Air charted services provided by the Indian govt...
Air charter services, Private charter services
Table of Contents CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 3 Overview of Industry as a whole....................................................................................... 3 History of the Organization............................................................................................. 6 Competitor’s Information................................................................................................ 9 S.W.O.T Analysis of the Organization..............................................................................12 Objectives of the study................................................................................................. 16 Methodology............................................................................................................. 18 CHAPTER -2: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK....................................................................21 AIR CHARTER SERVICES PVT. LTD. Uses following types of Aircraft type............................21 Performance.......................................................................................................... 23 Specifications.............................................................................................................. 26 Aircraft Performance................................................................................................. 31 Pilatus PC 12............................................................................................................... 34 Airports list in India........................................................................................... 35 List of Major Airports in India........................................................................................ 35 Major international airports in India:............................................................................. 38 Source of Income of International Airport........................................................41 Aircraft Related Charges........................................................................................... 44 Aeronautical Services..................................................................................................... 44 NON-AERONAUTICAL SERVICES................................................................................. 48 General Parking......................................................................................................... 50 PASSENGER SERVICE FEE........................................................................................... 51 Cargo Handling............................................................................................................. 52 Aircraft Refueling.......................................................................................................... 54 Aircraft Maintenance...................................................................................................... 54 Eight Feature of Air traffic control...................................................................................64 8)
Flight traffic mapping......................................................................................... 69
CHAPTER -4: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.................................................................71 Page 1
Air charter services, Private charter services Results of the study..................................................................................................... 71 Limitations............................................................................................................... 73 Suggestions............................................................................................................... 74 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................... 76 APPENDIX.................................................................................................................. 77
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Air charter services, Private charter services
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION Overview of Industry as a whole Air Charter Service (ACS) is an aircraft charter provider with 17 offices spanning 5 continents. Air Charter Service does not own any aircraft, but arranges helicopter, private jet, commercial airline and cargo aircraft charters for a wide and diverse range of clients. Air Charter Service was founded in 1990 by Chris Leach in the UK, starting out as a small specialist aviation company committed to high standards of customer service that has grown to become a worldleading member of the aircraft charter industry - arranging 7,500 full charters per year. An aircraft is a machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air, or, in general, the atmosphere of a planet. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet. The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called aviation. Crewed aircraft are flown by an onboard pilot, but unmanned aerial vehicles may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard computers. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as lift type, propulsion, usage and others. A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward, and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft and many forms of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft cannot perform. The word helicopter is adapted from the French language hélicoptère, coined by Gustave Ponton d'Amécourt in 1861, which originates from the “twisted, curved “and Petron "wing". English-language nicknames for helicopter include "chopper", "copter", "helo", "heli" and "whirlybird".
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Air charter services, Private charter services Helicopters were developed and built during the first half-century of flight, with the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 being the first operational helicopter in 1936. Some helicopters reached limited production, but it was not until 1942 that a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky reached full-scale production, with 131 aircraft built. Though earlier designs used more than one main rotor, it is the single main rotor with anti-torque tail configuration that has become the most common helicopter configuration. Tandem rotor helicopters are also in widespread use due to their greater payload capacity. Co-axial helicopters, Tilt rotor, and hybrid rotorcraft are all flying today. Quad rotor helicopters pioneered as early in France, and other types of multicomputer have been developed for specialized applications such as unmanned drones. A business jet, private jet is a jet aircraft designed for transporting small groups of people. Business jets may be adapted for other roles, such as the evacuation of casualties or express parcel deliveries, and some are used by public bodies, government officials or the armed forces. An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines lease or
own
their aircraft with
which
to
supply
these
services
and
may
form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for mutual benefit. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body. Airlines vary from those with a single aircraft carrying mail or cargo, through full-service international airlines operating hundreds of aircraft. Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental, intra-continental, domestic, regional, or international, and may be operated as scheduled services or charters. A cargo aircraft (also known as freight aircraft, freighter, airlifter, or cargo jet) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is designed or converted for the carriage of goods, rather than passengers. Such aircraft usually do not incorporate passenger amenities, and generally feature one or more large doors for loading cargo. Freighters may be operated by civil passenger or cargo airlines, by private individuals or by the armed forces of individual countries.
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Air charter services, Private charter services Aircraft designed for cargo flight usually have features that distinguish them from conventional passenger aircraft: a wide/tall fuselage cross-section, a high-wing to allow the cargo area to sit near the ground, a large number of wheels to allow it to land at unprepared locations, and a high-mounted tail to allow cargo to be driven directly into and off the aircraft. Cargo aircraft represent a small proportion of the overall air freight market. The majority is carried in special ULD containers in the cargo holds of normal passenger aircraft.
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Air charter services, Private charter services
Profile of the organization With India's rapidly growing, expeditiously changing economic and business environment, the percentage of traveling population is burgeoning. More and more people are traveling for both business purposes and recreation. Keeping pace with the other advancements, the way we travel is also improving. To cater to the divergent needs of VVIPs, State Governments, Corporate Houses, Political Parties, Travel Agents, Tour Operators, Medical Evacuation, Aerial Surveys, etc; India Fly Safe Aviation Limited (IFSAL) offers tailor made solutions for all the travel requirements, both for business and leisure. Offering charters with outstanding crew, IFSAL provides first class private charter services. We are a young, energetic and widely reputed company, whose priority is focusing on delivering excellent customer service. We conduct safe air operations on hire, reward principle, and fully understand the needs and concerns of our clients. A perfect way to travel, we offer you the best flight you can have for yourself, either for business or recreation. The aviation experts at IFSAL can provide you with customized programs; right down to the gourmet meals that you expect when flying in a private charter. Air Charter Services Pvt. Ltd. Room No.402 / 412, 4th Floor G+5 Building Terminal 1B, Palam Domestic Airport New Delhi - 110037, INDIA Ph.: (+91-11) 2567 4449, 2567 1327, 2567 4558, 2567 4848 Fax: (+91-11) 2567 4479
Email:
[email protected]
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Air charter services, Private charter services
History of the Organization ACS was founded in 1990 by Chris Leach as a small specialized aviation company, initially dealing with a small number of large contracts. The Charter market had seemed saturated, with a small number of large established companies controlling the whole market along with a handful of one and 2 man brokerages and many thought that there was not enough room for a new big player. ACS’s commitment to personal service proved popular in what had been described by some as a complacent market place and the company grew rapidly. ACS then furthered their commitment to providing exceptional customer service by opening regional offices. These offices were established with the aim of meeting the charter requirements of existing customers but also to extend ACS’s charter services to international clients. Each regional office was based on the same principles of customer service and every account manager worldwide was trained in the London office. ACS now employs over 250 staff around the globe speaking local languages and with expertise in their own regional markets and counts Middle Eastern royalty, the British government, major multinational corporations and non-profit organizations as its customers. The company has grown on the following principles
High quality personal service
24/7 coverage
Quick response times
Continuous service from enquiry to post flight
Expert knowledge of the industry
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Air charter services, Private charter services The History of Air Charter Service private flight Not only can flights be booked in a hurry and personalized, but it should be mentioned that this method of journey reduces the amount of stability scrutiny and those embarrassingly lengthy protection checkpoints. Even though most tourists understand why these measures were put into spot right after nine/11, there are handful of folks who will sing their praises in the face of long delays/missed flights due to holdups at these checkpoints. For people who question if air constitution travelers appreciate the very same creature comforts as their professional airline counterparts - the solution is a resounding affirmative. In addition, air constitution flights can be customized to the consumer - whether a organization trip or a family members trip, which can make them an attractive choice for teams of anysize.Personal Air Charter - Difficulties with Professional Airlines Even with the growing variety of industrial travel web sites that promise to "customize" flights and vacations, a closer evaluation of these web sites reveals that possibilities are often fairly restricted. For illustration, one key air provider has only a few of non-stop flights per working day amongst Orlando, FL and Memphis, TN - a single is very early in the morning and one isolate in the evening. Men and women not available for travel in the course of these times face the prospect of either finding a flight with a layover, possibly paying much more for a non-stop flight with yet another provider, or flying in/out of another airport. Jet charter travel has none of these restrictions flights can be scheduled at any time of the day to nearly any destination. Charter airways normally need really minor discover, so very last minute outings for important company meetings or medical emergencies are not a problem. This versatility enables a traveler to exercising higher handle above the excursion, which can give a higher degree of pleasure. At a single position in time an air charter assistance was one thing obtainable only to these substantial on the company ladder. Business executives and CEOs of key organizations would resort to utilizing air charter solutions as an substitute to owning an aircraft of their own. These non-public charter companies would offer these experts with all the excellent luxury and ease related with proudly owning a personal jet without having the additional expense of preserving and maintaining it. As effectively as currently being really pricey to buy outright, a private jet can also be incredibly high priced to maintain you require having an aircraft hangar or an airstrip to shop the plane - each of which can value a large quantity of cash. As a end result they made the decision to use a charter services as a substitute. It is hard to determine when the kinds of air charter services commonly utilized by business individuals these days ended up first Page 8
Air charter services, Private charter services released. The greater part of individuals would argue that the first air constitution services commenced just immediately after the stop of Entire World War II. Even so, the correct progress of company air constitution boomed immediately after the Globe War II when the extra and surplus plane has been commenced to be provided to the company. Indian Aviation Industry is one of the fastest growing airline industries in the world. The history of Indian Aviation Industry started in December 1912 with its first domestic air route between Karachi and Delhi. It was opened by the Indian Air Services in collaboration with the UK based Imperial Airways as an extension of London-Karachi flight of the Imperial Airways. Tata Sons Ltd., the first Indian airline, started a regular airmail service between Karachi and Madras three years later without any backing from the Indian government. During the period of independence, 9 air transport companies were carrying both air cargo and passengers in the Indian Territory. In 1948, the Indian Government and Air India set up a joint sector company, Air India International to further strengthen the Aviation Industry of India. As part of nationalization in 1953 of Indian Airlines (IA) brought the domestic civil aviation sector under the purview of Indian Government. Later till the mid 1990's government-owned airlines dominated Indian aviation industry. When the government adopted the Open-sky policy in 1990 and other liberalization policies the Indian Aviation Indian made underwent a rapid and dramatic transformation. By the year 2000 several private airlines have entered into the aviation business in succession and many more were about to enter into the arena. Indian aviation industry today is dominated by private airlines and low-cost carriers like Deccan Airlines, GoAir, and SpiceJet, air charter services etc. And Indian Airlines, the giant of Indian air travel industry, gradually lost its market share to these private airlines. According to the report of CAPA, these budget carriers are likely to double their market share by 2010 -- one of the highest in the world. Indian aviation industry can be classified into three groups:
Public players Page 9
Air charter services, Private charter services
Private players
Start up players
There are three public players: Air India, Indian Airlines and Alliance Air. The private players include Jet Airways, Air Sahara, Paramount airways, Go Air Airlines, Kingfisher Airlines, Spice Jet, Air Deccan and many more. The startup players are those which are planning to enter into the markets. Some of them are Omega Air, Magic Air, Premier Star Air and MDLR Airlines.
