Albañilería y Morteros Mixtos

 

 

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1 IB KREJD IB =>=> REAIB@C - R@Y

 

 

Bf be prbsbftb tramakd sb hdstrará ibtaeeaiahbftb ib hafbra prb`jsa y `df`rbta be tbha ib hdrtbrds ib aemañjebrèa, asè `dhd tahmjêf eds `df`bptds hás rbebvaftbs ib hdrtbrds hjxtds sb ij`b qub sdf aqubeeds qub sb ldrhaf pdr ufa hbz`ea ib `bhbftd, agua y agrbgaid ljfd be hás `dfd`jid qub bs ea arbfa ed qub prbsbfta hu`ca rbsjstbf`ja, haydrhbftb sb sb`a y bfiurb`b rápjiahbftb. Be hdrtbrd bs utjejzaid para pbgar bebhbftds ib `dfstru``jðf taebs `dhd eairjeeds, pjbiras, medqubs ib cdrhjgðf. Aibhás, bs utjejzaid para rbeebfar bspa`jds qub qubiaf bftrb eds medqubs y para be rbeebfd ib parbibs. Be usd ibe hdrtbrd bf eas ijstjftas btapas ib ufa `dfstru``jðf ca cb`cd qub sba uf hatbrjae ib jfgbfjbrèa huy jhpdrtaftb sjf bhmargd tahmjêf prbsbfta uf pbejgrd para fubstrd b`dsjstbha.

 

 

Eds hdrtbrds ib aemañjebrèa sb ibljfbf `dhd hbz`eas ib ufd d hás `dfgedhbraftbs jfdrgáfj`ds, árjids, agua y a vb`bs aij`jdfbs y/d aijtjvds. Ij`cas hbz`eas ibmbf sbr cdhdgêfbas y sus `dhpdfbftbs sb ibmbf utjejzar bf ufas prdpdr`jdfbs ibtbrhjfaias ib a`ubrid `df ea utjejza`jðf prbvjsta ibe hdrtbrd. Eds hdrtbrds ib aemañjebrèa `dhprbfibf eds hdrtbrds para usd `drrjbftb qub sb utjejzaf bf ea `dfstru``jðf ib dmras ib lámrj`a, ya sba vjsta, `dhûf d bstru`turae eds hdrtbrds para kuftas ljfas y eds hdrtbrds ejgbrds.

@EAPJLJ@A@JÐF Eds hdrtbrds ib aemañjebrèa sb `easjlj`af bf eds tjpds sjgujbftbs; IB HD]YB]D PBGÛF BE @DF@B^YD; 1. YJ^DP IB

Pbgûf be `df`bptd sb ibljfbf ids tjpds ib hdrtbrd; Hd rtbrd brdss ijs i jsbñai bñaids ds;;  @uya `dhpdsj`jðf y sjstbha ib lamrj`a`jðf sb caf  A. Hdrt bebgjid pdr be lamrj`aftb `df be ljf ib dmtbfbr eas prdpjbiaibs bspb`jlj`aias. Bstds hdrtbrds caf sjid dmkbtd ib eds `drrbspdfijbftbs bfsayds pdr partb ibe lamrj`aftb. M. Hdrtbrds ib rb`bta d prbs`rjtds;   Qub sb lamrj`af a partjr ib eds `dhpdfbftbs prjharjds bf ufas prdpdr`jdfbs prbibtbrhjfaias. Eas prdpjbiaibs ib eds hdrtbrds ib rb`bta r b`bta ibpbfibf ib eas `ara`tbrèstj`as ib sus `dhpdfbftbs y ib su idsjlj`a`jðf. Bf ea lamrj`a`jðf ib hdrtbrds ib rb`bta, sdeahbftb, sb utjejzaráf utjej zaráf aij`jdfbs y aijtjvds sj ldrhaf partb ib ufa rb`bta qub ljgurb bf be `drrbspdfijbftb ^ejbgd ib @dfij`jdfbs ib ea Dmra. A^EJ@A@JÐF; J@A@JÐF; =. YJ^DP IB HD]YB]D PBGÛF PR A^E

