Alan Garcia 1

 

EIBDUH@IH AN HJHO DHUFIH Hjho Dherinj Juawid Dhrfíh [érnz (  (Jimh Jimh,, 56 an mhyb mhyb an  an 8919 8919--Ie. Ie.,, 84 an herij herij an  an 5;89), 5;89),

`un uo hebdhab hebdhab,, brhabr   y pbjítifb pbjítifb   pnruhob pnruhob.. Ncnrf Ncnrfiö iö fbmb prnsianotn anj [nró [nró   no abs mhoahtbs ob fbosnfutivbs3 an 897> h 899; 899; y  y an 5;;0 h 5;88 5;88.. No su viah pbjítifh, `un uo aiputhab fbostituynotn fbostituynotn   (894 (8947-8949 7-8949), ), aiputhab (897;-897>) aiputhab (897;-897>) y snohabrr vithj snohab vithjifib ifib   (8 (899 99;;-89 8995 95). ). Fbmb Fbmb mi minm nmer erb b anj anj [hrti [hrtiab ab Hprist Hpristh h, rnf rnfiei ieiö ö `br `brmhf mhfiöo iöo pbjítifh pbjíti fh anj jíanr jíanr `uo `uoaha ahabr, br, Píftbr Uhój Ghyh an jh Qbrrn Qbrrn,, y `un uob an sus aisfípujbs prnaijnftbs prnaij nftbs.. Bfupö aivnrsbs fhrdbs phrti phrtiahrib ahribss y `un nj prnsi prnsianotn anotn an  Hjihozh [bpujhr  Unvbjufibohrih Hmnrifhoh. Hmnrifhoh. Ansan sus ioifibs, sn fhrhftnrizö pbr su io`jhmhab vnreb y brhtbrih fhstnjhrihoh. fhstnjhrihoh. Jjndö h jh prnsianofih no jhs njnffibons dnonrhjns an 897> 897>,, no qun dhoö no jh primnrh vunjth. Nsth primnrh dnstiöo an dbeinrob sn fhrhftnrizö pbr jh pnbr frisis nfboömifh no jh gistbrih anj phís fbo phís fbo uoh iosö iosöjit jith h gipnrio`jhfiöo gipnrio`jhfiöo,, uo rnfruanf rnfruanfimino iminotb tb an jbs nmehtns anj tnrrbrismb   jijian tnrrbrismb anrh rhab ab pb pbrr Vnoanr Vnoanrb b Jumio Jumiobsb bsb,, y pb pbrr ai aivvnr nrsb sbss hf hftb tbss an fbrrupfiöo fbrrupfiöo   qun iovbjufrheho h dnotn anj rédimno hpristh qun rnpnrfutiö no uo drho ansfbotnotb sbfihj. H jh fhíah anj `ucimbrhtb `ucimbrhtb,, Dhrfíh rntbroö hj phís phrh pbstujhr no 5;;8 5;;8 y 899;. Nstn sn gheíh fhrhftnrizhab pbr jh rnfnsiöo dhjbphotn, jh gipnrio`jhfiöo, uoh `hjjiah ohfibohjizhfiöo ehofhrih, jh rnenjiöo, nstérij thmeiéo, fbotrh nj aifthab `iohofinrb anj @MI y jh n`usiöo an vibjnofih no nj `rnotn an jh iosurdnofih snoanristh. Jundb, Dhrfíh sn gheíh pbstujhab pbr snduoah vnz no 5;;8,

 

fuhoab `un ehtiab pbr Hjnchoarb Qbjnab, nj mismb prnsianotn hj qun fbosiduiö fbdnr nj rnjnvb no 5;;0 . Notrn mnaib, nj pbjítifb, pbjítifb, quino `unrh prnfbz anj`ío anj fhuaijjb gistörifb anj hprismb, Uhój Ghyh an jh Qbrrn, gheíh fbobfiab uoh aéfhah an ansfréaitb, nxijib y hfbsb pbr phrtn an jh  custifih pnruhoh, qun jn hfusheh an fbrrupfiöo. Vupnrhah su trhvnsíh no nj ansinrtb, Dhrfíh, snøhjhab pbr sus `brmiahejns abtns brhtbrihs, su ansnovbjturh mnaiètifh y su `ísifb pbanrbsb, fbosiduiö impbonrsn no jhs urohs h jh fbosnrvhabr fbosn rvhabrh h Jburan Jburanss @jbrn @jbrnss y hj ohfib ohfibohjis ohjisth th an izqui izquinrah nrah Bjjhoth Gumhjh -su sufnsbr  iostit ios titufi ufiboh bohjj uo jus justrb trb ans anspué pués-, s-, sbs sbstno tnoino inoab ab jhs prbp prbpuns unsths ths an mhotno mhotnonr nr nj rbe rbeust ustb b frnfiminotb nfboömifb, pnrb dnonrhoab nmpjnb, aistrieuynoab sbfihjmnotn sus enon`ifibs y rnaufinoab jh pbernzh, qun h`nftheh h jh mitha an jh pbejhfiöo. Nj snduoab quioqunoib hjhoisth (5;;0-5;88) sn anshrrbjjö no uo hmeinotn abméstifb n iotnrohfibohj muy ai`nrnotn anj gheiab no jh pnoójtimh aéfhah anj sidjb WW. Mhrfhoab uo drho fbotrhstn fbo su hotnribr ncnfutbrih, Dhrfíh, hfushab pbr jhs izquinrahs an ghenrsn "anrnfgizhab", ghsth nj puotb an nsthejnfnr uo phftb tèfitb fbo nj `ucimbrismb phrh sueshohr su miobríh phrjhmnothrih, prhftifö uoh pbjítifh nfboömifh pjnohmnotn brtbabxh, rnspntubsh fbo jhs rndjhs an jiern mnrfhab y an gnfgb fbotiouisth an jh hpjifhah pbr  Qbjnab, fbmb puab hprnfihrsn no jh mujtipjifhfiöo an jbs trhthabs eijhtnrhjns an jiern fbmnrfib y no jh aisfipjioh `isfhj. Nj ebbm an jhs nxpbrthfibons mionrhjns mès nj tiröo sio prnfnanotns an jh anmhoah iotnroh pbr nj hudn anj fbosumb privhab y jhs iovnrsibons no drhoans berhs an io`rhnstrufturhs póejifhs sumhrbo jbs oómnrbs an uoh nxtrhbraiohrih ebohozh prbauftivh, puotnrh no nj fbotionotn. Hanmès, oi jh io`jhfiöo, ehch, oi jh anuah, mhonchejn, supusinrbo uo prbejnmh nsth vnz.

Vi eino ns finrtb qun jbs oivnjns an pbernzh fhynrbo an mhonrh sidoi`ifhtivh, tbah nsth prbspnriaha ob sn trhaucb, nmpnrb, no uoh aismioufiöo phjphejn an jbs ansnquijieribs rndibohjns y no uoh mncbrh anj einonsthr an mufgbs pnruhobs, jbs fuhjns tnrmiohrbo pbr  ahr jh nsphjah hj Dbeinrob, qun thmpbfb njuaiö jbs nsfèoahjbs an fbrrupfiöo (fhsb [ntrbhuaibs). [br btrb jhab, nj phís nxpnrimnotö uo rndunrb an fbo`jiftbs sbfihjns, hjduobs fbo fbmpjifhfibons vibjnoths y ansnojhfns juftubsbs (mhshfrn an Ehduh), y su`riö jbs zhrphzbs tnrrbrisths an uo snoanrismb supunsthmnotn rnsiauhj pnrb rndrnshab fbmb ohrfbdunrrijjh. An punrths hj nxtnribr, Dhrfíh ansthfö fbmb uob an jbs hrtí`ifns an jh Hjihozh anj [hfí`ifb, punsth no mhrfgh no Jimh pbfb hotns an trhos`nrir jh ehoah prnsianofihj h Gumhjh no 5;88. Fbo uob an jbs sbfibs an nstn prbmntnabr drupb an iotndrhfiöo rndibohj, Fgijn, nj

 

mhoahthrib mhotuvb vivb nj høncb ai`nrnoab pbr jh anjimithfiöo an jh `rbotnrh mhrítimh, qun no 5;;7 ansnmebfö no jh anmhoah pnruhoh fbotrh jh ohfiöo vnfioh hotn nj Qrieuohj Iot Iotnro nrohfi hfiboh bohjj an Cus Custif tifih ih an Jh Ghy Ghyh. h. Hsi Hsimis mismb, mb, Dhrfíh Dhrfíh sn mho mhotuv tuvb b rid ridurbs urbshmn hmnotn otn hphrth hph rthab ab anj ejbqu ejbqun n ebj ebjivh ivhrih rihob, ob, tuvb sus mès y sus mnobs fbo nj vno vnonzb nzbjho jhob b Gudb Fgèvnz y nj ebjivihob Nvb Mbrhjns, y mhotuvb uohs eunohs rnjhfibons an fbbpnrhfiöo fbo Nsthabs ^oiabs, jh pbtnofih h jh qun gheíh ansh`ihab no jh aéfhah an jbs bfgnoth fbo su aisfursb an anouofih anj "onbjienrhjismb" y nj "impnrihjismb" no nj pjhob an jh anuah nxtnroh.  Hj fheb an su snduoah prnsianofih, Dhrfíh vbjviö h rnfieir hfushfibons an noriqunfiminotb ijífitb y `un iovnstidhab pbr nj Fbodrnsb pbr prnsuoths irrndujhriahans duenrohmnothjns, pnrb jh Fbrtn Vuprnmh jn hmphrö. Hsimismb, siduiö `irmnmnotn hj timöo an su phrti phrtiab ab an tbah jh viah, ansan nj qun ncnrfiö uoh bpbsifi bpbsifiöo öo aurh hj Dbeinrob Gumhjh. Gumhj h. No 5;80 jhozö su fuhrt fuhrth h fhoaiahtur fhoaiahturh h prnsi prnsianofi anofihj hj ehcb jh ehoanrh an jh Hjihozh [bpujhr, aboan nj [H[ sn aheh jh mhob fbo nj [hrtiab [bpujhr Fristihob an Jburans @jbrns, su hotnribr havnrshrih, y Phmbs [nró. Nj quiotb judhr fbsnfghab no nsth jizh, fbo mnobs anj 0% an jbs vbtbs, fnrti`ifö nj bfhsb an su fhrrnrh pbjítifh h jbs 00 høbs.  

PIAH FUBOBJBDIFH AN HJHO DHUFIH -8919. Hjho Dherinj Juawid Dhrfíh [érnz ohfiö no Jimh nj 56 an mhyb an 8919, no nj snob an uoh `hmijih hpristh an fjhsn mnaih. Vu mharn, Oytgh [érnz Ubchs, `un `uoahabrh anj H[UH no Fhmhoè (Hrnquiph) y su pharn, Fhrjbs Dhrfíh Ubofnrbs, `un snfrnthrib an brdhoizhfiöo an aifgb phrtiab aurhotn nj dbeinrob an Mhounj H. Baríh. -8900. Vn uon h jh @nanrhfiöo Hpristh Cuvnoij y rnfien su fhroé an mijithotn. Ansan pnqunø pnq unøb b `rn `rnfun funoth otheh eh jh Fhs Fhsh h anj [un [unejb ejb (sn (snan an pri priofi ofiphj phj anj [hr [hrtia tiab b Hprist Hpristh). h). @un aisfípujb airnftb an Ghyh an jh Qbrrn, `uoahabr y jíanr anj H[UH. -8948. Vn drhauö fbo títujb no jnyns no jh ^oivnrsiaha an Vho Mhrfbs. Qhmeiéo rnhjizö nstuaibs an prndrhab no jh [boti`ifh ^oivnrsiaha Fhtöjifh anj [nró. -894 -8945 5 h 89 8944 44 Vn mu muaö aö h Nu Nurb rbph ph.. Gizb Gizb ns nstu tuai aibs bs an ab abft ftbr brha hab b no An Anrn rnfg fgb b no jh ^oivnrsiaha Fbmpjutnosn an Mharia y an Vbfibjbdíh no jh ^oivnrsiaha an [hrís (Jh Vbreboh). -8946. Vn fhsö fbo Fhrjh @rhofisfh Eusfhdjih Fhstnjjhob. @rutb anj mhtrimboib ohfiö no 894> Fhrjh Dhrfíh. Ob besthotn, jh phrnch sn aivbrfiö no 897;. -8944. Quvb uoh snduoah gich fbo [ijhr Obrns, fiuahahoh hrdnotioh, fbo quino sn fhsö rnfiéo no 8976. Fbo njjh jjndö h tnonr fuhtrb gicbs.

 

-8947 Anspués an vivir vhribs høbs no [hrís. Ghyh an jh Qbrrn, h quino Hjho fbosianrheh uo pharn, jb fbovbfö y pbr njjb rntbroö h jh viah pbjítifh pnruhoh. -8947. Nj prnsi prnsianotn anotn @rhofisf @rhofisfb b Mbrhj Mbrhjns ns Enrmó Enrmóanz anz fbovb fbovbfö fö jh Hshmej Hshmejnh nh Fbostituyn Fbostituynotn otn phrh prbmujdhr jh ounvh Fhrth Mhdoh. Ghyh an jh Qbrrn y Dhrfíh [érnz `unrbo njnftbs phrh iotndrhrjh. No nstn tinmpb, Dhrfíh [érnz ansthfö pbr sus abtns an brhtbrih. -897 -897;. ;. Ns njnd njndia iab b aipu aiputh thab ab pb pbrr Jimh Jimh,, an ansa san n ab aboa oan n gi gizb zb bp bpbs bsif ifiö iöo o hj dbei dbeinr nrob ob an @nrohoab Enjhuoan Qnrry. -8971. Nj 85 an `nernrb an nsn høb `un njndiab fhoaiahtb prnsianofihj anj H[UH, jundb an uoh uoh vbth vbthfi fiöo öo pb pbrr vbtb vbtb airn airnft ftb b y snfr snfrnt ntb b an jh jhss ehsn ehsnss anj anj ph phrt rtia iab. b. No jh pj pjho hofg fgh h prnsianofihj jb hfbmphøheho Juis Hjenrtb Vèofgnz y Juis Hjvh Fhstrb. -897>. Fbo jh rnouofih an Hj`bosb Ehrrhotns no jh snduoah vunjth, Hjho Dhrfíh `un anfjhr anf jhrhab hab dho dhohab habrr an jhs njn njnffi ffibon bonss prn prnsia sianof nofihj ihjns. ns. Qno Qnoíh íh 6> høb høbss y uo ais aisfur fursb sb hotiimpnrih hotii mpnrihjisth jisth muy an mbah no jh épbfh. Vus "ehjfboh "ehjfbohzbs" zbs" (aisfurs (aisfursbs bs no jbs ehjfbons an [hjhfib an Dbeinrob) nrho `rnfunotns y hpjhuaiabs. Vu dbeinrob nmpnzö fbo uoh hprbehfiöo anj 90.1 %. -897>-899; Hj priofipib, fbo nj humnotb an shjhribs, jh rnauffiöo an jhs thshs an iotnrés y nj fbotrbj anj tipb an fhmeib, jh nfbobmíh aib snøhjns an supunsth rnfupnrhfiöo y Dhrfíh dbzheh an pbpujhriaha, ghsth qun jh fhphfiaha anj dhstb póejifb sn hdbtö. Jbs mhjbs mhoncbs nfboömifbs, jh iofbotrbjhejn io`jhfiöo, jhs nmisibons iobrdèoifhs an mbonah ohfibohj y jh pbjítifh fhmeihrih jjnvhrbo h qun nj @boab Mbonthrib Iotnrohfibohj anfjhrhrh hj [nró phís fbo vhjbr antnribrhab no 8970. No 8979, jh gipnrio`jhfiöo jjndö h 5,44> %. Vn fhmeiö abs vnfns jh mbonah pbrqun rèpiahmnotn pnraíh vhjbr. [hrh ioifibs an jbs 9;, jbs prbauftbs an primnrh onfnsiaha nmpnzhrbo h nsfhsnhr. Nj tnrrbrismb thmeiéo shfuaiö su dbeinrob, aurhotn nj fuhj sn prbaucb jh mhthozh an tnrrbrisths hmbtiohabs. -899;. Notrndö jh prnsianofih h Hjenrtb @ucimbri y trhs nj hutbdbjpn anj > an herij an 8995 iodrnsö h jh rnsianofih anj nmehchabr an Fbjbmeih no nj [nró phrh pnair hsijb pbjítifb, nj fuhj jn `un fbofnai fbofnaiab ab pbr nj notbo notbofns fns prnsiano prnsianotn tn Féshr Dhvirih. Yh no Ebdbtè, prbmntiö jufghr fbotrh nj rédimno an @ucimbri y nstn jn heriö prbfnsb pbr noriqunfiminotb ijífitb y btrbs fhsbs an fbrrupfiöo. -5;;8. Jh Fbrtn Vuprnmh an Custifih anj [nró anfjhrö prnsfritbs jbs anjitbs qun sn jn impu imputh thrbo rbo h Hj Hjho ho Dh Dhrf rfíh íh,, quin quino o rntb rntbro roö ö hj [n [nró ró ph phrh rh ph phrt rtif ifip iphr hr no jh jhss nj njnf nffi fibo bons ns dnonrhjns. @un anrrbthab no snduoah vunjth pbr Hjnchoarb Qbjnab, hj fuhj gizb bpbsifiöo pbjítifh. Nj 81 an cujib anj 5;;1, aurhotn uoh mhrfgh an jh FDQ[, phtnö pbr jh nsphjah hj fiuahahob Cnsós Jbrh pbr "besthfujizhrjn" nj phsb, gnfgb qun `un rndistrhab no imèdnons y qun mnrnfiö jhs frítifhs an aivnrsbs snftbrns. -5;; -5;;0-5 0-5;8 ;88. 8. Ai Ainf nfis iséi éiss hø høbs bs an ansp spué uéss an su pri primn mnrr dbei dbeinro nrob b dhoö dhoö ounv ounvhm hmno notn tn jh jhss njnffibons dnonrhjns no snduoah vunjth, vnofinoab h Bjjhoth Gumhjh. Fbmb ob qunríh fbmntnr jbs mismbs nrrbrns (anj 7> hj 9;) fbotiouö nj anrrbtnrb nfboömifb an Qbjnab y ncnrfiö uoh pbjítifh an hustnriaha fbo jh iohudurhfiöo an impbrthotns berhs póejifhs, fbmb jh Jíonh 8 anj Mntrb an Jimh, qun `un anchah iofbofjush no su primnr dbeinrob. Aurhotn nsn pnríbab sn prbaucb jh "mhshfrn" an Ehduh, aboan murinrbo 8; ioaídnohs y 51 pbjifíhs trhs no`rnothrsn tbmh an fhrrntnrhs an jbs pbejhabrns jbfhjns qun anouofiheho jh nxpjbthfiöo anpbr susjhrnfursbs.

 

-5;;0. Quvb uo snxtb gicb, nsth vnz fbo Njizhentg Ubxhoon Fgnnsmho Uhclbvif, su tnrfnrh phrnch. No nj 5;;7 sn snphrö an [ijhr Obrns. -5;86. Aurhotn nj dbeinrob an Gumhjh nj phrjhmnothrib ohfibohjisth Vnrdib Qnchah `brmö no nj Fbo Fbodrn drnsb sb uoh mnd mndhfb hfbmis misiöo iöo qun aur aurhot hotn n fiofb fiofb høb høbss iov iovnst nstidö idö jhs prnsuo prnsuoths ths irrndujhriahans anj snduoab dbeinrob an Hjho Dhrfíh. [nrb jh fbmisiöo ob puab fbotiouhr  ioahdhoab pbr uoh hffiöo an hmphrb y nj [banr Cuaifihj houjö tbab jb hftuhab. -5;80. [bstujö sio éxitb no jhs njnffibons dnonrhjns no eusfh an uo tnrfnr mhoahtb, pnrb nsth vnz no hjihozh fbo Jburans @jbrns, @jbrns, anj [[F. Vio nmehrdb, betuvb sbjb nj 0 % an jh vbthfiöo. -5;87. Nj 8; an cuoib nj `isfhj Cbsé Abmiodb [érnz jn heriö iovnstidhfiöo pbr trè`ifb an io`junofihs y prnsuotbs hpbrtns an Banernfgt h su fhmphøh prnsianofihj no nj 5;;0 y pbr  jh fbrrupfiöo no jh hacuaifhfiöo an jbs trhmbs 8 y 5 an jh Jíonh 8 anj Mntrb an Jimh. -Bftuern anj 5;87. Fhrjbs Obstrn, airnft -Bftuern airnftivb ivb an Banern Banernfgt, fgt, anfjhrö hotn jbs `isfhjns `isfhjns anj [nró qun jh fbmph fbmphøíh øíh phdö 51 mijjb mijjbons ons an aöjhrn aöjhrnss no sbebrobs sbebrobs pbr jh Jíonh 8 anj Mntrb an Jimh, an jbs fuhjns 81 mijjbons nstheho airidiabs supunsthmnotn h hjtbs fhrdbs anj dbeinrob hpristh. -Obvinmern anj 5;87. Hjho Dhrfíh, quino rnsiaíh no Nsphøh, jjndö hj [nró phrh snr  iotnrrbdhab pbr nj `isfhj Abmiodb [érnz. [nrb nj `isfhj suspnoaiö nj iotnrrbdhtbrib aneiab h qun anfiaiö hmpjihr jh iovnstidhfiöo h jbs anjitbs an fbjusiöo hdrhvhah y jhvhab an hftivbs, trhs fbobfnr ounvbs ioaifibs an qun Dhrfíh gheíh rnfieiab nj phdb an 8;;,;;; aöjhrns an Banernfgt h trhvés an uo tnsth`nrrb. -84 an obvinmern anj 5;87. Nj cunz Fhrjbs Vèofgnz Ehjeunoh aiftö impnaimnotb an shjiah pbr 87 mnsns fbotrh Dhrfíh, h sbjifitua anj `isfhj Abmiodb [érnz. Dhrfíh hsndurö qun ob nrh uo fhstidb pnrmhonfnr no su phís, pnrb hj aíh siduinotn sn rn`udiö no jh rnsianofih anj nmehchabr an ^ruduhy no Jimh. -87 an obvinmern anj 5;87. Hjho Dhrfíh sbjifitö b`ifihjmnotn hsijb hj dbeinrob an ^ruduhy. -5; an obvinm obvinmern anj 5;87. Nj hDbeinr Dbeinrob pnruhob notrndö h ^ruduh ^ruduhy y uo io`br io`brmn sbern Nj jh situhfiöo jndhj ern an Hjho Dhrfíh, `io anob qun fbosianrhsn nvithr jh pbsieijiaha anmn hsijhrjb. nxmhoahthrib hpristh iosistiö no qun gheíh uoh pnrsnfufiöo pbjítifh no su fbotrh. -6 an aifinmern anj 5;87. Nj prnsianotn an ^ruduhy, Qhehré Pèsqunz, sbstuvb qun jhs iovnstidhfibons rnhjizhahs fbofjuyno qun nj fhsb an Hjho Dhrfíh ob ns "pnrsnfufiöo pbjítifh", pbr jb qun oindh nj hsijb. -80 an herij anj 5;89. Hjho Dhrfíh sbstuvb ob tnmnrjn h uo nvnotuhj pnaiab an prisiöo prnvnotivh no su fbotrh fbmb phrtn an jhs iovnstidhfibons an jh @isfhjíh pbr nj fhsb Banernfgt. -84 an herij anj 5;89. Nj [banr Cuaifihj branoö jh antnofiöo prnjimiohr an Hjho Dhrfíh pbr  nj fhsb Banernfgt. [hrh nvithr su hrrnstb, nj nxprnsianotn sn nofnrrö no uo hmeinotn an su fhsh`hjjnfiö y sn aisphrö no jhgbrhs. fhenzh. An iomnaihtb `un trhsjhahab hj gbspithj Fhsimirb ^jjbh, aboan h jhs 8;3;>

 

[UIMNU DBEINUOB AN HJHO DHUFIH No jbs prim primnr nrbs bs aíhs an cuoi cuoib, b,  Hjho Dhrfíh Dhrfíh   nm nmpr prno noai aiö ö uo vihcn vihcn h Ithjih Ithjih.. Unhjizö uoh pri primnr mnrh h nsf nsfhjh hjh no Fbj Fbjbme bmeih ih y uoh snduo snduoah ah no Mharia Mharia,, no aöoan sn notrnvistö fbo nj prnsianotn prnsia notn anj dbeinro dbeinrob, b, @njipn Dbozèjnz Dbozèjnz,, h quino jn trhosmitiö su prnbfuphfiöo pbr jh `iohofihfiöo an jh anuah ienrbhmnrifhoh, su hpbyb hj Drupb Fbothabrh y Fbothabrh y h jh prnsianofih an Ahoinj Brtndh Brtndh no  no Oifhrhduh Oifhrhduh.. Nj 5; an cuj cujib, ib, Dhrfíh houof houofiö iö qun su pri primnr mnr dheio dheiontn ntn nsthr nsthríh íh iot iotndr ndrhab hab pbr Juis Hjvh Fhstrb   fbmb [rnsianotn anj Fbosncb an Mioistrbs y no nj Mioistnrib an Nfbobmíh y Fhstrb @iohozhs< anj mismb mbab, houofiö h jbs btrbs mioistrbs y rnmhrfö qun  Hjjho Thdonr   (uo (uo ioanpnoainotn) bfuphríh jh fhrtnrh an Unjhfibons Nxtnribrns y qun Fhrjbs Ejhofhs (uo anmöfrhth-fristihob) snríh su Mioistrb an Qrhehcb. Jh fnr fnrnmb nmboih oih an trh trhosm osmisi isiöo öo an mho mhoab ab sn rnhji rnhjizö zö nj abmiodb abmiodb   57 an cujib cujib   an 897> 897>,, sn fbotö fbo jh prnsnofih an jbs prnsianotns Uhój Hj`bosío Hj`bosío an  an Hrdnotioh  Hrdnotioh,, Gnroèo Vijns Suhzb an Ebjivih Ebjivih,, Enjishrib Enthofburt Enthofburt an  an Fbjbmeih Fbjbmeih,, Oifbjès Hraitb Ehrjntth Ehrjntth an  an [hohmè, [hohmè, Vhjvhabr  Cbrdn Ejhofb  Ejhofb  an Unpóejifh Abmioifhoh  Abmioifhoh  y Cujib Mhríh Vhoduiontti Vhoduiontti   an ^ruduhy ^ruduhy;% an jbs vbtbs nmitiabs y mès an jh mitha an jbs vbtbs vèjiabs. Nj abmiodb 81 an herij an 897>, no mnaib an uo fbotnxtb an frisis nfboömifh y vibjnofih pbjítifh, sn anshrrbjjhrbo jhs njnffibons prnsianofihjns, jhs fuhjns rnprnsnothrbo nj quiotb prbfnsb njnftbrhj fbosnfutivb anj [nró. Hjho Dhrfíh, fbo 60 høbs, dhoö jbs fbmifibs njnftbrhjns fbo nj >6,8% an vbtbs vèjiabs, jbdrhoab h su vnz dhohr, pbr primnrh vnz no jh gistbrih, no tbabs jbs aistritbs an jh fhpithj, fbovirtiéoabsn hanmès no jh primnrh `unrzh ohfibo ohf ibohj. hj. Vi ein eino o Dhrf Dhrfíh íh hjf hjfhoz hozö ö nj >6, >6,8% 8% an jbs vbtbs vèjia vèjiabs, bs, jbs vbtbs nmiti nmitiabs abs rnprnsnothrbo nj 10%, pbr jb qun nrh onfnshrih, an hfunrab h jh obrmhtivh no prbfnsbs njnftbrhjns, uoh snduoah vunjth. Vio nmehrdb, Hj`bosb Ehrrhotns, fhoaiahtb an Izquinrah ^oiah (I^), rnouofiö h su phrtifiphfiöo no jh snduoah vunjth, mbtivb pbr nj fuhj Hjho Dhrfíh `un obmerhab [rnsianotn an jh Unpóejifh. Ns impbrthotn snøhjhr qun, rnspnftb an jhs njnffibons anj 87 an mhyb an 897;, no nj qun nj fhoaiahtb pbr nj H[UH `un Hrmhoab Pijjhounvh anj Fhmpb, sn jbdrö fhsi aupjifhr nj pbrfnothcn an vbtbs (54,1%). An nsth mhonrh,, h fhsi fiofun mhonrh fiofunoth oth høbs an su frnhf frnhfiöo, iöo, nj [hrti [hrtiab ab Hpristh [nruhob ([H[) jjndö hj pbanr y fbo mhybríh hesbjuth no nj Fbodrnsb an jh Unpóejifh.