Competitor’s Information New Flight Charter New Flight Charters is not restricted to a defined fleet or certain operator relationships or networks, and thus can quote charter flight quality and price options not otherwise available. Take advantage of the comprehensive nationwide availability of based aircraft, floating fleets, discounted one-way flights, and empty legs with the leading DOT-registered and FAA-certified aircraft operators, and your guaranteedbest one-way or round trip pricing for each and every flight. Benefit from the history and reputation of New Flight Charters, with confidence that the top-rated, registered and respected company is arranging your charter flight on your behalf. Detailed charter quotes are free and normally sent 2–4 hours from the request, and guaranteed for best price in the market. Ballpark pricing and general information are available immediately.
One Sky Jet At OneSky, we've created something special: a private jet alternative that offers the peace of mind and reliability of fractional ownership with the flexibility, simplicity and choice of private jet charter. Access to over 2,500 approved private jets Freedom to select the exact jet make and model for each trip No up-front capital outlay Stringent and unyielding commitment to passenger safety Best of class logistics expertise through our FedEx heritage OneSky Jets – The Evolution of the Private Jet Company OneSky Jets does not own or manage their own jets. Instead, we've built a unique model which unites the top private jet carriers into a cohesive network, Page 10
Air charter services, Private charter services
Paramount Business Jet Paramount Business Jets is a private jet charter brokerage company and on behalf of its clients arranges private charter flights with FAA part 135 certified operators and similar charter approved operators throughout the world. Representing clients in the marketplace, Paramount Business Jets is committed to finding all appropriate aircraft meeting both the client's and the mission's requirements. PBJ's skilled team of aviation consultants, with years of experience negotiating the best possible pricing from only the safest operators in the marketplace, help to ensure we provide the most cost effective and value added aircraft choices for our clients. With access to over 15,000 private jets and VIP airliners worldwide, PBJ clients enjoy the freedom of choosing any aircraft size and comfort level on a per trip basis to and from any city in the world. PBJ plans and tracks every aspect of the trip from the beginning to the end, including gourmet catering, car service requests and any of the special needs of our clients.
Imperial Jets Imperial Jets will arrange the ideal private aircraft for your business or leisure trip. We have access to a diverse network of turboprops and light, heavy, mid and super- midsized jets around the globe. We are an experienced and innovative firm devoted to providing you with unequaled safety, service, luxury and convenience. Safety •The only other passengers on your flight are the colleagues and companions you choose. Human errors and variables from agents, baggage handlers and airport screeners are eliminated. •Any information regarding charter flights booked through Imperial Jets remains strictly confidential. •Each pilot's experience, safety record, insurance and equipment hours are audited by the operator to the highest standards. Please see Standards page. Flexibility •You, rather than an airline or charter company can select or change planes and flight times. •Imperial Jets charter carriers can access several thousand airports in North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, thereby avoiding routing you through congested " hub airports".
Stratos Jet Charters At Stratos Jet Charters we believe that long-term client relationships are born of good experiences, not long-term contracts. We specialize in arranging on-demand private jet charter flights for long-term, Page 11
Air charter services, Private charter services repeat clients who wish to enjoy a safe and hassle-free air charter experience. In order to build longterm relationships with our clients, we assist them with making informed buying decisions for every charter flight. Our goal is to better understand and meet the unique needs of each client, and this philosophy has shaped all aspects of our company. Working with Stratos Jet Charters allows our clients to gain access to our network of approved vendors that are regularly assessed to ensure their compliance with our aircraft, insurance and flight crew requirements. Our clients are afforded piece of mind knowing that all of our vendors comply with the rigorous standards of our air charter safety due diligence program. Stratos Jet Charters clients seek the flexibility of choosing among many different aircraft for their personalized charter flights . With access to over 5,000 aircraft that meet the most rigorous standards of air charter safety, Stratos Jet Charters provides the highest level of aircraft flexibility and guarantees a private charter aircraft with as little as twelve hours notice. Our air charter coordinators are among the most knowledgeable in the jet charter industry and are happy to be your educational resource for air charter safety and market research assistant for private jet charter flights. Our team of jet charter experts is available 24/7 to assist you with arranging air charter flights on rigorously inspected aircraft with highly-experienced flight crews.
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Air charter services, Private charter services
S.W.O.T Analysis of the Organization Conducting a SWOT analysis, that is, reviewing the strengths of an organization, its weaknesses, opportunities it can capitalize on for maximum profits, and the threats to achieving its full potential provides very invaluable information to the organization about the market and understanding the industry, as well. The aviation industry is not an exception, it too has its own share of strengths and opportunities which once utilized by an organization can help it grow substantially and weaknesses and threats which the organization must strive to minimize to the lowest possible levels. One of the strengths of an organization in the aviation industry is the growing income levels. The growth in individual incomes increases the amount of disposable income and hence many people are able to utilize the carriers to fly to their destinations Growth in tourism is also a major strength as it has led to a significant increase in the number of domestic and international passengers with statistics indicating a 50% growth in the number of domestic flyers and a 25% increase in the number of international flyers. Despite the downturns, air travel has continued to grow over time and is one of those industries that are far away from reaching their peak. This can be partly attributed to the ever growing population and the increase in the propensity of people to fly. With efficient management, an organization in the aviation industry is guaranteed to grow into a big and profitable enterprise. Air travel has a marked safety record and has been generally accepted as a safe and fast way to travel. Even the low cost growing airlines have safety and speed attributed to them and therefore, a small growing airline shares this strength with big and recognized brand names in the industry which is quite an advantage. Airline staff consists of highly trained personnel, which is a major strength, to any organization in the industry. One of the major weaknesses in the aviation industry is infrastructural development. The development of infrastructure has been very slowing thus unable to keep up the pace of growth of the aviation sector. It is therefore, a major bottleneck in the industry. A growing airline should therefore, give priority to Page 13
Air charter services, Private charter services investing in infrastructure by constructing state of the art airports with adequate runways and ample parking lots for passengers. It should also invest on routes leading to the airports to help reduce passenger delays due to traffic. Airlines have been known to have a very high 'spoilage' rate in comparison with other industries. Once a passenger misses his/her flight, the income/revenue from that seat is lost. In order to avoid or minimize this occurrence, the airline should establish a method of contacting all the passengers prior to departure to remind them of their flight. There should also be a larger time window between the boarding time and the departure of the airbus to cater for those passengers who arrive late for their flights. Aircrafts are very expensive and running an airline requires a very huge capital outlay. For this to work to the advantage of the airline, proper marketing strategies are required, and careful planning to ensure that returns on investment are greater than the initial investment. An airline may find it very difficult to compete with other carriers due to their low fares. To survive this, the organization can lower its fares but ensure that they are in balance with the returns to avoid losses. Extensive advertising campaigns on quality can also give it an edge over the low cost carriers. Airlines have to maintain a huge work force which is spread over an outsized ecological area and which requires constant communication and monitoring. For this to work to its advantage, extensive evaluation of the personnel is required to ensure competence and also the ability of the workers to work under minimum supervision. There are many opportunities that an airline can capitalize on to reap maximum profits. Expected investment is one of the opportunities that can benefit an airline. The aviation sector is ever growing, and there is an increasing number of stakeholders in the industry willing to invest in air travel. An airline can take this opportunity to increase its capital base so as to be able to enjoy large economies of scale.
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Air charter services, Private charter services Development of new products and services can have a substantial blow on the profits of an organization. In aviation, an airline can introduce mailing services for delivery of mails and parcels across the globe. It can also introduce special fare packages for those travelling to certain destinations for pleasure or business. Technological advancement and investment in information technology is an opportunity that can greatly help an organization to minimize its operation cost. An airline can rely on information technology to offer more customers friendly services and also provide customers with other services like internet while travelling which would make them pay more for the services hence increasing the profit margins of the organization. The organization should evaluate end user response to its services to gain information on what areas of its services to improve. This would go a long way in helping the organization acquire new customers as well as retain its old ones who are satisfied with the services being offered. The organization should also take the opportunity to expand and cover a larger geographical area. It should grow into the untapped markets and offer its products and services in these regions. Having a large customer base would increase its profits. Acquiring better supply deals, for example, a less expensive fuel supplier would greatly minimize the operation cost of an organization in the aviation industry. The airline can also retain its suppliers but negotiate for better deals with the aim of increasing its profit margin. Cutting down on delays is very important in the aviation industry. Minimized delays would mean less refunds and minimal compensation due to inconveniences made. It would also help the organization to gain the customers trust thus establishing itself as a carrier of choice for many travelers. Linking up with other carriers in the industry is an opportunity that should not be ruled out. Linking up with another carrier would increase the passenger volume greatly. This can be done through ensuring a coordinated schedule where the airlines offer their services to various destinations through a sharing Page 15
Air charter services, Private charter services agreement. Only one carrier flying to a given destination from a particular location would enable the partnering carriers to avoid the long time taken before an aircraft is filled.
Strengths: 1. Growing tourism: Due to growth in tourism, there has been an increase in number of the international and domestic passengers. The estimated growth of domestic passenger segment is at 50% per annum and growth for international passenger segment is 25% Growth in tourism is also a major strength as it has led to a significant increase in the number of domestic and international passengers with statistics indicating a 50% growth in the number of domestic
flyers
and
a
25%
increase
in
the
number
of
international
flyers.
2. Rising income levels: Due to the rise in income levels, the disposable income is also higher which are expected to enhance the number of flyers. One of the strengths of an organization in the aviation industry is the growing income levels. The growth in individual incomes increases the amount of disposable income and hence many people are able to utilize the carriers to fly to their destinations.
Weaknesses: 1. Under penetrated Market : The total passenger traffic was only 50 million as on 31st Dec 2005 amounting to only 0.05 trips per annum as compared to developed nations like United States have 2.02 trips per annum. 2. Untapped Air Cargo Market: Air cargo market has not yet been fully taped in the Indian markets and is expected that in the coming years large number of players will have dedicated fleets. 3.
Infrastructural constraints: The infrastructure development has not kept pace with the growth in aviation services sector leading to a bottleneck. Huge investment requirement for physical infrastructure for airports.
Opportunities: 1.Expecting
investments: investment
of
about Page 16
US
$30
billion
will
be
made.
Air charter services, Private charter services
2. Expected Market Size: Average growth of aviation sector is about 25%-30% and the expected market size is projected to grow upto100 million by 2010.
Threats Huge investments are expected to take place in aviation sector in near future. It is estimated that by 2012. 1.
Shortage of trained Pilots: There is a shortage of trained pilots, co-pilots and ground staff which
is severely limiting growth prospects. 2. Shortage of Airports: There is a shortage of airport facilities, parking bays, air traffic control facilities and takeoff and landing slots. 3. High prices: Though enough number of low cost carriers are already existing in the industry, majority of the population is still not able to fly to other destinations.