Ibftrd ibe têrhjfd hdrtbrds para aemañjebrèa, sb jf`euybf a tdids eds qub sb bhpebaf bf eds tramakds ib aemañjebrèa y bf eds tramakds ib rbvd`ds bxtbrfds y bfeu`jids jftbrfds. Be prjhbr grupd, bs ib`jr eds hdrtbrds para aemañjebrèa, `dhprbfib sbgûf su apej`a`jðf eds trbs grupds sjgujbftbs;  A. Hdrt Hd rtbrd brdss par para a us usd d `d `drr rrjj bft bftb; b;   Pdf hdrtbrds para utjejzareds bf kuftas `uyd bspbsdr sba supbrjdr a 0 hh y bf be qub, ûfj`ahbftb, sb utjejzaf árjids fdrhaebs. M. Hdrtbrds para kuft kuftas as ljf as; Pdf hdrtbrds ijsbñaids para rbaejzar kuftas `uyd bspbsdr bstê `dhprbfijid bftrb 1 hh y 0 hh.

 

 

@. Hdrtbrds ejgbrds;   Pdf hdrtbrds ijsbñaids `uya ibfsjiai -bf bstaid bfiurb`jid y sb`d bs jguae d hbfdr ib 12>> oh. Bf bstds hdrtbrds sb utjejzaf, pdr rbgea gbfbrae, árjids ejgbrds.

Be sbgufid grupd, `dhprbfib eds hdrtbrds para usd `drrjbftb, qub rbspdfibf a ufds rbqujsjtds gbfbraebs, sjf prdpjbiaibs bspb`èlj` bspb`èlj`as, as, y eds ijvbrsds tjpds ib hdrtbrds para rbvd`as/bfeu r bvd`as/bfeu`jids. `jids. 0. YJ^DP IB HD]YB]D PBGÛF BE PJPYBHA PJPYBHA IB LAM LAM]J@A@JÐF; ]J@A@JÐF;

Eds hdrtbrds para aemañjebrèa, sbgûf be sjstbha ib lamrj`a`jðf, sb `easjlj`af bf eds trbs grupds sjgujbftbs;  A. Hdrt Hd rtbrd brdss j fi fius ustt rjrjaebs aebs;;  Pdf aquêeeds qub sb caf idsjlj`aid, hbz`eaid y, bf su `asd, ahasaid `df agua bf ufa lámrj`a y suhjfjstraid ae eugar ib `dfstru``jðf. Bstds hdrtbrds pubibf sbr hdrtbrds sb`ds y hdrtbrds cûhbids. - Eds hdrtbrds sb`ds sdf hbz`eas pdfibraebs ib sus `dhpdfbftbs prjharjds bf prdpdr`jdfbs aib`uaias prbparaias bf ufa lámrj`a, qub q ub sb suhjfjstraf bf sjeds d bf sa`ds y sb ahasaf bf ea dmra, `df be agua prb`jsa, casta dmtbfbr ufa hbz`ea cdhdgêfba para su utjejza`jðf. - Eds h hdrtbrds drtbrds cûhbids. Bstds hdrtbrds sdf, `dhd bf be `asd ib eds hdrtbrds aftbrjdrbs, hbz`eas pdfibraebs ib sus `dhpdfbftbs bf prdpdr`jdfbs aib`uaias y ahasaids bf ufa lámrj`a `df be agua fb`bsarja casta `dfsbgujr ufa hbz`ea cdhdgêfba para su utjejza`jðf. - Eds hdrtbrds cûhbids, qub sb suhjfjst suhjfjstraf raf ejstds para su usd, pubibf bstar rbtariaids pdr ed qub bs pdsjmeb qub su tramakamèejiai sb prdedfgasb casta varjds ièas sjf pbribr be rbstd ib sus `ara`tbrèstj`a `ara`tbrèstj`as. s. M. Hdrtbrds jfiustrjaebs sbhjtbrhjfaids;  Ibftrd ib bstb grupd bxjstbf eds hdrtbrds prbidsjlj`aids y eds hdrtbrds prbhbz`eaids ib `ae y arbfa.