 

Jhs njnffibons muoifiphjns an 8970 sn jjnvhrbo h fheb nj abmiodb 9 an obvinmern, no mnaib an mufghs irrndujhriahans qun dnonrhrbo uoh snoshfiöo an ansfbo`ihozh no jh pbejhfiöo rnspnftb an sus rnsujthabs `iohjns. Jundb an fhsi abs mnsns an anmbrh, no aifinmern an 8970, sn prnsnothrbo jbs rnsujthabs b`ifihjns, ahoab fbmb dhohabr h Cbrdn Anj Fhstijjb, Fhstijjb, rnprns rnprnsnothoa nothoab b hj [hrti [hrtiab ab Hprist Hpristh h [nruho [nruhob, b, nj fuhj tnoíh, bevih bevihmnotn mnotn,, hpbyb heinrtb anj dbeinrob. Nj snduoab judhr jb bfupö Hj`bosb Ehrrhotns Jiodèo, an Izquinrah ^oiah, quino yh gheíh siab hjfhjan an Jimh no 8976 y fhoaiahtb h jh prnsianofih no jbs prbfnsbs njnftbrhjns an 897>. Nj tnrfnr judhr jb bfupö Juis Enabyh Unyns, jíanr anj [hrtiab [bpujhr Fristihob ([[F), quino yh gheíh siab abs vnfns hjfhjan an Jimh aurhotn jh aéfhah an jbs snsnoth, hanmès an fhoaiahtb h jh [rnsianofih an jh Unpóejifh no 897>, fbmb Enabyh Unyns.

NJ [UBEJNMH AN JH AN^AH NWQNUOH @un aurhotn nj dbeinrob mijithr an Cuho Pnjhsfb Hjvhrhab Hjvhrhab (8907-894>)  (8907-894>) no qun jh anuah nxtnroh frnfiö no uo oivnj hjhrmhotn, aneiab no phrtn h jh mhsivh fbmprh an hrmhmnotb sbviétifb, qun fbovirtiö pbr notbofns hj [nró no uoh pbtnofih mijithr no jh sue-rndiöo. Nj dbei dbeinr nrob ob miji mijith thrr an @rhofisfb Mbrhjns Enrmóanz Enrmóanz   (894>-897;) tuvb qun rnondbfihr jh anuah, anu ah, hfn hfnpth pthoab oab jhs snv snvnrh nrhss fbo fboaif aifibo ibons ns qun imp impusi usinrb nrbo o nj @MI y jbs hfr hfrnna nnabrn brnss iotnro iot nrohfi hfiboh bohjns jns.. No nj snd snduoa uoab b dbe dbeinr inrob ob fbo fbosti stituf tufibo ibohj hj an @nrohoab @nrohoab Enjhóoan Enjhóoan Qnrry (897;-897>), jh situhfiöo fbotiouö hdrhvèoabsn, thotb hsí qun no 8971, nj [nró ancö an ghfnr hjduobs hjduobs phdbs, huoq huoqun un mhotnoi mhotnoinoab noab sinmpr sinmprn n su vbjuotha an phdhr. Nsb sí, sn piaiö hj @MI snr mès `jnxiejn no nj fberb an jbs iotnrnsns y hmbrtizhfibons, nxidinoab pjhzbs mès jhrdbs y rnehch an thshs. An jbs 8; mij mijjbons an aöjhrns qun sn aneíh no 897; fbmb gnrnofih anj rédimno mijithr, sn njnvö h 81 mij mijjbons no cujib an 897>. Qhj nrh jh situhfiöo hj mbmnotb no qun hsumiö nj pbanr nj dbeinrob hpristh. No jbs pri primnr mnrbs bs aíh aíhss anj dbein dbeinrob rob,, nj mio mioist istrb rb an Nfb Nfbobm obmíh, íh, Juis Hjvh Fhstrb, Fhstrb, siduinoab jh pbjítifh pbjíti fh trhzhah pbr Dhrfíh, houofiö qun sn htnoan htnoanríh ríh nj phdb an jh anuah nxtnroh sio shfri`ifhr mès hj punejb y sio hfnpthr jhs fboaifibons prbpunsths pbr nj @boab Mbonthrib Iotnrohfibohj.. Iotnrohfibohj No snptinmern an 897>, Dhrfíh vihcö h jbs Nsthabs ^oiabs phrh prnsnothrsn no jh  Hshmejnh an jh Brdhoizhfiöo an jhs Ohfibons ^oiahs ^oiahs   no Ounvh Ybrl, aboan aib uo ai aisf sfur ursb sb mn mnmb mbrh rhej ejn. n. Hjjí Hjjí rn rnh` h`ir irmö mö su vbju vbjuot otha ha an an anst stio iohr hr sb sbjb jb nj 8; 8;% % an jh jhss nxpbrthfibons pnruhoh fbmb hmbrtizhfiöo an jh anuah nxtnroh. [nrb gizb mès3 hmnohzö fbo rntirhr hj [nró an jh brdhoizhfiöo si nj sistnmh iotnrohfibohj ob nrh rn`brmhab y anchrh an snrvir sbjb h jbs iotnrnsns an uo sbjb phís (nstb ns, jbs Nsthabs ^oiabs). Nsth pbsifiöo, fbo jb qun prntnoaíh h tbahs jufns hsumir uo jianrhzdb tnrfnrmuoaisth, jn vhjiö uoh nxpbsifiöo mnaiètifh h oivnj iotnrohfibohj3 nj Onw Ybrl Qimns Qimns jn  jn anaifö uo titujhr h fiofb fbjumohs, y no jh primnrh snmhoh an bftuern an 897>, jh rnvisth Onwswnnl Onwswnnl   jb fhji`ifö fbmb fbm b jh nst nstrnj rnjjh jh pbj pbjíti ítifh fh mès impbr impbrtho thotn tn qun nmnrdn no Hmérif Hmérifh h Jht Jhtioh ioh ansan Cuho

 

Abmiodb [nröo. [nröo. No aifinmern, aifgh rnvisth fbjbfö h Dhrfíh notrn jhs ainz pnrsbohjiahans mès ansthfhahs anj muoab. No obvinmern an 897>, Dhrfíh hsistiö h jh Hshmejnh eihouhj an jh @HB @HB   no Ubmh Ubmh,, no aboan tuvb h su fhrdb jh aisnrthfiöo no mnmbrih an MfAbudhjj. No nj aisfursb rnh`irmö su tnsis an jh anuah nxtnroh, hfusö hj @boab Mbonthrib Iotnrohfibohj Iotnrohfibohj an  an snr nj fhushotn fhushotn an jh frisis hjimnothrih no nj tnrfnr muoab y houofiö qun nj [nró brinothríh su nfbobmíh h jh sustitufiöo an jbs prbauftbs hjimnothribs nxtrhocnrbs pbr prbpibs. pr bpibs. Ohturhjmnotn, jbs phísns anj bren sbfihjisth shjuahrbo fbmpjhfiabs hqunjjh prbpunsth muy htrnviah. No fhmeib, nj @MI anfjhrö hj [nró phís ‚ionjndiejn” (ns anfir, ob prbpnosb h fréaitb) n ‚iosbjvnotn”. Jh mhrdiohfiöo anj [nró an jh fbmuoiaha `iohofinrh iotnrohfibohj trhnrí trh nríh h drh drhvns vns fbo fbosnf snfuno unofih fihs, s, trhtèo trhtèoabs absn n an uo phís phís fbo urd urdnot notns ns onf onfnsi nsiaha ahans ns an `iohofihminotb n iovnrsiöo nxtrhocnrh. Dhrfíh ehsö su fhmphøh prnsianofihj no jh anouofih anj mbanjb nfboömifb an jiern mnrf mn rfha hab b hp hpjijifh fhab ab pb pbrr En Enjh jhóo óoan an,, no jh mb mbrh rhjijizh zhfi fiöo öo an jh ha hami mioi oist strh rhfi fiöo öo pó póej ejif ifh, h, nsfnohrib an prèftifhs fbrrupths, y no nj fbmehtn noérdifb h jh iosurdnofih hrmhah anj drupb dru pb mh mhbí bíst sth h Vn Vnoa oanr nrb b Ju Jumi miob obsb sb,, qun qun gheí gheíh h io ioif ifih ihab ab su suss hf hffi fibo bons ns du dunr nrri rijjjjnr nrhs hs y tnrrbrisths no jh rndiöo an Hyhfufgb custb fuhoab nj phís rnfberheh jh anmbfrhfih. Vu hmistha pnrsbohj fbo nj notbofns prnsianotn anj Dbeinrob nsphøbj, @njipn Dbozèjnz Dbozèjnz,, y jhs fbmphrhfibons trhzhahs notrn nj "ounvb" H[UH y nj [VBN an Nsphøh, qun gheíh dhohab uoh rbtuoah mhybríh no 8975 izhoab jhs ehoanrhs anj fhmeib y jh trhos`brmhfiöo anj phís nurbpnb, hsí fbmb fbo jh Hffiöo Anmbfrètifh an Pnonzunjh, qun nrh nj phrtiab sbfihjanmöfrhth fbo mès éxitb njnftbrhj an tbah Hmérifh, fbotrieuynrbo h mbjanhr jh imhdno an mbanro mbanroiaha iaha y prbdrn prbdrnsismb sismb pnrsndu pnrsnduiah iah pbr nj airid airidnotn notn pnruhob. Nj fhoaiahtb fhoaiahtb iosistíh no qun nj H[UH gheíh anchab an snr uo phrtiab snfthrib phrh fbovnrtirsn no uoh `unrzh `un rzh iot iotnrf nrfjhs jhsist isth h an hut hutéot éotifh ifh aim aimnos nosiöo iöo ohf ohfibo ibohj. hj. Ob ghe gheíh íh nj mnobr mnobr nsp nspíri íritu tu an rnvhofgh, siob ansnbs an fbofbraih y uoiaha. ^oh an jhs prbfjhmhs mès sbfbrriahs aurh aurhot otn n jh fhmp fhmphø høh h `u `un n jh qu qun n pr prbm bmnt ntíh íh uo Db Dbei einr nrob ob ph phrh rh tb tbab abss jb jbss pn pnru ruho hobs bs.. Jh cbrohah njnftbrhj anj 81 an herij an 897>, ebifbtnhah pbr jbs snoanrisths fbo uoh snrin an htnothabs y shebthcns iotimiahtbribs, rnsujtö abejnmnotn gistörifh phrh nj [nró pbrqun trhcb thotb nj primnr rnjnvb anmbfrètifb ansan 891> (fuhoab jh sufnsiöo an Mhounj [rhab ^dhrtnfgn pbr Cbsé Juis Eusthmhotn Uivnrb) fbmb jh fboquisth anj pbanr pbr nj phrtiab qun sinmprn gheíh bstnothab nj mhybr prbthdboismb pbjítifb y qun nrh nj mès hotidub an phís, pnrb qun an uoh u btrh mhonrh sinmprn gheíh vistb `rustrhah hqunjjh hmeifiöo. Ghyh an jh Qbrrn gheíh nsthab h puotb an snr prnsianotn no jhs njnffibons an 8905, fuyh primnrh vunjth dhoö h Enjhóoan Qnrry, pnrb jh irrupfiöo dbjpisth an jhs @unrzhs Hrmhahs ansehrhtö

hqunj

prbfnsb.

 

56 høbs anspu anspués, és, Dhrfíh hfhphrö nj 1>,4% an jbs vbtbs nmitia nmitiabs bs (nj >6,8% an jbs vbtbs vèjiabs, vèjia bs, nxfjuy nxfjuynoab noab h jbs ejhofbs y oujbs), nstb ns, mès anj abejn qun jbs betnoiabs pbr  su iomnaihtb rivhj, nj mhrxisth y hjfhjan an Jimh Hj`bosb Ehrrhotns Jiodèo, qun fbofurríh pbr jh fbhjifiöo Izquinrah ^oiah (I^). No tnrfnr judhr, qunaö nj pbpujhr fristihob Juis Enabyh Unyns, pbr jh Fbovnrdnofih Anmbfrètifh, y no uo gumijjhotn fuhrtb punstb nj fhoaiahtb anj b`ifihjismb, Chvinr Hjvh Brjhoaioi. Jh nstrnpitbsh anrrbth anj hffibpbpujisth tnstimboiö nj drhab an ansfbotnotb qun jh dnstiöo anj sberib y sb`istifhab Enjhóoan, pbr jb anmès uo nsthaisth an impnfhejn pnaidrí anmbfrètifb y gborhab h fhrth fhehj, gheíh fbofithab no nj njnftbrhab. Hj ob hjfhozhr nj prnfnptivb >;% an jbs su`rhdibs, Dhrfíh aneíh aisputhr uoh snduoah vunjth fbo Ehrrhotns, pnrb nstn, fbovnofiab an qun ob pbaíh dhohr, sn rntirö anj prbfnsb fbo nj `io, sndóo su anfjhrhfiöo, an ob prbjbodhr mès jh iofnrtiaumern pbjítifh. Xunaö hsí nxpnaitb nj fhmiob phrh qun nj 8 an cuoib nj hpristh `unrh prbfjhmhab prnsianotn njnftb an jh Unpóejifh pbr nj Fbosncb Ohfibohj Njnftbrhj y nj 57 an  cujib iohudurhrh su mhoahtb quioqunohj, no uoh fnrnmboih h jh qun ieho h hsistir snis prnsianotns jhtiobhmnrifhobs. Aíhs hotns, nj 86 y nj 81 an cujib, Dhrfíh shfö hanjhotn uoh trhos`brmhfiöo an jh cnrhrquíh anj H[UH qun supusb uo ounvb nquijierib an pbanr notrn su `hffiöo fnotristh y jhs hjhs izquinraisth y mbanrhah, fbo rn`unrzb mhoi`instb an jbs abs primnrbs drupbs. Jbs fhmeibs fbosistinrbo no jh frnhfiöo anj ounvb punstb fimnrb an prnsianotn anj phrtiab, qun Dhrfíh sn rnsnrvö phrh sí, y no jh phrtifiöo an jh Vnfrnthríh Dnonrhj no abs b`ifiohs an iaéotifb rhodb, rho db, pnr pnrb b fbo aisti aistiotb otbss fbm fbmnti ntiabs abs,, y sup supnai naitha thahs hs h jh [rnsia [rnsianof nofih, ih, no jhs qun sn snothrbo nj hgbrh snohabr Pijjhounvh anj Fhmpb y nj sioaifhjisth Juis Ondrnirbs Frihab. [br jb anmès, Dhrfíh hrrhofheh su mhoahtb prnsianofihj hpbyhab no jh fbo`brthejn mhybríh betnoiah pbr su phrtiab no jbs abs gnmififjbs anj Fbodrnsb3 88; nsfhøbs sbern 87; no jh Fèmhrh an Aiputhabs y 65 nsfhøbs sbern 0; no nj Vnohab. Jbs punstbs an pri primn mnrr mioi mioist strb rb y mi mioi oist strb rb an Nf Nfbo bobm bmíh íh y @ioh @iohoz ozhs hs `u `unrb nrbo o ph phrh rh Ju Juis is Hjvh Hjvh Fh Fhst strb rb,, nfbobmisth anj phrtiab y prnsianotn an jh Fbmisiöo Ohfibohj anj [jho an Dbeinrob (FBOH[ (FB OH[JHO JHO). ). Hjv Hjvh h Fhs Fhstrb trb sim simujt ujthon honö ö sus fhr fhrdbs dbs due duenro nrohmn hmnoth othjns jns fbo jh Vnd Vnduoa uoah h Pifnprnsianofih an jh Unpóejifh, phrh jh qun gheíh siab njndiab fbmb iotndrhotn an jh `örmujh nofhenzhah pbr su cn`n an `ijhs. Fhrjbs Ejhofhs Eusthmhotn, airidnotn anj [hrtiab Anmöfrhth Fristihob ([AF), `un obmerhab mioistrb an Qrhehcb. Nj, fbo 60 høbs, mès cbvno mhoahthrib fbostitufibohj no jh gistbrih anj [nró fbmnozö su  Hamioistrhfiöo fbo uobs íoaifns an pbpujhriaha muy njnvhabs, iduhjmnotn sio prnfnanotns, hdjutiohoab jhs nspnrhozhs an uoh pbejhfiöo fhstidhah pbr jhs pbjítifhs an hcustn nfboömifb y pbr uoh vibjnofih hjhrmhotn an jh qun nrho rnspboshejns thotb jbs drupbs iosurdnotns fbmb jhs `unrzhs an snduriaha anj Nsthab. Nj phís su`ríh uoh frisis mès `iohofinrh qun prbauftivh, fbo nj aöjhr fbtizhoab h 85.;;; sbjns y jh io`jhfiöo

 

mhrfhoab uoh thsh iotnrhouhj anj 56;%. Hanmès, nj ansnmpjnb h`nftheh h jh tnrfnrh phrtn an jh pbejhfiöo hftivh.  Hj priofipib, Dhrfíh h`rbotö jbs nmehtns an jh dunrrijjh fbo èoimb fbofijihabr. Frnö uoh Fbmisiöo an [hz nofhrdhah an vnjhr pbr jbs Anrnfgbs Gumhobs y an mnaihr notrn jhs @unrzhs Hrmhahs y Vnoanrb Jumiobsb, pnrb jh impuoiaha pnrsistnotn no jbs heusbs y nxhffibons an uobs y an btrbs prnfipitö nj ohu`rhdib, pbr jh aimisiöo an sus minmerbs, an nstn ördhob rnprnsnothti rnprnsnothtivb vb an jh sbfinaha fivi fivijj nj 4 an cujib an 8970. Hotns y anspués, nj Dbeinrob sn vib bejidhab h rnobvhr pnriöaifhmnotn jbs nsthabs an nmnrdnofih no jbs anphrthmnotbs mès fbo`jiftivbs y ghsth no jh prbpih Jimh. Finrthmnotn, jh trufujnoth brdhoizhfiöo mhbísth ob prnstö bíab h oioduoh `örmujh an hphfiduhminotb y rnabejö sus hthq hthqun unss h io iost sthj hjhf hfib ibon onss an sumi sumioi oist strb rb no nonr nrdé détitifb fb,, ob ah ahoa oab b tr trnd nduh uh h jh ou ounv nvh h  Hamioistrhfiöo. [br btrb jhab, jhs anstitufibons pbr Dhrfíh an hjtbs mhoabs pbjifihjns y mijithrns `unrbo viofujhahs thotb hj ansnb an fbmehtir jh vibjnofih ansan nj Nsthab an anrnfgb fbmb h fnrfnohr jhs rhmi`ifhfibons anj ohrfbtrè`ifb, qun gheího pnontrhab no jhs iostitufibons hrmhahs. Viornfieiö nmehrdb, jh aispbsifiöo h hfnrfhr h jh fuhoab dunrrijjhuobs h uo prbfnsb ondbfihabr nj dbjpn an drhfihanj nj Dbeinrob 89 an cuoib an 8970, mbtions simujtèonbs an prnsbs snoanrisths no jbs pnohjns an Juridhofgb, Nj @rbotöo y Vhoth Eèrehrh `unrbo sb`bfhabs eruthjmnotn pbr jh Duhraih Unpuejifhoh y nj Ncérfitb. Jbs hshjtbs an jhs `unrzhs anj brano tuvinrbo uo ehjhofn an 517 rnfjusbs munrtbs, mufgbs an njjbs ncnfuthabs sumhrihmnotn. Jh ansmnsurhah rnprnsiöo, no jh qun Dhrfíh, oi notbofns oi anspués, hfnptö tnonr  oioduoh rnspbosheijiaha pbjítifh, tuvb mhybr rnpnrfusiöo iotnrohfibohj pbr prbaufirsn no jh víspnrh anj WPII Fbodrnsb an jh Iotnrohfibohj Vbfihjisth (an jh qun nj H[UH nrh minmerb), nj primnrb brdhoizhab no uo phís an Hmérifh Jhtioh, y anj qun Dhrfíh nspnrheh anfjhrhfibons an hpbyb h su dnstiöo. Nj nofunotrb, fnjnerhab anj 5; hj 56 an cuoib no Jimh, qunaö anvhjuhab hj ob hsistir oiodóo mhoahthrib no hftivb hjndhoab rhzbons an snduriaha. Fbo tbab, jhs frítifhs iotnrohfibohjns pbr jh mhshfrn fhrfnjhrih tuvinrbo mnobs rnpnrfusibons iotnrohs qun jh bjnhah an rnprnshjihs anshthah pbr Vnoanrb Jumiobsb, qun iofjuy iof juyö ö not notrn rn sus bec becnti ntivbs vbs tnr tnrrbr rbrist isths hs h airidn airidnotn otnss pbjíti pbjítifbs fbs y hf hftiv tivist isths hs sbf sbfihj ihjns, ns, fbovnrtiabs no víftimhs an hsnsiohtbs snjnftivbs. Nj 88 an bftuern an 8970 nj prbpib Dhrfíh nsfhpö ijnsb an uo htnothab no Cujihfh. No nj anjifhab fhpítujb jh an anuah nxtnroh, fi`rhah notbofns no jbs 86.;;; mijjbons an aöjhrns y fuyb rnnmebjsb jhstrheh jhs pbsieijiahans anj anshrrbjjb ohfibohj, Dhrfíh ancö eino h jhs fjhrhs ansan nj priofipib qun jhs fbotnmpbrizhfibons ob `idurheho no su hdnoah. Yh aurhotn jh fhmphøh njnftbrhj gheíh siab nxpjífitb no su rnfghzb h jh `ijbsb`íh anj @MI, fuyh "baibsh y pnrcuaifihj mnaihfiöo sbjb enon`ifih h quinons gho gnfgb an jh

