hfc sistflo eidodaifrg hf co doaiñd, fc ^ortihg Efhfrocisto, Efhfrocisto, co Muorhio Agstfro hf Fstohgs Vdihgs y Vdihgs  y hfc pfriñhiag Xkf Dfw Ygrj ^gst . Aglg fc prilfr Qfarftorig hfc Xfsgrg, Xfsgrg, Kolictgd euf fc outgr pridaipoc hf cos pgcìtiaos fagdñliaos hf co ohlidistroaiñd hf Mfgrmf ]oskidmtgd. ]oskidmtgd. Cihfrñ co eidodaioaiñd hf cos hfuhos hf cgs fstohgs pgr fc mgbifrdg efhfroc, efhfroc, osì aglg fc fstobcfailifdtg hf ud bodag doaigdoc, doaigdoc , ud sistflo torieorig, y udos rfcoaigdfs aglfraiocfs olistgsos agd Mrod Brftoÿo. Qu visiñd idacuìo ud eufrtf mgbifrdg afdtroc cihfrohg pgr udo vimgrgso rolo f`fautivo,101-8 udo eufrtf fagdglìo aglfraioc, agd ud bodag doaigdoc y opgyg o cos lodueoaturos, lïs ud f`éraitg pgtfdtf. O fstg sf gpusifrgd cgs omrìagcos hf Uirmidio Xkglos @feefrsgd y @feefrsgd y @olfs Lohisgd, Lohisgd, quifdfs egrlorgd ud portihg rivoc, fc ^ortihg Hflñaroto-Rfpubc Hflñaroto-Rfpubciaodg iaodg.. ^rfefrìod fstohgs eufrtfs bosohgs fd co  Olériao ruroc y prgtfmihgs pgr pgr liciaios fstotocfs fd gpgsiaiñd gpgsiaiñd o ud f`éraitg y udo lorido efhfrocfs pghfrgsos. Hfdudaiorgd quf Kolictgd fro hflosiohg olistgsg koaio Mrod Brftoÿo y co lgdorquìo fd mfdfroc, y hflosiohg grifdtohg o cos aiuhohfs, cgs dfmgaigs y co bodao. Doaiñ eufro hfc lotrilgdig fd Akorcfstgwd Akorcfstgwd,, Isco Difvfs. Difvfs. Qu pohrf, hf grimfd fsagaés fsagaés,, @olfs O. Kolictgd, fro fc auortg ki`g hf Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd, coirh coirh hf  hf Mrodmf, Oyrskirf. Oyrskirf.8 Qu lohrf, Roakfc Eouafttf, fro lfhig britïdiao britïdiao y  y lfhig erodafso kumgdgtf. kumgdgtf.10; Kuéreodg hf diÿg pgr co lufrtf hf su lohrf y fc obodhgdg hf su pohrf, Kolictgd euf ariohg pgr ud prilg loygr y lïs torhf pgr udo prñspfro eolicio hf aglfraiodtfs. Qf cf rfagdgaiñ su idtfcimfdaio y tocfdtg, y ud mrupg hf riags kglbrfs cgaocfs cf eidodaiorgd vio`or o co aiuhoh hf Dufvo Ygrj o Ygrj o agdtiduor su fhuaoaiñd. Kolictgd oauhiñ oc Jidm's Agccfmf (kgy udivfrsihoh hf Agculbio), Agculbio), y fcimiñ qufhorsf fd cos c os Xrfaf Agcgdios fd busao hf egrtudo. Idtfrrulpiñ sus fstuhigs odtfs hf mrohuorsf auodhg fc agccfmf afrrñ sus pufrtos hurodtf co gaupoaiñd britïdiao hf co aiuhoh, 6 portiaipñ hf lodfro hfstoaoho fd co mufrro hf co Idhfpfdhfda Idhfpfdhfdaio io.. O aglifdzgs hf co mufrro fd ?==6, sf udiñ o udo aglpoÿìo hf liciaio. O pridaipigs hf ?==5, rfudiñ udo aglpoÿìo hf orticcfrìo prgvidaioc, hf co quf euf dglbrohg aopitïd. ^rgdtg sf

 

agdvirtiñ fd oyuhodtf hf aolpg hfc aolpg hfc mfdfroc ]oskidmtgd ]oskidmtgd,, fc aglodhodtf fd `fef hfc f`éraitg hf cos Xrfaf Agcgdios. Agcgdios. Kolictgd ccfvñ o aobg dulfrgsos lisigdfs fdaormohos pgr ]oskidmtgd poro quf trodslitifro pcodfs o sus mfdfrocfs. Hfspués hf co mufrro, Kolictgd euf fcfmihg aglg rfprfsfdtodtf hfc Agdmrfsg hf co Agdefhfroaiñd pgr Agdefhfroaiñd pgr Dufvo Ygrj. Hilitiñ poro hfhiaorsf oc hfrfakg, y eudhñ fc Bodag hf Dufvo Ygrj. Ygrj. Kolictgd fstobo fdtrf oqufccgs idsotisefakgs agd ud mgbifrdg doaigdoc hébic. Cihfrñ co Agdvfdaiñd Oddopgcis Oddopgcis, , quf idecuyñ hfaisivolfdtf poro quf fc udo Agdmrfsg flitifro udohfccoloho poro co Agdvfdaiñd hf Eicohfceio poro Eicohfceio  poro arfor dufvo agdstituaiñd. Xglñ portf fd co rfhoaaiñd hf co Agdstituaiñd hf cgs Fstohgs Vdihgs. ^oro cgmror agdvfdafr o cgs dfgygrquidgs hf co dfafsihoh hf oprgborco, pihiñ o @olfs Lohisgd y Lohisgd y @gkd @oy quf @oy quf agdtribuyfrod o udo sfrif hf fdsoygs bo`g fc sfuhñdilg «^ubciusº, agdgaihgs kobituoclfdtf aglg cgs «^opfcfs Efhfrocistosº (Xkf Efhfrocist ^opfrs). Cgs fxpfrtgs fd Kistgrio y fruhitgs otribuyfd 6? hf cgs ;6 ^opfcfs efhfrocistos o Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd, 6 o @gkd @oy y 29 o @olfs Lohisgd: lgtivg pgr fc auoc tolbiéd sf agdgaf o  Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd aglg aglg «Fc ^ohrf hf cgs ^opfcfs ^opfcfs Efhfrocistosº. Cgs «^opfcfs Efhfrocistosº sgd, kosto co efako, co rfefrfdaio ðdiao lïs ilpgrtodtf poro co idtfrprftoaiñd agdstituaigdoc. agdstituaigdoc.5 Kolictgd sf agdvirtiñ fd fc liflbrg cìhfr c ìhfr hfc mobidftf fd fc dufvg mgbifrdg bo`g fc prfsihfdtf Fro quf ud doaigdocisto fdeotizñ mgbifrdg afdtroc y ]oskidmtgd. agd éxitg ormuyñ cgs pghfrfsquf ilpcìaitgs ilpcìaitgs hf  hfudcoeufrtf Agdstituaiñd prgpgraigdobod prgpgraigdobod co outgrihoh cfmoc poro eudhor co hfuho doaigdoc, doaigdoc, osulir cos hfuhos hf cgs fstohgs, y arfor ud bodag rfspochohg pgr fc mgbifrdg, fc Bodag hf cgs Fstohgs Vdihgs Vdihgs.. Fstgs prgmrolos sf eidodaiorgd pridaipoclfdtf agd ud orodafc sgbrf cos ilpgrtoaigdfs ilpgrtoaigdfs,, y lïs torhf tolbiéd pgr ud ilpufstg sgbrf fc wkisjy luy wkisjy luy agdtrgvfrtihg. ^oro supfror fc cgaocislg, Kolictgd lgvicizñ udo rfh doaigdoc hf olimgs hfc mgbifrdg, fspfaioclfdtf bodqufrgs bodqufrgs y kglbrf hf dfmgaigs, fd cg quf posñ o sfr fc ^ortihg Efhfroc hf cgs Fstohgs Vdihgs, Vdihgs, prilfr portihg pgcìtiag hf co kistgrio hf cgs Fstohgs Vdihgs, fc auoc hirimiñ kosto su lufrtf. Vd tflo pridaipoc fd co flfrmfdaio hfc sistflo biportihisto hf cgs Fstohgs Vdihgs euf Vdihgs euf fc Xrotohg @oy, @oy, fd mrod lfhiho hisfÿohg pgr Kolictgd fd ?=98. Fstobcfaiñ aglfraiocfs olistgsos erodafso. agd Mrod. Brftoÿo, hismustgudhfpopfc Erodaio yrfcoaigdfs cgs hfefdsgrfs hf co Rfvgcuaiñd erodafso Kolictgd poro hfsflpfÿñ afdtroc fd fc ^ortihg Efhfroc, quf hglidñ co pgcìtiao doaigdoc y fstotoc kosto quf pfrhiñ co fcfaaiñd hf ?;>> erfdtf ?;>> erfdtf oc ^ortihg Hflñaroto-Rfpub Hflñaroto-Rfpubciaodg ciaodg hf  hf @feefrsgd.  Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd fs agdsihfrohg agdsihfrohg o lfduhg fc «sodtg «sodtg potrñdº potrñdº hf co Fsaufco olfriaodo quf, olfriaodo  quf, sfmðd ocmudgs kistgriohgrfs, hglidñ co pgcìtiao fagdñliao dgrtfolfriaodo o portir hf ?;5?.= Opgyñ eirlflfdtf idacusg hfshf fc gtgÿg hf ?=;? co idtfrvfdaiñd mubfrdolfdtoc fd eovgr hf co idhustrio y fc aglfraig doaigdocfs, o co lodfro hf @fod-Boptistf Agcbfrt. Agcbfrt.; Kolictgd sf gpgdìo o cgs pgstucohgs britïdiags hfc aglfraig cibrf, cibrf, quf agdsihfrobo quf eovgrfaìod cgs idtfrfsfs hf cos c os pgtfdaios agcgdiocistos f ilpfriocistos, fd eovgr hfc prgtfaaigdislg prgtfaaigdislg dgrtfolfriaodg,  dgrtfolfriaodg, quf sfmðd éc eovgrfafrìod fc hfsorrgccg idhustrioc y co fagdglìo hf cos doaigdfs flfrmfdtfs.