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Eds hdrtbrds prbidsjlj`aid prbidsjlj`aidss sd sdff aq aqubeeds ubeeds `uyds `dhpdfbf `dhpdfbftbs tbs másj`ds idsjlj`aids jfibpbfijbft jfibpbfijbftbhbftb bf ufa sb suhjfjstraf ae eugar ib su utjejza`jðf, idfib sbbhbftb hbz`eaf bf lámrj`a, eas prdpdr`jdfbs y `dfij`jdfbs bspb`jlj`aias pdr be lamrj`aftb y sb ahasaf `df be agua prb`jsa casta dmtbfbr ufa hbz`ea cdhdgêfba para su utjejza`jðf Bstds hdrtbrds pubibf tbfbr aijtjvds y/d aij`jdfbs bf sus `drrbspdfijbftbs `dhpartjhbftds. Eds `dhpdfbftbs másj`ds ib bstds hdrtbrds, sb prbsbftaf -pdr rbgea gbfbrae bf uf sjed qub tjbfb uf `dhpartjhjbftd para `aia hatbrjae? ib aquè qub bstds hdrtbrds tahmjêf sb `dfdz`af `dhd hdrtbrds ib ids `dhpdfbftbs.

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Eds hdrtbrds prbhbz`eaids ib `ae y arbfa sdf aqubeeds `uyds `dhpdfbftbss sb caf idsjlj`aid, hbz`eaid bf ufa lámrj`a y ssuhjfjstraid `dhpdfbftb uhjfjstraid ae eugar ib `dfstru``jðf, idfib sb ebs pubib añaijr dtrd u dtrds `dhpdfbftbss bspb`jlj`aids d suhjfjstraids pdr be lamrj`aftb sb hbz`eaf `dhpdfbftb

 

 

bf eas prdpdr`jdfbs y `dfij`jdfbs bspb`jlj`aias pdr be lamrj`aftb y sb ahasaf `df be agua prb`jsa casta dmtbfbr ufa hbz`ea cdhdgêfba para su utjejza`jðf. @. Hdrt brds cb`cds ―jf sjtu";  Bstds hdrtbrds bstáf `dhpubstds pdr eds `dhpdfbftbs prjharjds, idsjlj`aids, hbz`eaids y ahasaids `df agua bf

ea dmra. Bf ea lamrj`a`jðf ib bstds hdrtbrds, ed hjshd qub bf ea ib eds hdrtbrds ib rb`bta, sdeahbftb sb utjejzaráf aij`jdfbs y aijtjvds sj ldrhaf partb ib ufa rb`bta qub ljgurb bf be `drrbspdfijbftb ^ejbgd ib @dfij`jdfbs ib ea dmra. ^dr dtra partb, sb ca ib tbfbr bf `ubfta qub ea ijvbrsjiai ib traij`jdfbs rbgjdfaebs, asè `dhd ea varjbiai ib `jbrtds hatbrjaebs ijspdfjmebs para lamrj`ar hdrtbrds traij`jdfaebs, fd pbrhjtbf bstameb`br `dhpdsj`jdfbs bxa`tas ib tjpd gbfbrae taftd para eds hdrtbrds cb`cds, jf sjtu `dhd para eds hdrtbrds ib rb`bta prbparaids bf dmra. 9. YJ^DP IB HD]YB]D PBGÛF BE YJ^D IB @DFGEDHB]AFYB; @DFGEDHB]AFYB;

Bf ea lamrj`a`jðf ib hdrtbrds para aemañjebrèa sb pubibf usar eds `dfgedhbraftbs `dfgedhbraf tbs qub sb `jtaf a `dftjfua`jðf, iafid eugar a eds `drrbspdfijbftbs tjpds ib hdrtbrd, sbgûf be `dfgedhbraftb d `dfgedhbraftbs utjejzaids; -

`bhbftds (@BH) `bhbftds para aemañjebrèa (H@) `aebs aêrbas (vjvas y apagaias apagaias)) (E) `aebs cjiráuej`as (CE) `aebs aêrbas `bhbftds (E/@BH) `aebs cjiráuej`as `bhbftds (CE/@BH)

 

 

Yahmjêf eeahaids hdrtbrds mastarids mastarids sdf eds qub rrbsuetaf bsuetaf ae `dhmjfar ids agedhbraftbs be hás `dhûf bs bf hdrtbrd ib `ae y `bhbftd, pbrd tahmjêf bxjstbf hdrtbrd ib `ae y ybsd, y ybsd `df `bhbftd  A. Hd Hdrt rtbrd brd `ae y `bh `bhbft bftd; d; ]bsueta ib ea `dhmjfa`jðf hdijlj`aia ib `ae y

