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Rexjournal

Renewable Research Journal

System Integration: Smart Grid with Renewable Energy

Authors Mrs. N. V. Vader Research student (Reg. 141012208) JJT Univercity, Rajstan Head of Elect. Power System Depart V.P.M.’s Polytechnic, Thane India

Mr. Mandar V. Bhadang Lecturer, Electrical Power system Depart. V.P.M.’s Polytechnic, Thane, India Issue 1

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Renewable Research Journal

System Integration: Smart Grid with Renewable Energy

Abstract:As electricity demands are increasing day by day causing unbalance in the present grid system which results in various causes like load shedding, unbalance voltage etc which ultimately affects the consumers. Now to avoid all such situations the only option is to meet the demand by increasing generation but, we are also lagging with the conventional sources so generating more power is also not convenient by conventional ways. Thus, use of Renewable is quite important. The solar power reaching the earth’s surface is about 86,000 TW. Covering 0.22% of our planet with solar collectors with an efficiency of 8% would be enough to satisfy the current global power consumption solar have tremendous potential for fulfilling the world’s energy needs Smart grids promise to facilitate the performance of the grid system. The power industry has adopted “smart” grids that use information and communication technologies, which may make electric power systems more reliable and efficient. Renewable technology enhances the available energy resources. These technologies also enable integration of higher levels of renewable energy and conventional energy sources. The renewable sources are not “dispatch-able”—the power output cannot be controlled. Future energy sustainability depends heavily on how the renewable energy problem is addressed in the next few decades. Solar energy can be made more economical by reducing investment and operating costs and by increasing solar plant performance. Integration of solar system with the smart grid have to come up with the challenges put forward by solar systems like technology barrier, uncertainty, social impact, economical aspects, free acceptance etc. Several countries have adopted special programs to subsidize and promote solar energy. Among the most successful ones are the Feed-In-Tariff (FIT) programs and the Production Tax Credit (PTC) programs. In this paper, we consider path from conventional grid towards smart grid, challenges against integration of renewable energy, i.e. solar system. And impact of solar on grid stability, reliability of supply. Failure of grid which leads to total blackout which may lead to renewable energy as one of the solution to reduce impact of blackout- case study of total blackout in North India on 29th& 30th July 2012 . The section of the paper will concentrate on Ways of assimilation of Solar system in Smart grid, challenges & benefits of integrated grid systems. Issue 1

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Introduction:`In recent years availability of power in India has bothincreased and improved but demand has consistently outstrippedsupply and substantial energy and peak shortages prevailed in recent years. The selection of an energy resourcefor electricity generation is growing concern about other aspects such as social, environmental and technological benefitsand consequences of the energy source selection. Adoption of System integration by utilitieswill help to find ways to maintain the functionality of their current systems while also riding the wave of innovative technology that keeps them ahead of the competition.For integration of smart grid and renewable energy systems into a integrated system needs broad range of skills .These skills are likely to include advance technology, interface procedures, and general problem solving skills. They are likely to include new and challenging problems with an input from a broad range of engineers where the system integration engineer "pulls it all together."

Electrical Grid system:An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from suppliers to consumers. The electrical grid has evolved from an insular system that serviced a particular geographic area to a wider, expansive network that incorporated multiple areas. India is geographically divided in five regions namely, Northern, Eastern, Western North Eastern and Southern. All the states and union territories in India fall in either of these regions. Except the Southern region all other regions are operating in syncrons mode. The Southern Region will be synchronized in 2014. All regional grids are interconnected through tie lines. so that the power across these regions can flow seamlessly as per the relative load generation balance. Issue 1

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To meet the increased transmission capacity, to reduce the transmission losses (Technical & commercial) and to adopt Energy conservation techniques “Smart grid” phenomenon is been adopted by utilities in transmission levels. To enhance the generation capacity as well as to improve the performance of the distribution system local generation phenomenon has been included for which renewable energy is the key source. The ability to increase usage of intermittent energy sources by balancing them across vast geological regions provided an electrical market which will remove the congestion.