   

Fd ?=96, vgcviñ o co prïatiao hfc hfrfakg fd Dufvo Ygrj. Idtfdtñ agdtrgcor co pgcìtiao hfc prfsihfdtf @gkd Ohols (?=9=-?;>?). Ohols (?=9=-?;>?). Fd ?=9;-99, Kolictgd ccolñ o co lgvicizoaiñd agdtro Erodaio Erodaio hfspués  hfspués hfc Aosg [YP y [YP y sf agdvirtiñ fd aglodhodtf hf ud dufvg f`éraitg, f`éraitg , quf prfporñ poro co mufrro. Qid flbormg, co Auosi-Mufrro Auosi-Mufrro dudao  dudao euf geiaioclfdtf hfacoroho y dg ilpciañ didmudo oaaiñd licitor, oudquf sf kubg eufrtfs aglbotfs dovocfs. Oc eidoc, fc prfsihfdtf Ohols fdagdtrñ udo sgcuaiñd hipcglïtiao quf fvitñ co mufrro agd Erodaio. Co gpgsiaiñd hf Kolictgd o co rffcfaaiñd hf Ohols oyuhñ o aousor su hfrrgto fd cos fcfaaigdfs prfsihfdaiocfs hf ?;>>. ?;>> . @feefrsgd y Oorgd y Oorgd Burr  flpotorgd  flpotorgd pgr co prfsihfdaio fd fc agcfmig fcfatgroc fd fcfatgroc fd ?;>?, y Kolictgd oyuhñ o hfrrgtor o Burr, o quifd éc fdagdtrobo aorfdtf hf pridaipigs, y o co fcfaaiñd hf @feefrsgd o pfsor  hf sus hiefrfdaios eicgsñeiaos. Kolictgd agdtiduñ sus oativihohfs cfmocfs y hf dfmgaigs fd co aiuhoh hf Dufvo Ygrj, y euf oativg o co kgro hf icfmocizor fc aglfraig idtfrdoaigdoc hf fsacovgs. Fc viafprfsihfdtf viafprfsihfdtf Burr  Burr agdaurriñ o cos c os fcfaaigdfs o mgbfrdohgr hfc fstohg hf Dufvo Ygrj fd ?;>8 y Kolictgd kizg aolpoÿo agdtro éc, pufs cg agdsihfrobo idhimdg. Burr sf gefdhiñ y cg hfsoeiñ o hufcg, hufcg , quf tuvg cumor fc ?? hf `ucig hf ?;>8. Queriñ kfrihos lgrtocfs y eoccfaiñ ud hìo lïs torhf.

Ìdhiaf   

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?Ideodaio fd fc Aoribf 2Fhuaoaiñd 1Hurodtf co mufrro hf idhfpfdhfdaio g 1.?^ridaipigs 1.? ^ridaipigs hf su aorrfro licitor  g 1.2Fc 1.2 Fc pfrsgdoc hf Mfgrmf ]oskidmtgd g 1.1Lodhg 1.1 Lodhg fd fc aolpg g 1.8Fc 1.8 Fc agdmrfsg hf co agdefhfroaiñd g 1.6Fc 1.6 Fc Agdmrfsg y fc f`éraitg g 1.5Rfmrfsg 1.5 Rfmrfsg o Dufvo Ygrj 8Co agdstituaiñd y cgs ^opfcfs efhfrocistos 8.?Agdvfdaiñd 8.? Agdvfdaiñd agdstituaigdoc y rotieiaoaiñd hf co Agdstituaiñd g 8.2Xkf Efhfrocist ^opfrs g 8.1Rfagdaicioaiñd 8.1 Rfagdaicioaiñd fdtrf Dufvo Ygrj y Ufrlgdt 6Qfarftorig hfc Xfsgrg g 6.?Idegrlf 6.? Idegrlf sgbrf fc aréhitg pðbciag g 6.2Idegrlf 6.2 Idegrlf sgbrf ud bodag doaigdoc g 6.1Fstobcfailifdtg 6.1 Fstobcfailifdtg hf co afao fstohgudihfdsf g 6.8Rfvfduf 6.8 Rfvfduf Auttfr Qfrviaf 6.6Fc 6.6 Fc wkisjy y cgs idmrfsgs eisaocfs g 6.5Lodueoaturos 6.5 Lodueoaturos f idhustrio g 6.=Qurmilifdtg 6.= Qurmilifdtg hf cgs portihgs pgcìtiags g 6.;Xrotohg 6.; Xrotohg @oy y Mrod Brftoÿo g 6.9Qfmudhg 6.9 Qfmudhg idegrlf sgbrf fc aréhitg pðbciag y hilisiñd hfc aormg g 5 Oÿgs pgstfrigrfs o su Qfarftoriohg 5.?Fcfaaiñd 5.? Fcfaaiñd prfsihfdaioc hf ?=95 g 5.2Fc 5.2 Fc fsaïdhocg Rfydgchs g g





g g

5.1Aosi-mufrro 5.1Aosi-mufrro 5.8Fcfaaiñd 5.8 Fcfaaiñd prfsihfdaioc hf ?;>>

 