`bhbftd `df prdpjbiaibs têrhj`as y a`ûstj`as hbkdraias qub sb pubibf usar aibhás ib eds sjgujbftbs bebhbftds bf eas parbibs jftbrjdrbs y bxtbrjdrbs ib bijlj`jds fubvds y para ea rbfdva`jðf d rbfdva`jðf ibe patrjhdfjd bf `dfstru``jðf; aftbfa aicbsjva cjiráuej`a, sèej`b - d agrbgaid ib pjbira `aejza `df grafd jfjftbrruhpjid sjf lra``jðf ljfa, agrbgaid pbsaid `df uf tahañd háxjhd ib 9 hh (pbrejta bxpafijia, maeidsas ib cdrhjgðf y ar`jeea d ufa hbz`ea aftbrjdr), ljmras `drtas ib `beuedsa d pdejprdpjebfd y / d pjghbftds hjfbraebs.  Pb usa `dhd `dfgedhbraftb prblbrjmebhbftb ufa hbz`ea ib `bhbftd meaf`d y `ae aêrba, qub pbrhjtb hbkdrar eds tjbhpds ib lraguaid ib ea `ae, auhbftar ea rbsjstbf`ja bf bfiurb`jid y rbiu`jr be `dftbfjid bf saebs sdeumebs rbea`jdfaias `df patdedgèas bf be patrjhdfjd `dfstrujid. Aibhás, be usd ib `bhbftd meaf`d y `ae pbrhjtb aib`uar ea hbz`ea a eds rbqubrjhjbftds bstêtj`ds, ya qub bs pjghbftameb hbijaftb be usd ib ðxjids hbtáej`ds. Bf ufa rbaejza`jðf ib ea hbz`ea prdpubsta, sb prbljbrb be usd ib árjids `dfvbf`jdfaebs ib faturaebza sjeè`ba d `ae`árba qub prbsbftbf ufa grafuedhbtrèa ijs`dftjfua ijs`dftjfua idfib ea lra``jðf ljfa sb ca bx`eujid para edgrar qub ea bstru`tura pdrdsa ibe hatbrjae sba aib`uaia para auhbftar be vaedr ib amsdr`jðf a`ûstj`a. ^ara `dfsbgujr rbiu`jr ea ibfsjiai ib ea hbz`ea y asè rbiu`jr eds vaedrbs ib `dfiu`tjvjiai têrhj`a, sb rb`urrb ae bhpebd ib árjids ejgbrds qub sustjtuybf par`jaehbftb ae árjid ib ea hbz`ea. Bstds árjids ejgbrds fd supdfbf hás ibe 7% ib pbsd bf sb`d ib ea hbz`ea para bvjtar qub eas prdpjbiaibs hb`áfj`as y ea iuramjejiai sb vbaf alb`taias pdr ea makaia ib ea ibfsjiai ae jf`drpdrareds. Be agua a jf`drpdrar a ea hbz`ea bstá rbea`jdfaia `df ea cjirata`jðf ibe `bhbftd y `df edgrar ufa `dfsjstbf`ja peástj`a, fb`bsarja para su pubsta bf dmra. Pb ca ejhjtaid para bvjtar ijshjfu`jdfbs bf ea rbsjstbf`ja rbsjstbf` ja y ejhjtar ea rbtra``jðf. Ea varjamjejiai bf be agua aij`jdfaia sb ibmb prjf`jpaehbftb a eds árjids ejgbrds, sjbfid ea pjzarra bxpafijia ea qub ibhafia hás agua para su `drrb`td ahasaid. Ea hbz`ea rbaejzaia ib a`ubrid `df ea ibs`rjp`jðf suhjfjstraia sb `ara`tbrjza pdr tbfbr ufa ibfsjiai bftrb 19>> y 1:>> og/h0 y uf vaedr `ara`tbrèstj`dd ib rbsjstbf`ja a `dhprbsjðf bftrb = y 1= H^a y rbsjstbf`ja `ara`tbrèstj` a lebxdtra``jdf bftrb 1 y 9 H^a, `df uf vaedr ib `dfiu`tjvjiai têrhj`a bftrb >,92 y >,12 W/hO y uf vaedr ib amsdr`jðf a`ûstj`a jguae d supbrjdr a >,1>. 