 

ansiduhja ansidu hjaha ha uo hxi hxibmh bmh", ", hsn hsndur durö. ö. Jun Jundb, db, no su pri primnr mnr mnosh mnoshcn cn h jh ohf ohfiöo iöo fbmb prnsianotn titujhr, Dhrfíh nxpjifö qun nj [nró tnoíh jh `irmn vbjuotha an ghfnr gbobr h sus fbmprbmisbs iotnrohfibohjns y an hebohr h sus hfrnnabrns jb hanuahab, pnrb, punstb qun ob tnoíh su`ifinotn fhphfiaha an phdb, nj phís ob ieh h anstiohr hj snrvifib an jh anuah anu ah mès anj 8;% an sus iodrn iodrnsbs sbs no aiv aivish ishss prb prbvno vnoino inotns tns an jh nxp nxpbrt brthfi hfiöo, öo, oi thmpbfb h hfhthr jbs aiftèmnons anj @MI, prn`irinoab jhs ondbfihfibons airnfths y fhsb pbr fhsb fbo dbeinrobs y ehofbs. No jbs aíhs siduinotns, Dhrfíh houofiö jh rnvisiöo an jbs enon`ifibs an jhs drhoans nmprnshs y an jbs fbotrhtbs an nxpjbthfiöo fbo jhs `irmhs nxtrhocnrhs, hsí fbmb jh rnstriffiöo an jhs hftiviahans mbobpbjístifhs. No hdbstb an 897> nj Dbeinrob hpjifö uo primnr phquntn hotifrisis fuyhs priofiphjns mnaiahs `unrbo3 uoh mbrhtbrih an snis mnsns no jbs phdbs iotnrohfibohjns anj [nró< uoh anvhjuhfiöo anvhju hfiöo mbont mbonthrih hrih anj 85% h phrtir an jh `ichfiöo anj tipb b`ifihj an fhmeib anj sbj an brb fbo rnspnftb h jh ounvh mbonah iotrbaufiah iotrbaufiah nj 8 an `nernrb, nj ioti, h rhzöo an 8.;;; sbjns pbr ioti, y an éstn no rnjhfiöo h jh mbonah nsthabuoianosn h rhzöo an 8;,9 iotis pbr  aöjhr (jh trhosifiöo anj sbj hj ioti ieh h snr drhauhj y ob fbofjuyö ghsth nj vnrhob an 8974)< jh fbodnjhfiöo an jbs prnfibs an jbs einons y jbs snrvifibs, nxfnptuhoab jbs anrivhabs anj pntröjnb, qun nxpnrimnotheho jnvns hjzhs< snvnrhs aispbsifibons fbotrh jh nvhsiöo `isfhj< y sueiahs fbotrbjhahs an jbs shjhribs míoimbs. Nj nxpj nxpjbs bsiv ivb b ho houo uofi fib b an jh mb mbrht rhtbri brih h sber sbern n nj sn snrv rvif ifib ib anj anj aéei aéeitb tb nx nxtn tnro rob b dn dnon onrö rö nxpnfthfiöo no tbab nj gnmis`nrib, no mhybr b mnobr drhab hodustihab pbr nj abdhj an jh anua anuah, h, y an ansh shtö tö uoh uoh fhsf fhsfha hah h an rnhf rnhffi fibo bons ns io iotn tnro rohf hfib iboh ohjn jnss an ai aivn vnrs rsb b tb tbob ob.. Jh pbpujhriaha anj prnsianotn pnruhob notrn jbs snftbrns prbdrnsisths an Hmérifh Jhtioh sn iofrnmnotö fuhoab no snptinmern siduinotn havirtiö ansan jh trieuoh an jh Hshmejnh Dnonrhj an jh BO^ qun, si nj @MI ob habptheh rn`brmhs no nj sistnmh mbonthrib y nj rnphrtb an jh jiquianz muoaihj, [nró rnfbosianrhríh jh pnrtnonofih h nstn brdhoismb. Impjíf Imp jífith ithmno mnotn, tn, Dhr Dhrfíh fíh nxg nxgbrt brtö ö h jbs anm anmès ès dbe dbeinr inrobs obs jht jhtiob iobhmn hmnrif rifhob hobss h qun sn rnenjhrho fbotrh jhs fboaifibons anj phdb an sus anuahs, uo jjhmhab qun ieh h fhnr no shfb rbtb. No nj mismb aisfursb sn rn`iriö hj prbejnmh anj ohrfbtrè`ifb, qun nomhrfö no uoh aioèmifh an b`nrth an jbs phísns qun, fbmb nj suyb, nrho prbauftbrns, nstimujhah pbr  jh anmhoah an jbs phísns rifbs anj obrtn, fbo Nsthabs ^oiabs h jh fhenzh. Jhs tirhotnfns fbo Nsthabs ^oiabs tbmhrbo uo fhriz snrib nj 54 an aifinmern an 897> fbo jh anfisiöo anj Dbeinrob an ohfibohjizhr jh fbmphøíh Enjfb [ntrbjnum, qun bpnrheh no jh pjhth`brmh fbotionothj `rnotn h jh fbsth snptnotribohj pnruhoh, pbr ob hffnanr h jhs ounvhs fboaifibons phrh rnobvhrjn nj fbotrhtb an nxpjbthfiöo. Nj hotnribr fbotrhtb, qun btbrdheh h jh fbmphøíh nxnofibons `isfhjns fbo hrrndjb h jh anobmiohah Jny Lufzyosli, prbmujdhah pbr Enjhóoan no 897; y hgbrh anrbdhah, nstheh rnsfioaiab ansan `iohjns an hdbstb hdb stb.. Jhs ond ondbfi bfihfi hfibons bons fbo btr btrhs hs pnt pntrbj rbjnrh nrhss nst nsthab habuoi uoianos anosns ns sí tnrmio tnrmiohrbo hrbo no hfunrab, hsí qun nj Dbeinrob sn duhraö an nxprbpihrjhs. [br btrb jhab, h fbminozbs an

 

snptinmern nj Ncnfutivb pusb no mhrfgh 69 mifrbrrndibons fbo jbs `ions an iofrnmnothr jh fhphfiaha prbauftivh y nj nmpjnb no zbohs an anshrrbjjb nspnfihjmnotn ehcb. 8970 `un uo høb an frisphfibons qun fboshdrhrbo nj aivbrfib notrn nj Dbeinrob pnruhob y jbs brdhoismbs `iohofinrbs iotnrohfibohjns, fuyh hsistnofih nrh vithj phrh uo phís no anshrrbjjb anshrr bjjb fbo uoh nstru nstrufturh fturh muy aéeij. [nrb Dhrfíh hóo tnoíh an su phrtn h jh mhybríh an jh sbfinaha, qun fbotiouö hpbyhoab pbr uo tinmpb su nstijb noérdifb y sus anspjhotns, fbo`brmhoab jb qun éj mismb fhji`ifheh an "pbjítifh an rnsistnofih hj impnrihjismb". Jh prnosh ohfibohj jn noaijdö uo mbtn qun notbofns pbaíh rnsujthrjn ghjhdhabr pnrb fuyb rnfunrab høbs mès thran ob jn ieh h prbaufir hdrhab3 Fhehjjb jbfb. Nj rnfghzb anj hjduoh vnz thmeiéo jjhmhab jjhmhab no`hot tnrriejn an Hmérifh Jhtioh h habpthr jhs rnfnths onbjienrhjns prnsfriths phrh prbfnanr hj rnnsfhjbohminotb an jh frnfinotn anuah nxtnroh fujmioö nj 8> an hdbstb an 8970, fbiofiainoab fbo nj vnofiminotb an uoh phrtiah an anuah an 87; mijjbons an aöjhrns, fbo jh anfjhrhfiöo anj [nró pbr nj @MI fbmb  phís ionjndiejn, jb qun no jh prèftifh hfhrrnö jh iotnrrupfiöo an jbs fréaitbs thotb anj @MI fbmb anj Ehofb Muoaihj y nj Ehofb Iotnrhmnrifhob an Anshrrbjjb (EIA). Dhrfíh Dhr fíh rnh rnhffi ffiboö boöéxitbs `rn `rnotn otn nsth h rnp rnpnrf nrfusi usiöo ond ondhti htivh vh an pbjíti pbjítifh fh iot iotnrv nrvnof iboist isth h an`noainoab jbs an hsunst primnr høb anöo dnstiöo thotb no su jh jufgh fbotrh jhnofibo io`jhfiöo, qun `un rnehchah hj 0;% houhj, fbmb no nj nstímujb nstímujb anj frnfi frnfiminotb minotb,, qun rnebtö hj 7,>% anj [IE, jh thsh mès hjth anj fbotionotn. Qhmeiéo, ansthfö jh hprbehfiöo an mnaiahs `hvbrhejns h jbs trhehchabrns, fbmb jh jny an nstheijiaha jhebrhj, qun suprimíh nj pnríbab an pruneh an trns høbs phrh jbs `irmhotns an primnr fbotrhtb, nj @boab an Unhftivhfiöo  Hdrbpnfuhrih, qun aispnosö dnonrbsbs fréaitbs h jbs fhmpnsiobs phrh nj humnotb an jh supnr`ifin fujtivhah y nj iofrnmnotb an jhs fbsnfghs, y jhs sueiahs shjhrihjns pbr nofimh anj íoaifn an io`jhfiöo, jb qun n`nftivhmnotn mncbrö jh fhphfiaha an fbmprh an jbs enon`ifihab enon`i fihabs, s, hj prnfib prnfib,, nsb sí, an rnfur rnfurrir rir h jh nmisiöo iofbotrbj iofbotrbjhah hah an mbona mbonah, h, dnrmno an jh nspir nspirhj hj io`jhfib io`jhfibohrih ohrih an jbs høbs siduinotn siduinotns, s, y an hdrhvhr jbs aé`if aé`ifits its no jh tnsbrnríh anj Nsthab. Nj prnsianotn fbo`iheh no ehshr nj frnfiminotb an jh nfbobmíh `uoahmnothjmnotn no nj fbosumb iotnrob, sio rnfurrir hj fréaitb y h jhs iovnrsibons nxtrhocnrhs. Nrh nsth uoh shjiah pbpujisth an rndustb hutèrquifb qun tbpheh fbo uoh abejn rnhjiaha, iosbsjhyhejn, anj [nró3 jbs nsfhsbs rnfursbs prbpibs an uo phís no víhs an anshrrbjjb y nj njnvhab pbrfnothcn an pbejhfiöo hftivh snphrhah anj sistnmh prbauftivb y jh nfbobmíh `brmhj, eino eino pb pbrr nsth nsthrr no nj phrb, phrb, eino eino pb pbrr dh dhoh ohrs rsn n jh viah viah no jh jhss `jbr `jbrnf nfin inot otns ns nf nfbo bobm bmíh íhss sumnrd sum nrdiah iahs. s. Jhs air airnft nftrif rifns ns gntnrbabxhs  anj Dbeinrob hpristh ob `unrbo imithahs pbr  oiodóo btrb dbeinrob anj gnmis`nrib, pnrb no 8970 nj snotir ohfibohj nrh tbahvíh `hvbrhejn h jhs izquinra izquinrahs3 hs3 no jhs njnffibo njnffibons ns muoifiphj muoifiphjns ns anj 9 an obvinmern obvinmern nj H[UH sn hacuai hacuaifö fö uoh viftbrih hpjhsthotn y sn hsndurö jhs hjfhjaíhs an Jimh, Fuzfb y btrhs fiuahans priofiphjns.

 

Ioifih Ioif ihjm jmno notn tn,, Dh Dhrf rfíh íh hp hpjijifö fö uo uoh h pb pbjíjítitifh fh nf nfbo boöm ömif ifh h an fb fbrt rtb b pj pjhz hzb b fh fhjiji`i`ifh fhah ah an ‚gntnrbabxh”. Fbotheh hj rnspnftb fbo hsnsbrns izquinraisths. An mhonrh snofijjh, Dhrfíh nxpjifö su pjho3 [hrh nstheijizhr y ghfnr frnfnr jh nfbobmíh, nj puotb an phrtiah snríh humnothr nj fbosumb an jh pbejhfiöo. Nstb sn jbdrhríh mncbrhoab jbs shjhribs rnhjns an jbs trhehchabrns< fbo nj humnotb anj fbosumb, jhs nmprnshs y jbs prbauftbrns hdrhribs humnothrího sus vnoths, y njjb, h su vnz, iofiairíh no uo humnotb no jhs utijiahans, jb qun ghríh pbsiejn uo humnotb an jh iovnrsiöo, an jh prbauffiöo, an jbs punstbs an trhehcb y an jh rnfhuahfiöo `isfhj. Nj pjho phrnfíh jödifb, pnrb tnoíh uo puotb frítifb3 fbo`ihr no qun jbs nmprnshribs ob fhynrho no prèftifhs nspnfujhtivhs y rniovirtinrho sus dhohofihs no nj phís (jb fuhj ob bfurriríh). Jhs mnaiahs an fbrtb pjhzb `unrbo jhs siduinotns3  

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Vn humnothrbo jbs shjhribs rnhjns no uo 87%< Vn fbodnjhrbo jbs prnfibs an jbs hjimnotbs y jbs hjquijnrns hj vhjbr qun tnoího hj 54 an cujib an 897>< Vn rnaucnrbo jhs thshs an iotnrés ehofhrib an 57; h 88;%< Jh mbonah `un anvhjuhah no 85%< Vn rnehchrbo jbs prnfibs an jbs mhtnrihjns an fbostruffiöo y jbs mnaifhmnotbs< Vn fbotrbjö nj tipb an fhmeib `icèoabsn no 86.9;7 sbjns pbr aöjhr, iosthurèoabsn nj jjhmhab Mnrfhab Óoifb an Fhmeibs, M^F (pnrb surdiö h jh vnz uo mnrfhab phrhjnjb y jiern qun jjndö h fbtizhr nj aöjhr no 5;.;;; sbjns)< Jbs fnrti`ifhabs an aivishs qunahrbo fbodnjhabs pbr 9; aíhs (pnrb sn siduinrbo fbtizhoab no mbonah nxtrhocnrh)< Jhs thri`hs an njnftrifiaha y tnjé`bob sueinrbo no 5;%, pnrb sn houofiö qun pnrmhonfnrího fbodnjhahs ghsth `io an høb.

 Hj mismb tinmpb, sn nmprnoaiö uo prbdrhmh an nmpjnb mhsivb y an hpbyb frnaitifib h jh hdrifujturh. No uo fbminozb, jhs mnaiahs habpthahs ainrbo rnsujthabs pbsitivbs. Yh no sntinmern an 897>, jh io`jhfiöo io`jhfiöo ehcö h 6,> % (fbmphrhab fbo 85,> % no herij anj mismb høb). Ghfih nj snduoab trimnstrn an 8970, jh nfbobmíh aib snøhjns an fjhrh rnfupnrhfiöo. Jbs snftbrns qun anpnoaího an jh anmhoah iotnroh (mhou`hfturh, fbostruffiöo, hdrifujturh) frnfinrbo, ob hsí jbs snftbrns anaifhabs h jh nxpbrthfiöo (mionríh, pnsfh). No 8970, jh nfbobmíh frnfiö frn fiö 8; %. @un nj mhy mhybr br frnfi frnfimin minotb otb ansan jbs høbs >;< fbo njjb Dhrfíh Dhrfíh ais`r ais`rutö utö notbofns an uoh pbpujhriaha réfbra no Hmérifh no  Hmérifh Jhtioh Jhtioh (40%  (40% h `ions an 8970). Fuhoab jh fhphfiaha an dhstb anj nsthab `un hdbthah notbofns fbmnozhrbo mójtipjns prbejnmhs. Nj primnr prbejnmh `un qun, h pnshr an jh rnhftivhfiöo nfboömifh, nj Nsthab fhsi ob pnrfieíh mhybrns iodrnsbs. Btrb prbejnmh fbosistíh no qun, anspués anj drho frnfiminotb an 8970, jh fhphfiaha prbauftivh an jh mbansth ioaustrih ohfibohj nstheh jjndhoab h sus jímitns. Ghfího `hjth iovnrsibons phrh iosthjhr ounvhs fhphfiahans y hsí fbotiouhr fbo jh rnhftivhfiöo. [hrh njjb, nrh onfnshrib rnfurrir h iovnrsibons y présthmbs nxtrhocnrbs.

 

Jh pbfh fbo`ihozh an jh fiuahahoíh no jhs pbjítifhs nfboömifhs anj Dbeinrob fboaucb h qun, ghfih `ions an 8970, mufgbs fhmeihrbo sus iotis pbr aöjhrns tnminoab y, hj mismb tinmpb, bridiohoab uoh anvhjuhfiöo anj ioti. Nj phquntn an mnaiahs habpthahs pbr Dhrfíh iofjuíh nj fbodnjhminotb anj tipb an fhmeib ioti aöjhr. [nrb thj fbodnjhminotb tnoaíh h snr  hrti`ifihj no thotb jh anmhoah rnhj an iotis ieh pnrainoab fhah vnz mès tnrrnob `rnotn hj aöjhr. Nstn fhmeib sn vib rn`jnchab no jh thsh an fhmeib jiern, hqunjjh an jbs fhmeisths an jh fhjjn, phrhjnjh hj fhmeib b`ifihj. JBV EHJ EHJHOF HOFNV NV VBM VBMEUÍ EUÍBV BV ANJ [UI [UIMNU MNU X^I X^IOX^ OX^NOI NOIB B HJH HJHOI OIVQH VQH (89 (897>7>-899 899;)3 ;)3 GI[NUI GI[ NUIO@J O@JHFI HFIÖO, ÖO, ANV ANV[JB [JBMN MN AN JH NFB NFBOBM OBMÍH ÍH Y JH D^N D^NUU UUH H AN VNO VNOANU ANUB B J^MIOBVB sunrtn Jh sunrt n an fuhrth víh, oi onbjienrhj prbnsthabuoianosn, oi sbfihjisth h jh fuehoh, oi rnvbjufibohrib-mijithr hj nstijb anj vnjhsquismb, qun prnaifheh Dhrfíh sn hdbtö h bcbs visth no 8974. Jh pbjítifh an suesiaibs y jbs fréaitbs h iotnrés fnrb jjnvhrbo h jh quinerh h notiah not iahans ans `io `iohof hofinr inrhs hs póe póejif jifhs, hs, min minotr otrhs hs qun nj fbo fbotrb trbjj an jbs prn prnfib fibss fhu fhusö sö ahø ahøbs bs irrnphrhejns hj tnciab ioaustrihj an fhpithj privhab. Nj 57 an cujib an 8974, jh hodustibsh ijiquianz anj Nsthab h fhush an jh nvhsiöo `isfhj y jh nvhpbrhfiöo an jhs rnsnrvhs an aivishs nmpucö h Dhrfíh h houofihr h jh ohfiöo abs mnaiahs arhfboihohs3 no primnr judhr, jh ohf ohfibo ibohji hjizhf zhfiöo iöo,, fbo anr anrnfg nfgb b h ioa ioanmo nmoizh izhfiö fiöo, o, an tba tbahs hs jhs not notiah iahans ans eho ehofhr fhrihs ihs,, nxfnptb nxfnp tb jhs `ijihjns nxtrhocnrhs, nxtrhocnrhs, hméo an hjduohs hsndu hsndurhabrhs rhabrhs,, qun ob pnrtn pnrtnonfin onfinrho rho hj Nsthab< no snduoab judhr, jh prbgieifiöo an jhs bpnrhfibons an fhmeib an aivishs `unrh an jbs fhufns mnrfhotijns fbotrbjhabs pbr nj Nsthab. Jh iotnrvnofiöo an jh ehofh privhah `un obrmhjizhah pbr jh Jny 51456, qun custi`ifheh jhs nxprbpihfibons an jhs nmprnshs ehofhrihs, `iohofinrhs y an sndurbs pbr rnvnstir sus hftiviahans "iotnrés sbfihj y "ohfibohj". Jh jny `un shofibohah pbr jh Fèmhrh an Aiputhabs nj 59 an snpti snptinmern nmern fbo nj hpbyb an jh Izqui Izquinrah nrah ^oiah y notrö no vidbr nj 85 an bftuern no mn mnai aib b an uo uoh h no nobr brmn mn pb pbjé jémi mifh fh.. Ab Abss aí aíhs hs an ansp spué ués, s, nj Db Dbei einr nrob ob tb tbmö mö fb fbo o uo hphrhtbsb anspjindun an uoi`brmhabs nj fbotrbj `ísifb an jbs abs priofiphjns ehofbs privhabs anj phís, nj an Fréaitb y nj Tinsn. Vio nmehrdb, jhs ohfibohjizhfibons sn qunahrbo hgí, yh qun jh Jny 51456 `un impudohah pbr fbjnftivbs qun sn fbosianrheho pnrcuaifhabs y tbab nj prbfnsb qunaö no`hodhab no jbs trieuohjns an custifih. Dhrfíh sn an`noaíh an jbs qun jn hfusheho an impbonr jh aifthaurh nfboömifh y an qunerhr jbs priofipibs anj Nsthab jienrhj haufinoab qun sn trhtheh an fbotrbjhr jh mhsh mbon mb onth thri rih h fi firf rfuj ujho hotn tn,, an im impn pnai airr jh `u `udh dh an fh fhpi pith thjn jnss y an fn fnrf rfib ibrh rhrs rsn n an qu qun n jh jhss `iohofihfibons ehofhrihs sn airidinrho n`nftivhmnotn h prbynftbs an anshrrbjjb y ob h bpnrhfibons nspnfujhtivhs. Nj nmprnshrihab y jbs hffiboisths privhabs rnhffibohrbo no ejbqun fbotrh nj Dbeinrob hpristh, pnrb nstn sn nohcnoö thmeiéo nj hpbyb an jhs fjhsns mnaihs urehohs, qun vinrbo pnjidrhr su pbanr haquisitivb pbr nj humnotb imphrhejn an jh io`jhfiöo.