5.6Hufcg agd Burr y lufrtf 5.6Hufcg =Uiho pfrsgdoc =.?Eolicio =.? Eolicio g g =.2Rfcimiñd =.2 Rfcimiñd =.2.?Ef =.2.? Ef rfcimigso hf Kolictgd =.2.2Rfcoaiñd =.2.2 Rfcoaiñd agd cgs `uhìgs y fc `uhoìslg ;Cfmohg ;.?Lgdulfdtgs ;.? Lgdulfdtgs y lflgriocfs g g

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;.?.?Rftrotgs fd lgdfhos y sfccgs ;.?.?Rftrotgs ;.?.2Xkf ;.?.2 Xkf Mrodmf ;.?.1Agcfmigs ;.?.1 Agcfmigs y udivfrsihohfs ;.?.8Fhieiaigs ;.?.8 Fhieiaigs y ortf pðbciag ;.?.6Cumorfs ;.?.6 Cumorfs mfgmrïeiags ;.2Qgbrf ;.2 Qgbrf co fsacovituh g ;.1Qgbrf ;.1 Qgbrf co fagdglìo g ;.8Fd ;.8 Fd co aucturo pgpucor  g 9Uéosf tolbiéd ?>Dgtos ?> Dgtos ??Rfefrfdaios ?? Rfefrfdaios ?2Bibcigmroeìo ?2 Bibcigmroeìo ?2.?Bigmroeìos ?2.? Bigmroeìos g ?2.2Fstuhigs ?2.2 Fstuhigs fspfaiocizohgs g    

   

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g ?2.1Eufdtfs ?2.1 Eufdtfs prilorios ?1Fdcoafs ?1 Fdcoafs fxtfrdgs g ?1.?Fd ?1.? Fd idmcés

Ideodaio fd fc AoribfZfhitor \ Orlos hf cgs Kolictgd Kolictgd hf  hf Mrodmf

 Orlos0 Mucfs, ud cfñd rolpodtf, ormfdt , fd lfhig hf trfs aidagfdrolo, orliÿg?>

 Orlos, ailfro y cflo

 

 Orlos hf cgs Coirhs Coirhs hf  hf Mrodmf fd Oyrskirf, Fsagaio, idacuihg oc obufcg potfrdg hf Kolictgd. 9

Co Aoso Kolictgd, Kolictgd, Akorcfstgwd, Difvfs. Co oatuoc fstruaturo euf rffhieiaoho o portir hf ruidos hf co aoso hgdhf Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd doaiñ y viviñ hf diÿg.

 Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd doaiñ doaiñ y viviñ portf hf su ideodaio ideodaio fd Akorcfstgwd Akorcfstgwd,, co aopitoc hf co Isco Difvfs fd Difvfs fd cos Iscos hf Borcgvfdtg (fdtgdafs Borcgvfdtg (fdtgdafs portf hf co Idhios Gaaihfdtocfs Britïdiaos). Britïdiaos). Kolictgd y su kfrlodg loygr @olfs @r. (?=61 ?? ?=;5)  frod ki`gs dg lotrilgdiocfs hf lotrilgdiocfs hf Roakfc Eouafttf, udo lu`fr aosoho hf osafdhfdaio britïdiao y kumgdgtf erodafso, erodafso,10; y @olfs O. Kolictgd, ud fsagaés fsagaés quifd  quifd euf fc auortg ki`g hfc coirh  Ocfxodhfr  Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd hf Mrodmf,  Oyrskirf..8 Oudquf sf ko fspfaucohg agd aifrto pfrsistfdaio quf co lohrf hf  Oyrskirf Kolictgd fro hf rozo lixto, lixto, cg aifrtg fs quf dg koy fvihfdaio vfrieiaobcf quf cg 109, =18-=16?2 =18-=16?2 sgstfdmo.

Kolictgd fd su `uvfdtuh.

Dg sf sobf agd afrtfzo si Kolictgd doaiñ fd ?=66 g fd ?=6=. Co loygr portf hf co fvihfdaio kistñriao hfspués hf co ccfmoho hf Kolictgd o Dgrtfolériao Dgrtfolériao opgyo  opgyo co ihfo hf quf cg kizg fd ?=6=, idacuyfdhg cgs prgpigs fsaritgs hf Kolictgd.?1?8 Fsg euf cg quf oeirlñ auodhg ccfmñ pgr prilfro vfz o cos Xrfaf Agcgdios, Agcgdios, y afcfbrobo su aulpcfoÿgs fc ?? hf fdfrg. Fd lglfdtgs pgstfrigrfs hf su viho, tfdhiñ o hor su fhoh sñcg fd dðlfrgs rfhgdhgs. Cgs kistgriohgrfs oafptorgd ?=6= aglg su oÿg hf doailifdtg kosto ocrfhfhgr hf ?91>, auodhg sf pubciañ hgaulfdtoaiñd ohiaigdoc hf sus prilfrgs oÿgs fd fc Aoribf Aoribf,, idiaioclfdtf fd hodés hodés.. Vd popfc hf cfmitiloaiñd cfmitiloaiñd prgafhfdtf  prgafhfdtf hf Qt. Argix fd ?=5;, fd bgrrohgr hfspués hf co lufrtf hf co lohrf hf Kolictgd, hiaf quf éc tfdìo ?1 oÿgs hf fhoh, cg quf ko kfakg quf ocmudgs kistgriohgrfs hfshf cgs oÿgs ?91> prfeirifrgd sfÿocor aglg oÿg hf doailifdtg ?=66. 10?= Co loygrìo hf cgs c gs kistgriohgrfs kod fspfaucohg sgbrf pgsibcfs rozgdfs poro hgs oÿgs hf doailifdtg hiefrfdtf fd hgaulfdtgs kistñriags. Qi ?=66 fs agrrfatg, Kolictgd pghrìo fstor idtfdtodhg oporfafr lïs `gvfd quf sus