 

 

M. Hdrtbrd `ae y ybsd; Yjbfb graf rbsjstbf`ja ae agua y sb usa `df lrb`ubf`ja bf eugarbs eeuvjdsas, bstd sb ibmb a qub su supbrlj`jb bs pd`d pdrdsa pdr beed rbpbeb ae agua bf ea a`tuaejiai sb bf`ubftra bf prdiu` prdiu`tds tds sbeeaidrbs.  @. Hdrtbrd ib ybsd y `bhbftd;  @dfd`jid `dhûfhbftb `dhd ―ijamed lubrtb‘ y prbsbfta ea `ara`tbrèstj`a ib sb`aid rápjid utjejzaid prjf`jpaehbftb para rb`umrjr tumbrèas bf parbibs.

 

 

Ae `df`eujr `df be prbsbftb tramakd sb eebgð a ea e a `df`eusjðf ed sjgujbftb; - 

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Be h hdrtbrd drtbrd ib aemañje aemañjebrèa brèa bs ea hbz`ea `dhpubsta ib ufd d varjds `dfgedhbraids bstas hbz`eas ibmbf ib sbr cdhdgêfbas ya qub sus `dhpdfbftbss ibmbf sbr utjejzaids bf `jbrtas prdpdr`jdfbs ibtbrhjfaias. `dhpdfbftb

Bs fd ib eds be bebhbftds bhbftds `eavbs bf fea ld ldrtaebza ibeejiai hu hurd rd ibe pdrta pdrtaftb. ftb. Pu uufd rbsjstbf`ja bf ea `dhprbsjð `dhprbsjðf y rtaebza tramakamjejiai tramakamj hdrtbrd bs ibpbfijbfid ib a`ubrid prjf`jpaehbftb ibe `dftbfjid ib agua, be usd ib aijtjvds, su ldrha, asè `dhd tahmjêf ea tbxtura ib ea arbfa y ea ljfura ibe `bhbftd. ^dr ed taftd, bs fb`bsarjd fb`bsarjd qub sb guarib uf `dftrde rjgurdsd ib bstds bebhbftds iuraftb ea idsjlj`a`jðf ibe hdrtbrd y ijsbñd ib hbz`ea. -  Bf eds hdrtbrds ea arbfa a`tûa `dhd bsqubebtd qub bvjta bf partb eds `ahmjds vdeuhêtrj`ds agua ua bf amufiaf`ja bs haea para bbee hd hdrtbrd, rtbrd, ya ya qqub ub ae bbvapdrarsb vapdrarsb ibka -  Be ag pdrds qub lavdrb`bf ea rbtra``jðf, pdr ed `uae ijshjfuyb ea rbsjstbf`ja y iaf bftraia ae agua ib eeuvja lavdrb`jbfid qub bf eas cbeaias be hdrtbrd sb rdhpa.

 

 

Mjmejdgralèa 1 @DF@]BYDFEJFB. _DfejfbX.? =>13 _`jtbi =>=> KRFJD =3. Avajeameb lrdh; . cttps;//www.`df`rbtdfejfb.`dh/hdrtbrds-rbvdqubs/hdrtbrds-para-aemafjebrjaibljfj`jdfbs-y-`easjlj`a`jdf..  ibljfj`jdfbs-y-`easjlj`a`jdf = @jbf`ja y Yb`fdedgèa ib ea Bijlj`a`jðf. @. Guaiaeakara. _DfejfbX.? =>13 _`jtbi =>=> KRFJD 0>. . Avajeameb lrdh; cttps;//pdrtae.uac.bs/pdrtae/pagb/pdrtae/bpi=Tprdlbsdrbs/prdl1=13:>:. ]bpdrt Fd.; 19. 9 Mddos K. s`jbf`bIjrb`t. _DfejfbX.? =>1: _`jtbi =>=> KRFJD 0>. Avajeameb lrdh; cttps;//www.s`jbf`bijrb`t.`dh/s`jbf`b/artj`eb/pjj/P>073>..  . cttps;//www.s`jbf`bijrb`t.`dh/s`jbf`b/artj`eb/pjj/P>073>