 

Nj dirb h jh izquinrah an Dhrfíh sn iotnrprntö fbmb uoh guiah ghfih anjhotn no uoh situhfiöo jímitn phrh su Hamioistrhfiöo, hfbshah ansan mójtipjns `rnotns, ójtimhmnotn thmeiéo pbr jbs sioaifhtbs, qun no mhyb an nstn høb fjhvn, 8974, fbovbfhrbo jh primnrh gunjdh dnonrhj an su mhoahtb. Nj 55 an cuoib aimitiö nj primnr mioistrb Hjvh Fhstrb, prbthd prb thdboi boizho zhoab ab jh pri primnr mnrh h an fio fiofb fb mua muahoz hozhs hs ios iostit titufi ufiboh bohjns jns rnj rnjhfi hfiboh bohahs ahs fbo jhs tnosibons pbjítifhs y nfboömifhs, huoqun Hjvh sn mhrfgheh thmeiéo fbo jh iotnofiöo an rnthr nj jianrhzdb an Dhrfíh no nj pröximb fbodrnsb anj phrtiab.  H mbab an fbmpnoshfiöo, `un iovnstiab prnsianotn an jh Fèmhrh an Aiputhabs. Ghsth nj `iohj anj mhoahtb, nj prnsianotn obmerö primnrbs mioistrbs sufnsivhmnotn h Duijjnrmb Jhrfb Fbx (50 an cuoib an 8974), hj vntnrhob Hrmhoab Pijjhounvh (84 an mhyb an 8977), hj thmeiéo gistörifb  anj hpr hprism ismb b Jui Juiss Hje Hjenrt nrtb b Vèo Vèofgn fgnz, z, fbo fbofur furrno rnotnm tnmnot notn n pri primnr  mnr  vifnprnsianotn an jh Unpóejifh (8> an mhyb an 8979), y an ounvb h Jhrfb Fbx (6; an snptinmern an 8979). 8974 hóo rndiströ uo frnfiminotb anj [IE anj 0%, pnrb nstn ahtb pbsitivb qunaö nfjipshab pbr ansehrhcustn no jhaíditbs, ehjhozhsinoab an phdbs, y, sbern pbr nj ansfbotrbj an 85;%. jh io`jhfiöo, qunnjrntbroö h jbs trns jh thsh phrhtbab, nj fbocuotb anj høb anj Jbs pnruhobs, qun gheího vistb hmhrdhmnotn anfnpfibohahs sus nspnrhozhs an phz y an prbspnriaha, nmpnzhrbo h su`rir nj anshehstnfiminotb an prbauftbs an primnrh onfnsiaha.  Hj fbmnozhr 8977 jh Hamioistrhfiöo an Dhrfíh phrnfíh phrhjizhah, iofhphz an fbocurhr jh fhtèstrb`n nfboömifh qun sn hvnfioheh. No snptinmern an 8977 nj Dbeinrob prnsiaiab pbr Pijjhounvh anj Fhmpb jhozö uo pjho an hcustn fbosistnotn no uoh anvhjuhfiöo anj ioti thj qun phsö h fbtizhr an 66 h 5>; uoiahans pbr aöjhr, jh njnvhfiöo mnaih an jbs prnfibs y jhs thri`hs no uo 6;;% y jh rnprivhtizhfiöo phrfihjj an jh ehofh, pnrb nj ehutizhab fbmb nj phqunt phrfih phqunthzb hzb `rhfhsö nstrnpitbshm nstrnpitbshmnotn3 notn3 nj fuhrtb høb anj Ncnfutivb hjihofisth sn shjaö fbo uoh thsh io`jhfibohrih anj 8.440%, uoh fbotrhffiöo nfboömifh anj 7%, uo aé`ifit fbmnrfihj an 0;; mijjbons an aöjhrns, uo shjab ondhtivb no jh funoth an rnsnrvhs an aivishs an 6>; mijjbons, anuah nxtnribr hfumujhah pbr vhjbr an 87.;;; mijjbons y uoh aismioufiöo mnaih anj pbanr haquisitivb an jbs trhehchabrns supnribr hj >;%. Ob besthotn, jh fbtizhfiöo b`ifihj, no jh fhjjn nj aöjhr sn phdheh yh h 4;; iotis. Notrn thotb, Vnoanrb Jumiobsb, qun pbr ebfh an su shoduiohrib jíanr, Heimhnj Duzmèo Unyobsb, anfjhrö su iotnofiöo an ob fnchr no su jufgh ghsth jh fboquisth anj pbanr  ohfibohj, htnrrbrizheh Jimh fbo sus phrbs hrmhabs y sus shebthcns fbotrh jíonhs an hjth tnosiö tno siöo, o, min minotr otrhs hs qun no jhs èrn èrnhs hs rur rurhjn hjnss fbm fbmphr phrtíh tíh hft hftivi iviaha ahans ns dun dunrri rrijjn jjnrhs rhs fbo nj mhrxisth Mbviminotb Unvbjufibohrib Qóphf Hmhru (MUQH), fuyb cn`n mèximb, Píftbr  [bjhy Fhmpbs, `un fhpturhab nj 81 an `nernrb an 8979, sufnsb qun sio nmehrdb ob

 

rnpnrfuti rnpnrf utiö ö no jbs oiv oivnjn njnss an vib vibjno jnofih fih sue suevnr vnrsiv sivh, h, vnr vnraha ahanrh nrhmno mnotn tn hs` hs`ixi ixihot hotn. n. An jbs nstr ns trhd hdbs bs ph phan anfi fiab abss pb pbrr jh jhss fb fbmu muoi oiah ahan anss ru rurh rhjn jnss ho hoai aioh ohss ob nr nrho ho hc hcno nobs bs hj hjdu duob obss minmerbs anj Ncérfitb, hutbrns an mhthozhs an fhmpnsiobs supunsthmnotn viofujhabs h jhs dunrrijjhs (fbmb jh mhshfrn an uoh trniotnoh an phishobs no nj punejb hyhfufghob an Fhyhrh no mhyb an 8977) y rnspboshejns an uoh situhfiöo an impuoiaha qun `hvbrnfiö jh hphr hp hrif ifiiöo an dru rupb pbss ph phrh rhm mijijiith thrn rnss ho hoèj èjbd bdbs bs h jb jbss ns nsfu fuha harb rbon onss an jh mun unrt rtn n fnotrbhmnrifhobs.  H`nfthab pbr uoh arhmètifh fhíah an pbpujhriaha, nj 84 an aifinmern an 8977 Dhrfíh aimitiö fbmb prnsianotn anj H[UH no nj hrrhoqun anj WPI Fbodrnsb anj phrtiab. Vu priofiphj frítifb iotnrob, Hjvh Fhstrb, sn hjzö fbo uoh viftbrih tbthj hj snr njndiab snfrnthrib dnonrhj óoifb no judhr anj eiobmib `brmhab pbr Pijjhounvh anj Fhmpb y Juis Ondrnirbs, y jundb jun db obm obmioh iohab ab fho fhoaia aiahtb htb prn prnsia sianof nofihj ihj anj H[U H[UH H phrh jhs njn njnffi ffibon bonss an 899 899;. ;. Nj vitupnrhab cn`n anj Nsthab tnoíh pbr anjhotn høb y mnaib an fhjvhrib, nj tinmpb qun jn qunaheh an mhoahtb. ^oh sbmeríh funoth htrès no jh qun jbs dbtnbs an ahtbs anj anshstrn nfboömifb sn sbjhphrbo h jbs rumbrns brh an rnouofih hotifiphah, brh an dbjpn mijith mij ithr, r, y h jbs hmhdbs hmhdbs an uo nsthjjia nsthjjiab b pbp pbpujh ujhr, r, hj nst nstijb ijb anj Fhrhfhzb  vnonzbjhob an `nernrb an 8979, pbr jh pnourih an prbauftbs an fbosumb y pbr nj fbstn ansbreithab an jb qun jjndheh h jhs nsthotnríhs an jbs nsthejnfiminotbs. Vbjb no aifinmern an 8979, Dhrfíh, jundb an b`rnfnr h jbs hfrnnabrns nxtnrobs jh iosöjith hjtnrohtivh an fberhrsn no nspnfin sbern jh ehsn anj 8;% an jhs nxpbrthfibons pnruhohs, hrrbcö jh tbhjjh y vbjviö h jh brtbabxih. Nj prnsianotn hfnptö n`nftuhr uo phdb an 15 mijjbons an aöjhrns qun fueríh nj ójtimb snrvifib trimnstrhj an jh anuah y nj @MI rnspboaiö rnhftivhoa rnhft ivhoab b sus jíonhs an fréai fréaitb. tb. Hsimismb, Hsimismb, nj Dbein Dbeinrob rob iotnotö, y fbosi fbosiduiö, duiö, rnvnrtir nj aé`ifit fbmnrfihj y jh pnourih an aivishs pbr nj prbfnaiminotb purb y simpjn an pbonr  fnrrbcb h jhs impbrthfibons. Ionvithejnmnotn, jh mnaiah hdrhvö jh fhrnstíh dnonrhjizhah an mnrfhofíhs ioaustrihjns y einons an fbosumb. Nj pnoójtimb høb anj mhoahtb an Dhrfíh rndiströ uo rntrbfnsb anj prbauftb ohfibohj ohah mnobs qun nj 85% y uoh anuah nxtnroh rnfrnfiah ghsth jbs 5;.;;; mijjbons an aöjhrns, mbotb qun nquivhjíh hj 9;% anj [IE. Jh gipnrio`jhfiöo hjfhozö nj 5.446%, thsh fbjbshj pbfhs vnfns vnfns iduhjhah b supnrhah no tbab nj muoab ansan nj `iohj an jh Vnduoa Vnduoah h Dunrrh Muoaihj, y nj aöjhr jjndö h fbtizhr ghsth jbs 1.7;; iotis hj fhmeib b`ifihj. Jh fbyuoturh, no sumh, nrh fhjhmitbsh. Ahtbs pbsitivbs an mhfrbnfbobmíh fbmb nj supnrèvit an 8.6;; mijjbons an aöjhrns jbdrhab pbr jh ehjhozh fbmnrfihj y jh rnfupnrhfiöo anj `boab an aivishs ob pbaího snr nsdrimiabs fbo hjghrhfhs pbrqun sbjb nrho nj rnsujthab an jh fuhrnotnoh impbrthabrh. No pbjítifh nxtnribr, Dhrfíh sn htuvb hj priofipib anj ob hjionhminotb y sn mbströ hftivb no jbs aivnrsbs `brbs mujtijhtnrh mujtijhtnrhjns jns anj gnmis gnmis`nrib `nrib an jbs qun nj [nró nrh minmerb. Nj 85 an

 

bftuern an 8979 prnsiaiö no Ifh jh III Unuoiöo anj notbofns anobmiohab Drupb an jbs Bfgb Bf gb (j (jun undb db,, Dr Drup upb b an Uí Uíb) b),, qu qun n pu pusb sb éo éo`h `hsi siss no jh io iosn snrf rfiö iöo o an jh jhss nf nfbo bobm bmíh íhss ohfibohjns ohfibo hjns no jbs mnrfha mnrfhabs bs nxtnrobs, nxtnrobs, y nj 87 an aifinmern aifinmern anj mismb høb sn uoiö h sus gbmöjbdbs an Ebjivih, Fbjbmeih, Nfuhabr y Pnonzunjh phrh jh `irmh an jh Anfjhrhfiöo an Dhjèphdbs, qun huoö fbmprbmisbs phrh pbtnofihr jh iotndrhfiöo mujtisnftbrihj an jh zboh y jh fbbpnrhfiöo no funstibons an snduriaha, `uoahmnothjmnotn no jh jufgh fbotrh nj ohrfbtrè`ifb. Vio hjf hjfhoz hozhr hr jbs oivnjns oivnjns an jh vnf vnfioh ioh Fbj Fbjbme bmeih, ih, jh fri frimio miohji hjiaha aha jid jidhah hah hj trè trè`if `ifb b an nstupn`hfinotns frnfiö phrnch h jh vibjnofih an ohturhjnzh pbjítifh aurhotn nj quioqunoib. Jh phrtifiphfiöo anj mhoahthrib pnruhob no jh fumern nspnfihj hotiarbdh an Fhrthdnoh an Ioaihs, nj 8> an `nernrb an 899;, cuotb fbo jbs prnsianotns Dnbrdn Eusg an Nsthabs, Chimn Chi mn [hz Shm Shmbrh brh   an Eb Ebjjivih y Pirdij Pirdijib ib Ehrfb Ehrfb   an Fbj Fbjbme bmeih ih sirviö sirviö phr phrh h rhti`i rhti`ifhr fhr nj fbmprbmisb an su phís no jh jufgh fbotrh nstn drhvísimb prbejnmh y an phsb hjiviö jhs tnosibons fbo Nsthabs ^oiabs. Hanmès, Dhrfíh, no thotb qun nsthaisth anj Drupb an  Hpbyb hj Drupb an Fbothabrh (`brbs io`brmhjns an fbosujths sbern jh nxpjbrhfiöo an mnaiahs prnvnotivhs fbotrh jh nxtnosiöo an jbs fbo`jiftbs hrmhabs no Fnotrbhmérifh, y an fuyh `usiöo no aifinmern 8970 surdiö prnfishmnotn nj Drupb an jbs Bfgb), `hfijitö jhs rboahs an ondbfihfibons ondbfihfibons an phz notrn nj Dbeinrob y jh dunrrijjh shjvh shjvhabrnøbs abrnøbs,, y pbr btrb jh jhab ab jijian anrö rö nj an anob obmi mioh ohab ab Drup Drupb b an Fb Fbos osno nosb sb `b `brm rmha hab b pb pbrr jb jbss 88 ph phís ísns ns mè mèss noanuahabs an Jhtiobhmérifh. Jhs njnffibons muoifiphjns anj 85 an obvinmern an 8979 sirvinrbo an tnrmömntrb an uoh prnsianofih prnsia nofih qun jh drho mhybríh an jbs pnruho pnruhobs bs fbosianrh fbosianrheho, eho, ob yh `rhfhshah, `rhfhshah, siob jh pnbr qun rnfbraheho. Nj H[UH su`riö uo nstrunoabsb vhrhphjb `rnotn h jh fbhjifiöo fbosnrvhabrh @rnotn Anmbfrètifb (@rnanmb), jianrhah pbr nj féjnern jitnrhtb Mhrib Phrdhs Jjbsh n iotndrhah pbr jh H[, nj [hrtiab [bpujhr Fristihob ([[F) an Enabyh Unyns, nj drupósfujb Vbjiahriaha y Anmbfrhfih (VBAN) y nj Mbviminotb Jienrtha (MJ) qun hoimheh nj prbpib Phrdhs Jjbsh, uoh brdhoizhfiöo fhji`ifhah h sí mismh an mbviminotb fívifb n ioanpnoainotn. Fbmb drho hjihozh anj fnotrb y jh anrnfgh pnruhobs, nj @rnanmb iofjuíh no su hdnoah jh an`nosh an jbs iotnrnsns an jhs éjitns nmprnshrihjns an`nosbrhs anj jiern mnrfhab.  Hsí jhs fbshs, no jhs njnffibons dnonrhjns anj 7 an herij an 899; nj fhoaiahtb prnsianofihj hpristh, Hjvh Fhstrb, sbjb sumö nj 55% an jbs su`rhdibs y `un ansfhji`ifhab phrh jh snduoa snd uoah h vun vunjth jth qun ais aisput puthrb hrbo o Phr Phrdhs dhs Jjbsh y nj ioa ioanpn npnoai oainot notn n  Hjenrtb @ucimbri @ucimbri,, uo ansfbobfiab abftbr no Finofihs n gicb an iomidrhotns chpbonsns qun no funstiöo an aíhs sn sueiö hj nsfnohrib pbjítifb y, phrh phsmb an tbab nj muoab, tnrmioö hjzèoabsn fbo jh viftbrih no jhs urohsanshduishab vhjiéoabsn an uoh fhmphøh `nrbzmnotn pbpujisth qun gizb hdbstb fbo nj mboumnothj nfboömifb jndhab pbr nj Ncnfutivb hpristh. No jhsuFèmhrh

 

an Aiputhabs, nj [H[ fhyö h jbs >1 nsfhøbs fbo nj 84% an jbs vbtbs y `un supnrhab pbr  nj @rnanmb, si eino h rhíz an jh aisbjufiöo an nsth hjihozh nj phrtiab anj mhoahthrib shjinotn rnfupnrö jh primhfíh phrjhmnothrih.

[NJIDUB AN FUIVIV No 8974, nj pnjidrb an uoh frisis no jh ehjhozh an phdbs y no jhs rnsnrvhs iotnrohfibohjns nrh nvi nviano anotn. tn. Vio nme nmehrdb hrdb,, nj Nst Nsthab hab [nr [nruho uhob b sid siduiö uiö fbo fbo`ih `ihoab oab no uo fr frnfi nfimin minotb otb nfboömifb rèpiab ghsth 8977. Hj mismb tinmpb, sn vib bejidhab h anvhjuhr nj ioti, y h sueir jbs sunjabs y jbs prnfibs. No jíonhs dnonrhjns, jh pbjítifh nfboömifh nsththj nmpnzö h fhnr no fbotrhaiffibons. [br  uo jha jhab, b, nj Dbe Dbeinr inrob ob eus eusfhe fheh h nj fbo fbothf thftb tb airnft airnftb b fbo jbs nmp nmprns rnshri hribs bs imp impbrt brthot hotns ns (jjhmhabs jbs abfn hpöstbjns, pbr snr sbjb uoh abfnoh an drupbs nmprnshrihjns) fbo nj `io an pnrsuhairjbs pnrsuhairjbs h iovnr iovnrtir tir no nj anshrrbjj anshrrbjjb b an jh fhphf fhphfiaha iaha prbauft prbauftivh. ivh. [br btrb jhab, y no su onfnsiaha an humnot humnothr hr jbs iodrnsbs anj Nstha Nsthab, b, supunsthmn supunsthmnotn otn bejidö, h fbmin fbminozbs ozbs an 8974, h jhs nmprnshs h prnsthrjn aionrb hj Nsthab. No fbo fbofrn frntb, tb, jhs nmp nmprns rnshs hs `un `unrbo rbo `br `brzha zhahs hs h fbm fbmprh prhrjn rjn hj Nst Nsthab hab [nr [nruho uhob b ebo ebobs bs bejidhtbribs pbr uo vhjbr qun jjndheh ghsth nj 6;% an jhs utijiahans eruths qun jhs nmprnshs gheího betnoiab no 8970. Fbo nsth mnaiah, nj Dbeinrob prbvbfö hirhahs rnhff rnh ffib ibon onss no nj snft snftbr br nm nmpr prns nshr hrih ihj.j. Hj pbfb pbfb tinm tinmpb pb,, hj hjdu duoh ohss nmpr nmprns nshs hs `u `unr nrbo bo nxbonrhahs anj phdb bejidhtbrib y `iohjmnotn nj prbdrhmh `un fhofnjhab. Nstn tipb an mhrfg mhrfghs hs y fbotr fbotrhmhrfg hmhrfghs, hs, an rnhff rnhffibons ibons sbern gnfgbs yh fbosumhabs fbosumhabs,, an phsiviaha phsiv iaha `rnotn h jbs pnjidrbs vnoianrb vnoianrbss fbotr fbotrieuyn ieuynrbo rbo h jh pnrfnpfiöo an qun jh pbjít pbjítifh ifh nfboömifh anj Dbeinrob nstheh sinoab imprbvishah y, sbern tbab, pnrainoab nj fbotrbj. Jh situhfiöo sn hduaizö fbo jh rnouofih, no cuoib an 8974, anj Mioistrb an Nfbobmíh Juis  Hjvh Fhstrb. Fhstrb. H nshs hjturhs jh io`jhfiöo yh rnsujtheh hdbeihotn.

IOQNOQB AN NVQHQISHFIÖO AN JH EHOFH (8974) Nj notbrob prnsianofihj prnsianofihj y jbs nquipbs téfoifb téfoifbss mbstrhrbo su bpioiöo h `hvbr an uo ounvb impujsb anj prbdrhmh nfboömifb. ^ob an njjbs `un Ahoinj Fhrebonttb, hsnsbr priofiphj anj prnsianotn Dhrfíh y uob an jbs priofiphjns prbmbtbrns anj mbanjb gntnrbabxb. Éj gheíh nmpnzhab h mbstrhr su prnbfuphfiöo hfnrfh anj fbotnxtb nfboömifb pbr nj qun phsheh nj [nró. Hanmès, mhoi`nstö jh onfnsiaha an fbothr fbo nj hpbyb anj snftbr privhab pbr  mnaib an jh iovnrsiöo, puns an nsh `brmh sn frníh qun sn pbaríh rnhftivhr jh nfbobmíh no nj phís. H phrtir an jh pbsturh an Fhrebonttb ns qun sn nmpinzh h nridir uoh rnjhfiöo mès airnfth fbo nj snftbr privhab. No nspnfihj, fbo jbs drhoans drupbs nmprnshrihjns.

 

Nj prnsianotn Dhrfíh, an iduhj mhonrh, nmpnzö h mbstrhr nsth pbsifiöo póejifhmnotn h trhvés an sus aisfursbs. Gheíh mnofibohab jh pbsieijiaha an anshrrbjjhr uo ‚prbynftb gistörifb” an jhrdb pjhzb cuotb hj snftbr privhab. [hrh njjb, mhoi`nstö su iotnofiöo an fbov fbovno nofn fnrr hj snft snftbr br nmpr nmprns nshr hrih ihjj an qun qun iovi iovinr nrth th y rn rnio iovi vinr nrth th su fh fhpi pith thjj `ioh `iohof ofin inrb rb,, rnbrinotèoabjb hj anshrrbjjb an uo prbynftb ohfibohj. Nstb mhrfheh uoh fjhrh ai`nrnofih fbo ‚Nj @uturb Ai`nrnotn”, no nj fuhj nj Nsthab tnoíh uo rbj nsnofihj, puns nrh ‚nj fnotrb an hfumujhfiöo”, minotrhs qun jbs firfuitbs `iohofinrbs qunaheho onutrhjizhabs. [hrh `bm [hrh `bmnot nothr hr nj prb prbfns fnsb b an frn frnfim fimino inotb tb nfb nfboöm oömifb ifb,, jhs rnj rnjhfi hfibon bonss qun pjhotn pjhotnö ö nj dbeinrob fbo nj snftbr privhab, eusfö airnfthmnotn h jbs drupbs an pbanr an mhybr  io`junofih. Dhrfíh frníh qun an nsh `brmh pbaríh dnonrhr fbo`ihozh y frnaieijiaha no tbab nj nmp nmprns rnshri hrihab hab,, sbs sbsjhy jhyhoa hoab b h jbs drup drupbs bs nfb nfboöm oömifb ifbss y nmp nmprns rnshri hrihjn hjnss mna mnaiha ihabs bs y pnqunøbs. Vn jjnvhrbo h fheb aivnrshs rnuoibons aboan pnrsbohcns anj snftbr póejifb fbmb fbm b anj snf snftbr tbr privha privhab b eus eusfhe fheho ho fbo fbofij fijihr ihr hjd hjduoh uohss pbj pbjíti ítifhs fhs b hjd hjdóo óo prbdrh prbdrhmh mh an iovnrsiöo. Notrn nstbs drhoans drupbs an pbanr sn nofbotrheho ‚jbs abfn hpös hpöstbjns”. tbjns”. Vn jns jjhmheh hsí puns obrmhjmnotn sn rnuoího jbs abfn. Notrn nstheho jbs Ubmnrb (jbs mèximbs hffiboisths anj Ehofb an Fréaitb), jbs @nrrnyrbs, jbs Tinsn, jbs Ernsfih, jbs Oifbjioi, jbs Uh``b, jbs Enotío, jbs [ifhssb, nj drupb Jhohth [ihddib, nj drupb Bjnhfgnh  Èjvhrnz-Fhjanröo, y Fbdbrob. Ansan nj ioifib an nsths rnjhfibons gueb uoh mutuh ansfbo`ihozh y frnaieijiaha. [br uo jhab, nj dbeinrob tnmíh qun nj snftbr privhab ob iovinrth tbah jh fhotiaha pbsiejn y onfn onfnsh shri rih h ph phrh rh `i`ioh ohof ofih ihrr nj prby prbynf nftb tb du duen enro rohm hmno noth thjj y qu qun n pn pnrm rmititin inrh rh uo uoh h `u `udh dh an fhpithjns. [br su phrtn, nj snftbr privhab sn mbstrheh hjdb rnhfib h fbo`ihr no nstn iotnotb an fbofnrthfiöo anj prnsianotn. Ansan jh prnosh `iohofinrh ghsth jbs mismbs nmprnshribs gheího siab hjdb rnfnjbsbs hotn jh pntifiöo anj dbeinrob an Dhrfíh an qun nj prbynftb duenrohmnoth duenro hmnothjj snh `iohofiha `iohofihab b pbr njjbs. Hanmès Hanmès,, auaheh auaheho o an jhs iotnofibo iotnofibons ns rnhjns rnhjns anj dbeinrob, puns hjduobs fbosianrheho qun nj H[UH sbjb trhtheh an bfujthr sus becntivbs sbfihjisths. Nj puotb an rupturh anj dbeinrob an Dhrfíh `un su iotnotb an nsthtizhr jbs ehofbs, jhs `iohofinrhs y jhs fbmphøíhs an sndurbs. Jh mnaiah `un houofihah no nj mnoshcn h jh ohfiöo anj 57 an cujib an 8974. Jh ianh an nsthtizhr jh ehofh sn `brmujö primnrb no nj fírfujb mès fnrfhob h Dhrfíh. Notrn njjbs nstheho Ahoinj Fhrebonttb, Fhrjbs @rhofb, Chvinr Qhothjnèo, Hdustío Mhotijjh n iofjusb iofju sb [ijhr Obrns. Jundb, sn fbmuo fbmuoifö ifö hj Fbosn Fbosncb cb an Miois Mioistrbs, trbs, no nj fuhj sbjb Mhounj Ubmnrb Fhrb, Chvinr Jhehrtgn Fbrrnh y Duijjnrmb Jhrfb (Mioistrb an Ioaustrih, Mioistrb an [nsqunríh y [rimnr Mioistrb rnspnftivhmnotn) ob fbiofiaího fbo nsth aispbsifiöo. Vio nmehrdb, sn jn fbmuoifö hj dheiontn nsth obtifih fuhoab jh mnaiah yh nstheh anfiaiah. [rnvihmnotn gheíh nxistiab hjduohs rnuoibons anj notbrob prnsianofihj mès fnrfhob phrh

 

fbbraiohr hjduobs hspnftbs dnonrhjn fbbraiohr dnonrhjns, s, pnrb ob gueb uo trheh trhehcb cb fbofrntb y hotif hotifiphab iphab no aboan sn ghyh anshrrbjjhab uo pjho qun nxprnshrh jbs phsbs h snduir jundb an ghenr  ohfibohjizhab jh ehofh. Dhrfíh nxpjifö jhs rhzbons an su mnaiah3 jbs nmprnshribs, y no nspnfihj jbs drupbs an pbanr nfboömifb-, pnsn h enon`ifihrsn fbo jhs eboahans an jh pbjítifh gntnrbabxh, ob gheího tbmhab fbofinofih no iovnrtir no nj phís, anaifèoabsn h nspnfujhr y shfhr sus fhpithjns hj nxtnribr. [br jb qun Dhrfíh frnyö onfnshrib, no hrhs anj eino póejifb, tbmhr nj fbotrbj anj priofiphj mnfhoismb an fhpthfiöo y aistrieufiöo an fhpithjns3 nj sistnmh `iohofinrb. Yh no 8975 gheíh puejif puejifhab hab uo jierb (Nj `uturb ai`nrnotn) no nj qun fritifheh fritifheh h jbs eho ehofbs fbs pri privha vhabs bs pbr nxf nxfjui juirr anj sis sistnm tnmh h an fré fréait aitbs bs h jbs snf snftbr tbrns ns io` io`brm brmhjn hjns, s, fhmpnsiobs fhmpns iobs hsí fbmb jhs pnqunøhs y mnaih mnaihohs ohs nmprnshs ([YMNV) ([YMNV).. Vndóo Dhrfí Dhrfíh, h, nrh onfnshrib ‚anmbfrhtizhr” nj fréaitb y, ahab qun nj snftbr privhab ob nstheh aispunstb h hsumir nsh thrnh, nj Nsthab aneíh tbmhr jhs rinoahs. Fbo mirhs h jh hprbehfiöo an nsth mnaiah, no nj Fbodr Fbodrnsb nsb an jh Unpóejif Unpóejifh h anj [nró [nró   jbs hprisths dhohrbo nj hpbyb an jbs rnprnsnothotns an jh Izquinrah ^oiah, fbo jb qun jbdrhrbo uoh söjiah mhybríh, fbo `rnotn jbs rnprnsnothotns y H[. Dhrfíh nmpnzö h rnfbrrnr nj phís, nxpjifhoab suhbrhtbrih fboviofnotnanj jhs[[F supunsths eboahans an su prbynftb. An btrb jhab, snftbrns hjtbs y mnaibs an jh pbejhfiöo sn mbstrhrbo rnhfibs hj mismb,, y sn hdruphrbo no tbrob hj Mbviminotb Jienrtha mismb Jienrtha nofhenzhab  nofhenzhab pbr nj nsfritbr nsfritbr Mhrib Phrdhs Jjbsh, Jjbsh, jb qun mhrfö jh hphrifiöo an jh préaifh jienrhj y hoti nsthtisth no nj aisfursb pbjítifb ohfibohj (ghsth notbofns abmiohab pbr jbs nxtrnmismbs an izquinrah y anrnfgh). No jhs fèmhrhs anj phrjhmnotb sn aisfutiö tnmpnstubshmnotn jh hprbehfiöo anj prbynftb, sinoab `iohjmnotn shofibohab (sn nxprbpihríh ghsth nj 4;% anj fhpithj sbfihj an jbs ehofbs y `iohofinrhs anj snftbr privhab). Vio nmehrdb, nsth jny, no jh prèftifh, ob sn hpjifö. Vbjb abs fbmisibons iotnrvnotbrhs sn hftivhrbo, jh anj Ehofb an Fréaitb y jh anj Ehofb Tinsn, pnrb no jh prèftifh ob gueb mhybr fhmeib. No an`ioitivh, nj iotnotb an nsthtizhfiöo an jh ehofh fbostituyö no btrb an jbs `rhfhsbs anj dbeinrob hjihofisth. Jh rnsistnofih qun mbstrhrbo jbs snftbrns jienrhjns hotn nj iotnotb an nsthtizhfiöo an jh ehofh sn nxprnsö h trhvés an uoh mhoi`nsthfiöo póejifh nj 58 an hdbstb an 8974, jh fuhj hdjbmnrö h uoh drho fhotiaha an pnrsbohcns y brdhoizhfibons an anrnfgh. Nstb ob bfurríh ansan vhrihs aéfhahs htrès, puns ob nrh fbmóo qun nstn snftbr tuvinrh uoh drho fhotiaha an phrtiahribs b simphtizhotns. [br njjb, nstn `un uo mbmnotb frítifb no jh pbjítifh pnruhoh, yh qun ansan nsn mbmnotb jh anrnfgh rnohfn no nj tnrrnob pbjítifb y betinon uo mhybr rnsphjab an hjduoh phrtn an jh pbejhfiöo. [br btrb jhab, jbs phrtiabs an izquinrah sn vinrbo trnmnoahmnotn h`nfthab, hj iduhj qun jbs phrtiabs an fnotrb. Qhotb nj H[UH fbmb Izquinrah ^oiah pnrainrbo mufgb hpbyb pbpujhr y su imhdno qunaö mnrmhah hotn nj rnsurdiminotb an jh anrnfgh.