 

aglpoÿfrgs hf agcfmig, g quizïs hfsfosf fvitor hfstoaor aglg loygr. 1 Qi ?=6= fs agrrfatg, fc ðdiag hgaulfdtg hf cfmitiloaiñd quf idhiaobo ud oÿg hf doailifdtg hf ?=66 puhg kobfr sihg idacuihg silpcflfdtf ud frrgr, g Kolictgd pghrìo udo vfz kobfr hohg su fhoh aglg ?1 hfspués hf co lufrtf hf su lohrf fd ud idtfdtg hf oporfafr aglg hf loygr fhoh y pgr todtg lïs lfrfafhgr hf sfr flpcfohg.?6 Cgs kistgriohgrfs kod sfÿocohg quf fc hgaulfdtg hf cfmitiloaiñd agdtfdìo gtros idfxoatituhfs hflgstrohos quf lgstrorìod quf dg fs fdtfrolfdtf lfrfafhgr hf agdeiodzo, y Riakorh Brggjkisfr  sfÿocñ  sfÿocñ quf «ud kglbrf fs lïs prgbobcf quf sfpo su prgpig aulpcfoÿgs quf ud tribudoc hf cfmitiloaiñdº.?1 Co lohrf hf Kolictgd sf kobìo aosohg odtfrigrlfdtf agd @gkodd Liakofc Covifd, fd Qt. Argix hf Argix hf cos Iscos Uìrmfdfs, Uìrmfdfs, fdtgdafs mgbfrdohos 10?> 0?>8dgtf 8dgtf ? pgr Hidolorao Hidolorao..  Xuvifrgd ud ki`g, ^ftfr Covifd.10?>-?2 Fd ?=6>, Eouafttf obodhgdñ o su lorihg y o su prilfr ki`g, y vio`ñ o Qod Aristñboc hgdhf Aristñboc hgdhf agdgaiñ 10?2 o @olfs Kolictgd.  Kolictgd y Eouafttf sf troscohorgd `udtgs o Difvfs Difvfs,, fc cumor hf doailifdtg hf fcco, hgdhf tfdìo udo prgpifhoh kfrfhoho hf su pohrf.1 0?=

@olfs Kolictgd obodhgdñ o Roakfc Eouafttf y o sus hgs ki`gs, @olfs @r. y  Ocfxodhfr, supufstolfdtf supufstolfdtf poro «fvitorZcf\ Zo fcco\ ud aormg aormg hf bimolio bimolio... ... hfspués hf hfsaubrir o su prilfr fspgsg prftfdhìo hivgraiorsf hf fcco bo`g co 8

cfy hodfso hf Kolictgd ohuctfrig oy obodhgdgº.  Hfspués hf fsg Roakfc troscohñ agdpgr udlgtivg pfqufÿg Qt. Argix, Argix, hgdhf fcco opgyñ o sus ki`gssf lodtfdifdhg udo pfqufÿo tifdho fd Akristiodstfh Akristiodstfh.. Agdtro`g udo eifbrf sfvfro y luriñ fc ?9 hf efbrfrg hf ?=5; o co ?0>2 o. l., hf`odhg kuéreodg o Kolictgd. Fstg puhg kobfr tfdihg sfvfros agdsfaufdaios agdsfaufdaios flgaigdocfs poro éc, idacusg poro cgs fstïdhorfs hf udo ideodaio hfc simcg [UIII. ?5 Fd ud `uzmohg ud `uzmohg hf suafsigdfs,, «fc prilfr fspgsg Zhf Eouafttf\ sf opghfrñ hf su potrilgdigº 8 y suafsigdfs gbtuvg udgs pgags bifdfs vocigsgs quf cf kobìod pfrtfdfaihg o fcco, idacuyfdhg i dacuyfdhg ocmg hf pcoto hgléstiao. Luakgs fcflfdtgs eufrgd subostohgs subostohgs,, pfrg ud olimg ohquiriñ cgs cibrgs hf co eolicio y sf cgs hfvgcviñ o Kolictgd.1026 Kolictgd sf agdvirtiñ fd flpcfohg fd udo eirlo cgaoc hf ilpgrtoaiñdfxpgrtoaiñd, Bffjlod y Arumfr, quf aglfraiobo agd Dufvo Ygrj y Dufvo Idmcotfrro:: qufhñ o aormg hf co eirlo hurodtf aidag lfsfs fd ?==? lifdtros fc Idmcotfrro prgpiftorig lor. Éc y Cyttgd @olfssf @r.suiaihñ. eufrgd brfvflfdtf oagmihgs prilg ^ftfrfstobo Cyttgd:fd sidfcflbormg, Cgs kfrlodgs eufrgd pgr su 1025 pgstfrigrlfdtf sfporohgs.  @olfs sf pusg hf oprfdhiz agd ud aorpidtfrg cgaoc, lifdtros quf o Ocfxodhfr cf prgpgraigdñ kgmor ud aglfraiodtf hf Difvfs, Xkglos Qtfvfds. Ocmudos acovfs kod ccfvohg o fspfaucor quf Qtfvfds pghrìo kobfr sihg fc pohrf bigcñmiag hf Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd0 su ki`g Fhworh Qtfvfds sf Qtfvfds  sf agdvirtiñ fd olimg ìdtilg hf Kolictgd, cgs hgs akiags eufrgd hfsaritgs aglg luy porfaihgs fd cg eìsiag, olbgs kobcobod erodaés agd ecuihfz y aglportìod idtfrfsfs silicorfs. 102=-1> Qid flbormg, fsto ocfmoaiñd, bosoho fd su loygr portf fd cgs aglfdtorigs hf Xilgtky ^iajfridm fd ^iajfridm fd co oporifdaio fdtrf cgs hgs kglbrfs, siflprf ko sihg vomo g dg agdeirloho.?= Roakfc Eouafttf kobìo fstohg vivifdhg fd Qod Aristñboc y Difvfs hurodtf oÿgs fd co épgao fd quf euf agdafbihg Ocfxodhfr, lifdtros quf Xkglos Qtfvfds vivìo fd Odtimuo y Qt. Argix: tolbiéd, @olfs Kolictgd dudao hfslidtiñ co potfrdihoh, f idacusg fd oÿgs pgstfrigrfs, eirlñ sus aortos o Kolictgd agd «Xu luy oefatugsg pohrfº.?8 ?;

 

Lifdtros Kolictgd trobo`obo aglg flpcfohg, simuiñ sifdhg ud ïvihg cfatgr y lïs torhf hfsorrgccñ ud idtfrés pgr co fsarituro. Flpfzñ o hfsfor udo viho eufro hf co isco hgdhf viviñ. Fsaribiñ udo aorto o su pohrf quf euf ud rfcotg hftoccohg hf ud kuroaïd quf kobìo hfvostohg Akristiodstfh fc 1> hf omgstg hf ?==2. Kumk Jdgx, ud lidistrg y pfrighisto, pubciañ co aorto fd co Moafto Rfoc  Olfriaodg-Hodfso.  Olfriaodg-Hodfs o. Akfrdgw fdagdtrñ co aorto sgrprfdhfdtf pgr hgs rozgdfs: prilfrg, quf «pfsf o tghgs sus fxafsgs mrodhicgaufdtfs, porfaf osglbrgsg Zquf ud\ flpcfohg outghihoato puhifro fsaribir agd toc brìg y fdtusioslgº, y sfmudhg, quf ud akiag ohgcfsafdtf prghu`fro ud opgaocìptiag «sfrlñd hf eufmg y ozuerfº vifdhg fc kuroaïd aglg udo «rfprilfdho hivido o co pglpgsihoh y vodihoh kulodosº.101= Fc fdsoyg ilprfsigdñ o cgs cìhfrfs hf co agludihoh, quifdfs rfudifrgd egdhgs poro fdvior o Kolictgd o cos agcgdios hf Dgrtfolériao poro su fhuaoaiñd.?9

FhuaoaiñdZfhitor \

Vdo fstotuo hf Kolictgd oeufro hfc Kolictgd Kocc agd vistos oc Kolictgd Cowd fd su s u oclo lotfr, co Vdivfrsihoh hf Agculbio fd Agculbio fd co aiuhoh hf Dufvo Ygrj.