Objectives of the study
To study the concept of air charter services To study the types of plane provide by air charter services To learn about various airports in India To Study the specification, price list of different types of plane To study the functionality of air charter services like how to work, size of air charter services. To study about air charter charities To study about Air charter services training
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Air charter services, Private charter services
Scope of the study
To deliver the project on time To deliver the project according to given guidelines To deliver the project with relevant information of air charter services Specific to aviation industry Reliable project report Time management to deliver the project report
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Air charter services, Private charter services
Methodology Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study. It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge. Typically, it encompasses concepts such as paradigm, theoretical model, phases and quantitative or qualitative techniques. A methodology does not set out to provide solutions - it is, therefore, not the same thing as a method. Instead, it offers the theoretical underpinning for understanding which method, set of methods or so called “best practices” can be applied to specific case, for example, to calculate a specific result. The nature of research can be either qualitative or quantitative or both. According to Malhotra (1996:164), qualitative research is an unstructured, exploratory research method based on small samples intended to provide insight and understanding about the problem statement. Quantitative research involves the collection of primary data from a large number of individuals, frequently with the intention of projecting the results onto the larger population. (Martins et al, 1996:125)
Collection of Primary Data There are various methods of collecting primary research data, namely mail-based self administered questionnaire, telephone interviews, personal interviews and focus groups. This study relied heavily on personal interviews and telephone interviews. For purpose of this study, different air carriers that have their registered office in India were studied. It included both public sector as well as private sector airlines operating in India that have domestic flights in India as well as international flights to & from India. For the purpose of this study, data was collected in two parts, i.e. a) the Executives from the Human Resource Departments of these air carriers were personally interviewed by the researcher along with the questionnaire that was administered to them. b) The commercial pilots working with these airlines were either met personally and the questionnaire was administered to them or a phone call was made to them & then they were sent questionnaires. This was done after obtaining necessary permissions from all respective airlines. Altogether 261 commercial pilots working with six air carriers Page 19
Air charter services, Private charter services from India were surveyed ranging from First Officer to Check Pilot from age group of 21 years to 50+. The survey was conducted using two separate questionnaires specially designed for this purpose. One questionnaire was designed for the HR departments of the Indian air carriers where the Executives working with these airlines shared their current recruitment & retention practices with the researcher and the second questionnaire was designed for the commercial pilots working with these airlines where these pilots shared how they perceive their employers in terms of recruitment & retention practices. Both the executives and the pilots were briefed on the purpose for data collection. They were also given an assurance that the data collected would be kept confidential & would be used for research purpose only.
Secondary Data Secondary data was collected through various journals, e-journals, magazines & books available on this subject. The articles & research papers published were also the part of the study. The HRD policies of the concerned organizations were also significant to the study
Variables under Study A variable is any stimulus factor or behavior that can change on some dimension and that can be observed, sometimes controlled and measures. In scientific research, variables that can be quantified with precision are preferred. (Walsh, 2002:1) Independent Variable: An independent variable in an experiment is “the variable under the control of the scientist/investigator and which is believed to have the potential to alter or influence the dependent variable. (Walsh, 2002:1) The independent variable used in this study is recruitment of commercial pilots by Indian air carriers. The operational definition denotes a variable in terms of the operations or techniques used to obtain or measure it. When quantitative researchers describe the variables in their study, they specify what they mean by demonstrating how they measured a variable. Demographic variables are usually defined by asking respondents to choose an appropriate category from a list, while abstract concepts need to be defined operationally by defining in detail how they were measured in a particular study. (Morgan, Griego, 1998:1) Page 20
Air charter services, Private charter services
Dependent Variable: Walsh (2002:1) defines dependent variable as the response or behavior in an experiment that is being studied in order to determine if it has been influenced by or altered by the independent variable. It is therefore, the presumed outcome or criterion. The dependent variable in this study is retention of commercial pilots by Indian air carriers.
PEST ANALYSIS
Political Disputes between countries Trading Business between countries Corruption Natural disasters
Economic Monetary and Fiscal Policy Rise in airline turbine fuels (ATF) Recession
Social Diversity in population Crew members behavior Increasing expectations of the customers • Technological Internet (Online facilities) Modernization of airports Satellite based Navigation system
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Air charter services, Private charter services
CHAPTER -2: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AIR CHARTER SERVICES PVT. LTD. Uses following types of Aircraft type
BE-350(SUPER KING AIR)
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Air charter services, Private charter services The Beech craft Super King Air family is part of a line of twin-turboprop aircraft produced by Beech craft. The King Air line comprises a number of model series that fall into four families: the Model 90 series, Model 100 series (these models comprising the King Air family), Model 200 series and Model 300 series. The latter two models were originally marketed as the "Super King Air" family, but the "Super" was dropped in 1996. The Super King Air family has been in continuous production since 1974, the longest production run of any civilian turboprop aircraft in its class. It has outlasted all of its previous competitors and as of 2009 the only other aircraft in its class is the Piaggio Avanti. As of December 2009, the B200, B200GT and the larger B300 are the production models. Special mission derivative versions of these models are also available for order. The Beech craft 1900 regional airliner was derived from the Model B200 King Air.
Specifications Seating Configuration
Standard
(Crew + standard pax / Max pax)
Metric
1 + 9 / 11 1 + 9 / 11
Avionics Manufacturer Suite
Collins
Collins
Pro Line 21
Pro Line 21
P&WC
P&WC
Engines Manufacturer Type
PT6A-60A PT6A-60A Page 23
Air charter services, Private charter services Engines
Power Rating
1,050 shp
783 kW
57 ft 11 in
17.65 m
Max Airplane Length
46 ft 8 in
14.22 m
Max Tail Height
14 ft 4 in
4.37 m
19 ft 6 in
5.94 m
Width
4 ft 6 in
1.37 m
Height
4 ft 9 in
1.45 m
Dimensions (External) Wingspan
Dimensions (Internal) Cabin Length
Baggage Capacity
71.3 cu. ft 2.0 cu. m
Max Baggage Weight
1,150 lb
522 kg
Max Ramp Weight
15,100 lb
6,849 kg
Max Takeoff Weight
15,000 lb
6,804 kg
Max Zero Fuel Weight
12,500 lb
5,670 kg
Max Landing Weight
15,000 lb
6,804 kg
3,611 lb
1,638 kg
10,000 lb
4,536 kg
Max Payload
2,500 lb
1,134 kg
Useful Load
5,100 lb
2,313 kg
Weights
Useable Fuel Capacity Basic Operating Weight*
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Air charter services, Private charter services
Performance Performance
Standard
Maximum Cruise Speed
Metric
313 kt 580 km/h
Range: Max Payload
947 nm 1,754 km
Range: Full Fuel/Available Payload
1,606 nm 2,974 km
Range: 4 Passengers
1,714 nm 3,174 km
Range: Ferry
1,805 nm 3,343 km
Max Operating Altitude
35,000 ft 10,668 m
Take-off Field Length (MTOW)
3,300 ft
1,006 m
Landing Field Length (MLW)
2,692 ft
821 m
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Air charter services, Private charter services
BE-B200 (Super King Air)
The King Air B200 is the most successful business aircraft in the world. Since its introduction, the Model 200 has outsold every other single line of business airplane, jet, or turboprop. The B200 has been extensively updated, inside and out, to achieve new levels of quietness and comfort. Compared to its jet competitors, the B200 offers unmatched utility: It carries more in a luxurious, comfortable cabin, operates from shorter fields and costs less to operate.
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Air charter services, Private charter services Specifications External Dimensions Length
43 ft 10 in
13.36 m
Height
14 ft 10 in
4.52 m
Span
54 ft 6 in
16.61 m
Length
16 ft 8 in
5.08 m
Height
4 ft 9 in
1.45 m
Width
4 ft 6 in
1.37 m
Cabin Dimensions
Characteristics Seating (Crew + Pax)
2 + 7 / 9*
Max Cruise Speed**
289 kt
535 km/h
Service Ceiling
35,000 ft
10.668 m
Max Range (Ferry + 1 Pilot)
1,671 nm
3.095 km
* by 2 optional Fold Up Seats ** differs from King Air 250 and B200GT 2 Engines Manufacturer
Pratt & Whitney Canada
Model**
PT6A-42
Output (per Engine)
850 shp
850 PS
Inspection Interval (TBO)
3,600 hrs
3,600 Std
Page 27
Air charter services, Private charter services ** differs from King Air 250 and B200GT Weights Max Ramp
12,590 lb
5,711 kg
Max Takeoff
12,500 lb
5,670 kg
Max Zero Fuel
11,000 lb
4,990 kg
Typ. Equip. Basic Operating**
8,655 lb
3,926 kg
** differs from King Air 250 and B200GT Capacity Max Payload (without Pilot)**
2,345 lb
1,064 kg
Useful Load (without Pilot)**
3,935 lb
1,785 kg
Max Fuel Capacity
3,645 lb
1,653 kg
Fuel (with Max Payload)
1,590 lb
1,590 kg
Page 28
Air charter services, Private charter services BE-C90A (KING AIR C90)
The Model 90 King Air was conceived as the Model 120 in 1961. In May 1963, Beech craft began test flights of the proof-of-concept Model 87, a modified Queen Air with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-6 engines. On 14 July, Beech announced a new type, and a month later began accepting orders for the "King Air", with deliveries to commence in autumn 1964. After 10 months of test flying, in 1964 the Model 87 was delivered to the United States Army as the NU-8F. On 24 January, the first definitive prototype, by now designated Model 65-90 and also fitted with PT6A-6 engines, flew for the first time.
Page 29
Air charter services, Private charter services The first production aircraft was delivered on October 8, and by the end of the month, 152 aircraft had been ordered; by year's end, seven had been built. In 1966, after 112 65-90s were completed, production switched to the Model 65-A90 with PT6A-20 engines. As a measure of the type's popularity, 206 65-A90s were built in less than two years when production switched to the Model B90, the first of these rolling off the production line in 1968. Military versions built during these years included the 65-A90-1, 65-A90-2, 65-A90-3, and 65A90-4, all being unpressurised models based on the Model 87. These were produced for the US Army which designated them U-21s of various sub-models; many were fitted out for electronic battlefield surveillance. A total of 162 of these were built between 1967 and 1971. A total of 184 B90 models were produced before the Model C90 was introduced in 1971,[3] with wingspan increased over earlier models by 4 ft 11 in (1.50 m) to 50 ft 3 in (15.32 m), Maximum TakeOff Weight (MTOW) increased by 350 lb (160 kg) to 9,650 lb (4,378 kg), and PT6A-20A engines. The broadly similar Model E90 was introduced the following year, with PT6A-28 engines; the two were produced in parallel. Further refinement of the 90 series resulted in the Model F90 and followon Model F90-1. The F-models featured the T-tail of the Model 200 King Air mated to the fuselage and wings of the E90, with PT6A-135 engines of 750 shp (560 kW) driving four-bladed propellers. The F90 prototype flew on 16 January 1978 and 203 production versions followed between 1979 and 1983, when the F90 was superseded by the F90-1. The F90 prototype was re-engined with Garrett AiResearch TPE-331 engines to test the feasibility of a Model G90, but this model was not put into production.