Path from vertical integration to Vertical cum horizontal integration:Almost since their origin, electric utilities have been vertically integrated, with generation, transmission, and distribution combined in a single firm.Centralized organizationuse to ensuremaintenance of reliability, the supply of energy equals demand, Lowcost production simultaneously optimization of generator dispatch and allocation of transmission capacity. So money flow was unidirectional from consumer to utility and information flow was only between transmission and generation stations. Draw backs economical aspect and lack of coordination between different components of utility resulted into deregulation of power system. The Energy Policy Act (EP Act) of 1992 advocated deregulation of electric utilities by creating wholesale electric markets. Deregulation system adopted vertical as well as horizontal integration.There is no government restriction on entry or exit from the electricity industry at various stages. No. of private power suppliers are introduced at as generation companies, transmission companies and also work as power distributors. Power generation can be done at mega level or at micro level. Micro generation is the small-scale generation of electric power by individuals, small businesses and communities to meet their own needs, as alternatives or supplements to traditional centralized grid-connected power.Many small generators are allowed to sell electricity back to the grid for the same price they would pay to buy it. The smart grid signifies digital upgrade of transmission grids and distribution systems to optimize current operations, reduce cost and intensifications reliability.’

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What is “Smart Grid”??? The Smart Grid is a compilation of concepts, technologies, and operating practices intended to bring the electric grid into the 21st century.A “smart grid” is an electric grid system where all accomplices in the grid system (i.e. electricity generators, transmission and distribution operators, electricity consumers) communicate and work with each other to raise the efficiency and reliability of the grid. The smart grid delivers electricity to consumers using two-way digital technology to enable the more efficient management of consumers’ end uses of electricity as well as the more efficient use of the grid to identify and correct supply demand-imbalances instantaneously and detect faults in a “self-healing” process that improves service quality, enhances reliability, and reduces costs The smart grid is more than simply installing smart meters – by bringing an information technology to the electric grid, we will develop numerous applications that use the devices, networking and communications technology, and control and data management systems.

Smart grid in Indian power sector:Following factors emphasize the adoption of the smart grid in India: • Peak shortfalls: India is world's 6th largest energy consumer, accounting for 3.4% of global energy consumption. Demand for energy has grown at an average of 3.6% per annum there is short fall of peak demand. • Loss reduction: India’s aggregate transmission (technical and commercial) losses are on av. 20-27%. Adoption of smart grid has reduced losses. • Performance Efficiency: The smart grid can improve load factors and reduce system losses. This will reduce the dips in load curves and improves the performance efficiency of entire power system. • Human Error: Error in meter reading, deliberate errors, power theft, faulty meters, and poor maintenance of meter intentional damage has resulted with significant losses. However, automated meter reading would lower recording and other errors thereby reduced commercial losses.

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• Peak load management: India’s supply shortfalls are during peak hours and are persisting for many years. Implementation of demand side management had allowed more “intelligent” load control. Restructuring of tariff with incentives has been communicated to consumers in a dynamic manner. which would help moderate the supply-demand gap. • Future energy: India has supported the application of renewable energy – wind energy and solar energy. Nearly 2-3% power generation is considered by renewable energy. MOP has under taken National Solar Mission and set a goal to add 20,000 MW of power by 2020. This will help us to overcome peak hour short fall and also reducing carbon emission.

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Technological leap: Perhaps the most intriguing driver for India is the potential to “leapfrog” into a new future for electricity, as it did with telecommunications. Also, the “smart” in a smart grid is ICT — an area of unique capability in India.

Generation Mix:Renewable Power generation Potential capacity Wind Power 49,132 Mw (55%) Potential Solar power 1044.16 Mw potential Biomass 17,538 Mw (20%) Power Potential Small Hydro 15,385 Mw (17%) Power Cogeneration 5000 Mw (6%) in Sugar Mills

India’s energy-mix comprises both non – renewable (coal, lignite, petroleum and natural gas) and Renewable energy sources (Wind, Solar, small Hydro- plants, Biomass, cogeneration, bagasse etc.). Depletion of nonrenewable sources named renewable Sources as Future Energy Sources.There are a high potential for generation of renewable energy from various sources – wind, solar, biomass, small hydro, and cogeneration bagasse. The total potential of renewable power generation in the country as on 31st march, 2011 is estimated at 89760 MW.

Renewable technology enhances the available energy resources. These technologies also enable integration of higher levels of renewable energy and conventional energy sources. The renewable sources are not “dispatch-able”—the power output cannot be controlled. Future energy sustainability depends heavily on how the renewable energy problem is addressed in the next few decades. Renewable (Solar & Wind) energy can be made more economical by reducing investment and operating costs and by increasing solar plant performance. Integration of solar system with the smart grid have to come up with the challenges put forward by solar systems like technology barrier, uncertainty, social impact, economical aspects, free acceptance etc.

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Renewable energy systems:Renewable-energy resources can be used for power generation as standalone or isolated system. But their benefits are significantly enhanced when they are integrated into bigger electric power grids. Each resource is different from the grid’s perspective and some are easier to integrate than others. With greater use of smart grid technologies, higher degrees and rates of penetration can be accommodated.