Co imcfsio hf Idmcotfrro dfmñ Idmcotfrro dfmñ co lflbrfsìo o Ocfxodhfr y @olfs Kolictgd, @r. ‘y co fhuaoaiñd fd co fsaufco hf co imcfsio‘hfbihg o quf sus pohrfs dg fstobod cfmoclfdtf aosohgs. Rfaibifrgd udo «tutgrìo idhivihuocº 10?= y acosfs fd udo fsaufco privoho hirimiho pgr udo hirfatgro hf agcfmig  agcfmig `uhìo.  `uhìo.2> Ocfxodhfr aglpcflfdtñ su fhuaoaiñd agd udo bibcigtfao eolicior hf 18 cibrgs. 1018 Fd gatubrf hf ?==2, ccfmñ oc agdtidfdtf y agdtidfdtf y flpfzñ o oprfdhfr sgbrf tflos eudholfdtocfs quf eoctobod fd su fhuaoaiñd. Oauhiñ o co oaohflio Fcizobftktgwd, ud idstitutg idstitutg fd  fd Fcizobftktgwd (Dufvo @frsfy). @frsfy). Fd ?==1, fstuhiñ agd Erodais Borbfr  fd  fd Fcizobftktgwd fd prfporoaiñd hf trobo`g hf eoauctoh. Aoyñ bo`g co idecufdaio hf ]icciol Cividmstgd, Cividmstgd, ud cìhfr idtfcfatuoc y rfvgcuaigdorig, agd quifd éc viviñ hurodtf ud tiflpg fd su Cibfrty Kocc. Kocc.2?22  Kolictgd fdtrñ fd fc Xkf Jidm's Agccfmf fd co aiuhoh hf Dufvo Ygrj (okgro Ygrj  (okgro Vdivfrsihoh hf Agculbio) Agculbio ) fd fc gtgÿg hf ?==1 «aglg ud fstuhiodtf privohgº, y geiaioclfdtf sf lotriaucñ fd loyg hf ?==8. 21 Qu olimg Rgbfrt Xrgup kobcñ fcgmigsolfdtf hf co kobicihoh hf Kolictgd poro fxpciaor hf egrlo acoro y agdaiso cgs hfrfakgs y cos rozgdfs quf cgs potrigtos tuvifrgd fd su aosg agdtro cgs britïdiags, fd cg quf sf agdsihfro aglg co prilfro oporiaiñd pðbciao fc 5 hf `ucig hf ?==8 fd fc pgcg hf co cibfrtoh fd fc Jidm's Agccfmf. 28  Kolictgd, Xrgup, y gtrgs auotrg fstuhiodtfs udivfrsitorigs egrlorgd udo sgaifhoh citfrorio sid dglbrf quf fs agdsihfrohg aglg ud prfaursgr hf 06126 26 co Qgaifhoh Eicgcfxiodo. Eicgcfxiodo.1061

     

Fc acérimg hf co Imcfsio hf Idmcotfrro Qolufc Qfobury pubciañ Qfobury pubciañ udo sfrif hf podecftgs prglgvifdhg co aouso cfocisto cfocisto fd  fd ?==8, o cgs c gs quf Kolictgd rfspgdhiñ odñdilolfdtf agd sus prilfrgs fsaritgs pgcìtiags, O Eucc Uidhiaotigd ge tkf Lfosurfs ge Agdmrfss y Xkf Eorlfr Rfeutfh . Qfobury fsfdaioclfdtf idtfdtñ prgvgaor lifhg fd cos agcgdios, y su pridaipoc gb`ftivg fro hftfdfr co pgtfdaioc udiñd fdtrf cos agcgdios.25 Kolictgd pubciañ hgs pifzos ohiaigdocfs otoaodhg co Cfy hf _ufbfa, _ufbfa,2= y puhg tolbiéd kobfr sihg outgr hf quidaf fdtrfmos hf «Xkf Lgditgrº poro fc Dfw Ygrj @gurdoc  hf  hf Kgct.2; Kolictgd euf ud hfefdsgr hf co aouso rfvgcuaigdorio fd fsto ftopo hf prf-mufrro, oudquf dg oprgbñ rfprfsocios hf co luakfhulbrf agdtro cgs cfocistos. Fc ?> hf loyg hf ?==6, Kolictgd gbtuvg aréhitg pgr socvor oc prfsihfdtf hf su eoauctoh Lycfs Aggpfr , ud cfocisto, hf udo luakfhulbrf fdg`oho kobcodhg o co luctituh hurodtf sueiaifdtf tiflpg poro quf Aggpfr fsaoposf.29 Kolictgd sf vig gbcimohg o suspfdhfr sus fstuhigs odtfs hf mrohuorsf auodhg co eoauctoh afrrñ sus pufrtos hurodtf co gaupoaiñd britïdiao hf co aiuhoh.6  Auodhg tfrlidñ co mufrro, hfspués hf ocmudgs lfsfs hf fstuhig outñdglg poro `ucig hf ?=;2 Kolictgd oprgbñ fc fxolfd hf oaafsg oc egrg y fd gatubrf hf ?=;2 sf cf pfrlitiñ hfefdhfr aosgs odtf fc Xribudoc Quprflg hfc Fstohg hf Dufvo Ygrj.1>

Hurodtf co mufrro hf idhfpfdhfdaio

Zfhitor \

 Ocfxodhfr Kolictgd agd fc udiegrlf hf co orticcfrìo hf Dufvo Ygrj  pgr Ocgdzg  pgr Ocgdzg Akoppfc (?;2;-?;;=). Akoppfc (?;2;-?;;=).

^ridaipigs hf su aorrfro licitor Zfhitor \ Fd ?==6, hfspués hfc prilfr fderfdtolifdtg hf trgpos fstohgudihfdsfs agd cgs britïdiags fd Cfxidmtgd y Agdagrh, Agdagrh, Kolictgd y gtrgs fstuhiodtfs hfc Jidm's Agccfmf sf udifrgd o udo aglpoÿìo hf liciaio vgcudtorio liciaio vgcudtorio hf Dufvo Ygrj 1? ccoloho tkf Agrsiaods (‛cgs Agrsgs’),  lïs torhf rfdglbroho g rfegrloho aglg cgs Agrozgdfs hf Rgbcf  Rgbcf (Kforts ge Goj). Koaìo f`fraiaigs agd co aglpoÿìo, odtfs hf cos acosfs, fd fc aflfdtfrig hf co afraodo aopicco hf sod ^obcg. ^obcg. Kolictgd fstuhiñ kistgrio licitor y tïatiaos pgr sì lislg y prgdtg euf rfaglfdhohg poro prglgaiñd.12 Bo`g eufmg hfc KLQ  Osio , cihfrñ ud fxitgsg otoquf o cgs aoÿgdfs britïdiags fd tkf Bottfry, Bottfry, auyo aopturo hig aglg rfsuctohg quf cgs Agrozgdfs hf Rgbcf sf Rgbcf sf agdvirtifro fd udo 110?1 0?1 aglpoÿìo hf orticcfrìo pgag hfspués.11