Page 30
Air charter services, Private charter services The Model C90-1 entered production in 1982 after 507 C90s and 347 E90s had been built, and featured PT6A-21 engines and improvements to the pressurization system. 54 were built. The following year the F90-1 was put into production with redesigned engine cowlings, upgraded PT6A-135A engines, hydraulic landing gear, and triple-fed electrical bus; only 33 were built by the time production terminated in 1985. The C90-1 was soon followed by the Model C90A, which featured the redesigned engine cowlings of the F90-1. The C90A received an increase in MTOW in 1987, being certified to 10,100 lb (4,580 kg). The C90A model was in production until 1992, by which time 235 had been built, all but 74 with the increased MTOW. Only two C90As were built in 1992, the Model C90B followed that year with airframe improvements, four-bladed propellers, and propeller synchrophasing, all in an effort to reduce cabin noise. This model also had PT6A-21s; the first production C90B was fitted with the 10,000th PT6 engine delivered to Beech craft. In 1994 a cheaper version was introduced as the C90SE (Special Edition), with threebladed propellers, standardized interior and mechanical instruments instead of the Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) fitted to the C90B. A total of 456 C90Bs and C90SEs were delivered by the time production of these models ended in late 2005. In July 2005, during the Oshkosh Air show, Beech craft introduced the C90GT. The C90GT was fitted with 750 shp (560 kW) PT6A-135As, flat rated to the same 550 shp (410 kW) as the earlier King Airs. This engine change increased performance due to lower operating temperatures, improving both cruise speed and climb rate. With a 275 kt (509 km/h, 316 mph) cruise speed, the C90GT was highly competitive with the new generation of Very Light Jets over short to medium distances, while providing a larger and more luxurious cabin. C90GT deliveries commenced at the beginning of Page 31
Air charter services, Private charter services 2006. On 21 May 2007, during the 7th Annual European Business Aviation Convention & Exhibition in Geneva, Beech craft announced the Model C90GTi updated version of the C90GT, featuring the Rockwell Collins Proline 21 avionics package previously only offered for the B200 and B300 King Airs. Deliveries commenced in 2008 after 97 C90GTs were delivered to customers over the previous two years.
Aircraft Performance Weights (lb)
King Air C90A, BE-C90A
Max Ramp
10,160
Max Takeoff
10,100
Max Landing
9,600
Zero Fuel
9,389b
BOW
6,780
Max Payload
2,609
Useful Load
3,380
Executive Payload
1,400
Max Fuel
2,573
Page 32
Air charter services, Private charter services Weights (lb)
King Air C90A, BE-C90A
Max Ramp
10,160
Max Takeoff
10,100
Max Landing
9,600
Zero Fuel
9,389b
BOW
6,780
Max Payload
2,609
Max Fuel
2,573
Avail Payload Max Fuel
807
Avail Fuel Max Payload
771
Avail Fuel Exec Payload
1,980
Limits
King Air C90A, BE-C90A
MMO
N/A
Transition Altitude FL/VMO
N/A
Cabin Pressurization (PSI)
5.0
Page 33
Air charter services, Private charter services Weights (lb)
King Air C90A, BE-C90A
Max Ramp
10,160
Max Takeoff
10,100
Max Landing
9,600
Zero Fuel
9,389b
BOW
6,780
Max Payload
2,609
Airport Performance
King Air C90A, BE-C90A
TO (Sea Level, ISA Temp)
2,577
TO (5000′, @25C)
4,550
Hot/High WAT
N/A
NBAA IFR Ranges V2 @ SL ISA, MTOW
219 N/A
VREF
N/A
Landing Distance with 4 Passengers
N/A
Climb
King Air C90A, BE-C90A
Page 34
Air charter services, Private charter services Weights (lb)
King Air C90A, BE-C90A
Max Ramp
10,160
Max Takeoff
10,100
Max Landing
9,600
Zero Fuel
9,389b
BOW
6,780
Max Payload
2,609
Time to Climb/Alt
N/A
Engine Out Rate fpm
554
FAR 25 Engine-Out Grad (ft/nm)
305
Ceilings (ft)
King Air C90A, BE-C90A
Certificated
30,000
All Eng Srv
29,800
Eng Out Service
14,900
Page 35
Air charter services, Private charter services Weights (lb)
King Air C90A, BE-C90A
Max Ramp
10,160
Max Takeoff
10,100
Max Landing
9,600
Zero Fuel
9,389b
BOW
6,780
Max Payload
2,609
Sea Level Cabin
11,065
Long Range Cruise
King Air C90A, BE-C90A
KTAS
194
Fuel Flow
316
Altitude
FL 230
Specific Range
0.614
High Speed Cruise
King Air C90A, BE-C90A
KTAS
247
Page 36
Air charter services, Private charter services Weights (lb)
King Air C90A, BE-C90A
Max Ramp
10,160
Max Takeoff
10,100
Max Landing
9,600
Zero Fuel
9,389b
BOW
6,780
Max Payload
2,609
Fuel Flow
592
Altitude
FL 160
Specific Range
0.417
Pilatus PC 12 The Pilatus PC-12 is a single-engine turboprop passenger and cargo aircraft manufactured by Pilatus Aircraft of Switzerland. The main market for the aircraft is corporate transport and regional airline operators. The U.S. Air Force's designation is the U-28A. The Pilatus PC-12 has gained a reputation for outstanding versatility, performance, reliability and operational flexibility. As such, it is one of the most popular turbine-powered business aircraft on the market today. In operation around the globe, the PC-12 has found popularity in a number of roles Page 37
Air charter services, Private charter services including executive transport, air ambulance and government special mission applications. The cockpit features EFIS displays and the PC-12 is certificated for single pilot operation. Flight crew of one or two pilots (certificated for single pilot).Corporate/executive transport configurations typically seat six or eight in main cabin. This is our most popular aircraft and is especially suited for Air Ambulance and Medical services. Capacity Flight crew of one or two pilots (certificated for single pilot). Seating for six or eight in main cabin. Combo passenger/freight version seats four passengers in main cabin plus freight pallet.
Airports list in India Major airports in India offer both domestic and overseas flights. The airport transportation network of the country effectively fulfills the needs of a large number of tourists and visitors who are arriving in the country from distant locations. The travel and tourism sector of the country is thriving at a rapid pace. This is making a significant contribution to the economic development of the country in a special way. The country is home to over 20 international airports and various national airports. Over 335 civilian airports in the country are there and they can be categorized into airports with concreted runways (250) and airports with caliches-topped runways (96). The major airports in India include the following: Chattrapati Shivaji International Airport of Mumbai, Indira Gandhi International Airport of New Delhi, Calicut International Airport of Calicut, Begumpet Airport of Hyderabad, Cochin International Airport Limited of Cochin, Chennai International Airport of Chennai, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport of Kolkata, HAL Airport of Bangalore, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport of Ahmedabad, Raja Sansi International Airport of Amritsar and Trivandrum International Airport of Thiruvananthapuram. Page 38
Air charter services, Private charter services List of Major Airports in India Given below are the names of the major airports in India along with the names of the cities served by them and the category in which they fall, following are the categories:
International - Handles international flights
Customs - Airports which have customs checking and clearance facilities for handling international flights but are not promoted to International Airport status.
Domestic - Handles domestic flights
Future - Proposed airport project or under construction
Page 39
Air charter services, Private charter services Territory or State
Name of Airport
City Served
Category
Andaman and Nicobar Veer Savarkar International Airport Islands
Port Blair
Customs
Andhra Pradesh
Visakhapatnam Airport
Visakhapatnam
Customs
Assam
Lokpriya Gopinath International Airport
Guwahati
Customs
Bihar
Jaiprakash Airport
Patna
Customs
Gaya Airport
Gaya
Customs
Chhattisgarh
Swami Vivekananda Airport
Raipur
Domestic
Daman and Diu
Diu Airport
Diu
Domestic
Delhi
Indira Gandhi International Airport
New Delhi
International
Goa
Dabolim Airport
Entire state
International
Gujarat
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Ahmedabad Airport
International
Jammu and Kashmir
Srinagar Airport
Srinagar
Customs
Jammu Airport
Jammu
Domestic
Jharkhand
Birsa Munda Airport
Ranchi
Domestic
Karnataka
Mangalore Airport
Mangalore
Customs
Narayan
Bordoloi International
Bengaluru International Airport Bengaluru (Kempegowda International Airport)
International
Trivandrum International Airport
Trivandrum
International
Cochin International Airport
Cochin
International
Calicut International Airport
Calicut
International
Lakshadweep
Agatti Aerodrome
Agatti
Domestic
Madhya Pradesh
Raja Bhoj Airport
Bhopal
Customs
Kerala
Page 40
Air charter services, Private charter services
Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport Maharashtra
Indore
Domestic
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai
International
Pune Airport
Pune
Customs
New Pune International Airport
Pune
Future
Shirdi Airport
Shirdi
Future
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Nagpur Airport
Customs
Manipur
Tulihal Airport
Imphal
Domestic
Meghalaya
Shillong Airport
Shillong
Domestic
Mizoram
Lengpui Airport
Aizawl
Domestic
Nagaland
Dimapur Airport
Dimapur
Domestic
Odisha
Patnaik Airport
Bhubaneswar
Domestic
Pondicherry
Pondicherry Airport
Pondicherry
Domestic
Punjab
Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Amritsar Airport
International
Rajasthan
Jaipur International Airport
Jaipur
Customs
Sikkim
Pakyong Airport
Gangtok
Future
Tamil Nadu
Chennai International Airport
Chennai
International
Tiruchirapalli International Airport
Tiruchirapalli
Customs
Telangana
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport
Hyderabad
International
Tripura
Agartala Airport
Agartala
Domestic
Uttrakhand
Jolly Grant Airport
Dehradun
Domestic
Uttar Pradesh
Taj International Airport
Greater Noida
Future
Page 41
Air charter services, Private charter services
West Bengal
Varanasi Airport
Varanasi
Customs
Amausi Airport
Lucknow
Customs
Agra Air Force Station
Agra
Domestic
Kolkata
International
Siliguri
Customs
Netaji Subhash Chandra International Airport Bagdogra Airport
Bose
Major international airports in India:
Indira Gandhi International Airport The Indira Gandhi International Airport is the main international airport situated in the NCR (National Capital Region). It is a public airport and is located in the south-west part of the city. The busiest airport of the country, it houses six terminals for serving the passengers. The airport has a capacity of managing over 46 million passengers. About 80 airlines operate from this airport. The airport functions as a hub for the following airlines: Air India Regional, Air India, GoAir, Blue Dart Aviation, Jagson Airlines, IndiGo, Jet Airways, JetLite, SpiceJet, and Kingfisher Airlines. Airlines serving Indira Gandhi International Airport Given below are the names of the airlines that serve Indira Gandhi International Airport: Aerosvit Airlines, Aeroflot, Air Astana, Air Arabia, Air France, Air China, Air India Express, Air India, Air Mauritius, Air India Regional, American Airlines, AirAsia X, Asiana Airlines, Ariana Afghan Airlines, Biman Bangladesh Airlines, Austrian Airlines, Cathay Pacific, British Airways, China Eastern Airlines, China Airlines, Druk Air, China Southern Airlines, Emirates, East Air, Etihad Airways, Ethiopian Airlines, GMG Airlines, Finnair, Gulf Air, GoAir, Jagson Airlines, IndiGo, Jet Airways, Japan Airlines, Kam Air, JetLite, KLM, Kingfisher Airlines, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait Airways, Mahan Air, Lufthansa, Nepal Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines, Oman Air, Qatar Airways, Philippine Airlines, Safi Airways, Royal Jordanian, Singapore Airlines, Saudi Arabian Airlines, Sri Lankan Airlines, Page 42