Role of Renewable energy:In INDIA the renewable energy sector is developing with a slower pace but to overcome this first step taken is formation of ministry of non-conventional energy resources. However, India lags behind the other nations in use of renewable energies. India’s total grid connected renewable energy capacity (excluding large hydro) is around 26.96 GW out of which 68.9% comes from wind source while 4.59% comes from solar PV cells.

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Sr.No.

State

Solar Energy

Wind Energy

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Tamil Nadu

2MW

4132.72 MW

02

Maharashtra

11.2MW

1837.85 MW

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Karnataka

10MW

1184.45 MW

04

Rajasthan

105MW

670.97 MW

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Gujarat

654.81MW

1432.71 MW

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Andhra Pradesh

10MW

122.45 MW

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Madhya Pradesh

2MW

187.69 MW

08

Kerala

00MW

23.00 MW

09

West Bengal

2MW

1.10 MW

10

other states

35MW

3.20 MW

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Benefits of integration:Leading characteristics of renewable resources that impact their integration into power grids are their size (generation capacity as compared to other sources of power generation on a system), their location (both geographically and with respect to network topology), and their variability (minute-by-minute, daily, seasonally, and intermittently).Renewable integration reducing our nation’s dependence on foreign coal by enabling the seamless integration of cleaner, greener energy technologies into our power network. Normally Renewable resources are connected at the distribution level and as larger resources (wind farms, solar farms) are connected at the transmission level. 1. Future energy sustainability: Renewable energies are making a significant contribution to climate protection, diversify resources, ease dependence on fossil resources, not produce any type of contamination, domestic energy carriers and therefore contribute to regional value creation and help to secure employment. Hence renewables as future energy provides sustainability. 2. Empowering grid in peak hours :Integration of more renewables and storage support the smart grid with real time information and substituting renewable energy sources whenever possible. Increasing proportion of Renewables in generation mix not only improves operational efficiency but reduces peak demands 3. Energy management: Smart metering helps to adopt energy management techniques such as Demand side managementat consumer level, demand response usage leads to optimum utilization and results into saving of energy. 4. Independent systems: RE systems works as isolated system during grid failure and reduces impact on customer. Industrial and commercial consumers adopt grid connected RE systems which helps to reduce power demand. Sometimes isolated system in residential areas conserves the energy.

5. Upgrading Electrical market: Power exchange provides an electronic platform to facilitate trading of electricity at national level. Initiated Renewable energy trade since 2011. India ranks fourth for its market potential in renewable energy.

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Challenges in Integration of renewable with Smart grid:Variable generation, provided by many renewable-energy sources, is a challenge to electric grid operations. But when used in integration with smart grid as responsive distributed generation can be a profit to system operations if coordinated to relieve stress in the system (e.g., peak load, line overloads, etc.). Smart grid approaches can reduce barriers and facilitate integration of renewable resources. The challenges can be categorized below as technical, financial, business and societal issues. A--Technical:1. Advanced Control Strategies: Solar and wind power plants exhibit changing dynamics, nonlinearities, and uncertainties .Hence smart grid require advanced control strategies to solve effectively. The use of more efficient control techniques would not only increase the performance of these systems, but would increase the number of operational hours of solar and wind plants and thus reduce the cost per kilowatt-hour (KWh) produced. 2. Wind and solar energy are both intermittent resources. Wind behavior changes daily and seasonally, and sunlight is only available during daylight hours. Both wind and solar energy can be viewed as aggregate resources from the point of view of a power grid, with levels that vary within a 10 minute to 1 hour time frame, so they do not represent the same form of intermittency as an unplanned interruption in a large base-load generator. 3. Research in technology is still in progress. Hence existing generation and delivery infrastructure (i.e. legacy) of RE systems must be adaptive to work with new technologies. 4. Being flexible to changing technologies require identifying the vital interface between technology components. 5. Achieving association across service providers, end-users and technology suppliers is difficult in particularly in growing international market place. Exchange of knowledge and information can allow multiple parties to connect their devices and system for proper interaction, but attaining interoperability is difficult.

B-Business and financial:1. Understanding and communicating the value proposition of a smart grid deployment for each stakeholder in the electricity supply chain is scary.

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2. The financial environment risk and reward can challenge business plan for smart grid investments as well as in Renewable energy system. 3. Regulatory understanding and sensitivity to providing an appropriate environment for smart grid investment takes place. Regulatory decisions (or lack of decisions) can create new challenges. 4. Developing an appropriate incentive structure that aligns economic and regulatory policies with energy-efficiency and environmental goal needs to be tailored to each member economy.