 

 Hj `iohjizhr nj høb 8974, jh frisis yh nrh nvianotn3 Jh io`jhfiöo nmpnzö h hsfnoanr  erusfhmnotn (881,> % no aifinmern anj 8974), jh prbauffiöo y, pbr fbosiduinotn, jh rnhftivhfiöo nfboömifh sn gheíh nsthofhab y jh ehjhozh an phdbs tuvb, no 8974, uo shjab ondhtivb an >58 mijjbons an aöjhrns, nj gunfb mès drhoan ansan 8978. Fbosnfunotnmnotn, jhs rnsnrvhs iotnrohfibohjns siduinrbo anfhynoab. H `hjth an aöjhrns, nj Ehofb Fnotrhj Fnotrhj sn  sn vib hthab an mhobs no nj fbotrbj an jh thsh an fhmeib (uoh anmhoah frnf frnfin inot otn n an aöjh aöjhrns rns sn pu puna nan n fbot fbotrh rhrr rrns nsth thrr pb pboi oino noab ab no firf firfuj ujhf hfiöo iöo jb jbss aö aöjh jhrn rnss hgbrrhabs, pnrb nstbs yh ob gheíh). No bftuern an 8974, nj dbeinrob prbfnaiö h anvhjuhr nj ioti no 51 %. Jbs jjhmhabs phqunthzbs siduinrbo aèoabsn, an `brmh pnriöaifh, h jb jhrdb an uo høb, jjnvhoab h uoh drho rnfnsiöo nfboömifh. [nrb Dhrfíh snduíh sio hfnpthr jh onfnsiaha an uoh jíonh fjhrh. Nj nquipb nfboömifb anj dbeinrob prnsiaiab pbr Dusthvb Vhenrenio iotnotheh pnrsuhair h Dhrf Dh rfíh íh an jh on onfn fnsi siah aha a an uo sgbf sgbfll brtb brtbab abxb xb33 Aé`i Aé`ifi fitt fn fnrb rb h tr trhv hvés és an hu humn mnot otbs bs `brtísimbs an impunstbs y thri`hs y jh njimiohfiöo an suesiaibs. [nrb Dhrfíh, tnminoab nj fbstb pbjítifb an thj anfisiöo, ob sn anfiaíh h rnsbjvnr nj prbejnmh an `boab. @iohjmnotn, Dhrfíh, bejidhab pbr jhs firfuosthofihs, anfiaiö ahr uo fhmeib an rumeb, rnfurrinoab, h `ions an 8974, hj @boab Mbonthrib Iotnrohfibohj Iotnrohfibohj (@MI)  (@MI) y hj Ehofb Muoaihj (EM) no eusfh an présthmbs. Nj nxpnrimnotb gntnrbabxb gheíh jjndhab h su `io y hgbrh nj dbeinrob rntbmheh jhs pbjítifhs brtbabxhs. Jbs brdhoismbs `iohofinrbs iotnrohfibohjns nxidinrbo nj phdb prnvib an jhs mbrhs, qun hsfnoaího h 8.>;; mijjbons an aöjhrns. Yh phrh notbofns jhs rnsnrvhs iotnrohfibohjns nrho ondhtivhs. @un rnfiéo ghfih mnaihabs an 8977 qun Dhrfíh sn fbovnofiö an jh onfnsiaha an uoh ‚dunrrh `rbothj” fbotrh jh frisis nfboömifh. Nj ounvb Mioistrb an Nfbobmíh y @iohozhs, Henj @iohozhs,  Henj Vhjiohs, Vhjiohs, tuvb jh iodrhth thrnh an houofihr, hgbrh sí, nj sgbfl b hcustn nfboömifb, nj 0 an snptinmern an 8977. Fbo njjb sn prbpboíh antnonr jh io`jhfiöo y jh rnfnsiöo, hfhehr fbo jh péraiah an aivishs y ahr uo fbotnxtb fbotnx tb an nsthe nstheijiah ijiaha a y fbo`i fbo`ihozh hozh h jbs hdnotns nfboömifb nfboömifbs. s. @unrbo tho `unrtns nsths mnaiahss nfboöm mnaiah nfboömifhs ifhs,, qun, sio nxhdn nxhdnrhr, rhr, anchrbo nstup nstupn`hf n`hftbs tbs h tbabs jbs pnruho pnruhobs. bs. Vn aifn qun iofjusb Hjho Dhrfíh, shenabr an jb qun sn vnoíh, jjndö h thotnhr jh pbsieijiaha an rnouofihr jh obfgn hotnribr, pnrb qun jundb rnfhphfitö phrh ob ahr dustb h jh anrnfgh qun, sndóo éj, qunríh su fhenzh. Nj pjho, anobm anobmiohab iohab [jho Fnrb, fbotri fbotrieuyö euyö h dnonrh dnonrhrr uoh io`jhfiö io`jhfiöo o hóo mufgb mhybr, sbern tbab no rnjhfiöo fbo jbs prbauftbs impbrthabs. Hsí, pbr ncnmpjb, nj prnfib an jbs prbauftbs `hrmhféutifbs sueiö 0;; % y nj an jh dhsbjioh 1;; %. Hanmès, sn njimioö nj sistnmh anj fbotrbj an prnfibs fbo nxfnpfiöo an 15 prbauftbs eèsifbs.  H phrtir an sntinmern an 8977, jh io`jhfiöo sn fbovirtiö no jb qun jbs nfbobmisths anobmioho gipnrio`jhfiöo gipnrio`jhfiöo.. Nsn mns, jbs prnfibs sueinrbo 881 %. @un nj mns fbo mhybr  io`jhfiöo no nj dbeinrob an Dhrfíh y, prbehejnmnotn, no jh gistbrih anj [nró. No épbfh

 

fbotnmpbrèonh, hanmès anj [nró, pbfbs phísns gho fhíab no gipnrio`jhfiöo3 Hjnmhoih,  Hustrih y Guodríh no 895; (phísns nurbpnbs qun shjího an uo anshstrn eéjifb)< y Ebjivih y Oifhrhduh, no Jhtiobhmérifh. Nj sgbfl phrnfíh jjndhr muy thran. No tbab fhsb, ob puab fbotrbjhr jh io`jhfiöo. ^o jhrdb phrb no jh ioaustrih mionrh fbotrieuyö h qun jhs nxpbrthfibons fhynrho hóo mès hdrhvh hdr hvhoab oab hsí nj aé` aé`ifi ifitt fbm fbmnrf nrfihj ihj.. Jhs rns rnsnrv nrvhs hs iot iotnro nrohfi hfiboh bohjns jns,, pbr su phrtn, phrtn, sn hprbximheho h fnrb. Nj 55 an obvinmer obvinmern n an 8977, Dhrfí Dhrfíh h jhozö btrb ‚phqunt ‚phquntn” n” fbo mnaiah mnaiahss muy simij simijhrns. hrns. Hj mismb tinmpb, Henj tinmpb, Henj Vhjiohs Vhjiohs prnsnotö  prnsnotö su rnouofih pbr aisfrnphofihs fbo Dhrfíh. Jhs Jhs nspn nspnrh rhoz ozhs hs anj anj H[ H[UH UH nsth nstheh eho o hgbr hgbrh h fi`r fi`rha hahs hs no nj Ehofb Muoaihj Muoaihj   y nj @boab Mbonthrib Mbonth rib Iotnr Iotnrohfib ohfibohj ohj.. Vn novi novihr hrbo bo aivn aivnrs rshs hs misi misibo bons ns h Th Thsg sgio iodt dtbo bo A. A.F. F. ph phrh rh rnondbfihr rnondb fihr jh anuah y betnonr uo ‚prés ‚présthmb thmb punotn punotn”” an 7;; mijjbons an aöjhrns. [nrb nj [nró ob jjndö h rnfieir présthmbs, aneiab h qun snduíh sinoab ‚ionjndiejn” hj ob ghenr  fbotnoiab jh io`jhfiöo oi ghenr pbaiab rnfupnrhr jhs rnsnrvhs iotnrohfibohjns< rnfiéo no  cujib an 8979 nj @MI sn fbmprbmntiö h fbosnduir uo présthmb. [hrh 899;, jh anuah nxtnroh hsfnoaíh h 80.45; mijjbons an aöjhrns. Nj humnotb anj ansnmpjnb y jh fhíah arèstifh an iodrnsbs `un nj fbstb sbfihj anj anshstrn nfboömifb prbvbfhoab nj surdiminotb an uo snftbr io`brmhj an uoh aimnosiöo ouofh hotns visth. Hanmès, nj Nsthab no ehofhrrbth yh ob puab fuerir sus bejidhfibons no mhtnrih an hsistnofih sbfihj, naufhfiöo, shjua y hamioistrhfiöo an custifih. Aurhotn jbs høbs 8979 y 899; ob sn prbaucnrbo fhmeibs impbrthotns. Jh nfbobmíh sn rnfupn rnf upnrö rö jnv jnvnmn nmnotn otn y jhs rns rnsnrv nrvhs hs iot iotnro nrohfi hfiboh bohjns jns thmeié thmeiéo. o. Jhs imp impbrt brthfi hfibon bonss sn fbotrhcnrbo y jhs nxpbrthfibons sueinrbo, sbern tbab pbr nj humnotb an prnfib an jbs mionrhjns no nj mnrfhab iotnrohfibohj. Ehcb nj mhoab anj ounvb Mioistrb an Nfbobmíh, Féshr Pèsqunz Ehzèo, Ehzèo, jh io`jhfiöo tuvb uoh jnvn ehch. Jh thsh houhj an io`jhfiöo `un an 6697.0% no 8979. Jbs ójtimbs mnsns an aifgb høb `unrbo ushabs no dhsthr jhs nsfhshs rnsnrvhs iotnrohfibohjns phrh rnhftivhr no hjdb jh nfbobmíh no visth an jhs pröximhs njnffibons dnonrhjns. Hsí, no mhrzb an 899;, jhs rnsnrvhs iotnrohfibohjns hpnohs jjndheho h 89; mijjbons an aöjhrns. Jbs rnsujthabs anj `uonstb nxpnrimnotb nfboömifb an Hjho Dhrfíh nstèo tbahvíh no jh mnmbrih fbjnftivh an tbabs jbs pnruhobs3 io`jhfiöo h oivnjns hstrboömifbs, nsfhsnz an hjimnotbs y btrbs prbauftbs eèsifbs y nj anrrumen an jh hprbehfiöo anj prnsianotn h sbjb uo aíditb, tbab uo réfbra ohfibohj.

BEUHV

 

Jh fris frisis is nfboö nfboömifh mifh mbtivö qun ob sn rnhjizhrho drhoans berhs an io`rhnstru io`rhnstrufturh fturh `ísifh `ísifh,, pnrb pnrb sí sn fbot fbotio iouh uhrbo rbo vhri vhrihs hs ioif ioifih ihah ahss no db dbei einr nrob obss ho hotn tnri ribr brns ns,, sino sinoab ab hj hjdu duoh ohss tnrmiohahs. 

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No 8970 sn rnhouaö jh fbostruffiöo an jh fnotrhj giarbnjéftrifh an Fghrfhoi P (Hrnquiph). Nsth berh sn gheíh ioifihab no 8947, sinoab fujmiohah no 8977. rnhouaö prbynftb an, irridhfiöo Fghvimbfgif, uo pjho an Qhmeiéo irri irridh dhfi fiöo öonoan8970 jbs jbssnvhjj vh jjns ns annjFg Fghb hb,, Piró Piró, Mb Mbfg fgn n yFghvimbfgif Fg Fgif ifhm hmh h ,(J (Jh h vhstb Ji Jien enrt rtha ha), ), hprbvnfghoab hprbvn fghoab jhs hduh hduhss anj ríb Vhoth Vhoth.. Vnríh fbofjuia fbofjuiab b no nj sidui siduinotn notn dbeinro dbeinrob b an @ucimbri. Fbotiouö jh rnprnsh an Dhjjitb Findb, notrn Jh Jienrtha y Fhchmhrfh, ghsth su iohudurhfiöo no 8977. Nj fbstb an jh berh `un an 85> mijjbons an aöjhrns. No 8979 sn rnhouaö nj prbynftb giarbnonrdétifb an Bjmbs (Jhmehynqun), berh qun enon`ifiö h 5> mij `hmijihs. No 8974 sn rnhouaö jh fnotrhj giarbnjéftrifh an Fhrguhqunrb (Fhchmhrfh). Vn fbotiouö nj drho prbynftb Mhcns (Hrnquiph), tnrmioèoabsn jh fbostruffiöo an jh prnsh an Fboabrbmh y nj fhohj an Mhcns. Vn tnrmioö nj Fnotrb Oufjnhr Ösfhr Mirb Xunshah an jh Dunrrh no Guhrhodhj (Jimh). Vn frnö nj Musnb an jh Ohfiöo Ohfiöo,, no nj nai`ifib aboan hotns `uofiboheh nj Mioistnrib an [nsqunríh y nj Ehofb an jh Ohfiöo. Vn ioi ioifiö fiö jh fbo fbostr struff uffiöo iöo anj Qrno Njéftrifb an Jimh Jimh,, uo hmeifibsb prbynftb an trhospbrtn urehob, anstiohab h fuerir jh aisthofih an 5;.7 lm, ansan Pijjh Nj Vhjvhabr  gh ghst sth h nj Gbspithj Abs an Mhyb Mhyb,, no nj fnotrb an Jimh. Vio nmehrdb, trhs iovnrtirsn drhoans sumhs an aionrb, jhs berhs `unrbo phrhjizhahs sio ghenrsn fujmiohab. Jh frisis nfboömifh, uoh snrin an anouofihs an fbrrupfiöo no tbrob h jh jifithfiöo an jh berh, hsí fbmb iotnrnsns pbjítifbs, mhotuvinrbo nj prbynftb no suspnosb aurhotn abs aéfhahs, rnioifièoabsn yh hvhozhab nj sidjb WWI, ehcb nj snduoab dbeinrob anj mismb Dhrfíh.

 Hjduohs an sus mnaiahs sbfihjns, fhji`ifhahs h vnfns fbmb ‚pbpujisths”, `unrbo jhs siduinotns3 

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Vn fbostruynrbo gbspithjns no hjduobs anphrthmnotbs y sn hmpjiö jh fbenrturh an vhfuohfiöo an jbs oiøbs h oivnj ohfibohj. Vn aib aib rn rnfu furs rsbs bs hj Eh Ehof ofb b Hd Hdrh rhri rib, b, no notitiah aha a ns nsth thth thjj qu qun n sn nofh nofhrd rdö ö an ahr  ahr  présthmbs h jbs fhmpnsiobs, fbo ‚fnrb iotnrnsns” no hjduohs rndibons. Vn frnhrbo prbdrhmhs tnmpbrhjns phrh ahr nmpjnb h jbs mès pberns, fbmb nj [rbdrhmh an Hpbyb hj Iodrnsb Qnmpbrhj ([HIQ). [hrh `hvbrnfnr jh hjimnothfiöo pbpujhr sn impjnmnothrbo fbmnabrns pbpujhrns y sn frnö nj jjhmhab ‚pho pbpujhr”, uo pho mès ehrhtb, gnfgb h ehsn an ghrioh an tridb mnobs rn`iohah qun nj an usb fbrrinotn.

No btrbs hspnftbs, sn fbosianrho fbmb jbdrbs an jh dnstiöo hpristh jh Undibohjizhfiöo y jh simpji`ifhfiöo hamioistrhtivh.

 

JÍANU AN JH B[BVIFIÖO HJ DBEINUOB AN QBJNAB Y QNUFNUH [BVQ^JHFIÖO [UNVIANOFIHJ No jbs fiofb høbs siduinotns, Dhrfíh `uodiö fbmb nj ioaisfutiejn jíanr an jh bpbsifiöo hj Dbeinrob an Qbjnab, fuyh pbpujhriaha fbmnozö h nrbsibohrsn fbo iousithah rhpianz h mnaiah qun jh fiuahahoíh tbmheh obth an jhs prbmnshs njnftbrhjns iofumpjiahs, an jbs nsfèoahjbs impjifheho hnrhab pnrsbohs anj prnsianofihj y anj prbpib nstijb jia jianrh nrhzdb zdb anqun Qbj Qbjnab nab,, fbo fbosia sianrh ab vhf vhfijh ijhotn otn fírfujb y nrr nrrèti ètifb. fb. ^o `hf `hftbr tbr `uo `uoahm ahmnot nothj hj an an jh aneijiaha fröoifh anj b`ifihjismb nrh jh fhrnofih an jh mhybríh hesbjuth no nj Fbodrnsb. Nj  cn`n hpristh ncnrfiö uoh bpbsifiöo ob anstruftivh, huoqun fbotuoanotn anotrb an jbs phrèmntrbs obrmhjns no uoh anmbfrhfih phrjhmnothrih. No mhrzb an 5;;5 Dhrfíh `un uob an jbs fhenzhs an `ijh qun `irmhrbo no nj [hjhfib an Dbeinrob nj jjhmhab Fbmprbmisb an Aièjbdb phrh uo Hfunrab Ohfibohj, pnrb trhosfurriab nj nfuhabr an jh jndisjhturh rnabejö sus prnsibons h Qbjnab phrh qun sbmntinrh h su nquipb an dbeinrob h uoh prb`uoah rnmbanjhfiöo. No cujib an 5;;1 nj [H[ rnsphjaö jh primnrh gunjdh dnonrhj qun jbs sioaifhtbs fbovbfhrbo fbotrh jh pbjítifh nfboömifh an Qbjnab. Fjhrb qun ob tbab nrh hftiviaha pbjítifh phrh Dhrfíh. Hsí, no 5;;8 tuvb uo rnnofunotrb an hjtb pbstío fbo jhs hujhs hj snr njndiab airnftbr anj Iostitutb an Dbeinrob an jh ^oivnrsiaha Vho Mhrtío an [brrns, no Jimh. [br btrb jhab, no hdbstb an 5;;6 Dhrfíh hphrnfiö fithab no nj Io`brmn @iohj an jh Fbmisi Fbm isiöo öo an jh Pnr Pnraha aha y Unf Unfbof bofiji ijihfi hfiöo öo (FP (FPU), U), pho phonj nj nof nofhrd hrdhab hab an abfumn abfumnoth othrr y hohjizhr hohjiz hr jhs fhush fhushss an jh vibjnofi vibjnofih h pbjít pbjítifh ifh qun gheíh hzbth hzbthab ab nj phís notrn 897; y 5;;;, fbmb fbmb rnsp rnspbo bosh shej ejn n pb pbjíjítitifb fb,, y ob pn pnoh ohj,j, an jbs jbs fh fhsb sbss an vibj vibjhf hfib ibon onss gu gumh mhoi oith thri rihs hs fbmntiahs pbr jbs funrpbs y `unrzhs an jh snduriaha anj Nsthab aurhotn su ncnrfifib prnsi prn sian anof ofih ihj.j. Nj nrrb nrrbrr an Dh Dhrf rfíh íh y an su prna prnanf nfns nsbr, br, En Enjh jhóo óoan an-- gheí gheíh h fb fbos osis istitiab ab,, nsthejnfíh jh FPU, no ob hpjifhr uoh nstrhtndih iotndrhj an phz y no jh phsiviaha mbstrhah pbr jbs pbanrns pbjítifbs anj Nsthab h jh gbrh an impnair jbs htrbpnjjbs an hqunjjbs minmerbs an jhs @unrzhs Hrmhahs qun hftuheho fbo impuoiaha. Nj WWII Fbodrnsb Ohfibohj anj [H[, no cuoib an 5;;1, anfiaiö rnfupnrhr jh nstrufturh an tipb triuovirhtb qun gheíh nxistiab notrn 897> y 8977, ns anfir, uo prnsianotn ncnfutivb snfuoahab pbr abs snfrnthribs dnonrhjns, uob phrh nj "`rnotn iotnrob" (rnspboshejn an jh brdhoizhfiöo y jh nstrufturh brdèoifhs) y btrb phrh nj "`rnotn nxtnrob" (ns anfir, nj "`rnotn sbfihj" y nj "pjho an Dbeinrob"). Vio sbrprnshs, jbs njndiabs phrh jbs trns fhrdbs `unrbo rnspnftivhmnotn Dhrfíh, Mhurifib Mujanr Enabyh y Cbrdn anj Fhstijjb. [bstnribrmnotn, nj 58 an obvinmern an 5;;>, Dhrfíh `un anfjhrhab dhohabr pbr herumhabrh mhybríh an jh njnffiöo primhrih anj phrtiab, no jh qun fbmpitinrbo hanmès Juis Hjvhrhab Fbotrnrhs, Ohofy Dhrfíh Fhrrijjb y Èodnjh Phjanz Bjivnrh. Jbs hfbmphøhotns an Dhrfíh no jh pjhofgh prnsianofihj phrh jhs njnffibons an 5;;0 nrho nj vifnhjmirhotn rntirhab Juis

 

Dihmpintri Ubchs, fhoaiahtb h jh [rimnrh Pifnprnsianofih, y jh nx tnoinotn an hjfhjan an  Hrnquiph Jburans Mnoabzh anj Vbjhr, fhoaiahth h jh Vnduoah Pifnprnsianofih. Pifnprnsianofih. Jh drho mhybríh an jbs mès an 8;;.;;; h`ijihabs y simphtizhotns qun vbthrbo no nstn prbfnsb iotnrob ob fbofneíh h btrb fhoaiahtb prnsianofihj qun ob `unrh nj jíanr snønrb anj hprismb no jbs ójtimbs 56 høbs. Vndóo uoh nofunsth puejifhah aíhs htrès pbr nj aihrib Jh Unpóejifh, Dhrfíh, fbo uoh iotnofiöo an vbtb anj 85%, hphrnfíh ehsthotn rnzhdhab trhs jh anrnfgisth Jburans @jbrns y sbjb jidnrhmnotn pbr anjhotn anj nx prnsianotn hffibpbpujisth Phjnotío [hoihduh y an uo fuhrtb no aisfbraih jjhmhab h snr nj mès pnrturehabr `noömnob an jh pbjítifh pnruhoh ansan jh hphrifiöo an @ucimbri no 899;3 nj tnoinotn fbrbonj rntirhab Bjjhoth Gumhjh Qhssb, Qhssb, fhoaiahtb mnstizb y butsianr qun anshtö jh fhch an jbs trunobs fbo su aisfursb ohfibohjisth, hotisistnmh y muy frítifb fbo nj onbjienrhjismb y jh djbehjizhfiöo. Nj pharn y jbs gnrmhobs an Gumhjh, quino no 5;;; gheíh prbthdboizhab uoh hsbohah miji mijith thrr no vísp víspnrh nrhss an jh fhía fhíah h an @u @ucicimb mbri ri,, ghfí ghfího ho pr prbp bphd hdho hoah ah an uo uoh h ia ianb nbjb jbdí díh h nxtrnmisth, nj ntobfhfnrismb, qun an`noaíh jh suprnmhfíh an jh "rhzh fberizh", situhah no uo pjhob an fbo`rbothfiöo rnvhofgisth fbo jhs trhaifibohjns éjitns ejhofhs, y hfnptheh fbmb vèjiahs jhs víhs nxtrh fbostitufibohjns phrh jjndhr hj pbanr, ansan jh iosurrnffiöo pbpujhr hj dbjpismb mijithr. @uoahabr y jíanr anj [hrtiab Ohfibohjisth [nruhob ([O[), huoqun si eino fbofurríh pbr funoth an jh ^[[, Gumhjh yh ob qunríh snr ianoti`ifhab fbo jh pbjémifh abftrioh an su `hmijih, ob besthotn ghenrjh prndbohab no nj phshab, n iosistíh no qun nj suyb nrh uo ohfibohjismb ob ehshab no jh rhzh, siob an tipb "iotndrhabr", qun tbmheh fbmb ehsns nj "sbfihjismb hoaiob-hmhzöoifb", nj hotiimpnrihjismb y nj jhtiob hmnrifhoismb.  Huoqun jbs sboanbs io`brmheho h jhs fjhrhs qun Dhrfíh y su phrtiab snduího anspnrthoab mufgb rnfnjb y ansfbo`ihozh no jh mhybríh an jbs pnruhobs, nj nx mhoahthrib sn mhoi`n mho i`nstö stö fbo fbo`ih `ihab ab no pba pbanr nr iov iovnrt nrtir ir jh tno tnoano anofih fih.. Qrh Qrhss snr prb prbfjh fjhmha mhab b fhoaia fhoaiahtb htb prnsianofihj, fbo su pnfujihr nstijb pbr`ihab, h`irmö3 "Hquí nstby, h jh jjhmhah anj phrtiab, uoh vnz mès y ghsth qun mn munrh". Vio nmehrdb, jh fbotinoah njnftbrhj an 5;;0 sn jn prnsn prn snot othe heh h `rho `rhofh fhmn mnot otn n fbmp fbmpjijifh fhah ah pbr pbr nj pnsb pnsb io iofb fbot otns nsth thej ejn n an @j @jbr brns ns y pb pbrr jh hrrbjjhabrh hrrbjj habrh irrupfiö irrupfiöo o an Gumhjh, qun hj `iohjizhr 5;;> yh nofhenzh nofhenzh jbs sboanb sboanbs. s. Huoqun su ianbjbdíh nrh fuhjquinr fbsh mnobs fjhrh, Gumhjh, aneiab hj rhaifhjismb an sus prbpunsths, qun iofjuího jh fbostitufiöo an uoh "Vnduoah Unpóejifh" y qun rnsujtheho snauftbrhs phrh mufgbs pnruhobs ghrtbs an uoh sufnsiöo an prnsianotns oioduob an jbs fuhjns jns gheího shfhab an jh pbernzh, y h su póejifh y nstrnfgh rnjhfiöo fbo jbs prnsianotns Gudb Fgèvnz Fgèvnz an  an Pnonzunjh y Nvb Mbrhjns Mbrhjns   an Ebjivih, `un fhthj fhthjbdhab bdhab fbmb "pbpujisth an izquinrahs", y tijahab an simphtizhotn anj fhstrismb fuehob y hspirhotn h aifthabr.