Air charter services, Private charter services SpiceJet, Thai AirAsia, Swiss International Airlines, Turkish Airlines, Thai Airways International, United Airlines, Turkmenistan Airlines, Virgin Atlantic Airways, and Uzbekistan Airways. Chennai International Airport Also named as Anna International Airport, the Chennai International Airport is the principal international airport in South India. The airport lies at Tirusalem near Chennai, the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu. There are three terminals in the airport - the Anna Terminal, the Kamaraj Terminal, and the Meenambakkam Terminal (for cargo). The airport serves as the hub for the following airlines: Air India Cargo, Air India, Jet Airways, Blue Dart Aviation, and Spicejet. Airlines that serve Chennai International Airport Given below is a list of the airlines serving the Chennai International Airport: Air Arabia, Air Asia, Air India, Air India Express, Air India Regional, Air Mauritius, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Emirates, Etihad Airways, Gulf Air, IndiGo, Jet Airways, Jet Airways, JetLite, Kingfisher Airlines, Kuwait Airways, Lufthansa, Malaysia Airlines, Oman Air, Qatar Airways, Saudi Arabian Airlines, SilkAir, Singapore Airlines, SpiceJet, SpiceJet, Sri Lankan Airlines, Thai AirAsia, Thai Airways International, and Tiger Airways. Mumbai International Airport The Mumbai International Airport has been renamed as the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport. It was previously known as the Sahar International Airport. The air transportation hub functions as the main international airport in the city of Mumbai. By tourist movement, the airport holds the rank of the second busiest airport in Southern Asia. There are four terminals at the airport. One terminal is at Sahar which handles overseas flights and one at Santa Cruz which handles domestic flights. In addition, there is a general aviation terminal and cargo terminal. Mumbai International Airport serves as the hub for the following airlines: Blue Dart Aviation, Air India, GoAir, Deccan360, Jet Airways, IndiGo, Kingfisher Airlines, JetLite, and SpiceJet. In terms of infrastructure, the airport is rated as the best airport in India. Page 43
Air charter services, Private charter services Airlines that serve Mumbai International Airport Given below are the names of the Airlines that serve Mumbai International Airport: Air China, Air Arabia, Air India, Air France, Air Mauritius, Air India Express, Austrian Airlines, All Nippon Airways, run by Air Nippon, Bangkok Airways, Bahrain Air, Cathay Pacific, British Airways, Druk Air, Delta Air Lines, El Al, EgyptAir, Ethiopian Airlines, Emirates, GoAir, Etihad Airways, IndiGo, Gulf Air, Jagson Airlines, Iran Air, JetLite, Jet Airways, Kingfisher Airlines, Kenya Airways, Kuwait Airways, Korean Air, Malaysia Airlines, Lufthansa, Pakistan International Airlines, Oman Air, Qatar Airways, Qantas, Saudi Arabian Airlines, Royal Jordanian, South African Airways, Singapore Airlines, SriLankan Airlines, SpiceJet, Thai Airways International, Swiss International Air Lines, United Airlines, Turkish Airlines, and Yemenia. Kolkata International Airport The Kolkata International Airport has been renamed as Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport. The airport is situated in Kolkata, the capital of the state of West Bengal. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport serves the metropolitan region of Greater Kolkata. Formerly it was known as Dum Dum Airport. The airport serves as the hub for the following airlines: Air India Regional, Air India, Deccan Aviation, Blue Dart Aviation, IndiGo, DTDS, JetLite, Jet Airways, Northeast
Shuttles,
Kingfisher
Airlines,
and
SpiceJet.
Airlines serving Kolkata International Airport Given below are the names of the airlines that serve the Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport: Air India, Air India Express, AirAsia, Air India Regional, China Eastern Airlines, Biman Bangladesh Airlines, GMG Airlines, Druk Air, Emirates, IndiGo, GoAir, Jet Airways, Kingfisher Airlines, JetLite, Qatar Airways, Lufthansa, Singapore Airlines, Silk Air, Thai Air Asia, SpiceJet, Thai Smile, Thai Airways International, and United Airways.
Source of Income of International Airport Page 44
Air charter services, Private charter services Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport has been named the world's second best airport in the 25-40 million passengers category by the Airport Council International. The best airport in this category is the Seoul Incheon in South Korea. The airport also has been adjudged as the fourth best in the world among 199 airports across all categories. A nine-member team, comprising representatives from airport operator Delhi International Airport Limited (DIAL), Central Industrial Security Force, Airport Operations Control and Air India received the 'ACI ASQ Award' at an award ceremony organized by the Airport Council International (ACI) in Istanbul, Turkey on Thursday. "This recognition is testimony to the efforts of all our employees and partners who have consistently met the expectations of the industry," DIAL CEO I Prabhakar Rao said. IGI airport scored 4.83 out of 5 on the Airport Service Quality (ASQ) scale. IGI has managed to retain its position of second best airport
in
the
25-40
million
passengers
per
annum
category
for
2012
year.
The airport had an ASQ score of 3.02 in 2007 and ranked last among the 101 participating airports of the world. The airport has an annual capacity of over 60 million passengers, but in 2012, around 34.2 million passengers passed through it. IGI handled around 550,000 tonnes of cargo and over 300,000 aircraft
movements
during
the
same
period.
Since its inception in 2006, the ASQ Awards have become the world's leading airport passenger satisfaction
benchmark
with
over
275
airports
participating
in
it.
The ASQ Awards recognize and reward the best airports in the world based on ACI's ASQ passenger satisfaction survey done on uniform format worldwide and represent an opportunity to celebrate the commitment of airports worldwide to continually improve passenger experience. Page 45
Air charter services, Private charter services In recent years airports have played a critical role in keeping air traffic affordable and stabilizing operating costs for airlines. Or, as it was the case after 11 September, 2001 and SARS, have shown high flexibility in dealing with their airlines customers to relieve some of the financial pressure they came under. Airports charge their airline customers for the facilities they use, following the UN’s International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) accepted standards. The landing and airport charges reported by the air carriers to ICAO include all charges and fees related to air transport operations that are levied against the air carrier for services provided at the airport. These include: Landing charges;
Passenger and cargo fees;
Security, parking and hangar charges; and
Related traffic operation charges (excluding fuel and oil throughput charges) They exclude those airport passenger-related charges paid by the passengers, and which may be collected by the air carriers at the point of sale, as these are not included in the profit and loss statement of the air carriers concerned.
Page 46
Air charter services, Private charter services Cost containment is challenging for airport operators as a result of their expensive asset base which must be maintained and even enhanced over time to adapt to a changing customer base. Indeed, depreciation and amortization of airport assets account for up to 30% of expenses on the profit and loss statement. At the same time, airports are being required to pay extensive costs for enhanced security and the introduction of new technology. IGI airports offer a wide range of airport services to support efficient handling of passengers and airlines, on both arrival and departure. For these services IGI charge the airlines and the ground handling agents, predominantly cost-based charges, in accordance with applicable EU-, national legisla- tion and ICAO- policies. The most important legal acts and implementing regulations are listed in the appendix, for informational purposes only. Please note that the legislation is subject to continuous amendment. This document is a general description of IGI airport charges for informational purposes. Level of services may vary between airports and are subject to change. For information regarding prices and calcollations of charges, see Airport Charges for IGI AB.
Page 47
Air charter services, Private charter services
Aircraft Related Charges
Airport Operator Revenue Streams
Aeronautical Services “Aeronautical Services” means the provision of the following facilities and services: The Authority had also proposed that the New ATC Tower would not be used by DIAL for provision of any aeronautical service that need to be considered under the present multi-year tariff determination and though its cost of Rs.350 crore had been considered as part of the total project cost for the purposes Page 48
Air charter services, Private charter services of DF levy, the same was proposed to be excluded from the capital expenditure/RAB estimates for the purpose of determination of tariffs for aeronautical services provided by DIAL.(Para 81 to 84 of the Consultation Paper). 1. Provision of flight operation assistance and crew support systems; 2. Ensuring the safe and secure operation of the Airport, excluding national security interest; 3. The movement and parking of aircraft and control facilities; 4. General maintenance and upkeep of the Airport; 5. The maintenance facilities and the control of them and hangar age of aircraft; 6. Flight information display screens; 7. Rescue and fire fighting services; 8. Management and administration of personnel employed at the Airport; 9. The movement of staff and passengers and their inter-change between all modes of transport at the Airport; 10. Operation and maintenance of passenger boarding and disembarking systems, including vehicles to perform remote boarding; and 11. any other services deemed to be necessary for the safe and efficient operation of the Airport. A more detailed list of the above facilities and services would include the following: 12. Aerodrome control services 13. Airfield 14. Airfield lighting 15. Air Taxi Services Page 49
Air charter services, Private charter services 16. Airside and landside access roads and forecourts including writing, traffic signals, signage and monitoring 17. Common hydrant infrastructure for aircraft fuelling services by authorized providers 18. Apron and aircraft parking area 19. Apron control and allocation of aircraft stands 20. Arrivals concourses and meeting areas 21. Baggage systems including outbound and reclaim 22. Bird scaring 23. Check-in concourses 24. Cleaning, heating, lighting and air conditioning public areas 25. Customs and immigration halls 26. Emergency services 27. Facilities for the disabled and other special needs people 28. Fire service 29. Flight information and public-address systems 30. Foul and surface water drainage 31. Guidance systems and marshalling 32. Information desks 33. Inter-terminal transit systems 34. Lifts, escalators and passenger conveyors 35. Loading bridges 36. Lost property Page 50
Air charter services, Private charter services 37. Passenger and hand baggage search 38. Piers and gate rooms 39. Policing and general security 40. Prayer Rooms 41. Infrastructure/ Facilities for Post Offices 42. Infrastructure/ Facilities for Public telephones 43. Infrastructure/ Facilities for Banks 44. Infrastructure/ Facilities for Bureaux de Change 45. Runways 46. Signage 47. Staff search 48. Taxiways 49. Toilets and nursing mothers rooms 50. Waste and refuse treatment and disposal 51. X-Ray service for carry on and checked-in luggage 52. VIP / special lounges
Page 51
Air charter services, Private charter services
NON-AERONAUTICAL SERVICES “Non-Aeronautical Services” shall mean the following facilities and services (including Part I and Part II): Part I 1. Aircraft cleaning services 2. Airline Lounges 3. Cargo handling 4. Cargo terminals 5. General aviation services (other than those used for commercial air transport services ferrying passengers or cargo or a combination of both) 6. Ground handling services 7. Hangars 8. Heavy maintenance services for aircrafts 9. Observation terrace Part II 10. Banks / ATM* 11. Bureaux de Change* 12. Business Centre* 13. Conference Centre* 14. Duty free sales 15. Flight catering services Page 52
Air charter services, Private charter services 16. Freight consolidators/forwarders or agents 17. General retail shops* 18. Hotels and Motels 19. Hotel reservation services 20. Line maintenance services 21. Locker rental 22. Logistic Centers* 23. Messenger services 24. Porter service 25. Restaurants, bars and other refreshment facilities 26. Special Assistance Services 27. Tourist information services 28. Travel agency 29. Vehicle fuelling services 30. Vehicle rental 31. Vehicle parking 32. Vending machines 33. Warehouses* 34. Welcoming services 35. Other activities related to passenger services at the Airport, if the same is a Non- Aeronautical Asset.