C-Societal:1. Strategies need to account for a variety of policy objectives (affordability, sustainability, growth and cultural values). 2. Assigning value to externalities, such as environmental impacts, is difficult, but necessary, in balanced decision- making. 3. Understanding and accounting for the beneficial aspects of smart grid investments as a mechanism for job creation and advancing a technically skilled workforce needs development. 4. Greater awareness about capabilities of smart grid and there benefits for improving energy-efficiency and renewable resource integration policies. 5. Research and development activities: the speed with which new ideas and deployment tactics are being generated.

Case Study: Major Power failure in India -2012:On 30th June 2012 the two stages in North India have drawn excess power from the grid which resulted in dropping frequency level which tripped the NEW grid and cascaded the Northern and Eastern Grid. Western grid has isolated itself from NEW grid by reducing the demand. Among the two major circuits linking Agra-Gwalior and a line linking Zerda in Gujarat and Kankroli in Rajasthan were out for maintenance which main links connecting western and northen grid. Prior to fault on 29th one of this line was heavily loaded by around 1000MW power flowing through a single circuit brought it on a verge of Collapse by 3pm. Because of such critical condition at 2.30 pm the Northern transmission grid collapsed and took Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh into darkness. NTPC’s six plants: Singrauli (2000 MW),

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Rihand (2500 MW), Dadri (1820), Auiya (652 MW), Anta (413 MW) and Badrapur (705 MW) stopped generating following the failure.

Vital Observations:Due to the above mentioned failure some vital observations were carried out which are as mentioned below:-

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Railways and Delhi Metro came to halt for few hours due to failure of signaling systems.

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About 270 miners were stuck in coal mines in eastern India as elevators stopped working.

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Restoration time 15 hours (80% of service).

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Delhi Airport was open because of back-up power (Micro-Grid) in 15 seconds.

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Oil refineries in Panipat, Mathura & Bhatinda continued operating because of captive power stations (independent of grid).

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Villages like Meerwada in Madhya Pradesh were unaffected, because of 14 kW solar power station.

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Majority of industries, shopping malls, commercial complexes not affected due to their backup systems which were run by diesel generators.

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Major IT hubs, small commercial sectors and some agricultural loads were still in line due to renewable energy generation like solar energy & Wind energy.

Due to this integrated system some of the major break downs were prevented by the use of such integrated systems and the minor part of northern grid was operating without any disturbances. If this would have been implemented on the complete grid system might be this major black out would have been prevented. Thus integrating renewable energy into grid requires not only new technology but new attitude and operating procedure.

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Conclusion:Renewable generation has the benefit of enhancing sustainability (reducing environmental impacts), reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reducing dependence on local or imported fossil fuels, and increasing energy security through diversification of energy sources. Smart grid technology can control renewable resources to effect changes in the grid’s operating conditions and can provide additional benefits as distributed generation assets or when installed at the transmission level. Distributed generation can support weak grids, adding grid voltage and improving power quality. In certain circumstances, distributed generation can be used in conjunction with capacitor banks for management of power flows or to manage active and reactive power balance. If harvested and taken care of control system, “Renewable Resources will act as Smart Grid Assets.”

Reference: Papers

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Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) Energy Working Group May 2011 Report, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 902 Battelle Boulevard Richland, WA 99352, USA.

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Paper on Control for Renewable Energy and Smart Grid. By, Eduardo F. Camacho, Tariq samad , Mario Garcia-sanz, and Ian Hiskens.

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Paper on Building a Smarter Smart Grid through better renewable energy Information. By Cameron W-Potter member IEEE.

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An introduction to the Smart Grid (White paper) By Wissam Balshe, Sales Application Engineer.

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Smart Grids White Paper WH-1:14.8.2009 CSTEP (www.cstep.in) Rahul Tongia, Ph.D. JJT University & COSIA

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Central statistics office national statistical organization ministry of statistics and programme implementation government of India (www.mospi.gov.in) Websites

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http//www.powergrid.in/national grid.html

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http://www.powermin.in/loaddispacthcenter

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http://www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia/stakeholder_roundtable_sept_09_fin al.2.00.pdf Books

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The India Solar Handbook June 2012 edition.

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Renewable energy technologies by Ramesh R. Publication:house.

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Renewable energy sources and their environmental impact by Abbasi S.A / Abbasi N. Publication: - PHI/New Delhi.

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Renewable energy sources and emerging technologies by D.P.Kothari / Sigal K.C Publication:- PHI/New Delhi.

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