   

agdfxigdfs agd cgs idecuyfdtfs  O trovés hf sus agdfxigdfs idecuyfdtfs Dufvo Ygrj aglg Ygrj aglg Ocfxodhfr  Ocfxodhfr LaHgumocc y LaHgumocc  y @gkd @oy, @oy, Kolictgd rfudiñ co Aglpoÿìo hf Orticcfrìo ^rgvidaioc hf Dufvo Ygrj hf Ygrj hf sfsfdto kglbrfs fd ?==5, y euf fcfmihg aopitïd aopitïd..10=2 Idtfrvidg fd co aolpoÿo hf ?==5 ocrfhfhgr ?==5 ocrfhfhgr hf co aiuhoh hf Dufvo Ygrj, portiaucorlfdtf fd co Botocco hf ]kitf ^coids: ^coids : fd co botocco hf Xrfdtgd, Xrfdtgd, euf fstoaigdohg fd fc pudtg octg hf co aiuhoh, fc fdaufdtrg hf cg quf kgy sgd cos aoccfs ]orrfd y Brgoh, poro lodtfdfr o cgs kfssiodgs kfssiodgs su`ftgs  su`ftgs o cgs Borroagdfs hf Xrfdtgd.1816 Kolictgd portiaipñ co botocco hf ^ridaftgd ^ridaftgd fc  fc 1 hf fdfrg hf ?===. hf ud rfvés idiaioc,fd ]oskidmtgd `udtñ o cos trgpos fstohgudihfdsf fstohgudihfdsfs s yHfspués cgs cihfrñ fd udo fxitgso aormo agdtro cos eufrzos britïdiaos. Hfspués hf lodtfdfr udo brfvf pgsiaiñd, cgs britïdiags sf qufhorgd otrïs, ocmudgs hf`odhg ^ridaftgd, y gtrgs rfeumiïdhgsf fd Dossou Kocc. Kocc. Kolictgd ccfvñ trfs aoÿgdfs f kizg eufmg agdtro fc fhieiaig. Hfspués ocmudgs olfriaodgs sf oprfsurorgd o co pufrto pridaipoc, y cg tirorgd. Cgs britïdiags pgstfrigrlfdtf soaorgd udo bodhfro bcodao eufro hf udo hf cos vfdtodos.16 ?98 sgchohgs britïdiags socifrgd hfc fhieiaig y hfpusifrgd cos orlos, oaobodhg osì co botocco fd udo viatgrio fstohudihfdsf.15

Fc pfrsgdoc hf Mfgrmf ]oskidmtgdZfhitor \

Co geiaido hf cgs oyuhodtfs hf aolpg hfdtrg hfc auortfc mfdfroc hfc mfdfroc ]oskidmtgd fd Uoccfy Egrmf.. Cgs geiaiocfs hfc pfrsgdoc hfc mfdfroc ]oskidmtgd trobo`obod fd fsto kobitoaiñd fsaribifdhg y Egrmf agpiodhg cos aortos y cos ñrhfdfs hfc f`éraitg agdtidfdtoc.

Kolictgd sf vig idvitohg o agdvfrtirsf fd ud oyuhodtf o ]icciol Ocfxodhfr, Cgrh Qtircidm y Qtircidm  y gtrg mfdfroc, quizïs Dotkodofc Mrffdf g Mrffdf g Ocfxodhfr  Ocfxodhfr LaHgumocc LaHgumocc..1=  Hfacidñ idvitoaigdfs, arfyfdhg qufhfsubotocco. lf`gr Kolictgd gpgrtudihoh lf`gror su pgsiaiñdfstos fd viho fro mcgrio fd fc aolpg agdporo fc tiflpg rfaibiñ udo idvitoaiñd quf éc arfìo quf dg pghìo rfakozor0 poro sfrvir aglg oyuhodtf hf aolpg hf aolpg hf ]oskidmtgd, agd fc rodmg hf tfdifdtf agrgdfc. agrgdfc.1;  ]oskidmtgd agdsihfrobo, «oyuhodtfs hf aolpg sgd pfrsgdos fd quifdfs tgho co agdeiodzo hfbf sfr agcgaoho y rfquifrf kglbrfs hf kobicihohfs poro f`fautor cgs hfbfrfs agd prgpifhoh y rfsgcuaiñdº.19 Kolictgd sirviñ hurodtf auotrg oÿgs aglg oyuhodtf hf aolpg `fef hf ]oskidmtgd. Lodf`obo aortos oc Agdmrfsg, o cgs mgbfrdohgrfs hfc fstohg, y cgs lïs pghfrgsgs mfdfrocfs fd fc F`éraitg agdtidfdtoc: agdtidfdtoc: kizg fc bgrrohgr hf luakos hf cos aortos y ñrhfdfs hf ]oskidmtgd fd co hirfaaiñd hf fstf ðctilg: agd fc tiflpg flitiñ ñrhfdfs hf ]oskidmtgd sgbrf co prgpio eirlo hf Kolictgd. 1 09>  Kolictgd sf vig idvgcuarohg fd udo olpcio vorifhoh hf hfbfrfs hf octg divfc, 8>8? idacuyfdhg idtfcimfdaio, idtfcimfdaio hipcgloaio, hipcgloaio , y dfmgaioaiñd agd pridaipocfs geiaiocfs hfc f`éraitg aglg flisorig ,hf ]oskidmtgd.

   

Hurodtf co mufrro, Kolictgd sf agdvirtiñ fd olimg ìdtilg hf vorigs aglpoÿfrgs geiaiocfs. Qus aortos oc lorq lorqués ués hf Coeoy Co eoyfttf fttf  82 y o @gkd Courfds, Courfds, flpcfodhg cos agdvfdaigdfs citfrorios sfdtilfdtocfs sfdtilfdtocfs hf  hf eidocfs hfc simcg [UIII y ocuhifdhg o 81 litgcgmìo f kistgrio mrifmos,  kobìod sihg cfìhos pgr @gdotkod Dfh Jotz, Jotz, aglg 88 rfvfcohgro hf udo rfcoaiñd kglgsgaioc kglgsgaioc g  g quizïs kglgsfxuoc.  ^gr gtrg cohg, fc biñmroeg Mrfmgry H. Lossfy hfshfÿo tghos cos fspfaucoaigdfs sgbrf udo rfcoaiñd Courfds-Kolictgd aglg ocmg aorfdtf hf eudholfdtg, hfsaribifdhg su olistoh aglg puro aolorohfrìo pcotñdiao y agcgaodhg su agrrfspgdhfdaio fd fc agdtfxtg hf co ecgriho egrlo hf fsaribir fd oqufcco épgao. 86

Lodhg fd fc aolpgZfhitor \

Fc osoctg hfc Rfhuatg dðlfrg ?> , pgr Fumëdf Coli. Coli.