Page 53
Air charter services, Private charter services
General Parking General Parking is
situated
about
100
meters
from
the
terminal.
Premium Parking is opposite the Departure terminal (T1D) General Parking (only for Four Wheelers)
Time
General Parking (only for Four Wheelers)
Upto 30 mins
Rs 80
30min-2hr.
Rs 160
Each subsequent hour upto 8 hrs.
Rs 80
24 hrs.
Rs 1050
Bus Parking Time
Bus Parking
Upto 30 mins
Rs 150
30min-2hr.
Rs 350
Each subsequent hour upto 8 hrs.
Rs 180
24 hrs.
Rs 1750
2-Wheeler Parking/Auto Parking Time
2-Wheeler Parking/Auto Parking
Upto 30 mins
Rs 20
30min-2hr.
Rs 20
Page 54
Air charter services, Private charter services Each subsequent hour upto 8 hrs.
Rs 10
24 hrs.
Rs 240
PASSENGER SERVICE FEE 1. Rs. 200/- per embarking passenger at international/Domestic airports including Civil Enclaves. 2. $ 5/- (US$ Five only) per passenger in respect of the tickets issue against Dollar Tariff. Note: For conversion of US$ into INR the rate as on the 1st day of the month for 1st fortnightly billing period and rate as on 16th of the month for the 2nd fortnightly billing period shall be adopted. PS: The rates given above are merely indicative and are subject to change without prior notice. Please contact the respective airports/authorities for the current rates.
Page 55
Air charter services, Private charter services
Cargo Handling Delhi airport's cargo handling capacity is set to witness a major jump by 2012-end with the total overhauling of its existing infrastructure. Celebes Holding, the Turkey-based company that enjoys monopoly rights of cargo handling in Delhi at present, is working to completely modernize facilities with addition of automated systems, efficient equipment and systematic storage.
The company, which also provides ground handling services to some airlines in both Delhi and Mumbai, has bid for the same at Kochi and Ahmedabad airports . Announcing its intention to invest an additional around $100 million in India, Celebi Holding chairman Can Celebioglu said: "The company has already invested about $140 million in Delhi and Mumbai till the end of 2010. We have been in talks with several airlines for ground handling and will add Thai Airways to our list of customers this year. India has tremendous potential for growth in the aviation sector and while we are handling mostly international flights right now, we would also like to work for the domestic
sector."
The company is providing ground handling services for Kingfisher Airline's domestic operations in Mumbai, and for some Jet Airway's and Air India's international flights in Delhi. Celebi also services Turkish Airlines, Lufthansa and Air France flights in Delhi and Mumbai. It is handling 32,000 flights out of the two cities at present, excluding the few AI flights from Delhi.
Page 56
Air charter services, Private charter services
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Air charter services, Private charter services
Aircraft Refueling The procedure allows the receiving aircraft to remain airborne longer, extending its range or loiter time on station. A series of air refueling can give range limited only by crew fatigue and engineering factors such as engine oil consumption. Because the receiver aircraft can be topped up with extra fuel in the air, air refueling can allow a takeoff with a greater payload which could be weapons, cargo, or personnel: the maximum take-off weight is maintained by carrying less fuel and topping up once airborne. Alternatively, a shorter take-off roll can be achieved because take-off can be at a lighter weight before refueling once airborne. Aerial refueling has also been considered as a means to reduce fuel consumption on long distance flights greater than 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km; 3,500 mi). Potential fuel savings in the range of 35-40% have been estimated for long haul flights (including the fuel used during the tanker missions). The two main refueling systems are probe-and-drogue, which is simpler to adapt to existing aircraft, and the flying boom, which offers faster fuel transfer, but requires a dedicated operator station.
Aircraft Maintenance Aircraft maintenance is the overhaul, repair, inspection or modification of an aircraft or aircraft component. In Canada, maintenance includes the installation or removal of a component from an aircraft or aircraft subassembly, but does not include:
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Elementary work, such as removing and replacing tires, inspection plates, spark plugs, checking cylinder compression etc., on small privately operated aircraft ; or removal and replacement of fuses, light bulbs etc., on transport category aircraft .
Servicing, such as refueling, washing windows.
Any work done on an aircraft or aircraft component as part of the manufacturing process, prior to issue of a certificate of airworthiness or other certification document.
Last quarter saw the three major Indian airports — Mumbai, Delhi and Hyderabad — increase
their revenues from commercial rentals. The share of non-aeronautical earnings in airports’ total revenue is swelling as crashing air traffic movements (ATMs) crimps their aeronautical revenue and income generation from non-airline business goes up. Aeronautical charges are directly related to airport infrastructure and levied for the use of an airport’s runway, apron and terminal facilities by passengers, while non-aeronautical income is earned through rentals from commercial outlets or concessionaires within airport terminals and from passengers. Last quarter saw the three major Indian airports — Mumbai, Delhi and Hyderabad — increase their revenues from commercial rentals, advertising on their premises, parking fee and other such services. This pushed up the percentage of Mumbai International Airport Ltd’s (MIAL) and Delhi International Airport Ltd’s (DIAL) non-aeronautical revenue by 10 percentage points to 39% and 65% in the June quarter this year from 29% and 55% respectively last year. Page 59
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Hyderabad airport, which began operation in March last year, has also seen its non-aeronautical revenues jump to 44% of its total revenues in the same quarter. It was negligible a year back.
Kapil Kaul, chief executive officer (CEO) of Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation-India and Middle East, said the recent spurt in non-aeronautical earnings was mainly because such a revenue stream has now been inbuilt in the business model of new and modernized airports. “Earlier, duty-free and domestic retailing, food and beverages and such services did not exist at airports. Today, airports are leveraging these avenues of revenues. It will go up further in coming times to reach the international benchmark of over 70%,” he said. Higher non-aeronautical revenue helps airports reduce dependence on income from airport charges, which can fluctuate with the swings in the ATMs. It also cross subsidizes airport charges, making them competitive for airlines.
Over the last one year, airports have been witnessing drops in the ATMs, with airlines cutting back capacity to tune it air passenger traffic growth. According to the latest data put out by Airports Authority of India (AAI), total ATMs in May were down 4.6% year-on-year, while passenger traffic slipped 3.2%.
This is forcing airports to aggressively look at non-aeronautical revenues. For MIAL, the major contributor to this segment of income was vehicle parking, followed by duty-free retailing.
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Air charter services, Private charter services “In the duty-free retailing, we saw brisk sale of tobacco and liquor products. We also earned from selling advertisement rights at our premises,” said a senior MIAL official, who did not want to be named.
The Mumbai airport currently has 38 counters at the domestic and international terminals,
including airline lounges, duty-free retail outlets and food counters. An analyst said with retailing at airports picking up, rentals for commercial space were slowing
climbing up and this was further boosting non-aeronautical revenues. “Airports are renegotiating rentals upwards when contracts are coming up for renewals,” he said.
There could be several reasons for poor workmanship including poor supervision or insufficient funds. Which brings us to the question we are posing here: Is AAI badly off? Or, should it be running airports at all or would it be better off just administering airports for a fat fee? Both Mumbai and Delhi airports were privatized a few years ago. But it’s not a complete privatization – AAI has a 45% claim to the revenues of each of the airport companies, Mumbai International Airport Ltd (MIAL) and Delhi International Airport Ltd (DIAL). In the last 5 years, the AAI has earned Rs 4,749 crore thanks to its share of revenue. More specifically, since 2007, almost 20% of its current annual revenue comes from its stakes in Delhi and Mumbai Airport. And a small amount from Bangalore and Hyderabad airports where it has a 13% stake.
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Airports operated as autonomous entities, under public or private ownership, are normally required to provide the following financial statements: a) income statement (revenue and expense statement); b) balance sheet; and cash flow statement. In order to produce the financial statements, a system must be developed for identifying various types of financial outlay and receipts. This involves establishing individual accounts, each showing a specific type of revenue, expense, asset or liability and cash flow. While the income statement, as indicated in paragraph 3.14, shows the revenues and expenses of the airport over a specific time period, the balance sheet is a snapshot of the financial health of the airport on a specific date, showing the value of assets and liabilities in relation to the net value or equity (including retained earnings). The number of accounts established for a specific airport accounting
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Air charter services, Private charter services system will depend on the degree of detail sought, i.e. the more elaborate the system, the greater will be the subdivision of accounts established. Accounts recording revenues and expenses can be maintained on an accrual accounting basis or a cash accounting basis. Under accrual accounting, revenues are credited to the period (usually the financial year) in which they are earned and expenses charged to the period when they are incurred. Alternatively, under cash accounting, revenues are credited to the period when they are received and expenses recorded when paid. Accrual accounting systems reflect the financial position of the entity concerned better and are based on standard accounting practices. In many cases, the financial statements of the airport may include operations that do not relate to the airport in question. For instance, the airport entity may operate several airports, air navigation services or even a local port. In other cases, some airport operations may be carried out by other entities and reflected in their financial statements. For instance, a department of public works may construct and provide capital assets to the airport, or the national telecommunications department may provide services to the airport without charge. In cases where the financial statements of the entity operating the airport do not reflect the operations of the airport in totality, some additions to and subtractions from the airport’s financial statements will be required to ensure that a true and fair financial picture of the airport is provided. It is generally good practice to do this following the accounting conventions incorporated in the financial statements. For various purposes (e.g. to obtain financing or to recover costs), it could be necessary to convert the financial statements into a format familiar to a lending institution or an international airline. International accounting principles, such as the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), or
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Air charter services, Private charter services International Accounting Standards (IAS), or any other similar recognized standard would be acceptable. In business, revenue or turnover is income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. In many countries and states, revenue is referred to as turnover. Some companies receive revenue from interest, royalties, or other fees. Revenue may refer to business income in general, or it may refer to the amount, in a monetary unit, received during a period of time, as in "Last year, Company X had revenue of $42 million." Profits or net income generally imply total revenue minus total expenses in a given period. In accounting, revenue is often referred to as the "top line" due to its position on the income statement at the very top. This is to be contrasted with the "bottom line" which denotes net income.