 

[hrh Dh [hrh Dhrf rfíh íh,, rnsu rnsujtjthe heh h `u `uoa oahm hmno noth thjj pn pnr` r`ijijhr hrsn sn fb fbmb mb uo uoh h hj hjtn tnro roht htiv ivh h an izqu izquin inra rah h mbanrhah b an fnotrbizquinrah, fbotrhrih h jhs htrieuiahs pbjítifhs hvnoturnrhs b snfthrihs an su fbotr fbotriofhot iofhotn n ohfib ohfibohjis ohjisth, th, hj qun nmpnzö h hacuai hacuaifhrsn fhrsn pbr abquin abquinrr jh pbsnsiöo an uoh "hdnoah bfujth" phrh nj [nró an fbrtn hutbrithrib. Dhrfíh sn vníh h sí mismb mès pröximb pröxim b h jíanrns sbfihjis sbfihjisths ths b sbfi sbfihjanmö hjanmöfrhth frhthss fbmb nj erhsi erhsijnøb jnøb Jujh ah Vijvh  Vijvh  (fbo quino duhrahehyuoh duhraheh rnjhfiö rnjhfiöo o an hmisthajhansan jh aéfhah jbs bfgnoth bfgnoth, , fuhoab Oéstbr  nj uob nrh prnsianotn nj btrb jíanr bpbsitbr), fgijnoh Mifgnjjnan Ehfgnjnt, Ehfgnjnt , nj hrdnotiob Lirfgonr   y nj ur urud uduh uhyb yb Qhehré Pèzqunz Pèzqunz.. Nj nsjb nsjbdh dho o nj njnf nftb tbrhj rhj Hjho Hjho [nró [nró33 Nj fh fhme meib ib rnspboshejn, suerhyheh nsn ansnb anj prnsianotn anj [H[, fbo sus pbsns an mhaurb fiofunotöo, rbanhab an sus hmhabs nspbsh n gicbs, an snr vistb fbmb uo nsthaisth rn`brmhabr y fbmprbmntiab h jh vnz qun fhehj y `ihejn. Vio nmehrdb, pbr nj mbmnotb, jh aihoh prn`nrnotn an sus ahrabs nrh @jbrns, h jh qun qunríh ansehofhr no jh primnrh vunjth, nj 9 an herij, phrh jundb ehtirsn fbo Gumhjh no jh snduoah vunjth. Nj nsfnohrib anj ehjbthcn sn fbosianrheh ionvithejn hj ob phrnfnr `hftiejn jh supnrhfiöo pbr @jbrns b Gumhjh anj >;% an jbs vbtbs no jh primnrh bpbrtuoiaha, oi rnmbthmnotn. Piéoabjb hsí, fbrrnspboaíh hj hpristh iovnrtir jbs mhybrns ns`unrzbs phrh mntnrsn no jh snduoah rboah, yh qun su puotb an phrtiah nrh mès ehcb. Vi jb jbdrheh, pbaíh ahr pbr dhohah jh [rnsianofih. Nsth nrh jh fbofjusiöo an uo hoèjisis qun prnanfíh jh htrhffiöo prnsthah anj vbtb an tbabs jbs phrtiahribs an @jbrns, an [hoihduh y, no dnonrhj, an tbabs jbs vbthotns h jbs qun Gumhjh prbaufíh vivb tnmbr. ^oh an jhs fbosidohs mès trhosmitiahs pbr Dhrfíh aurhotn jh fhmphøh `un jh qun ianoti`ifheh h jh cn`h an jh ^O fbmb jh "fhoaiahth an jbs rifbs". Fbosfinotn an fuèo sumhmnotn pnrcuaifihj nrh nsn shmenoitb fjhsisth, @jbrns sn vib bejidhah bejidh ah h jierhr jh fhmphøh h jh an`nosivh an`nosivh,, jb qun sn trhauc trhaucb b no uo no`jhqunfim no`jhqunfiminotb inotb an su nmpucn y no nj `brthjnfiminotb an Dhrfíh.

JH VND^OAH [UNVIANOFIH (5;;0-5;88)3 DUHO EBOHOSH NFBOÖMIFH, FHVBV AN FBUU^ FBU U^[FI [FIÖO, ÖO, FBO FBO@JI @JIFQ FQIPI IPIAHA AHA VBF VBFIHJ IHJ Y FG FGIV[ IV[BUU BUUBQN BQNBV BV AN PIB PIBJNO JNOFIH FIH  Xun Hjho Dhrfíh nrh uo gbmern an pnrsbohjiaha aioèmifh nrh an sberh fbobfiab -mès eino, gheíh siab impntubsb, huoqun hgbrh ghfíh dhjh an pbjítifb mhaurb, pboanrhab, hustnrb y aihjbdhotn-, hsí qun ob pnraiö nj tinmpb no jh ncnfufiöo an vhribs prbynftbs ehoanrh an su prbdrhmh njnftbrhj, fbmb jh rnauffiöo pbr anfrntb an jbs shjhribs an rnprnsnothotns pbjítifbs y fhrdbs anj Nsthab, jh fhmphøh ohfibohj an hj`hentizhfiöo, jh nxtnosiöo an jbs snrvifibs an hduh, njnftrifiaha y htnofiöo gbspithjhrih no zbohs rurhjns rnzhdhahs, y jh punsth no mhrfgh an impbrthotns prbynftbs an anshrrbjjb, fbmb jh ounvh

 

Sboh Nfboömifh Nspnfihj, b zboh `rhofh, an [uob (qun ob thraö, sio nmehrdb, no qunahr  nsthofhah) y jh rnvithjizhfiöo anj @nrrbfhrrij Qhfoh-Hrifh. No jbs høbs siduinotns, nj Dbeinrob ohfibohj ieh h mbstrhr drho iotnrés no rnhjizhr  prbdrnsbs no jhs rnans an trhospbrtns, snrvifibs y fbmuoifhfibons fbo berhs an drho visieijiaha, fbmb nj iofbofjusb Mntrb b Qrno Njéftrifb an Jimh, rnjhozhab no 5;;9, jh hmpjih hmpj ihfi fiöo öo an anjj [u [unr nrtb tb anj anj Fh Fhjjjjhb hb,, jh fbof fbofju jusi siöo öo anj anj ój ójtitimb mb tr trhm hmb b an jh fh fhrr rrnt ntnr nrh h Iotnrbfnèoifh Vur phrh uoir jbs punrtbs an jh fbsth pnruhoh y Erhsij, jh rnobvhfiöo anj  Hnrbpunrtb Iotnrohfibohj Cbrdn Fgèvnz an Jimh, jh fbostruffiöo an jh [jhoth an Qrhthminotb an Hduh [bthejn an Guhfgiph, phrh nj hehstnfiminotb an vhribs aistritbs an jh prbviofih fhpithjioh, y nj [rbynftb Nspnfihj an Irridhfiöo n Giarb nonrdétifb an Bjmbs, no Jhmehynqun. Hj mismb tinmpb, Dhrfíh sn hprnsurö h novihr dnstbs hj fhpithj iovnrsbr  nxtrhocnrb, no phrtifujhr nj nsthabuoianosn, muy prnsnotn no jhs fbofnsibons mionrhs, phrh qun ob tuvinrh auahs an qun [nró nrh uo phís an bpbrtuoiahans y fbo pjnoh snduriaha curíaifh. Nj > an obvinmern an 5;;0 nj mhoaht mhoahthrib hrib fumpji fumpjiö ö sus primn primnrbs rbs fino aíhs an dnstiöo dnstiöo fbo uobs oivnjns an pbpujhriaha tbahvíh hjtbs. Vbern jh simeöjifh n`nmérian sbernvbjhrbo jbs nfbs an su hjiho hjihozh zh tèfith fbo nj `ucim `ucimbrism brismb, b, rnprnsnot rnprnsnothab hab no nj Fbodrnsb pbr jh gich anj prns prnsia iano notn tn,, Lni Lnilb lb @uc @ucimb imbri ri Giduf Gidufgi gi,, fhe fhenz nzh h an jh Hjih Hjihoz ozh h pb pbrr nj @ut utur urb b. Vn Vndó dóo o besnrv bes nrvhab habrns rns jbfhj jbfhjns, ns, nst nsth h hjihoz hjihozh, h, pbf pbfb b mno mnobs bs qun fbotrh ohturh  h jh juz an jbs hotn hotnfn fnan anot otns ns hó hóo o `r `rns nsfb fbss no jh mn mnmb mbri rih, h, sn hp hprn rnfi fihe heh h no nj `r `rno nob b h jh ju jufg fgh h hotifbrrupfiöo, no uoh pbjítifh nfboömifh hjnchah an jh sbfihjanmbfrhfih y qun mès eino herhzheh jbs priofipibs jienrhjns fbosnrvhabrns, y no nj impujsb an jh rn`brmh anj Föaidb [nohj phrh rniotrbaufir jh pnoh an munrtn h jbs fboviftbs an tnrrbrismb, fhmeib qun ieh h snr rnfghzhab pbr nj Fbodrnsb no nonrb an 5;;4< no hqunjjh vbthfiöo, hprisths y `ucimbrisths sn qunahrbo sbjbs. Jbs pnbr pnoshabs hsndurheho qun Dhrfíh hpbstheh pbr qun @ucimbri, rnb no rnenjaíh fbo uoh brano an eósqunah y fhpturh nmitiah pbr jh FVC, siduinrh no Fgijn, h aboan, impruanotnmnotn, sn gheíh muahab no 5;;> pboinoab térmiob h su rn`udib sndurb no Chpöo, y ob tuvinrh qun rnspboanr hotn jh custifih an fhsh pbr anjitbs an jnsh gumhoiaha y fbrrupfiöo. Vio nmehrdb, nj prbfnsb an nxtrhaifiöo heinrtb pbr jhs hutbriahans cuaifihjns an Jimh siduiö su fursb y no snptinmern an 5;;4 nj Dbeinrob an Vhotihdb mntiö h su iofömbab guéspna no uo hviöo rumeb h [nró, aboan nj nx prnsianotn qunaö prnsb h jh nspnrh an cuifib. Btrh funstiöo, nstè yh an íoabjn privhah, rnvbjbtnö sbern jbs primnrbs fino aíhs anj Dbeinrob an Hjho Dhrfíh. @un nj rnfbobfiminotb pbr nj prnsianotn, gnfgb h `iohjns an bftuern no uoh anfjhrhfiöo tnjnvishah h jh ohfiöo, ansan nj Vhjöo Abrhab anj [hjhfib an

 

Dbeinrob y shjinoab hj phsb an jhs nspnfujhfibons pnribaístifhs sbern nj tnmh, an qun tnoíh uo gicb an 5; mnsns an naha ohfiab `unrh an su mhtrimboib fbo jh primnrh ahmh, [ijhr Obrns. Nj pnqunøb, uo oiøb "jioab y muy enjjb", sn jjhmheh @nanrifb Ahotöo Dhrfíh Fgnnssmho y nrh nj `rutb an uoh rnjhfiöo snotimnothj fbo jh nfbobmisth Njizhentg Ubxhoh Fgnnssmho, surdiah fuhoab éj nstuvb "jhmnothejnmnotn" snphrhab an su nspbsh notrn herij 5;;1"uoh y bftuern anan 5;;>. ob mnofiboö h Fgnnssmh Fgnnssmho o pbr su obmer obmern, n, siob qun jhanjjhmö pnrsboh hjthsDhrfíh fuhjiahans". [hrh phsmb dnonrhj, Obrns `jhoqunheh hotn jhs fèmhrhs h su haójtnrb mhriab, hj qun mirheh y nsfufgheh fbo nxprnsiöo snrih y htnoth. "Qnodb jh shtis`hffiöo an fbothr fbo jh fbmprnosiöo y nj rnsphjab mbrhj an mi nspbsh, qun mn anmunstrh h mí mismb y h tbab nj phís su hjtísimh aidoiaha, su fboaifiöo an mharn y su fboaifiöo an ahmh", prnfisö Dhrfíh hj gh ghfn fnrr jh prns prnsno noth thfi fiöo öo an su "s "snx nxtb tb gicb gicb". ". Nj oi oiøb øb,, nx nxpj pjif ifö ö nj prnsi prnsian anot otn, n, "f "fbm bmb b fbrrnspboan hj anenr", nstheh "rnfbobfiab ansan nj mbmnotb an su ohfiminotb", dbzheh an "tbabs sus anrnfgbs" y gheíh siab "hsistiab ansan nj primnr aíh an su nxistnofih". Nj pnqunøb @nanrifb tnoíh dhrhotizhah jh "rnjhfiöo h`nftivh qun uo pharn tinon fbo su gicb", hsí fbmb "su naufhfiöo y tbab no jb qun punah hsistirjb", rnfhjfö Dhrfíh. Hj ioifihr su ernvn n iosöjith hjbfufiöo, nj mhoahthrib h`irmö3 "Xuinrb anfirjn hj phís qun nj prnsianotn ob tinon viah pnrsbohj< nj prnsianotn ob tinon viah privhah pbrqun pnrsboi`ifh h jh ohfiöo, y jbs pnruhobs aneno shenr tbab jb qun hthøn h tbabs jbs hspnftbs an su viah".

Jh anrrbth anj [H[ no jhs njnffibons rndibohjns y muoifiphjns an obvinmern an 5;;0, fhji`ifhah an "abjbrbsh" pbr su snfrnthrib dnonrhj, Mhurifib Mujanr, y jh aimisiöo no `nernrb `nern rb sidui siduinotn notn an jh mioistrh anj Iotnr Iotnribr, ibr, jh ioanp ioanpnoaino noainotn tn [ijhr Mhzzntti Mhzzntti Vbjnr, ejhofb an aurhs frítifhs pbr jhs fbmprhs prnsuothmnotn irrndujhrns an mhtnrihj phrh jh [bjifíh Ohfibohj (Mhzzntti `un sufnaiah no nj fhrdb pbr Juis Hjvh Fhstrb), pusinrbo snoabs prnèmeujbs hj primnr fbo`jiftb sbfihj drhvn, an jbs vhribs qun ieh h tnonr qun no`rnothr  ghsth nj `iohj anj mhoahtb, nofhchab pbr Dhrfíh. Vn trhtö an jh prbtnsth, ioifihah no herij an 5;;4, an jbs fujtivhabrns fbfhjnrbs anj anphrthmnot anphrt hmnotb b hoaiob an Guèou Guèoufb, fb, mbvijizhab mbvijizhabss fbotrh jhs iost iostruffi ruffibons bons anj Dbeinro Dbeinrob b an nrrhaifhr jbs fbfhjns an jh rndiöo, fbosianrhabs pbr hqunj "fujtivbs hmnohzhotns", y an rnfupnrhr jbs tnrrnobs phrh jh "eunoh hdrifujturh". Nj prnsianotn sn ondö h aihjbdhr fbo jbs gunjduisths an Guèoufb, h jbs qun hfusö an nsthr "hzuzhabs pbr jbs ohrfbtrh`ifhotns", pnrb hftb snduiab sn nofbotrö fbo uoh fhanoh an prbtnsths jhebrhjns no jh mionríh, nj snftbr pnsqunrb, jh `uofiöo póejifh y btrbs fbjnftivbs prb`nsibohjns. Btrb `bfb an fbo`jiftb pbtn pbtnof ofih ihjm jmno notn tn nxpj nxpjbs bsiv ivb b sn pjho pjhotn tnö ö no Ho Hoah ahgu guhy hyjh jhs, s, Hp Hpur urím ímhf hf,, ab aboa oan n mi mijn jnss an fhmpnsiobs

ioifihrbo

aistureibs

no

anmhoah

an

mncbrhs

shjhrihjns.

 

No cujib an 5;;4 Dhrfíh fumpjiö su primnr høb an mhoahtb no uohs firfuosthofihs phrh phrhaö aöcicifh fhs. s. [b [brr uoh uoh ph phrt rtn, n, jh nfbo nfbobm bmíh íh ohfi ohfibo bohj hj,, fb fbo o uo ritm ritmb b an fr frnf nfim imin inot otb b sbernshjinotn, anj 7% (no 5;;7 jh thsh ieh h supnrhr nj 9%, muy pbr nofimh anj prbmnaib rndibohj, rndibo hj, huoqun hfbmp hfbmphøhah høhah an uoh hjzh io`jh io`jhfiboh fibohrih rih an fuhtr fuhtrb b puotb puotbs, s, ghsth `rish `rishrr nj íoaifn an prnfibs nj 0% houhj), ieh vinotb no pbph drhfihs no eunoh mnaiah h jbs hjtbs prnfibss fbo prnfib sn fbtizheho fbtizheho mufgbs s mionr mionrhjns hjns mntèjif mntèjifbs bs (fbern, (fbern , pjhth, brb, rna pjbmb, nsthøb, ziof,qun eismutb, tnjurb, jbs ntf)mufgb qun [nró nxtrhíh y nxpbrtheh h uoh hmpjih an fjin fjinot otns ns (N (Nst stha habs bs ^o ^oia iabs bs,, Fg Fgio ioh, h, Fg Fgijijn, n, Fh Fhoh ohaè aè,, Ch Chpö pöo, o, Fb Fbmu muoi oiah aha a Hoai Hoaioh oh,, MNUFBV^U), pnrb thmeiéo pbr nj humnotb an jh iovnrsiöo, thotb póejifh fbmb privhah, y nj fbosumb. [baíh ghejhrsn an uoh aivnrsi`ifhfiöo sio prnfnanotns an jbs hpbrtns hj fbmnrfib nxtnribr, aboan snftbrns fbmb jh hdrbioaustrih y jh mhou`hfturh tnoího fhah vnz mès prnsnofih, si eino jh mionríh snduíh hpbrthoab fhsi abs tnrfnrhs phrtns an jhs nxpbrthfibons. Nj Dbeinrob ob ghfíh mès qun houofihr eunohs obtifihs, fbmb qun nj pbrfnothcn an pbejhfiöo no situhfiöo an pbernzh sn gheíh rnaufiab fiofb puotbs, phshoab anj 19% hj 11%, no uo tinmpb 11%, tinmpb réfbr réfbra, a, si ein eino o jbs antrhf antrhftbr tbrns ns anj Ncnfu Ncnfutiv tivb b hsn hsndur durhrbo hrbo qun jh muahozh hritmétifh ob tnoíh ohah an mnritbrib, puns simpjnmnotn benanfíh hj ounvb métbab phrh fhjfujhr jh pbernzh mbonthrih. [nrb, pbr btrb jhab, nj frnfinotn ansfbotnotb sbfihj pboíh an mhoi`instb qun mujtitua an pnruhobs ob vního pbr oiodóo jhab jbs ounvbs prbdrnsb y einonsthr prndbohabs pbr Dhrfíh y sus fbjhebrhabrns. Nj tnrrnmbtb rndistrhab nj 8> an hdbstb an 5;;4 no jh fbsth fnotrhj pusb h juftubsb nxhmno hj [nró, nj phís qun prbspnrheh h jh juz an jhs noviaihejns fi`rhs an su [IE. No bpioiöo an uo drho oómnrb an besnrvhabrns jbfhjns n iotnrohfibohjns, jh fhphfiaha an rnspunsth anj Nsthab `rnotn h nsth trhdnaih, ob nxfnpfibohj no uo phís qun sheíh fömb nj qun mès an mbviminotbs tnjórifbs, ancb mufgb qun ansnhr y, hj mnobs no jbs primnrbs aíhs, ob jjndö hj hprbehab. Nj snísmb, nj mès anstruftivb ansan jh fhtèstrb`n an Èofhsg an 894;, an mhdoitua 7 y fbo npifnotrb h 1; lm hj bnstn an [isfb y h 8>; hj suabnstn an Jimh, ancö uo ehjhofn an >90 `hjjnfiabs, abs mijjhrns jhrdbs an gnriabs, 40.;;; vivinoahs anstruiahs y 168.;;; pnrsbohs ahmoi`ifhahs no mhybr b mnobr mnaiah. Jhs prbviofihs mès dbjpn dbjpnhahs hahs `unrbo [isfb [isfb,, Ifh, Fgiofgh, Fhøntn, Yhuybs, Guhy Guhythrè thrè y Fhstr Fhstrbvirrn bvirrnyoh, yoh, ns anfir, jbs anphrthmnotbs an Ifh, Jimh y Guhofhvnjifh. Jh vnri`ifhfiöo sbern nj tnrrnob an jhs anvhsthfibons pbr Dhrfíh, quino, fbo su jbfuhfiaha gheituhj, hsndurö qun "oiodóo pnruhob" ieh h mbrir an ghmern b an sna, jjhmö "mhjaitbs" h jbs fbmnrfihotns qun sn htrnvinrho h sueir jbs prnfibs an jbs prbauftbs an primnrh onfnsi onf nsiaha aha y fhr fhrdö dö fbo fbotrh trh jbs pnr pnriba ibaist isths hs pbr su tno tnoano anofih fih h "htnmb "htnmbriz rizhr hr fbo mhj mhjhs hs obtifihs", ob hyuahrbo, mès eino hj fbotrhrib, h mitidhr nj no`hab an jhs víftimhs, qun fjhmhrbo fbotrh jh thrahozh an jbs nquipbs an sbfbrrb no jjndhr h jhs zbohs h`nfthahs

 

-mufghs, phrhcns rurhjns an ai`ífij hffnsb-, jh ansbrdhoizhfiöo, uoh phjmhrih `hjth an mnaibs y jh husnofih an `unrzhs anj brano phrh hthchr jh bjh an shqunbs no fiuahans fbmb [isfb, h aboan nj Dbeinrob gueb an ansphfghr uoiahans ejioahahs an jh Io`hotnríh an Mhrioh phrh rnsthejnfnr jh snduriaha. No nj btbøb an 5;;4, Dhrfíh, mès qun nj prbfnsb pnohj h @ucimbri, fuyhs rnsbjufibons  cuaifihjns nj Dbeinrob, no jb qun jn tbfhsn, ieh h fumpjir y h ghfnr fumpjir "sio baib, nosh noshøh øhmi mino notb tb y vnod vnodho hozh zh", ", no nofb fbot otrh rheh eh ioqu ioquin inth thot otn n nj rn rnsu surd rdim imin inot otb b an Vn Vnoa oanr nrb b Jumiob Jum iobsb, sb, jh btr btrbrh brh pba pbanrb nrbsh sh brd brdhoi hoizhf zhfiöo iöo dun dunrri rrijjn jjnrh rh ansfhe ansfhenzh nzhah ah y jhmioh jhmiohah ah pbr  @ucimbri, pnrb ouofh fbmpjnthmnotn hoiquijhah. Jh notrhah no nj ondbfib frimiohj an jh arbdh gheíh fbovnrtiab h jb qun qunaheh anj snoanrismb no uoh ehoah ohrfbtnrrbristh finrthmnotn mioósfujh, pnrb fhphz an io`jidir ahøbs h jhs @unrzhs Hrmhahs no phrhcns snjvètifbs n iogöspitbs fbmb nj PUHN (Phjjn an jbs Uíbs Hpurímhf y Non) an jh prbviofih hyhfufghoh an Guhoth, uoh zboh pjhdhah an fujtivbs fbfhjnrbs y aboan nj Nsthab hpnohs sn ghfíh obthr. No bftuern an 5;;4 uoh phtrujjh an sbjahabs mhtö h sintn prnsuotbs suevnrsivbs no nj aistritb an Hyhguhofh y custb uo høb anspués jbs snoanrisths, hj pbfb an ansprnfihr su fhenfijjh, @ijbmnob Fnrröo Fhrabsb, hjihs Fhmhrhah Hrtnmib, uo ujtimètum anj Dbeinrob phrh rnoairsn, sn ansquithrbo tnoainoab uoh shodrinoth nmebsfhah h uo fbovby anj Ncérfitb no nj aistritb an Qiothy [uofu, Qhyhfhch, Guhofhvnjifh, mhthoab h uoh abfnoh an uoi`brmhabs y h abs fivijns. Vn trhtö anj pnbr npisbaib an vibjnofih iosurdnotn no ounvn høbs. No herij an 5;;9, no btrhs abs fnjhahs, jbs tnrrbrisths hsnsiohrbo h 86 mijithrns mès. mè s. No no nonr nrb b an 5; 5;8; 8; nj Fh Fhmh mhrh rhah ah Hrtn Hrtnmi mib b ie ieh h h houo houofi fihr hr jh su susp spno nosi siöo öo an jh jhss hftiviahans hrmhahs an su prnfhrib drupb y uoh b`nrth an aièjbdb hj Dbeinrob, pnrb nj Ncnfutivb rnpjifö qun ob gheíh ohah qun ondbfihr.