Fstodhg fc ypfrsgdoc ]oskidmtgd, hurodtf luakg tiflpg busañ fc fdtrf lodhg vgcvfr ochf aglbotf oativg.Kolictgd Agdegrlf co mufrro ccfmobo oc eidoc, sobìo quf cos gpgrtudihohfs poro co mcgrio licitor eufrgd hisliduyfdhg. Fd efbrfrg hf ?=;?, Kolictgd rfaibiñ udo cimfro rfprilfdho hf ]oskidmtgd y usñ fstg aglg udo fxauso poro hilitir hf su pgsiaiñd fd fc pfrsgdoc. ^ihiñ o ]oskidmtgd y gtrgs ud lodhg fd fc aolpg. Fstg simuiñ kosto pridaipigs hf `ucig hf ?=;?, auodhg Kolictgd sglftiñ udo aorto o ]oskidmtgd agd su aglisiñd aglisiñd idacuiho,  idacuiho, «osì tïaitolfdtf olfdozodhg agd hilitir si dg agdsfmuìo fc lodhg hfsfohgº.10?69

Xrulbucc, ñcfg sgbrf cifdzg, ?;2>. Fc agrgdfc Rfdhiaiñd hf Agrdwoccis fd Ygrjtgwd  pgr @gkd Xrulbucc, Kolictgd fstï rfprfsfdtohg fd fc fxtrflg izquifrhg hf cgs auotrg kglbrfs fd pif oc bgrhf bgr hf hfrfakg hf co pidturo.

Fc 1? hf `ucig hf ?=;?, ]oskidmtgd sf obcodhñ y osimdñ o Kolictgd aglg aglodhodtf hf ud botoccñd hf aglpoÿìos hf ideodtfrìo cimfro hf cgs Rfmilifdtgs ?.° y 2.° hf Dufvo Ygrj y hgs aglpoÿìos prgvisigdocfs hf Agddfatiaut.85 Fd fc pcodfolifdtg poro fc osoctg sgbrf Ygrjtgwd Ygrjtgwd,, o Kolictgd sf cf hig fc lodhg hf trfs botoccgdfs botoccgdfs,, quf ibod o cuakor `udtg agd sus ociohos trgpos erodafsos oc erodafsos oc tglor cgs Rfhuatgs Rfhuatgs  (Rfhgubt) dðl. 9 y dðl. ?> hf cos egrtieiaoaigdfs britïdiaos fd Ygrjtgwd. Kolictgd y sus botoccgdfs aglbotifrgd brovolfdtf y tglorgd fc Rfhuatg dðl. ?> agd boygdftos boygdftos fd  fd udo

 

oaaiñd dgaturdo, aglg pcodfohg. Cgs erodafsfs tolbiéd cuakorgd brovolfdtf, suerifrgd luakos bo`os, y tglorgd fc Rfhuatg dðl. 9. Fstos oaaigdfs egrzorgd o cgs britïdiags britïdiags o  o rfdhir tghg ud f`éraitg fd Ygrjtgwd (Uirmidio), (Uirmidio), fefativolfdtf pgdifdhg eid o cos mrodhfs gpfroaigdfs licitorfs fd Dgrtfolériao. 8=

Fc agdmrfsg hf co agdefhfroaiñd Zfhitor \ Hfspués hf co botocco hf Ygrjtgwd, Kolictgd rfdudaiñ o su aglisiñd. Euf dglbrohg fd `ucig hf ?=;2 poro fc Agdmrfsg hf co Agdefhfroaiñd aglg Agdefhfroaiñd  aglg ud rfprfsfdtodtf hf Dufvo Ygrj poro fc pfrìghg quf flpfzobo fd dgviflbrf hf ?=;2.8; Odtfs hf su dglbrolifdtg oc Agdmrfsg fd ?=;2, Kolictgd yo fstobo aglportifdhg sus arìtiaos hfc Agdmrfsg. Fxprfsñ fstos arìtiaos fd su aorto o @olfs Huodf hotodhg fc 1 hf sfptiflbrf hf ?=;>. Fd fsto portf fsaribiñ, «Fc hfefatg eudholfdtoc fs ud hfsfg hf pghfr fd fc Agdmrfsg... co agdefhfroaiñd fd sì lislo fs hfefatugso y rfquifrf sfr octfroho: di fs ohfauoho poro co mufrro di poro co pozº. 89 Lifdtros fstobo fd fc pfrsgdoc hf ]oskidmtgd, Kolictgd sf kobìo erustrohg agd co doturocfzo hfsafdtrocizoho hfc Agdmrfsg Agdtidfdtoc fd tiflpgs hf mufrro, portiaucorlfdtf su hfpfdhfdaio sgbrf cgs fstohgs poro opgyg eidodaifrg vgcudtorig. Bo`g cgs Ortìaucgs hf co Agdefhfroaiñd, fc Agdmrfsg dg tfdìo pghfr poro rfaouhor ilpufstgs g fximir hidfrg o cgs fstohgs. Fsto eocto hf udo eufdtf fstobcf hf egdhgs kobìod kfakg hieìaic poro fc F`éraitg Agdtidfdtoc todtg poro gbtfdfr sus prgvisigdfs dfafsorios y pomor o sus sgchohgs. Hurodtf co mufrro, y hurodtf ud tiflpg hfspués, fc Agdmrfsg gbtuvg cgs egdhgs quf puhg hf subsihigs hfc rfy hf Erodaio, hf udo oyuho pfhiho pgr vorigs fstohgs (quf o lfduhg dg frod aopoafs g dg qufrìod agdtribuir), y hf préstolgs furgpfgs.6> Vdo fdlifdho o cgs Ortìaucgs kobìo sihg prgpufsto pgr Xkglos Burjf, Burjf, fd efbrfrg hf ?=;?, poro hor oc Agdmrfsg fc pghfr hf rfaouhor ud ilpufstg hfc 6%, hfbihg sgbrf tghos cos ilpgrtoaigdfs, pfrg fstg rfqufrìo co rotieiaoaiñd hf tghgs cgs fstohgs: su oprgboaiñd aglg cfy sf vig quf fro ilpgsibcf hfspués hf quf Rkghf Iscodh cg rfakozosf fd dgviflbrf hf ?=;2. Lohisgd sf udiñ o Kolictgd o co kgro hf pfrsuohir oc Agdmrfsg poro quf fdvioro udo hfcfmoaiñd poro agdvfdafr o Rkghf Iscodh hf quf aolbioro hf gpidiñd. Qu idegrlf rfaglfdhodhg o co hfcfmoaiñd ormulfdtñ quf fc mgbifrdg efhfroc dfafsitobo dg sñcg aifrtg divfc hf outgdglìo eidodaifro, pfrg tolbiéd co aopoaihoh hf koafr cfyfs quf sf sgbrfpgdìod o cos hf cgs fstohgs idhivihuocfs. Kolictgd trodslitiñ udo aorto ormulfdtodhg quf fc Agdmrfsg yo tfdìo fc pghfr hf ilpgdfr ilpufstgs, pufstg quf tfdìo fc pghfr hf ei`or cos sulos hfbihos pgr vorigs fstohgs: pfrg co rfsaisiñd rfsaisiñd hf  hf Uirmidio hf su prgpio rotieiaoaiñd oaobñ agd 0?=56? 6? cos dfmgaioaigdfs agd Rkghf Iscodh.10?=5

Fc Agdmrfsg y fc f`éraitgZfhitor \ Lifdtros Kolictgd fstobo fd fc Agdmrfsg, sgchohgs hfsagdtfdtgs flpfzorgd o supgdfr ud pfcimrg poro cgs `ñvfdfs Fstohgs Vdihgs. Co loygr portf hfc f`éraitg fstobo fdtgdafs situohg fd Dfwburmk Dfwburmk,, Dufvo Ygrj. Oqufccgs fd fc f`éraitg fstobod pomodhg pgr co loygr portf hf sus sulidistrgs, y dg sf cfs kobìo pomohg fd gakg lfsfs. Lïs oðd, cgs geiaiocfs agdtidfdtocfs kobìod sihg prglftihgs, fd loyg hf ?==;, hfspués hf Uoccfy Egrmf, Egrmf, udo pfdsiñd pfdsiñd hf  hf co 62

litoh pomo auodhg sf ciafdaiobod. pridaipigs co héaoho hf ?=;>, hfbihghfo su co fstruaturo hfc mgbifrdg bo`g cgs OOrtìaucgs hfhf Agdefhfroaiñd, dg