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Air charter services, Private charter services The identification and subsequent recording of items is usually more easily accomplished for revenues than for expenses. This is chiefly because revenue sources tend to be fewer in number than expense items, and because each revenue item, with few exceptions, is often easily identifiable with only one type of source, whereas one expense item can frequently be identified with several major expense categories. The information required in an accounting system for airports can vary considerably in detail and layout. The precise level of detail will depend on management requirements at the particular airport concerned. However, there is a basic itemization of revenues and expenses that may be considered a minimum, which is described below. REVENUES Revenue items that may be considered essential to meet the basic data needs of an airport management are outlined below as they might appear in a statement of revenues and expenses (the items shown are not intended to present an exhaustive list of the different sources of revenue).
Air traffic control (ATC) Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace, and can provide advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace. The primary purpose of ATC worldwide is to prevent collisions, organize and expedite the flow of traffic, and provide information and other support for pilots. In some countries, ATC plays a security or defensive role, or is operated by the military. To prevent collisions, ATC enforces traffic separation rules, which ensure each aircraft maintains a minimum amount of empty space around it at all times. Many aircraft also have collision avoidance systems, which provide additional safety by warning pilots when other aircraft get too close. Page 66
Air charter services, Private charter services In many countries, ATC provides services to all private, military, and commercial aircraft operating within its airspace. Depending on the type of flight and the class of airspace, ATC may issue instructions that pilots are required to obey, or advisories (known as flight information in some countries) that pilots may, at their discretion, disregard. Generally the pilot in command is the final authority for the safe operation of the aircraft and may, in an emergency, deviate from ATC instructions to the extent required to maintain safe operation of their aircraft. A hangar is a closed structure to hold aircraft or spacecraft in protective storage. Most hangars are built of metal, but other materials such as wood and concrete are also used. The word hangar comes from Middle French hanghart ("enclosure near a house"), of Germanic origin, from Frankish *haimgard ("home-enclosure", "fence around a group of houses"), from *haim ("home, village, hamlet") + gard ("yard"). Hangars are used for: protection from the weather, protection from direct sunlight, maintenance, repair, manufacture, assembly and storage of aircraft on airfields, aircraft carriers and ships. An airport terminal is a building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from aircraft. Within the terminal, passengers purchase tickets, transfer their luggage, and go through security. The buildings that provide access to the airplanes (via gates) are typically called concourses. However, the terms "terminal" and "concourse" are sometimes used interchangeably, depending on the configuration of the airport.
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Air charter services, Private charter services Smaller airports have one terminal while larger airports have several terminals and/or concourses. At small airports, the single terminal building typically serves all of the functions of a terminal and a concourse. Some larger airports have one terminal that is connected to multiple concourses via walkways, skybridges, or underground tunnels (such as Denver International Airport). Some larger airports have more than one terminal, each with one or more concourses (such as New York's JFK Airport). Still other larger airports have multiple terminals each of which incorporate the functions of a concourse (such as Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport). According to Frommers, most airport terminals are built in a plain style, with the 'concrete boxes of the 1960s and '70s generally gave way to glass boxes in the '90s and '00s, with the best terminals making a vague stab at incorporating ideas of "light" and "air"'. However, some, such as Baghdad International Airport, are monumental in stature, while others are considered architectural masterpieces, such as Terminal 1 at Charles de Gaulle airport near Paris or Terminal 5 at New York's JFK Airport. A few are designed to reflect the culture of a particular area, some examples being the terminal at Albuquerque International Support in New Mexico, which is designed in the Pueblo Revival style popularized by architect John Gaw Meem, as well as the terminal at Bahías de Huatulco International Airport in Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico, which features some palatals that are interconnected to form the airport terminal.
Eight Feature of Air traffic control 1) Airport Control Page 68
Air charter services, Private charter services The primary method of controlling the immediate airport environment is visual observation from the airport control tower (TWR). The tower is a tall, windowed structure located on the airport grounds. Air traffic controllers are responsible for the separation and efficient movement of aircraft and vehicles operating on the taxiways and runways of the airport itself, and aircraft in the air near the airport, generally 5 to 10nautical miles (9 to 18 km) depending on the airport procedures. Surveillance displays are also available to controllers at larger airports to assist with controlling air traffic. Controllers may use a radar system called secondary surveillance radar for airborne traffic approaching and departing. These displays include a map of the area, the position of various aircraft, and data tags that include aircraft identification, speed, altitude, and other information described in local procedures. In adverse weather conditions the tower controllers may also use surface movement radar (SMR), surface movement guidance and control systems (SMGCS) or advanced SMGCS to control traffic on the maneuvering area (taxiways and runway). The areas of responsibility for TWR controllers fall into three general operational disciplines; Local Control or Air Control, Ground Control, and Flight Data/Clearance Delivery—other categories, such as Apron Control or Ground Movement Planner, may exist at extremely busy airports. While each TWR may have unique airport-specific procedures, such as multiple teams of controllers ('crews') at major or complex airports with multiple runways, the following provides a general concept of the delegation of responsibilities within the TWR environment. Remote and Virtual Tower (RVT) is a system based on Air Traffic Controllers being located somewhere other than at the local airport tower and still able to provide Air Traffic Control services. Displays for the Air Traffic Controllers may be either optical live video and/or synthetic images based on surveillance sensor data.
2) Ground Control Page 69
Air charter services, Private charter services Ground Control (sometimes known as Ground Movement Control) is responsible for the airport "movement" areas, as well as areas not released to the airlines or other users. This generally includes all taxiways, inactive runways, holding areas, and some transitional aprons or intersections where aircraft arrive, having vacated the runway or departure gate. Exact areas and control responsibilities are clearly defined in local documents and agreements at each airport. Any aircraft, vehicle, or person walking or working in these areas is required to have clearance from Ground Control. This is normally done via VHF/UHF radio, but there may be special cases where other procedures are used. Aircraft or vehicles without radios must respond to ATC instructions via aviation light signals or else be led by vehicles with radios. People working on the airport surface normally have a communications link through which they can communicate with Ground Control, commonly either by handheld radio or even cell phone. Ground Control is vital to the smooth operation of the airport, because this position impacts the sequencing of departure aircraft, affecting the safety and efficiency of the airport's operation. 3) Local Control or Air control Local Control (known to pilots as "Tower" or "Tower Control") is responsible for the active runway surfaces. Local Control clears aircraft for takeoff or landing, ensuring that prescribed runway separation will exist at all times. If Local Control detects any unsafe condition, a landing aircraft may be told to "go-around" and be re-sequenced into the landing pattern by the approach or terminal area controller. Within the TWR, a highly disciplined communications process between Local Control and Ground Control is an absolute necessity. Ground Control must request and gain approval from Local Control to cross any active runway with any aircraft or vehicle. Likewise, Local Control must ensure that Ground Control is aware of any operations that will impact the taxiways, and work with the approach radar controllers to create "holes" or "gaps" in the arrival traffic to allow taxiing traffic to cross runways and to allow departing aircraft to take off. Crew Resource Management (CRM) procedures are often used to ensure this communication process is efficient and clear, although this is not as prevalent as CRM for pilots. Page 70
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4) Flight Data and clearance Delivery Clearance Delivery is the position that issues route clearances to aircraft, typically before they commence taxiing. These contain details of the route that the aircraft is expected to fly after departure. Clearance Delivery or, at busy airports, the Traffic Management Coordinator (TMC) will, if necessary, coordinate with the en route center and national command center or flow control to obtain releases for aircraft. Often, however, such releases are given automatically or are controlled by local agreements allowing "free-flow" departures. When weather or extremely high demand for a certain airport or airspace becomes a factor, there may be ground "stops" (or "slot delays") or re-routes may be necessary to ensure the system does not get overloaded. The primary responsibility of Clearance Delivery is to ensure that the aircraft have the proper route and slot time. This information is also coordinated with the en route center and Ground Control in order to ensure that the aircraft reaches the runway in time to meet the slot time provided by the command center. At some airports, Clearance Delivery also plans aircraft push-backs and engine starts, in which case it is known as the Ground Movement Planner (GMP): this position is particularly important at heavily congested airports to prevent taxiway and apron gridlock. 5) Approach and terminal control Terminal controllers are responsible for providing all ATC services within their airspace. Traffic flow is broadly divided into departures, arrivals, and over flights. As aircraft move in and out of the terminal airspace, they are handed off to the next appropriate control facility (a control tower, an en-route control facility, or a bordering terminal or approach control). Terminal control is responsible for ensuring that aircraft are at an appropriate altitude when they are handed off, and that aircraft arrive at a suitable rate for landing. 6) General Characteristics En-route air traffic controller’s work in facilities called Air Traffic Control Centers, each of which is commonly referred to as a "Center". The United States uses the equivalent term Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC). Each center is responsible for many thousands of square miles of airspace (known as a Flight Information Region) and for the airports within that airspace. Centers control IFR aircraft from the time they depart from an airport or terminal area's airspace to the time they arrive at another airport or terminal area's airspace. Centers may Page 71
Air charter services, Private charter services also "pick up" VFR aircraft that are already airborne and integrate them into the IFR system. These aircraft must, however, remain VFR until the Center provides a clearance. Center controllers are responsible for climbing the aircraft to their requested altitude while, at the same time, ensuring that the aircraft is properly separated from all other aircraft in the immediate area. Additionally, the aircraft must be placed in a flow consistent with the aircraft's route of flight. This effort is complicated by crossing traffic, severe weather, special missions that require large airspace allocations, and traffic density. When the aircraft approaches its destination, the center is responsible for meeting altitude restrictions by specific points, as well as providing many destination airports with a traffic flow, which prohibits all of the arrivals being "bunched together". These "flow restrictions" often begin in the middle of the route, as controllers will position aircraft landing in the same destination so that when the aircraft are close to their destination they are sequenced. As an aircraft reaches the boundary of a Center's control area it is "handed off" or "handed over" to the next Area Control Center. In some cases this "hand-off" process involves a transfer of identification and details between controllers so that air traffic control services can be provided in a seamless manner; in other cases local agreements may allow "silent handovers" such that the receiving center does not require any co-ordination if traffic is presented in an agreed manner. After the hand-off, the aircraft is given a frequency change and begins talking to the next controller. This process continues until the aircraft is handed off to a terminal controller ("approach"). 7) Radar Coverage Since centers control a large airspace area, they will typically use long range radar that has the capability, at higher altitudes, to see aircraft within 200 nautical miles (370 km) of the radar antenna. They may also use TRACON radar data to control when it provides a better "picture" of the traffic or when it can fill in a portion of the area not covered by the long range radar.