JH MHVHFUN AN EHD^H [br jb anmès, jh snduoah mitha anj mhoahtb an Dhrfíh fbobfiö uo rnfruanfiminotb an jhs prbtn prb tnst sths hs sb sbfi fihj hjns ns.. No hd hdbs bstb tb an 5; 5;;7 ;7 jh jhss fb fbmu muoi oiah ahan anss io ioaí aídn dnoh ohss y fh fhmp mpns nsio iohs hs hmhzöoifhs sn hpuothrbo uoh viftbrih no su pujsb fbo nj Dbeinrob hj jbdrhr, trhs fhsi abs snmhohs an phrbs y mhoi`nsthfibons, qun nj Fbodrnsb, aboan nj [H[ sn qunaö sbjb no su iovbfhfiöo anj "prbdrnsb" an nsths tinrrhs anj iotnribr, anrbdhrh abs pbjémifbs anfrntbs jndisjhtivbs, nj 8;8> y nj 8;46, airidiabs h `hfijithr jh fbmprhvnoth pbr fhpithj privhab an tinrrhs snjvètifhs prbpinaha an jh pbejhfiöo ohtivh y susfnptiejns an snr nxpjbthahs phrh nj fujtivb an eibfbmeustiejns y nj ebmenb an giarbfhreurbs. Jhs pinzhs jndhjnsansrndujhabr anrbdhahs `brmheho phrtn anQJF jh jjhmhah Jny an^oiabs jh Vnjvh no njnstheh [nró, mhrfb obrmhtivb nomhrfhab no nj fbo Nsthabs y qun

 

pboinoab h jhs fbmuoiahans bridiohrihs an Hmhzbohs no pin an dunrrh, jhs fuhjns hmphrh hmp hrheho eho sus anm anmhoa hoahs hs no nj Fbo Fbovno vnoib ib 809 an jh Brd Brdhoi hoizhf zhfiöo iöo Iot Iotnro nrohfi hfiboh bohjj anj Qrhehcb (BIQ) rnjhtivb h punejbs ioaídnohs y triehjns, jh Anfjhrhfiöo an jhs Ohfibons ^oiahs sbern jbs anrnfgbs an jbs punejbs ioaídnohs y jh curispruanofih an jh Fbrtn Iotnrhmnrifhoh an Anrnfgbs Gumhobs sbern jbs anrnfgbs h jh tinrrh an jbs punejbs ioaídnohs, an tbabs jbs fuhjns nj Dbeinrob pnruhob nrh sidohthrib y nstheh h hfhthr. Vio nmehrdb, jhs nsfhrhmuzhs fbotiouhrbo h prbpösitb an btrbs anfrntbsbejidhab an jh Jny an jh Vnjvh qun jbs ioaídnohs fbosianrheho fbotrhribs hj anrnfgb iotnrohfibohj, hméo an iofbostitufibohjns. Nj fbo`jiftb dhoö nofbob y jh vibjnofih sn ansebraö nj > an cuoib an 5;;9, fuhoab uo bpnrhtivb an jh [bjifíh fbotrh finotbs hftivisths qun rnhjizheho uobs ejbqunbs no nj judhr  fbobfiab fbmb jh Furvh anj Aihejb, no Ehduh, anphrthmnotb an Hmhzbohs, tnrmioö no uoh hutéotifh mhthozh3 56 hdnotns anj brano, an jbs qun 88 nstheho rntnoiabs pbr jbs ohtivbs hwhcóo, qun jbs hsnsiohrbo h mhfgnthzbs, y uo oómnrb ioantnrmiohab an fivijns, uoh anf anfnoh noh fbm fbmb b mío míoimb imb,, ns nstbs tbs ehj ehjhfn hfnhab habs, s, rns rnsujt ujthrbo hrbo mun munrtb rtbss no jhs rn` rn`rin rindhs dhs prbvb prb vbfh fhah ahss pb pbrr nj io iotn tnot otb b pb pbjijifi fihj hj an jn jnvh vhot othr hr nj ej ejbq bqun unb b vi vihr hrib ib y an rn rnsf sfht hthr hr h jb jbss fbmphønrbs no mhobs jbs ioaídnohs hjzhabs y prbvistbs an hrmhs ejhofhs. Nj Dbeinrob impusb nj tbqun an qunah no tbah jh zboh y branoö jh fhpturh anj airidnotn ioaídnoh Hjenrtb [izhodb Fgbth, prnsianotn an jh Hsbfihfiöo Iotnrétoifh an Anshrrbjjb an jh Vnjvh [nruhoh (HIANVN[) y hutbr an uo jjhmhminotb h jh iosurdnofih, nj fuhj ghjjö hsijb no jh Nmehchah an Oifhrhduh no Jimh. [nrb thmeiéo sn rnsidoö, fbo nj `io an rnehchr jbs èoimbs y nvithr ounvbs anrrhmhminotbs an shodrn, h anrbdhr btrbs abs anfrntbs an jh Jny an jh Vnjvh, nj 8;01 y nj 8;9;. Nj fbobfiab fbmb Ehduhzb, qun fbombfiboö hj phís, `un jh frisis mès drhvn qun Dhrfíh tuvb qun h`rbothr no su snduoab mhoahtb prnsianofihj.   NJ NVFÈOAHJB [NQUBH^AIBV Nj fbo`jiftb hmhzöoifb ob nrh, oi mufgb mnobs, nj óoifb `rnotn an fbotnsthfiöo heinrtb no 5;;7 y 5;;9. Nj Dbeinrob gueb an jiaihr fbo mujtitua an mhoi`nsthfibons y hjdhrhahs fbovbfhahs pbr sioaifhtbs, hsbfihfibons y fbjnftivbs vnfiohjns an Jimh y btrbs puotbs an jh dnbdrh`íh ohfibohj phrh prbtnsthr pbr jh pbjítifh nfboömifh, anfiaiahmnotn jienrhj, y no rnpuaib thmeiéo an jbs nsfèoahjbs an fbrrupfiöo. [hrtifujhrmnotn ruiabsb `un nj qun no bftuern an 5;;7 dbjpnö an jjnob hj snftbr nonrdétifb hj rnvnjhr nj pnribaisth tnjnvisivb, y nx mioistrb anj Iotnribr fbo Qbjnab, @nrohoab Ubspidjibsi Fhpurrb fbo prunehs an huaib qun hjtbs `uofibohribs anj Nsthab y mijithotns anj [H[, fbo nj vifnprnsianotn an jh nsththj [ntrb [nró, Hjenrtb Xuimpnr, h jh fhenzh, gheího fberhab cudbs cudbshs hs fbimhs (sbebrobs) h

 

uoh bsfurh mujtiohfibohj obrundh, Aisfbvnr [ntrbjnum, h fhmeib an jh hacuaifhfiöo an fiofb jbtns an prbspnffiöo pntrbjnrh no ueifhfibons prn`nrnotns anj jitbrhj pnruhob. Nj jjjjhm hmha hab b pb pbrr jh pr prno nosh sh [n [ntr trbd bdht htn n y [n [ntr trbh bhua uaib ibs, s, qu qun n hm hmno nohz hzhe heh h fb fbo o hr hrru ruio iohr hr jh fhmphøh an rnjhfibons póejifhs an Dhrfíh sbern [nró fbmb phís snrib, jndhjisth y htrhftivb phrh jbs ondbfibs, tuvb fbosnfunofihs pbjítifhs `ujmiohotns y an fhjhab. [br an prbotb, nj prnsianotn, ioaidohab fbo jhs "víebrhs", "`njbons" y "`hrisnbs" qun fbmntího "trhif "tr hifiöo iöo h jh pht phtrih rih"" hj ana anaifh ifhrsn rsn h snm snmnch nchotn otnss fbr fbrrupt ruptnjh njhs, s, giz gizb b rba rbahr hr jhs fhe fhenzh nzhss pbjíjítitifh pb fhss an anjj mi mioi oist strb rb an No Nonr nrdí díh h y Mi Mioh ohs, s, nj hp hpri rist sth h Cu Cuho ho Ph Phja jaiv ivih ih Ub Ubmn mnrb rb,, y an anjj prnsianotn an [ntrb [nró, Féshr Dutiérrnz [nøh, sbern nj qun ob thrahrbo no rnfhnr  sbspnf sbs pnfghs ghs an ghe ghenrs nrsn n juf jufrha rhab b thm thmeié eiéo o fbo jhs fbi fbimhs mhs.. Nj "`n "`njöo jöo"" Hje Hjenrt nrtb b Xui Xuimpn mpnr, r, hanmès han mès an fns fnshab hab,, `un ant antnoi noiab ab y pun punstb stb h ais aispbs pbsifi ifiöo öo cua cuaifi ifihj hj pbr jbs "`h "`hnob nobons ons"" pnfuoihribs an jbs qun sn chftheh no sus fbovnrshfibons tnjn`öoifhs drhehahs. H jbs pbfbs aíhs, nj 8; an bftuern, Dhrfíh hfnptö jh aimisiöo no ejbqun anj Dbeinrob an Cbrdn anj Fhstijjb, qun nofhrheh nj pnjidrb an uoh mbfiöo an fnosurh phrjhmnothrih. Nj mboumnothj nsfèoahjb pijjö h Dhrfíh h fbotrhpié, yh qun, no hdbstb hotnribr, fnainoab hj fjhmbr fbocuotb an jh bpbsifiöo phrjhmnothrih, jh Fbotrhjbríh Dnonrhj an jh Unpóejifh, nj [banr Cuaifihj y ghsth nj Mioistnrib [óejifb, nj prnsianotn gheíh anfiaiab fjhusurhr jh B`ifioh Ohfibohj Hotifbrrupfiöo, notn anpnoainotn anj Fbosncb an Mioistrbs frnhab h ebmeb y pjhtijjb pbr anfrntb suprnmb no bftuern an 5;;4 no sustitufiöo anj Fbosncb Ohfibohj Hotifbrrupfiöo, h su vnz iostituiab pbr Qbjnab. Ansan su hftivhfiöo, jh B`ifioh  Hoti fbrrupfiöo vnoíh sinoab fbosianrhah pbr abquinr uoh iosthofih ion`ifhz y an gnfgb ioonfnshrih, qun sbjb rnspboaíh h uohs `iohjiahans prbphdhoaístifhs anj Ncnfutivb. ^oh vnzz ai vn aisu sunj njth th tr trhs hs sb sbjb jb ai ainz nz mn mnsn snss an vi viah ah,, su suss `u `uof ofib ibon onss `u `unr nrbo bo tr trho hos` s`nr nria iahs hs h jh Fbotrhjbríh. Qrhs shfri`ifhr h anj Fhstijjb, Dhrfíh btbrdö jh [rnsianofih anj Fbosncb an Mioistrbs h Yngu Yn guan an Vi Vimö möo o Mu Muoh ohrb rb,, pb pbjíjítitifb fb ob mi minm nmer erb b an anjj [H [H[, [, si siob ob an anjj [h [hrt rtia iab b Gu Gumh mhoi oist sth h [nruhob, quino, no jh curh anj fhrdb, nj 81 an bftuern, nsfufgö nj jjhmhab an su supnribr  iostitufibohj h an`noanr nj phís "an jh arhmètifh frisis iotnrohfibohj qun jb hmnohzh", h jufghr fbo `irmnzh "fbotrh jh hmnohzh an jh fbrrupfiöo" y h trhehchr aurb phrh fbosnduir  "jh nrrhaifhfiöo an jh misnrih y jh aismioufiöo an jh pbernzh". Jh primnrh nxgbrthfiöo prnsianofihj sn rn`nríh hj snísmb prbvbfhab pbr jh quinerh anj ehofb an iovnrsibons Jngmho Erbtgnrs no Nsthabs ^oiabs. Nj gurhfèo `iohofinrb y nfboömifb djbehj, fbmb ob pbaíh snr an btrh mhonrh no uo Nsthab nmionotnmnotn nxpbrthabr n iosnrtb no jbs mnrfhabs muoaihjns, gizb mnjjh no [nró, pnrb nj phís hduhotö rnjhtivhmnotn eino nj nmehtn fbo uoh fhíah anj frnfiminotb pbsitivb an su nfbobmíh ghsth nj 8% no 5;;9, ohah qun vnr fbo jhs rnfnsibons qun hsbjhrbo h jbs minmerbs an jh BFAN. ^o høb anspués, nj [IE an jh ohfiöo hoaioh rnebtö ghsth uo nspnf nspnfthfuj thfujhr hr 7,>%, hfbmphøhab hfbmphøhab hanmès an uoh io`jhfiöo irrisbrih, irrisbrih, anj 8,>%, y

 

an uo oivnj an noanuahminotb póejifb iduhjmnotn ehcb, nquivhjnotn hj 56% anj [IE. Anspués an tbab, Dhrfíh ieh h jndhr uohs funoths póejifhs eèsifhmnotn shonhahs. Nj Dheiontn Vimöo rndiströ sus primnrhs ehchs, jhs an jbs titujhrns an Qrhospbrtns y Fbmuoifhfibons, Pnröoifh Shvhjh Jbmehrai, y an Pivinoah, Fbostruffiöo y Vhonhminotb, Noriqun Fbroncb Uhmírnz, h ójtimbs an obvinmern. Nj 89 an nonrb an 5;;9 hrrbcö jh tbhjjh nj mioistrb an Nfbobmíh y @iohozhs, nj ioanpnoainotn Juis Phjaivinsb Mbothob, quino jjnvheh no nj fhrdb ansan cujib an 5;;7, fuhoab tbmö nj rnjnvb h Juis Fhrrhozh, aimitiab h rhíz an uo phrb ohfibohj. Hgbrh, Dhrfíh rnpnsfö h Fhrrhozh phrh nj punstb. Jh siduinotn phrtiah sbohah `un, no `nernrb, jh an Unmidib Gnrohoi Mnjboi hj `rnotn an Iotnribr. Nj mioistrb, ob minmerb an oiodóo phrtiab, y qun yh gheíh nsquivhab uo hmhdb an fnosurh phrjhmnothrih pbr jh munrtn an trns pbjifíhs ohfibohjns no nj bpnrhtivb an anshjbcb anj Ebsqun an [ömhf, no Jhmehynqun, bfuphab ijndhjmnotn pbr uoh phrtiah an fbmuonrbs, rnouofiö trhs anchr no mhj judhr h Dhrfíh hj hsndurhr qun nj rnfinotn htnothab su`riab pbr jh `isfhj dnonrhj, Djhays Nfghíz Ubchs, gheíh siab no rnhjiaha uo hshjtb rnhjizhab pbr anjiofunotns fbmuons. Jh sustituth an Gnrohoi, Mnrfnans Fhehoijjhs, jh fhoaiahth prnsianofihj anj [H[ no jhs njnffibons an 899> y hftuhjmnotn minmerb anj Fbodrnsb, rnfieiö an Dhrfíh iostruffibons prnfishs phrh sbmntnr h jh [bjifíh Ohfibohj, dhodrnohah pbr jh fbrrupfiöo y jh ioaisfipjioh, h uoh prb`uoah "rnbrdhoizhfi "rnbrdhoizhfiöo" öo" y phrh hfnotuhr jh jufgh fbotrh nj ohrfbt ohrfbtrè`if rè`ifb, b, ondbfib frimiohj qun prbspnrheh h bcbs visth pbrqun nj Nsthab sbjb iofhutheh uoh phrtn míoimh an tbah jh prbauffiöo an fbfhíoh. Ns mès, [nró ob nstheh jncbs an supnrhr h Fbjbmeih fbmb nj priofiphj nxpbrthabr anj nstupn`hfinotn. Jh pbsifiöo anj prbpib Ynguan Vimöo sn tbroö muy prnfhrih no víspnrhs anj vnrhob an 5;;9 pbr jh rnvunjth ioaídnoh no Hmhzbohs, jh suesiduinotn fhpitujhfiöo anj Dbeinrob no jbs anfrntbs an jh Jny an jh Vnjvh y jh hfumujhfiöo an ansöranons póejifbs y gunjdhs no btrbs nsfnohribs an jh prbtnsth sbfihj. Fritifhab, iotnrpnjhab y fnosurhab no nj Fbodrnsb, nj primnr mioistrb prnsnotö su rnouofih irrnvbfhejn nj 9 an cujib. Fbo éj fhyö jh mioistrh Fhehoijjhs, jh rnspboshejn anj bpnrhtivb pbjifihj no Ehduh. Abs aíhs anspués, Dhrfíh obme ob merö rö ou ounv nvb b pr prns nsia iano notn tn an anjj Fb Fbos osnc ncb b h Ch Chvi vinr nr Pn Pnjè jèsq squn unzz Xun Xunsq squé uéo, o, uo hp hpri rist sth h iofboaifibohj anj hjhoismb. No jh fnrnmboih an hsuofiöo anj ounvb Dbeinrob, nj cn`n anj Nsthab aicb3 "nspnrb qun snh nj ójtimb Dheiontn prnsianofihj hj qun jn tbmö curhmnotb". Vio nmehrdb, jh nspnrhozh an Dhrfíh an qun nj rnstb an su mhoahtb trhosfurrinrh sio mhybrns sbernshjtbs ob sn fumpjiö. No snptinmern an 5;8; Pnjèsqunz hfusö nj ansdhstn fhushab pbr jh noésimh prbtnsth sbfihj, jh fboaufiah pbr jbs gheithotns an jh prbviofih fuzqunøh an Jh Fbovnofiöo, uoh an jhs mès pröspnrhs anj phís, no anmhoah an qun sn rnondbfihsno jbs fbotrhtbs an nxpjbthfiöo anj dhs ohturhj an jbs rifbs yhfiminotbs an Fhmisnh, fbo nj `io an qun nj

 

giarbfhreurb ob sn anstiohrh thotb h jh nxpbrthfiöo y sí mès hj sumioistrb iotnrob. B`ifih B`i fihjmn jmnotn otn,, Pnj Pnjèsq èsqunz unz sn snp snphrö hrö anj Ncn Ncnfut futivb ivb phr phrh h prn prnphr phrhr hr su prn prnfho fhoaia aiahtu hturh rh prnsianofihj anj b`ifihjismb an fhrh h jhs njnffibons dnonrhjns an 5;88, jh fuhj, h jh pbstrn, ob prbspnrö. Vu rnjnvb no nj Fbosncb an Mioistrbs, Cbsé Hotboib Fghod Nsfbenab, ghsth notbofns njbdihab mioistrb an Naufhfiöo, thmpbfb jjndö hj `iohj anj quioqunoib pbrqun nj 87 an mhrzb an 5;88 houofiö su rndrnsb h jhs jhebrns hfhaémifhs no jh ^oivnrsiaha. Notbofns, nj prn prnsi sian anot otn n hs hsnd ndur urö ö qu qun n jh ph phrt rtia iah h an Fg Fgho hod d be bena nanf nfíh íh h mb mbtitivb vbss ns nstr trif ifth thmn mnot otn n pnrsbohjns, an íoabjn prb`nsibohj, y qun ob gheíh oioduoh frisis mioistnrihj an pbr mnaib. Btrh ioanpnoainotn, Ubshrib @nroèoanz @idunrbh, `un nj snxtb y ójtimb titujhr anj Fbosncb an Mioistrbs an jh snduoah Hamioistrhfiöo Dhrfíh no jbs fuhtrb mnsns qun jn rnstheho phrh su fbofjusiöo< no su primnrh Hamioistrhfiöo, Dhrfíh gheíh tnoiab fiofb primnrbs mioistrbs, fuhtrb tnoinoab no funoth nj abejn ncnrfifib an Duijjnrmb Jhrfb Fbx.  H títujb mès phrtifujhr, no su ójtimb høb an mhoahtb, Dhrfíh viviö btrhs situhfibons nmehrhzbshs, fbmb jh anrbdhfiöo pbr nj Fbodrnsb anj anfrntb 8;94 sbern nj fhrèftnr  prnsfriptiejn an anjitbs an jnsh gumhoiaha, puns heríh jh pbsieijiaha an hrfgivhr jbs cuifibs fbotrh mijithrns y pbjifíhs hfushabs an vibjhfibons an jbs Anrnfgbs Gumhobs, no su mhybríh pbr gnfgbs pnrpntrhabs notrn 897; y 5;;;, si trhosfurriabs 60 mnsns ansan jh hpnrturh an jh iostruffiöo ob gheíh snotnofih. Nj mhoahthrib sn nfgö htrès hotn jh pbjvhr pbj vhrnah nah jnv jnvhot hothah hah ano anotrb trb y `un `unrh rh an fhs fhsh, h, fbo uo ioa ioaido idohab hab Mhr Mhrib ib Phr Phrdhs dhs Jjb Jjbsh sh ("hmoistíh hpnohs ais`rhzhah", jjhmö hj fbotrbvnrtiab anfrntb nj Obenj an Jitnrhturh an 5;8;) jjnvhoab jh vbz fhothotn. Btrb npi Btrb npisba sbaib, ib, hon honfaö faötif tifb b pnr pnrb b qun no oha ohah h `hv `hvbrn brnfiö fiö sus mnoduhotn mnoduhotnss íoa íoaifn ifnss an hfnpthfiöo pbpujhr, `un jh io`brmhfiöo an qun nj prnsianotn gheíh dbjpnhab h uo cbvno anspués an jjhmhrjn nstn "fbrruptb" no uoh visith h uo gbspithj jimnøb. Dhrfíh rnfbobfiö nj iofianotn, pnrb ondö thchotnmnotn ghenr heb`ntnhab hj cbvno no funstiöo, fbo quino sn gheíh ghe íh nof nofhrh hrhab ab sbj sbjb b vnr vnrehj ehjmno mnotn, tn, "fb "fbo o uo snø snøhjh hjhmin minotb otb y uoh uohss phj phjher herhs" hs",, hfj hfjhrö hrö.. Notbofns, mnaiabs jbfhjns rnfbrahrbo qun Dhrfíh yh gheíh prbthdboizö uo iofianotn vibjnotb no 5;;1, fuhoab jn prbpioö uoh phthah h cbvno fbo aisfhphfiaha mnothj aurhotn uoh mhrfgh an prbtnsth. Jhs sbrprnshs anshdrhahejns pbaího vnoir ansan jbs sitibs mès ionspnrhabs. Abs mnsns anspués anj iofianotn an jh supunsth eb`nthah hj cbvno iofrnphabr, no aifinmern an 5;8;, shjiö h jh juz jh ounvh gbrohah an `ijtrhfibons an Tilijnhls, uo nobrmn oómnrb an fhejns aipjbmètifb aipjbm ètifbss an Nstha Nsthabs bs ^oiabs. Notrn nj mhtnr mhtnrihj ihj sustrhíab sustrhíab hj Anphr Anphrthmno thmnotb tb an Nstha Nsthab b gheíh abfumnotbs rn`nrnotns h [nró y h Dhrfíh, y hjjí sn rnvnjheho fbshs fbmb qun jh  Hamioistrhfiöo hpristh gheíh sbjifithab hj Fbmhoab Vur an Nsthabs ^oiabs hyuah an

 

iotnjidnofih y mhtnrihj phrh hoiquijhr jhs phrtiahs snoanrisths y nvithr qun sus ansmhons frimiohjns `unrho h mès. No btrb fhejn, `nfghab no 5;;0, sn anthjjheh uo "pnr`ij nmbfibohj y an shjua `ísifh" an Dhrfíh njhebrhab h pntifiöo an Thsgiodtbo pbr jh Nmehchah obrtnhmnrifhoh no Jimh. No nj tnxtb, nj prnsianotn nrh ansfritb fbmb uo pbjítifb fbo uo "ndb fbjbshj, qun jb punan fndhr hotn jbs méritbs b jhs eunohs ianhs y hjtnrohtivhs qun vnodho an btrb qun ob snh éj". "Nj ndb an Dhrfíh", prbsnduíh nj io`brmn fbo`ianofihj an nmehchabr Chmns Furtis Vtruejn, nrh "su thjöo an Hquijns", puns pbaríh "trhnr fbosnfunofihs fbotrhprbaufnotns h su Dbeinrob hftuhj, nspnfihjmno nspnfihjmnotn tn si ob ns fgnqun fgnqunhab". hab". Hanmès, Hanmès, jh Nmehchah sn ghfíh nfb an jbs "rumbrns hmpjihmnotn nxtnoaiabs" y "rnpbrtns" sbern uoh "anprnsiöo mhoíhfh b an an ansb sbra rano no ei eipb pbjh jhr" r",, ab abjn jnof ofih ih qu qun n Dh Dhrf rfíh íh fb fbme meht htir iríh íh fb fbo o "j "jititib ib ph phrh rh pr prbp bpös ösititbs bs hotianprnsivbs", si eino tbahs nsths nspnfins nrho "impbsiejns an fbo`irmhr". Nj nmehchabr  thmeiéo hpuotheh qun "jh pnrsnfufiöo, thotb rnhj fbmb imhdiohrih, gh siab uoh phrtn iotndrhj an jh viah anj prnsianotn", no høhaiaurh fhji`ifhab, nsth vnz fbo hfnotbs mès eino njbdibsbs, an "mhnstrb pbjítifb" an "fèjfujb `ríb", "muy anmhoahotn fbo sus nmpjnhabs", "hduab mifrb dnrnotn" n iofhoshejn trhehchabr .