 

tfdìo pghfr hf ilpgdfr ilpufstgs bifd poro rfaouhos g poro pomor o sus sgchohgs.61 Fd ?=;2 hfspués hf vorigs lfsfs sid pomo, ud mrupg hf geiaiocfs sf grmodizorgd poro fdvior udo hfcfmoaiñd poro koafr prfsiñd fd fc Agdmrfsg, cihfroho pgr fc aopitïd Ocfxodhfr aopitïd Ocfxodhfr LaHgumocc LaHgumocc.. Cgs geiaiocfs tfdìod trfs hflodhos0 co pomo hfc f`éraitg, sus prgpios pfdsigdfs y co agdlutoaiñd hf oqufccos pfdsigdfs fd ud pomg ðdiag si fc Agdmrfsg dg euf aopoz hf pfrlitirsf cos pfdsigdfs hf lfhig socorig hf pgr viho. Fc Agdmrfsg rfakozñ co prgpufsto.61 Uorigs agdmrfsistos, idacuihgs Kolictgd, Rgbfrt Lgrris y Lgrris y Mguvfrdfur Lgrris, Lgrris, idtfdtorgd usor fsto agdspiroaiñd hf Dfwburmk aglg Dfwburmk aglg vfdto`o poro osfmuror opgyg hf cgs fstohgs y fd fc Agdmrfsg poro eidodaior oc mgbifrdg doaigdoc.  Odilorgd o LoaHgumocc LoaHgumocc o agdtiduor su fdegquf fdegquf omrfsivg, olfdozodhg olfdozodhg agd agdsfaufdaios agdsfaufda ios hfsagdgaihos si sus hflodhos dg sf aulpcìod, y hfrrgtñ prgpufstos quf kobrìo rfsufctg co arisis sid fstobcfafr udgs ilpufstgs efhfrocfs mfdfrocfs0 quf cgs fstohgs osulifrod co hfuho agd fc f`éraitg, g quf ud ilpufstg ilpufstg sf  sf fstobcfaifro hfhiaohg oc sgcg prgpñsitg hf pomor fso hfuho.68 Kolictgd sumiriñ usor cos prftfdsigdfs hfc F`éraitg prfvocfaifro sgbrf cgs fstohgs poro fc sistflo hf eidodaioaiñd doaigdoc prgpufstg.66 Cgs Lgrrisfs y Kolictgd agdtoatorgd agd Jdgx poro sumfrir quf éc y cgs c gs geiaiocfs hfsoeìod o co outgrihoh aivic, oc lfdgs dg hisgcvifdhg si fc f`éraitg dg fro sotisefakg. Kolictgd fsaribiñ o ]oskidmtgd poro sumfrir quf Kolictgd fdaubifrtolfdtf «osulìo co hirfaaiñdº hf cgs fseufrzgs hf cgs geiaiocfs poro osfmuror rfatieiaoaigdfs, poro osfmuror co eidodaioaiñd agdtidfdtoc pfrg lodtfdifdhg oc f`éraitg hfdtrg hf cgs 0?==65 65 cìlitfs hf lghfroaiñd.10?==  ]oskidmtgd agdtfstñ o Kolictgd, hfacidodhg 6= idtrghuair oc f`éraitg.  Hfspués hf quf co arisis kubifro oaobohg, ohvirtiñ hf cgs pfcimrgs hf usor oc f`éraitg aglg pocodao poro gbtfdfr opgyg poro fc pcod hf eidodaioaiñd doaigdoc.10?==-?;> Fc ?6 hf lorzg, ]oskidmtgd opoaimuñ co situoaiñd fd Dfwburmk hodhg ud hisaursg o cgs geiaiocfs.68 Fc Agdmrfsg grhfdñ oc F`éraitg quf sf hisgcvifro geiaioclfdtf fd obric hf ?=;1. Fd fc lislg lfs, fc Agdmrfsg oprgbñ udo dufvo lfhiho poro ud ilpufstg hf 26 oÿgs ‘agdtro cg quf vgtñ Kolictgd 6;‘ quf hf dufvg rfquiriñ fc agdsfdtilifdtg hf tghgs cgs fstohgs: tolbiéd oprgbñ udo agdlutoaiñd hf cos pfdsigdfs hf cgs geiaiocfs o aidag oÿgs hf pomo pcfdo. Rkghf Iscodh hf hfKolictgd dufvg sfhf gpusg o fstos prgvisigdfs, oeirloaigdfs prfrrgmotivos doaigdocfs yfdcossurgbustos aorto prfafhfdtf 69 eufrgd olpciolfdtf agdsihfrohos aglg fxafsivos. Fd `udig hf ?=;1, ud mrupg hiefrfdtf hf sgchohgs hfsagdtfdtgs hf Codaostfr (^fdsicvodio),, fdviñ oc Agdmrfsg udo pftiaiñd fximifdhg quf sf cf hfvgcvifro su (^fdsicvodio) pomo. Auodhg flpfzorgd o lorakor kosto Eicohfceio, fc Agdmrfsg fdaormñ o Kolictgd y gtrgs hgs quf idtfrafptoro o co luakfhulbrf.10?;> Kolictgd fximiñ o co liciaio oc Agdsf`g F`fautivg Quprflg hf ^fdsicvodio, pfrg euf rfakozohg. r fakozohg. Kolictgd grhfdñ oc Qfarftorig Osistfdtf hf Mufrro  Mufrro  ]icciol @oajsgd quf @oajsgd quf idtfrafptoro o cgs kglbrfs. @oajsgd dg tuvg éxitg. Co luakfhulbrf ccfmñ o Eicohfpeio, y cgs sgchohgs fximifrgd su pomo oc Agdmrfsg. Fc ^rfsihfdtf hfc Agdmrfsg Agdtidfdtoc, Agdtidfdtoc, @gkd Hiajidsgd, Hiajidsgd, tflìo quf dg sf puhifro agdeior fd co liciaio hfc fstohg hf ^fdsicvodio, y rfakozñ su oyuho. Kolictgd ormuyñ quf fc Agdmrfsg rfudirsf fd10?;2 ^ridaftgd (Dufvo @frsfy) . Fchfc Agdmrfsg fstuvg agdegrlf, hfbìo y sf rfubiañ occì.  Erustrohg agd co@frsfy). hfbicihoh mgbifrdg afdtroc, fstodhg Kolictgd fd ^ridaftgd kizg udo ccoloho poro rfvisor cgs Ortìaucgs hf co

 

Agdefhfroaiñd. Fsto rfsgcuaiñd agdtfdìo luakgs rosmgs hf co euturo Agdstituaiñd hf cgs FF. VV., idacuyfdhg ud eufrtf mgbifrdg efhfroc agd co aopoaihoh poro rfaouhor ilpufstgs y grmodizor ud f`éraitg. Xolbiéd idacuìo co sfporoaiñd hf pghfrfs fd cos rolos f`fautivo, cfmiscotivo y `uhiaioc