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Air charter services, Private charter services In the U.S. system, at higher altitudes, over 90% of the U.S. airspace is covered by radar and often by multiple radar systems; however, coverage may be inconsistent at lower altitudes used by unpressurized aircraft due to high terrain or distance from radar facilities. A center may require numerous radar systems to cover the airspace assigned to them, and may also rely on pilot position reports from aircraft flying below the floor of radar coverage. This results in a large amount of data being available to the controller. To address this, automation systems have been designed that consolidate the radar data for the controller. This consolidation includes eliminating duplicate radar returns, ensuring the best radar for each geographical area is providing the data, and displaying the data in an effective format. Centers also exercise control over traffic travelling over the world's ocean areas. These areas are also FIRs. Because there are no radar systems available for oceanic control, oceanic controllers provide ATC services using procedural control. These procedures use aircraft position reports, time, altitude, distance, and speed to ensure separation. Controllers record information on flight progress strips and in specially developed oceanic computer systems as aircraft report positions. This process requires that aircraft be separated by greater distances, which reduces the overall capacity for any given route. See for example the North Atlantic Track system. Some Air Navigation Service Providers (e.g. Airservices Australia, The Federal Aviation Administration, NAV CANADA, etc.) have implemented Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) as part of their surveillance capability. This new technology reverses the radar concept. Instead of radar "finding" a target by interrogating the transponder, the ADSequipped aircraft sends a position report as determined by the navigation equipment on board the aircraft. Normally, ADS operates in the "contract" mode where the aircraft reports a position, automatically or initiated by the pilot, based on a predetermined time interval. It is also possible for controllers to request more frequent reports to more quickly establish aircraft position for specific reasons. However, since the cost for each report is charged by the ADS service providers to the company operating the aircraft, more frequent reports are not commonly requested except in emergency situations. ADS is significant because it can be used Page 73
Air charter services, Private charter services where it is not possible to locate the infrastructure for a radar system (e.g. over water). Computerized radar displays are now being designed to accept ADS inputs as part of the display. This technology is currently used in portions of the North Atlantic and the Pacific by a variety of states who share responsibility for the control of this airspace. Precision approach radars are commonly used by military controllers of airforces of several countries, to assist the Pilot in final phases of landing in places where Instrument Landing System and other sophisticated air borne equipment are unavailable to assist the pilots in marginal or near zero visibility conditions. This procedure is also called alkdowns. 8) Flight traffic mapping The mapping of flights in real-time is based on the air traffic control system. In 1991, data on the location of aircraft was made available by the Federal Aviation Administration to the airline industry. The National Business Aviation Association (NBAA), the General Aviation Manufacturers Association, the Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association, the Helicopter Association International, and the National Air Transportation Association petitioned the FAA to make ASDI information available on a "need-to-know" basis. Subsequently, NBAA advocated the broad-scale dissemination of air traffic data. The Aircraft Situational Display to Industry (ASDI) system now conveys up-to-date flight information to the airline industry and the public. Some companies that distribute ASDI information are Flight Explorer, Flight View, and FlyteComm. Each company maintains a website that provides free updated information to the public on flight status. Stand-alone programs are also available for displaying the geographic location of airborne IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) air traffic anywhere in the FAA air traffic system. Positions are reported for both commercial and general aviation traffic. The programs can overlay air traffic with a wide selection of maps such as, geo-political boundaries, air traffic control center boundaries, high altitude jet routes, and satellite cloud and radar imagery.
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CHAPTER -4: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Results of the study Air Charter Service (ACS) is a global leader in providing aircraft charter solutions with more than 20 years' experience, a worldwide network of offices & annual charter revenues exceeding $400m per year. Founded in 1990 in London, ACS now arranges around 7,500 charter contracts per year with clients ranging from private individuals, to some of the world's largest corporations, governments as well as Royalty and some of the world's best known celebrities. Global Network ACS can offer you charter solutions anywhere in the world using local expertise through its network of offices across North America, South America, Europe, Africa, CIS, and the Middle East & Asia. Unlike many charter companies all ACS international offices are owned by the group and all our charter experts are centrally trained. Aircraft available ACS provides charter solutions utilizing aircraft including helicopters, propeller aircraft, private jets, commercial airliners and cargo aircraft. With around 50,000 aircraft available to charter worldwide, ACS
is
your
best
option
to
find
the
air
charter
solution
you
are
looking
for.
Safety & Quality ACS has an in house legal & compliance department to ensure all aircraft comply with strict safety standards. Private Jet Charter Page 76
Air charter services, Private charter services As well as flying in comfort, chartering a private jet allows you to fly to your schedule, fly to smaller airfields closer to your final destination, and avoid the queues and chaos of major airport terminals.
Commercial Aircraft Charter When you are coordinating the movement of large groups of people, aircraft charter offers the most flexible way to get them to their final destination as quickly as possible while allowing you to customize every aspect of your trip. Cargo Aircraft Charter Aircraft charter is often the only way to move certain shipments in the necessary timescales. Whether it be urgent humanitarian aid, urgent freight bound for the production line or outsized cargo, a cargo charter service is often the only solution. Helicopter Charter For both cargo and passengers helicopters are often the quickest method of transportation directly to your end destination.
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Limitations
Weather ATF prices Man Power Foreign Exchange rate To deliver the project on time Deliver according to specification Unless subject to a specific statute, all claims against ACA for a potential or actual loss, must be made in writing and received by ACA, within ten (10) days of the event giving rise to claim; the failure to give ACA timely notice shall be a complete defense to any suit or action
commenced by Charterer. All suits against ACA must be filed and properly served on ACA as follows within one (1) year
from the date of the loss. Though Indian aviation is doing well. It has a lot more problems to face. The constant increase in the fuel cost has led to heavy losses in the sector. Low cost airlines are phasing out. Unpaid bills have led to fuel supply backlash. The shortage of trained pilots and other personnel are also the shortcomings of Indian aviation sector.
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Suggestions
Fastest transportation service High maintenance cost .Highly trained staff. 45% of operating costs depends on ATF while Ticket pricing is on the hand of players. it is 33% worldwide. No substitute for international travelers as Labor intensive industry efficient as airlines. Directly dependent on some other industry Concentration on customer satisfaction. Like tourism and corporate travelers .High entry barriers to new player. High wages paid to the staff. OPPURTUNITES THREATS Percentage of people travelling in airlines is Raising fuel costs. Increasing gradually. Exchange rate fluctuations. Increase in per capita income will generate Taxes imposed by the government. More passengers to airlines. High competitive industry because of large Air lines can be used for cargo. Number of players. Large Untapped Indian market.
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Recommendation Air India has enjoyed the unique position of being considered the National Carrier of the country. This is in spite of the fact that there are many other Indian Carriers today who are operating both domestic and international flights. In spite of this advantage, it is also a fact that Air India is no more the favored airline of passengers, both Indian as also International. The services and criteria that benchmark a favored and popular airline are perceived to be absent in Air India. The discerning passenger who may be a corporate, businessman, tourist or civil servant who has to spend long hours in flight looks for a comfortable, luxurious and salubrious environment. Attentive, efficient, pleasant and courteous service from the crew on board is an added attraction.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_jet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Charter_Service http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air http://www.beechcraft.de/King-Air-B200.362+B6Jkw9MQ__.0.html http://www.beechcraft.com/beechcraft/king_air_350i/specifications.aspx http://www.indianmirror.com/indian-industries/aviation.html http://www.slideshare.net/cartcause02/the-history-of-air-charter-service http://www.aircharter.co.uk/company_history.htm http://www.bluestarjets.com/Private-Charter-Flights-Competitors.asp http://www.ukessays.com/essays/tourism/a-swot-analysis-of-the-aviation-industry-tourism-
essay.php http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_India http://airport-authority.com/browse-IN
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APPENDIX Private Charter Services vs. Commercial Airline Flights 1) Is flying via a private air service similar to first class fare? Generally speaking, no. Consider the following example for private jet charter: A round trip (JFK-MIA-JFK) in first class seating with a major airline will cost approximately $1,173.00 per person. In comparison, a private charter round trip (JFK-MIA-JFK) in a mid-size aircraft will cost approximately $34,000.00/entire aircraft. 2) What is the difference between private aircraft flights and commercial flights? There are two major differences between private charter and commercial flights: cost and flexibility. While booking a flight via jet services companies is generally more expensive, they provide a much higher degree of flexibility. With Pentastar your charter will fly on YOUR schedule to the domestic or international destinations of YOUR choice. Our service to both major and general aviation airports gives you access to more than ten times as many domestic destinations as via commercial airlines. In addition, we have international experience operating in more than 80 countries. 3) Is it more cost efficient to charter a jet, if I am traveling with a group of 10 or 15? Because jet charter is not priced on a per person or ticket basis, it is not likely that it would be more cost effective for a group of 10-15 individuals to charter a jet compared with flying commercially in coach or first class. Even if the total costs for a charter trip are split among 10 people, the cost each person would cover would still be significant. 4) What is Allowed on Flights? How much luggage can I take? Are golf clubs allowed on private jets? Like commercial aircraft, private jets also have weight limits with regard to the amount of luggage that can be stowed during a trip. Items such as skis and golf clubs are allowed as long as they conform to the dimensions and weight limits of the aircraft. These weight limits vary by aircraft type. Ask Page 82
Air charter services, Private charter services your charter sales rep if you have concerns about excess baggage of special items to be included in your luggage.
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5) Are children & pets allowed on private jets? There are no age restrictions for passengers on private jets. At Pent star, we focus first and foremost on passenger safety. Just let us know if you are traveling with a child and we’ll be sure the aircraft selected for your trip will accommodate your family’s needs. Domestic pets are allowed on some aircraft. Make sure to let your rep know if you will be traveling with a pet so we can accommodate your request. Please note that exotic animals may not be allowed, especially on international flights. Support & Safety 6) What level of support can I expect prior to and during my trip? Your dedicated trip coordinator will assist you with planning every aspect of your trip. Pentastar’s licensed dispatchers will provide flight following and any other necessary assistance during your flight. Our expert Operations Control Center staff is available 24/7 to provide support before, during or after your flight. 7) What types of aircraft are available through Pentastar Aviation Charter, Inc.? Pentastar features a large and diverse fleet including light, mid-size and heavy jets, which can accommodate up to 18 passengers. We also participate in a network of approved operators that allows us to expand our available aviation resources by offering our customers an even larger aircraft selection when necessary. See more about our Available Fleet. 8) What is Pentastar's stance on safety? Every aspect of our operations at Pentastar Aviation and Pentastar Aviation Charter, Inc. revolves around a steadfast commitment to safety. To ensure maximum safety for our customers, we are IS-BAO Registered, ARGUS Platinum Rated, Wyvern Approved and have a robust Safety Management System (SMS) and a comprehensive Emergency Response Plan (ERP). All charter flights are tracked by FAA licensed dispatchers in our 24/7 Operation Control Center. Pentastar meets the maximum industry safety standards. Page 84
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Air charter services, Private charter services Private Charter Pricing 9) How much does it cost to charter a jet? Hourly charter rates vary from about $1,200 to $8,500 depending on the type of aircraft you require. Trip minimums are 2.0 flight hours/day. Check out our Comparative Costs to review a breakdown of hourly rates by aircraft type. Fees for fuel surcharges, operational expenses, catering and ground transportation will round out the cost of your trip
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