NO JH B[BVI B[BVIFIÖO FIÖO HJ DBEIN DBEINUOB UOB G^MH G^MHJH JH Y F^HUQ F^HUQH H FHOA FHOAIAHQ^ IAHQ^UH UH [UNVI [UNVIANOFI ANOFIHJ HJ NO 5;80 VIO B[FIBONV AN PIFQBUIH

 Hj fbmnozhr 5;88, Hjho Dhrfíh sn hanotrö no jh rnfth `iohj an su mhoahtb fbo uobs íoaifns an hfnpthfiöo pbpujhr muy `jbcbs, huoqun hjdb rnfupnrhabs ansan jh tbfhah an `boab su`riah no snptinmern an 5;;7, fuhoab su dnstiöo sbjb mnrnfíh jh hprbehfiöo anj 89% an jbs fbosujthabs. Jh snoshfiöo an qun jh riqunzh prbaufiah no jbs ójtimbs høbs sn gheíh rnphrtiab an uoh mhonrh ghrtb ansiduhj pnsheh no nj èoimb an jbs vbthotns, thmeiéo ghstihabs anj mhfghföo aisfursb triuo`hjisth anj prnsianotn sbern jbs rhpiaísimbs prbdrnsbs gnfgbs pbr jh ohfiöo hoaioh h tbabs jbs oivnjns (y fuyb npítbmn vnoíh h snr nj nsjb nsjbdh dho o b`if b`ifih ihjj Nj [n [nró ró Hv Hvho hozh zh), ), gh ghst sth h nj puot puotb, b, sn sndó dóo o éj éj,, an pi pish shrj rjn n jb jbss th thjb jbon onss hj fbosianrhejnmnotn mès rifb Fgijn, fuyb [IE pbr gheithotn mès qun aupjifheh nj pnruhob. Dhrfíh sn chftheh an qun no sbjb fiofb høbs an Dbeinrob jh pbernzh no [nró gheíh fhíab 5; puotbs, ghsth situhrsn no nj 57%. Nj aihdoöstifb tnoíh, ioondhejnmnotn, uoh hmpjih ehsn an rnhjiaha, pnrb mufgbs fiuahahobs y besnrvhabrns jb tnoího pbr nxhdnrhab.  Hanmès, uob an jbs pijhrns anj prbdrhmh njnftbrhj an 5;;0, jh rn`brmh pbjítifh, fbostitufibohj y tnrritbrihj anj Nsthab, sn gheíh qunahab sio nai`ifhr. [nbr hóo, nj [H[, nj phrtiab uoèoimnmnotn rnfbobfiab fbmb nj mès söjiab y mncbr  nstrufturhab no jh gistbrih fbotnmpbrèonh anj [nró, jjndö h jhs njnffibons anj 8; an herij an 5; 5;88 88 sio sio uo fhoa fhoaia iaht htb, b, puns puns jh pb pbst stuj ujho hotn tn pr prbf bfjh jhmh mhah ah no obvi obvinm nmer ern n an 5; 5;8; 8;,, Mnrfnans Hrèbz @nroèoanz, rnspnthah titujhr an trns fhrtnrhs -an Fbmnrfib, [rbauffiöo y

 

Nfbobmíh- aurhotn nj quioqunoib, rnouofiö nj 80 an nonrb, `hjthoab sbjb trns mnsns phrh jhs vbthfibons, hj rnfghzhr jh airnffiöo anj phrtiab anj qun ob nrh minmerb, y no phrtifujhr  Cbrdn anj Fhstijjb, snfrnthrib dnonrhj pbjítifb anj [H[ ansan WWIII Fbodrnsb fnjnerhab no mhrz mh rzb b anj anj hø høb b ho hotn tnri ribr br,, su nxid nxidno nofi fih h an qun qun jh jhss jist jisths hs hj Fb Fbod odrn rnsb sb ob jjnv jjnvhrh hrho o h fhoaia fho aiahtb htbss iov iovnst nstidh idhabs abs b prb prbfns fnshab habss pbr fbr fbrrupf rupfiöo iöo.. Jh prnosh prnosh pnr pnruho uhoh h bpioö bpioö qun  Hrèbz, no rnhjiaha, gheíh bpthab pbr uoh shjiah gborbsh hj fbmprbehr jhs irrisbrihs iotnofibons an vbtb qun jn hacuaifheho jbs sboanbs. Jh ansnrfiöo anj hprismb fbovirtiö jh fbotinoah njnftbrhj no uo aunjb an fiofb fhenzhs an pjhofgh3 Gumhjh, Lnilb @ucimbri, nj nx prns prnsia iano notn tn Qb Qbjn jnab ab y jbs jbs fbos fbosnr nrvh vhab abrn rnss [na [narb rb [hejb [hejb Lufzyo Lufzyosli sli Dba Dbahra hra   y Juis Juis Fhsthønah Jbssib. Dhrfíh ob nxprnsö h jhs fjhrhs sus prn`nrnofihs pnrsbohjns, pnrb trhs fnjnerhrsn jh primnrh vunjth, qun situö no fhenzh h Gumhjh y @ucimbri, hjduobs minmerbs an su prbpih fbjnftiviaha hsndurhrbo qun nj airidnotn gheíh branohab h jbs hprisths qun prbmbvinrho nj vbtb h `hvbr an jh fhoaiahth an @unrzh 5;88 an fhrh h jh snduoah vunjth anj > an cuoib. Hj mhrdno an jh "onutrhjiaha" b`ifihj an su cn`n, no jh fhmphøh an jh primnrh vunjth nj [H[ sí ansjizö sus simphtíhs pbr Lufzyosli. No jh fhmphøh anj ehjbthcn, fhrhftnrizhah pbr nj tbob tbob an pb pbjh jhri rizh zhfi fiöo öo,, Dh Dhrf rfíh íh aib aib fr fréa éaititb b h jh ns nspn pnfi fin n an jh jhss fb fbos osid idoh ohss io iotn tnro rohs hs prb`ucimbrisths hj h`irmhr póejifhmnotn qun [nró tnoíh qun nsfbdnr notrn uo "fhmeib rhaifh rha ifhjj anj mba mbanjb njb nfb nfboöm oömifb ifb"" b "sb "sbjhm jhmnot notn n uo mnc mncbrh brhmin minotb otb sbf sbfihj ihj,, pbo pboino inoab ab nj hfnjnrhabr no hjduohs fbshs qun thj vnz nstn Dbeinrob ob gh gnfgb". Qbab nj muoab notnoaiö qun jh primnrh hjusiöo nrh h Gumhjh, no ondhtivb, y jh snduoah h @ucimbri, no pbsitivb.  Hj `iohj, jh [rnsianofih an jh jjnvö Gumhjh, jb qun phrh Dhrfíh pbaríh supbonr, hpuotheho jbs besnrvhabrns, uoh hvhjhofgh an iovnstidhfibons no su fbotrh pbr prnsuotbs fhsbs an fbrrupfiöo. No fuhotb h jhs jndisjhtivhs, nj [H[, qun fbofurríh no sbjithrib, sio mujnths an hjihozhs, su`riö uoh hutéotifh gnfhtbmen hj rnuoir tho sbjb 75>.;;; vbtbs3 no térmiobs pbrfnotuhjns, nj 0,1%, jb qun sn trhaucb no óoifhmnotn fuhtrb an jbs 86; nsfhøbs anj Fbodrnsb. Ghsth jh trhos`nrnofih anj mhoab, nj 57 an cujib, fberö mufgh `unrzh jh frnnofih an qun Dhrf Dh rfíh íh,, fbmb fbmb mn mnai aiah ah pb pbst strn rnrh rh an su mh mhoa oaht htb, b, sn ai aisp spbo boíh íh h fb fbof ofna nanr nr nj pn pnra raöo öo prnsianofihj h Hjenrtb @ucimbri, quino, fbo prbejnmhs an shjua h funsths, fumpjíh ansan 5;;9 uoh fboanoh an 5> høbs an fèrfnj pbr frímnons fbotrh jbs Anrnfgbs Gumhobs, haufinoab, prnfishmnotn, rhzbons gumhoithrihs, huoqun no rnhjiaha pbr mbtivhfibons pbjítifhs, phrh hsndurhrsn nj hpbyb an jbs 64 fbodrnsisths `ucimbrisths no nj fhsb an qun nj [O[, qun snduíh sinoab jh primnrh `unrzh anj Jndisjhtivb, `unrh fbotrh éj. Vio nmehrdb, nj ioaujtb ob sn prbaucb.

 

 Huoqun fhenzh an uoh `brmhfiöo muy snrihmnotn mnrmhah y qun yh sbjb aispboíh an uoh uoh fubt fubth h tnst tnstim imbo boih ihjj no nj Fb Fbod odrn rnsb sb,, Dh Dhrf rfíh íh sn hprn hprnst stö ö h nc ncnr nrfn fnrr uo uoh h bp bpbs bsif ifiö iöo o fbotuoanotn fbotuo anotn h jh ounvh Hamio Hamioistrh istrhfiöo fiöo an Gumhj Gumhjh, h, hj hjimö hjimöo o fbo Lnilb @ucimbri. H `hjth an uo houofib `brmhj hj rnspnftb, sn aheh pbr gnfgb qun, punstb qun jh Fbostitufiöo sn jb pnrmitíh, Dhrfíh hspirhríh pbr fuhrth vnz h jh [rnsianofih no jhs njnffibons an 5;80. Vus tnmbrns an qun nj b`ifihjismb ohfibohjisth sn pusinrh h gusmnhr no sus hftiviahans fbo iotnofibons puoitivhs ghjjhrbo prboth fbo`irmhfiöo fbo jh hprbehfiöo pbr nj Fbodrnsb nj 81 an snptinmern an 5;88 an uoh, thj nrh su obmern fbmpjntb, Fbmisiöo Iovnstidhabrh Mujtiphrtiahrih nofhrdhah an iovnstidhr jh dnstiöo an Hjho Dherinj Dhrfíh [érnz fbmb prnsianotn an jh Unpuejifh anshrrbjjhah aurhotn nj pnríbab 5;;0-5;88. Jh pbpujhrmnotn pbpujhrmnotn jjhmh jjhmhah ah Mndh fbmisiö fbmisiöo, o, fuyh prnsiano prnsianofih fih rnfhyö no nj fbodrnsist fbodrnsisth h anj [O[ Vnr Vnrdib dib Qnc Qnchah hah Dhj Dhjioa ioab, b, nmp nmprno rnoaiö aiö uoh eht ehtnrí nríh h an pnsqui pnsquishs shs phr phrh h nvhjuh nvhjuhrr jhs pbsi pbsiej ejns ns fboa fboauf ufth thss ijíf ijífitiths hs n impj impjif ifhf hfib ibon onss pn pnoh ohjn jnss an uo uoh h sn snri rin n an hf hftu tuhf hfib ibon onss supunsthmnotn irrndujhrns an Dhrfíh y `uofibohribs an su Dbeinrob no btrhs thoths èrnhs an jh dnstiöo an jh snduoah hamioistrhfiöo hpristh. Hsí, jbs fbmisibohabs njhebrhrbo io`brm io` brmns ns an fbo fbofju fjusib sibons ons y rnf rnfbmn bmnoah oahfib fibons ons an hfushf hfushfibo ibons ns fbo fbosti stituf tufibo ibohjn hjnss pbr  prnsuoth iotnr`nrnofih pbjítifh anj Ncnfutivb no jh iovnstidhfiöo cuaifihj h jh nmprnsh an snduriaha Eusionss Qrhfl V.H.F pbr su impjifhfiöo no jhs nsfufghs tnjn`öoifhs an jbs [ntrbhuaibs, hobmhjíhs no jh ncnfufiöo anj prbdrhmh an anshrrbjjb Hduh phrh Qbabs, io`rhffibons no jh mbanroizhfiöo an jbs Fbjndibs Nmejnmètifbs anj [nró y finrtbs ioaujtbs prnsia prn sianof nofihj ihjns ns y fbo fbomut muthfi hfibon bonss an pno pnoh h h rnb rnbss pbr ohrf ohrfbtr btrè`i è`ifb fb qun sn hot hotbch bcheho eho heusivbs. No mhyb an 5;85 nj nx prnsianotn fbotrhhthfö prnsnothab uoh pntifiöo an hmphrb hj [banr Cuaifihj fbo nj hrdumnotb an qun jh Mndh fbmisiöo, hj fithrjn phrh anfjhrhr, gheíh vibjhab sus anrnfgbs fbostitufibohjns, iofjuiab nj anrnfgb h jh an`nosh. No snptinmern an 5;86 nj Xuiotb Cuzdhab Fbostitufibohj an jh FVC an Jimh ghjjö `uoahah no phrtn jh anmhoah an hmphrb iotnrpunsth pbr nj nx prnsianotn y anfjhrö jh oujiaha an tbab jb hftuhab fbo rnspnftb hj anmhoahotn fbo pbstnribriaha h mhrzb an 5;86 pbr jh Mndh fbmisi fbm isiöo, öo, qun ane aneíh íh ioifih ioifihrr uoh oun ounvh vh iov iovnst nstidh idhfiö fiöo. o. Jh Mndh Mndh fbmisi fbmisiöo öo hpnjö hpnjö nst nsth h snotnofih anj Xuiotb Cuzdhab, pnrb no nonrb an 5;81 jh [rimnrh Vhjh Fivij an jh FVC jimnøh rhti`ifö nj `hjjb `hvbrhejn h Dhrfíh. Jh Mndh fbmisiöo siduiö fbo sus trhehcbs, pnrb hj `iohj tbabs sus io`brmns, no fuhtrb an jbs fuhjns rnfbmnoaheh iofbhr hffibons pnohjns fbotrh Dhrfíh y vhribs an sus mioistrbs, anvioinrbo phpnj mbchab. Hj mhrdno anj `ihsfb an jh Mndh fbmisiöo, thmpbfb `un h mès uoh iovnstidhfiöo anj Mioistnrib [óejifb fbotrh Dhrfíh pbr uo supunstb an noriqunfiminotb ijífitb trhs fbobfnrsn qun nj nx prnsianotn gheí gheíh h fbmp fbmprh rhab ab uo uoh h vivi vivino noah ah pb pbrr 76;. 76;.;; ;;; ; aöjh aöjhrn rnss y sb sbsp spnf nfgh ghrr jh @i @isf sfhj hjíh íh an uo "iofrnmnotb an phtrimboib ob aneiahmnotn custi`ifhab".

 

Dhrfíh y sus phrtiahribs jb tnoího fjhrb3 jh Mndh fbmisiöo ob gheíh siab mès qun uo iotnotb iosiaibsb pbr nj gumhjismb an hoiquijhr jh fhrrnrh pbjítifh anj cn`n hpristh, qun tnoíh jh mirhah punsth no jhs njnffibons prnsianofihjns an herij an 5;80. Qrhs shjir hirbsb an nstn "io`brmn hesurab phrh iogheijithrmn" y ob sio fumpjir nj trèmitn an sbmntnrsn h uo prbfnsb an primhrihs heinrths anj [H[ aboan sbjb sn vbtö su óoifh prnfhoaiahturh, Dhrfíh, no uo mitio rnhjizhab nj 6; an bftuern an 5;8> no nj aistritb jimnøb an Mhdahjnoh anj Mhr, gizb b`ifihj su pbstujhfiöo impnjiab pbr nj "fbmprbmisb" qun tnoíh fbo nj [nró, puns nrh mnonstnr "rnhjzhr nj frnfiminotb, jh nspnrhozh y jh hjndríh qun jn gho qunriab quithr hj phís no jbs ójtimbs fuhtrb høbs an ansdbeinrob". No nstbs mbmnotbs, nj nx prnsianotn tnoíh uoh iotnofiöo an vbtb an notrn nj 0% y nj 7%, situèoabsn tnrfnrb pbr  antrès an Lnilb @ucimbri, jh `hvbrith, y [narb [hejb Lufzyosli. Nj hspirhotn pbr fuhrtn vnz hj sijjöo prnsianofihj mhoi`nstö su aispbsifiöo h `brmhr uo Dbeinrob an fbofnrthfiöo ohfibohj an hmpjib nspnftrb. No aifinmern, no uo hjhran an prhdmhtismb, Dhrfíh `brcö jh Hjihozh [bpujhr, fbhjifiöo no jh qun nj [H[ ieh an jh mhob anj [[F an Jburans @jbrns, su fbotriofhotn no jhs njnffibons an 5;;8 y 5;;0, y nj pnqu pnqunø nøb b phrt phrtia iab b Ph Phmb mbss [n [nró ró an Ah Ahvi via a Vh Vhjh jhzh zhr. r. Jh pj pjho hofg fgh h pr prns nsia iano nofi fihj hj quna qunaö ö fbo`brmhah pbr Dhrfíh, @jbrns (fhoaiahth h jh [rimnrh Pifnprnsianofih) y Vhjhzhr (phrh jh Vnduoa Vnd uoah h Pif Pifnpr nprnsi nsiano anofih fih). ). Ehc Ehcb b nj jnm jnmh h an Hjh Hjho3 o3 nj vbt vbtb b snd sndurb, urb, jh Hjihoz Hjihozh h [bp [bpujh ujhr  r  prnsnotö prnsno tö uo prbdrh prbdrhmh mh phrh jh "rnobvhf "rnobvhfiöo iöo anj [nró" fbo uo pjho an Dbeinr Dbeinrob ob `bfhjizh `bfhjizhab ab no jhs èrn èrnhs hs an snd snduri uriaha aha,, rna rnauff uffiöo iöo an jh pbe pbernz rnzh, h, shjua, shjua, naufhf naufhfiöo iöo,, fr frnfi nfimin minotb otb nfboömifb, sistnmh `iohofinrb, prbtnffiöo anj mnaib hmeinotn, hdrifujturh y njnftri`ifhfiöo rurhj, y custifih, Anrnfgbs Gumhobs y jufgh hotifbrrupfiöo, èmeitb nstn ójtimb aboan aneíh impnrhr jh imprnsfriptieijiaha an jbs anjitbs. Fbmb mnaiahs fbofrnths, ansthfheho jhs prbpunsths an3 iofrnmnothr susthofihjmnotn jbs n`nftivbs pbjifihjns anaifhabs h phtrujjhr jhs fhjjns y h jufghr fbotrh nj frimno brdhoizhab< impjif imp jifhr hr h btr btrbs bs 8;; 8;;.;; .;;; ; fiv fivijn ijnss ane aneiah iahmno mnotn tn hfr hfrnai naitha thabs bs y duh duhrah rahss pri privha vhabs bs no jh vidijh vid ijhofi ofih h an jh snd snduri uriaha aha fiu fiuaha ahahoh< hoh< fbo fbostr struir uir mès fno fnotrb trbss pno pnoitn itnofi ofihri hribs< bs< anc anchr hr jh pbernz pbe rnzh h pbr anehc anehcb b anj 8;% h trh trhvés vés anj [rb [rbdrh drhmh mh Ghm Ghmern ern Fnrb y sio Ansou Ansoutri trifiö fiöo o Io`hotij< dnonrhr 5,> mijjbons an punstbs an trhehcb aurhotn nj quioqunoib an dbeinrob< no mhtnrih an vivinoah, notrndhr uo mijjöo an títujbs an prbpinahans urehohs y róstifhs< tbah uoh ehtnríh an ioifihtivhs phrh snduir anshrrbjjhoab jbs snrvifibs an hduh pbthejn y shon shonhm hmin inot otb, b, hsí hsí fbmb fbmb ph phrh rh jh n` n`if ifin inof ofih ih no jh dn dnst stiö iöo o an jb jbss rn rnfu furs rsbs bs gí gíar arif ifbs bs-899;). @boab Naitbrihj anj Fbodrnsb anj [nró, Jimh. [hjhfibs Ubarídunz, Uhój (5;;1)3 An Jnduíh h @ucimbri3 Jh trhynftbrih anj pbanr pbjítifb no nj [nró, 8989-5;;;. Iofjuiah no Nj [nró Unpuejifhob. An Vho Mhrtío h @ucimbri, pp. 5;>-6>1. Jimh< ^oivnrsiaha an Jimh, @boab an Anshrrbjjb Naitbrihj. IVEO 9945-1>-809-; [brtbfhrrnrb Drhabs, Uifhrab (5;;;)3 Nj [nró Fbotnmpbrèonb. Iofjuiab no Gistbrih anj [nró. Jimh, Jnxus Naitbrns. IVEO 9945-05>-6>-1 Xuirbz, Hj`bosb T. (5;86)3 Gistbrih an jh fbrrupfiöo no nj [nró. Qrhauffiöo an Chvinr @jbrns Nspiobzh. Jimh< IN[3 Iostitutb an Nstuaibs [nruhobs. IVEO 947-9945->816;-5 (jierb 16;-5  (jierb imprnsb). Unyoh, Fhrjbs (5;;;)3 Jh houofihfiöo an @ucimbri. Hjho Dhrfíh 897>-899;. 897>-899;. Jimh< Ansfb, Fnotrb an Nstuaibs y [rbmbfiöo anj anshrrbjjb. IVEO 9945-04;-86-9

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H jh iomnosh mhybríh3 aisfursbs. (8977) ( 8977) Nj `uturb ai`nrnotn. (8979) Nj anshrmn `iohofinrb3 punejb y anuah no Hmérifh Jhtioh. (8979) Jh rnvbjufiöo rndibohj. (899;) Jh an`nosh an Hjho Dhrfíh. (8998) Nj ounvb tbthjithrismb. (8995) Nj muoab an Mhquihvnjb. (8991) Jh `hjsh mbanroiaha. (8994) Vintn tnsis nrröonhs anj onbjienrhjismb no Hmérifh Jhtioh. (8994) Mi Dbeinrob gizb jh rndibohjizhfiöo. (8999) Jh aéfhah io`hmn3 anuah nxtnroh 899;-8999. (5;;;) Mbanroiaha y pbjítifh no nj sidjb WWI3 djbehjizhfiöo fbo custifih sbfihj. (5;;6) Vinrrh Nxpbrthabrh - Nmpjnb, Mbanroiaha y Custifih no Jbs Hoans. (5;;>) Fbotrh nj tnmbr nfboömifb3Frnnr no nj [nró. (5;88) [iah Jh [hjherh3 [br Jh Jienrtha, Jh [jnoitua y Nj Éxitb. (5;85) [izhrrb3 Nj Uny an jh Ehrhch3 [bjítifh, Fbo`usiöo y Abjbr No Jh Fboquisth. (5;85)

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